Article(id=1217789889026900971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723219200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-10, revisedDate=1744300800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334986, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334986, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334986, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334986, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8858, endPage=8870, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789890981445758, articleId=1217789889026900971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Machine Learning Based Diagenetic Facies Logging Identification: A Case of Shaximiao Formation in Central Sichuan Basin, columnId=1156262729003422020, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The complex diagenetic facies of the tight sandstone reservoir in the Shaximiao Formation, located in the Jinqiu gas field to Tianfu gas area in the central Sichuan region, pose significant challenges to reservoir evaluation and natural gas exploration and development. Traditional diagenetic facies identification methods are often low in accuracy, heavily reliant on specialized personnel, and time-consuming. There is an urgent need for a diagenetic facies identification method that is highly accurate, cost-effective, and fast. Firstly, based on cast thin section identification data, the lithology of the tight sandstone was determined using a ternary plot of components. Image processing techniques were then used to identify the types and proportions of pores and cements, and the diagenetic facies of the tight sandstone were classified. Secondly, the corresponding 1 019 depth-based well log data for core-divided diagenetic facies were analyzed in terms of distribution range, median, uniformity, and skewness. These 6 types of well log data were standardized to a 0-1 range, and data imbalance was addressed using synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE). Finally, 10 traditional machine learning algorithms and ensemble learning algorithms were selected for model training and performance comparison. The study found that ensemble learning algorithms, especially the extreme randomized trees (ET) algorithm, performs best in diagenetic facies identification, achieving higher accuracy and F1 scores than traditional machine learning algorithms. This significantly improved identification accuracy and stability. The ET model was then used to predict the diagenetic facies of the JQ8 well, validating the feasibility of the method. This study provides effective technical methods and references for diagenetic facies research in tight sandstones.

, correspAuthors=Feng WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ji-xiang CAO, Si-yuan CHEN, Bai-yi XIAO, Xi-ran YANG, Ying-ying LUO, Hong CHEN, Feng WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789895293190761, articleId=1217789889026900971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于机器学习的致密砂岩储层成岩相测井识别: 以川中地区沙溪庙组一段为例, columnId=1156262729603207500, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

川中地区金秋气田—天府气区沙溪庙组沙一段致密砂岩储层成岩相复杂,给储层评价与天然气勘探开发造成了较大困扰,但传统成岩相识别方法准确率低、对专业人员依赖性强、耗时长,急需准确率高、成本低、速度快的成岩相识别方法。首先,基于铸体薄片鉴定数据,通过组分三端元图确定了致密砂岩岩性,结合图像处理技术确定了孔隙、胶结物的类型与比例,并划分了致密砂岩成岩相。然后,对岩心划分成岩相数据对应的1 019个深度测井数据进行了分布范围、中位数、均匀性、偏斜性等特征分析,通过标准化将6条测井数据转换到了0~1范围,通过合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority over-sampling technique,SMOTE)处理数据不均衡问题。最后,选取传统机器学习算法和集成学习算法中的10种方法模型训练与性能对比。研究发现,集成学习算法(特别是极端随机树算法)在成岩相识别中表现最佳,其准确率和F1分数均高于传统机器学习算法,显著提高了识别精度与稳定性。利用构建的极端随机树算法模型对JQ8井的成岩相进行预测验证,验证了该方法的可行性,为致密砂岩成岩相的研究提供了有效的技术手段和参考。

, correspAuthors=吴丰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 吴丰(1983—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规储层评价。E-mail:
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曹脊翔(1991—),男,汉族,四川仁寿人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:综合地质。E-mail:

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曹脊翔(1991—),男,汉族,四川仁寿人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:综合地质。E-mail:

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曹脊翔(1991—),男,汉族,四川仁寿人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:综合地质。E-mail:

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Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2022, 12(4): 596-603, 616., articleTitle=Prediction of favorable areas for low-rank coalbed methane based on random forest algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217860137281307191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789889026900971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=600, pageEnd=607, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=80, authorNames=钱玉贵, journalName=油气藏评价与开发, refType=null, unstructuredReference=钱玉贵. 机器深度学习技术在致密砂岩储层预测中的应用——以川西坳陷新场须家河组为例[J]. 油气藏评价与开发, 2023, 13(5): 600-607., articleTitle=机器深度学习技术在致密砂岩储层预测中的应用——以川西坳陷新场须家河组为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217860137344221752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789889026900971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=600, pageEnd=607, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=81, authorNames=Qian Yugui, journalName=Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qian Yugui. Application of machine deep learning technology in tight sandstones reservoir prediction: a case study of Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang, western Sichuan Depression[J]. Petroleum Reservoir Evaluation and Development, 2023, 13(5): 600-607., articleTitle=Application of machine deep learning technology in tight sandstones reservoir prediction: a case study of Xujiahe Formation in Xinchang, western Sichuan Depression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217860137415524921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789889026900971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=31, issue=6, pageStart=563, pageEnd=577, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=82, authorNames=Hamid R O, Mohammad A R, Mohammad M, journalName=Journal of Seismic Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hamid R O, Mohammad A R, Mohammad M. The effect of supervised feature extraction techniques on the facies classification using machine learning[J]. Journal of Seismic Exploration, 2022, 31(6): 563-577., articleTitle=The effect of supervised feature extraction techniques on the facies classification using machine learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217860138703176250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789889026900971, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=10, pageStart=906, pageEnd=909, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=83, authorNames=Hall B, journalName=Leading Edge, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hall B. Facies classification using machine learning[J]. 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AC表示声波时差;CNL表示补偿中子;DEN表示密度;GR表示自然伽马;KTH表示无铀伽马;RT表示电阻率;1 μs/ft=3.28 μs/m

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FPR为多数类被错误分类的比率;TPR为召回率

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Sample data distribution table

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成岩相类型 原始数据 训练集 测试集 采样后训练集
钙质胶结 88 70 18 519
浊沸石胶结 282 226 56 519
弱压实强
长石溶蚀
649 519 130 519
合计 1 019 815 204 1 557
整体百分比/% 100 79.98 20.02
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样本数据分布表

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成岩相类型 原始数据 训练集 测试集 采样后训练集
钙质胶结 88 70 18 519
浊沸石胶结 282 226 56 519
弱压实强
长石溶蚀
649 519 130 519
合计 1 019 815 204 1 557
整体百分比/% 100 79.98 20.02
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Comparison of model accuracy before and after data sampling

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模型 是否
采样
极端
随机树
随机
森林
梯度提升
决策树
总准确率/% 87.2 84.3 84.8
85.7 82.3 80.8
浮动范围/% -0.15 -2 -4
钙质胶结准确率/% 55.5 55.5 61.1
88.8 83.3 88.8
浮动范围/% +33.3 +27.8 27.7
浊沸石胶结准确率/% 82.1 78.5 75
83.9 76.7 76.7
浮动范围/% +0.18 -0.18 -0.17
弱压实强长石溶蚀
准确率/%
93.8 90.7 92.3
86.1 84.6 81.5
浮动范围/% -7.7 -6.1 -10.8
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125595975874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789889026900971, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数据采样前后模型准确率对比

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模型 是否
采样
极端
随机树
随机
森林
梯度提升
决策树
总准确率/% 87.2 84.3 84.8
85.7 82.3 80.8
浮动范围/% -0.15 -2 -4
钙质胶结准确率/% 55.5 55.5 61.1
88.8 83.3 88.8
浮动范围/% +33.3 +27.8 27.7
浊沸石胶结准确率/% 82.1 78.5 75
83.9 76.7 76.7
浮动范围/% +0.18 -0.18 -0.17
弱压实强长石溶蚀
准确率/%
93.8 90.7 92.3
86.1 84.6 81.5
浮动范围/% -7.7 -6.1 -10.8
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基于机器学习的致密砂岩储层成岩相测井识别: 以川中地区沙溪庙组一段为例
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曹脊翔 1 , 陈思源 2 , 肖柏夷 1 , 杨曦冉 1 , 罗莹莹 3 , 陈宏 4 , 吴丰 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(21): 8858-8870
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(21): 8858-8870
基于机器学习的致密砂岩储层成岩相测井识别: 以川中地区沙溪庙组一段为例
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曹脊翔1 , 陈思源2, 肖柏夷1, 杨曦冉1, 罗莹莹3, 陈宏4, 吴丰2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中石油西南油气田分公司致密油气项目部, 成都 610056
  • 2 西南石油大学计算机与软件学院, 成都 610500
  • 3 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
  • 4 四川兆虹油气田技术有限公司, 成都 610500
  • 曹脊翔(1991—),男,汉族,四川仁寿人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:综合地质。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 吴丰(1983—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规储层评价。E-mail:
Machine Learning Based Diagenetic Facies Logging Identification: A Case of Shaximiao Formation in Central Sichuan Basin
Ji-xiang CAO1 , Si-yuan CHEN2, Bai-yi XIAO1, Xi-ran YANG1, Ying-ying LUO3, Hong CHEN4, Feng WU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Tight Oil and Gas Project Department, PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610056, China
  • 2 School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 3 School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
  • 4 Sichuan Rainbow Oil and Gas Field Technology Company, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406016
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川中地区金秋气田—天府气区沙溪庙组沙一段致密砂岩储层成岩相复杂,给储层评价与天然气勘探开发造成了较大困扰,但传统成岩相识别方法准确率低、对专业人员依赖性强、耗时长,急需准确率高、成本低、速度快的成岩相识别方法。首先,基于铸体薄片鉴定数据,通过组分三端元图确定了致密砂岩岩性,结合图像处理技术确定了孔隙、胶结物的类型与比例,并划分了致密砂岩成岩相。然后,对岩心划分成岩相数据对应的1 019个深度测井数据进行了分布范围、中位数、均匀性、偏斜性等特征分析,通过标准化将6条测井数据转换到了0~1范围,通过合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority over-sampling technique,SMOTE)处理数据不均衡问题。最后,选取传统机器学习算法和集成学习算法中的10种方法模型训练与性能对比。研究发现,集成学习算法(特别是极端随机树算法)在成岩相识别中表现最佳,其准确率和F1分数均高于传统机器学习算法,显著提高了识别精度与稳定性。利用构建的极端随机树算法模型对JQ8井的成岩相进行预测验证,验证了该方法的可行性,为致密砂岩成岩相的研究提供了有效的技术手段和参考。

成岩相  /  沙溪庙组  /  特征分析  /  集成学习  /  机器学习

The complex diagenetic facies of the tight sandstone reservoir in the Shaximiao Formation, located in the Jinqiu gas field to Tianfu gas area in the central Sichuan region, pose significant challenges to reservoir evaluation and natural gas exploration and development. Traditional diagenetic facies identification methods are often low in accuracy, heavily reliant on specialized personnel, and time-consuming. There is an urgent need for a diagenetic facies identification method that is highly accurate, cost-effective, and fast. Firstly, based on cast thin section identification data, the lithology of the tight sandstone was determined using a ternary plot of components. Image processing techniques were then used to identify the types and proportions of pores and cements, and the diagenetic facies of the tight sandstone were classified. Secondly, the corresponding 1 019 depth-based well log data for core-divided diagenetic facies were analyzed in terms of distribution range, median, uniformity, and skewness. These 6 types of well log data were standardized to a 0-1 range, and data imbalance was addressed using synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE). Finally, 10 traditional machine learning algorithms and ensemble learning algorithms were selected for model training and performance comparison. The study found that ensemble learning algorithms, especially the extreme randomized trees (ET) algorithm, performs best in diagenetic facies identification, achieving higher accuracy and F1 scores than traditional machine learning algorithms. This significantly improved identification accuracy and stability. The ET model was then used to predict the diagenetic facies of the JQ8 well, validating the feasibility of the method. This study provides effective technical methods and references for diagenetic facies research in tight sandstones.

diagenetic facies  /  Shaximiao Formation  /  feature analysis  /  ensemble learning  /  machine learning
曹脊翔, 陈思源, 肖柏夷, 杨曦冉, 罗莹莹, 陈宏, 吴丰. 基于机器学习的致密砂岩储层成岩相测井识别: 以川中地区沙溪庙组一段为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8858 -8870 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406016
Ji-xiang CAO, Si-yuan CHEN, Bai-yi XIAO, Xi-ran YANG, Ying-ying LUO, Hong CHEN, Feng WU. Machine Learning Based Diagenetic Facies Logging Identification: A Case of Shaximiao Formation in Central Sichuan Basin[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8858 -8870 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406016
致密砂岩广泛分布于鄂尔多斯、四川、准噶尔、松辽、吐哈等沉积盆地,是致密油气勘探开发的主要对象[1-4]。相比常规砂岩,致密砂岩的孔隙结构复杂、孔渗极低、非均质性强,主要原因是其成岩作用复杂且强烈。成岩相是决定致密砂岩储层是否有效的关键因素之一,尤其在构造、油气来源、盖层等成藏条件确定的前提下,成岩相的准确识别对于致密油气的寻找与评价具有重要指导作用[3-4]
四川盆地致密气主要分布在侏罗系沙溪庙组和上三叠统须家河组,具有烃源条件优、储层分布广、通源断裂发育、古今构造有利、埋藏深度浅、纵向多层含气、天然气品质优等特点,其致密气地质资源量达6.9×1012 m3[5-6]。川中—川西过渡带的金秋气田—天府气区侏罗统沙溪庙组,以其河道砂体发育、横向分布稳定被认为是致密砂岩气藏的有利勘探区[7-12]。截至2023年,累计提交探明储量超过千亿立方米,为目前四川盆地侏罗统沙溪庙组最大规模已探明储量气田,开发潜力巨大[13]。因此,开展致密砂岩成岩相的研究有助于更好评价与预测金秋气田—天府气区致密砂岩气藏,对后续致密气的勘探与开发具有重要指导意义。
早期的成岩相识别主要依赖于岩心铸体薄片、阴极发光、电镜扫描等岩心实验数据,但基于岩心实验的成岩相识别方法成本高、耗时久、资料有限,无法实现单井纵向深度上的成岩相连续识别,这给致密砂岩的储层评价造成了一定困扰[14]。随后,有不少学者利用测井资料开展成岩相识别工作,并取得了不错的进展[15-16]。近些年,随着人工智能技术的快速发展,机器学习方法在地学领域的应用突飞猛进[17-19],在成岩相识别方向也展现出了巨大的潜力[20-26]。但目前基于机器学习的致密砂岩储层成岩相研究还相对较少,尤其缺少基于实验结果标定的不同机器学习方法稳定性与可行性对比。
基于金秋气田—天府气区沙溪庙组沙一段10余口井的岩心和测井数据,通过标准钻井作业获得岩心样本,通过测井仪器采集测井数据,所有数据经过严格质量控制,确保数据的准确性和可靠性。室内分析工作包括岩心铸体薄片鉴定,矿物组成、胶结物类型、孔隙结构等特征的识别,依据这些特征划分成岩相类型。在数据处理过程中,所有测井数据均进行了标准化处理,使用合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority over-sampling technique,SMOTE)对少数类样本进行过采样,以平衡数据集。最后,使用多种机器学习算法对数据进行了训练,评估算法的分类性能,最终选定最佳模型,用于致密砂岩储层成岩相的快速、准确识别。结合多种机器学习算法与合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE),用于致密砂岩储层成岩相的自动化预测。相比传统的基于经验和手工分析的方法,不仅能够提高成岩相识别的准确性,还能有效解决数据不平衡问题,使得模型在复杂地质环境下具有较强的泛化能力。同时也为类似复杂地质环境下的成岩相识别提供了新的思路,具有较好的推广前景。
四川盆地位于古扬子板块西缘,是一个多旋回叠合盆地,经历了复杂的构造演化历史,为中国西部最大的含油、富气盆地之一。金秋气田—天府气区位于川中平缓褶皱带和川北低平褶皱带的过渡区域,如图1所示。研究区侏罗系自上而下发育蓬莱镇组、遂宁组、沙溪庙组、凉高山组和自流井组5套地层[27]。其中,沙溪庙组为一套巨厚的陆相碎屑岩红色地层,夹中厚层块状砂岩,纵向上以区域标志层暗色“叶肢介页岩”为分界,从下至上可划分为沙一段与沙二段[28-29]。沙一段发育紫红色泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、灰色砂岩的韵律层,底部以一套灰色厚砂岩与凉高山组区分;沙二段主要由紫红色泥岩与灰色砂岩组成不等互层。地层沉积环境为三角洲—湖泊沉积体系,分流河道与河口坝叠置连片形成厚层规模网状砂组,砂体厚度为15~30 m,为天然气的输导和储集提供重要通道和空间[30]
致密砂岩成岩相识别分为3个步骤,如图2所示。
(1)岩心图像分析与成岩相划分。基于岩心铸体薄片照片,通过图像分析确定致密砂岩的矿物组成、胶结物类型和孔隙结构等特征,根据成岩演化过程和储集性能差异,将研究区致密砂岩划分为不同类型的成岩相。
(2)数据预处理与样本重采样。收集各类成岩相对应的测井数据,对其进行数据清洗和标准化,并采用合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE)解决样本不均衡问题。
(3)机器学习建模与性能对比。数据处理完成后,采用目前流行的10种机器学习方法开展模型训练,对比不同模型的成岩相识别效果与优缺点,从而筛选出表现最优的机器学习模型。
沙溪庙组沙一段砂岩的成分特征复杂多样。岩性主要类型为岩屑长石砂岩,其次是长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑砂岩,如图3所示。砂岩分选中等,磨圆为次棱角-次圆状,砂岩的成分成熟度较低,其中石英含量介于35%~60%,长石含量介于25%~45%,岩屑含量介于9%~54%。砂岩的岩性成分直接影响其成岩过程及成岩相的发育。不同矿物组成、颗粒大小和分选性会导致成岩过程中压实、胶结和溶蚀等作用的强弱差异,从而形成不同类型的成岩相。这些岩性成分和成岩相之间的关系对于准确识别和划分成岩相,进而评估储层质量至关重要。
成岩作用主要包括压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用等[31-33]。压实作用是指沉积物在埋藏过程中由于上覆地层压力增大而导致颗粒间隙减小和孔隙度降低;胶结作用是矿物质在沉积物孔隙中沉淀,填充颗粒间隙,使岩石硬化;溶蚀作用是地质流体对矿物颗粒和胶结物的化学溶解,导致孔隙度增加。研究区现今埋藏深度为1 500~3 000 m,较浅的埋藏深度使得压实作用强度整体表现为弱压实。但砂岩的胶结物种类繁多且分布广泛,包括方解石胶结、硅质胶结、自生长石胶结、浊沸石胶结和黏土胶结,这些胶结物显著影响致密砂岩的物性。根据铸体薄片鉴定,研究区主要发育弱压实强长石溶蚀、浊沸石胶结和钙质胶结3种成岩相。首先为弱压实强长石溶蚀成岩相,粒间粒内孔与粒内溶蚀孔发育,如图4(a)~图4(c)所示。其次为浊沸石胶结成岩相,粒间粒内孔发育,浊沸石胶结强非均值性,如图4(d)~图4(f)所示。少量砂体成岩相属于钙质胶结成岩相,粒间粒内孔发育,见钙质胶结,如图4(g)~图4(i)所示。
数据样本分布可以反映总体趋势、模式、均匀性、偏斜性、离散程度及极端值和异常值等信息。分析样本分布可以识别数据的集中趋势和偏差,了解类别比例关系和不平衡情况,挖掘潜在规律和特征。这为进一步的数据分析和模型构建提供依据,优化分析策略和决策。研究样本来源于金秋气田—天府气区沙溪庙组沙一段10余口井的铸体薄片鉴定结果,对应1 019个测井曲线数据。弱压实强长石溶蚀样本最多,共649个;浊沸石胶结样本占282个;钙质胶结样本数量最少,仅88个。3类成岩相样本在测井曲线上分布不均,显示在地质过程的复杂性和多样性。尽管如此,成岩相样本在测井曲线上的样本区间及中位数差异并不明显,反映了相似的成岩演化过程或相似的地质控制因素,如图5所示。
在数据预处理过程中,不同类型的测井曲线属性值差异较大,可能影响模型识别的准确度,数据标准化和重采样是数据预处理中常用的技术,数据标准化是指将数据按照一定的规则缩放,使不同特征的数据具有统一比例和范围。标准化后的数据可以消除不同特征间的量纲影响,使得特征对模型的影响权重均衡,提高模型训练的稳定性和效果。因此,对AC(声波时差)、CNL(中子)、DEN(密度)、GR(自然伽马)、KTH(无铀伽马)和RT(电阻率)这6种测井曲线进行标准化处理,如式(1)所示。通过将原始数据进行变换到均值为0,标准差为1范围内,确保不同曲线间公平比较,提高岩相识别准确性。
X'= X - m e a n σ
式(1)中:X'为标准化后的测井曲线值;X为原始测井曲线值;mean为该测井曲线所在样本均值;σ为标准差。
数据重采样是通过调整样本数量,使得不同类别或特征的样本在训练过程中更为平衡。重采样包括欠采样和过采样:欠采样减少多数类样本来均衡数据,过采样增加少数类样本来均衡数据。使用合成少数类过采样技术SMOTE对少数类样本进行过采样,增加其数量,降低样本分布不均衡程,提高对少数样本的识别准确率[34-35],如图6所示。SMOTE是一种改进的随机过采样技术。其算法流程为:首先对于少数类样本x计算它到临近样本xi之间的差值,将差值乘以0~1的随机数,将此差值添加到样本x中,以在特征空间中生成新的样本,如式(2)所示。将80%的样本作为训练集,20%的样本作为测试集,重采样后的训练集中,岩相样本不均衡消失,通过标准化处理和SMOTE算法,有效解决了样本数量不均衡问题,提高了模型对少数类成岩相的识别准确率,从而增强了模型的泛化能力和实际应用效果,如表1所示。
Xnew=x+rand(0,1)(xi-x)
式(2)中:Xnew为构建的新样本;x为少数类中某一个样本值;xix的第i个临近样本(i=1,2,…,n);rand(0,1)为0~1的随机数。
在地质特征分类领域,常用的机器学习分类算法主要包括传统分类算法和集成学习算法两大类[36-44]。传统机器学习算法进一步分为决策树(decision tree,DT)、k-近邻(k-nearest neighbors,KNN)、逻辑回归(logistic regression,LR)、线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)和朴素贝叶斯(naive Bayes,NB)等。传统机器学习算法具有理论简单、计算效率高的优点,但在处理复杂非线性关系和高维数据时表现不够理想。集成学习算法进一步分为随机森林(random forest,RF)、极端随机树(extra trees,ET)、梯度提升决策树(CatBoost,CB)、轻量梯度提升机(light gradient boosting,LGB)和极度梯度提升树(extreme gradient boosting,EGB)等。集成学习算法通过结合多个弱分类算法,降低了单一模型容易出现的过拟合风险,显著提高了算法的泛化能力和稳定性,适用于大规模和高维数据的处理。目前,虽然已有大量学者将机器学习分类算法用于地质现象的识别与分类,但局限于某一种或少数几种分类算法的研究。尤其在致密砂岩成岩相识别方向上,缺少不同分类算法实际应用效果的对比与分析。
采用传统分类算法和集成学习算法中的上述10种分类算法(DT、KNN、LR、LDA、NB、RF、ET、CB、LGB、EGB)开展金秋气田—天府气区沙溪庙组沙一段致密砂岩成岩相识别,并通过多个分类指标对比不同分类算法的性能。机器学习算法性能评估常用的指标包括准确率(accuracy,A)、精确率(precision,P)、召回率(recall,R)、F1分数(F1 score,F1)。其中,准确率(A)为正确预测样本数占总样本数的比例,如式(3)所示;精确率(P)为预测为正类的样本中实际为真正例的比例,如式(4)所示;召回率(R)为实际为正类样本中被正确预测为正类的比例,如式(5)所示;F1分数(F1)为精确率(P)和召回率(R)的调和平均,用于综合考虑模型的精确性和召回性能,比单独的精确率(P)和召回率(R)能更好表征算法的优劣,如式(6)所示。
A= T P + T N T P + T N + F P + F N×100%
P= T P T P + F P×100%
R= T P T P + F N×100%
F1= 2 P R P + R×100%
式中:TP为真正例数量,个;TN为真负例数量,个;FP为假正例数量,个;FN为假负例数量,个;TP+TN为正确预测样本数量,个;TP+TN+FP+FN为样本总数量,个。
将数据导入10类机器学习(DT、KNN、LR、LDA、NB、RF、ET、CB、LGB、EGB)算法进行训练,比较3类成岩相识别准确率和F1分数的变化趋势,如图7所示。结果对比显示,5类集成学习(RF、ET、CB、LGB、EGB)算法的准确率和F1分数均高于5类传统机器学习(DT、KNN、LR、LDA、NB)算法。在集成学习算法中,极端随机树(ET)表现最优,准确率和F1分数为87.2%和86.8%;轻量梯度提升机(LGB)的表现最差,准确率和F1分数为81.8%和81.4%。在传统机器学习算法中,k-近邻(KNN)表现最优,准确率和F1分数为81.8%和81.6%;线性判别分析(LDA)表现最差,准确率和F1分数为66.1%和59.8%。但在整体上10类机器学习算法对重采样后的数据在准确率和F1分数上略低于未重采样的数据,虽然重采样有助于实现数据均衡,但对于10类机器学习算法的性能都产生了轻微的负面影响。
对以上10种分类算法性能的对比分析后发现,集成学习中极端随机树(ET)、随机森林(RF)和梯度提升决策树(CB)是成岩相分类中表现最佳的3种算法。使用这3种算法对204个测试样本进行成岩相识别,其中钙质胶结样本18个,浊沸石胶结样本56个,弱压实强长石溶蚀样本130个。图8展示了这3种算法数据重采样前后成岩相分类的混淆矩阵对比,横纵坐标分别表示预测结果与实际结果,对角线上的数字越大,其效果越好。极端随机树(ET)算法在对角线上的值最大,表明其正确识别的样本数最多;而随机森林(RF)算法和梯度提升决策树(CB)算法则在部分成岩相上表现稍逊,但总体准确率和可靠性仍然较高。分析混淆矩阵结果并进行统计,如表2所示。结果表明,3种算法在采样前的整体准确率分别为87.2%(极端随机树ET)、84.3%(随机森林RF)、84.8%(梯度提升决策树CB),略高于采样后的整体准确率85.7%(极端随机树ET)、82.3%(随机森林RF)、80.8%(梯度提升决策树CB)。具体来看,极端随机树(ET)算法采样前对钙质胶结、浊沸石胶结和弱压实强长石溶蚀的准确率分别为55.5%、82.1%、93.8%,采样后为88.8%、83.9%、86.1%;随机森林(RF)算法采样前分别为55.5%、78.5%、90.7%,采样后为83.3%、76.7%、84.6%;梯度提升决策树(CB)算法采样前分别为61.1%、75%、92.3%,采样后为88.8%、76.7%、81.5%。
重采样处理后,3种算法对钙质胶结的识别准确率大幅提升,对浊沸石胶结的识别准确率变化不明显,但对弱压实强长石溶蚀的识别准确率有所降低。结果表明,重采样的方法能够更好地适应不均衡数据集,提升少量分布岩相的识别准确率。
观察数据重采样后,极端随机树(ET)、随机森林(RF)和梯度提升决策树(CB)算法在成岩相分类中的性能变化,图像颜色越深代表分类效果越好,如图9所示。3种分类算法中,极端随机树(ET)算法的整体效果最优。尽管由于钙质胶结样本数量少,其识别精度略低于于其成岩相。根据受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristics,ROC)曲线显示,极端随机树(ET)算法各类岩相ROC曲线靠近图像左上角,AUC(area under curve)均优于随机森林(RF)和梯度提升决策树(CB)算法,如图10所示。这表明其在金秋气田—天府气区沙一段储层成岩相分类中表现最佳。
使用上述3种机器学习模型对JQ8井的85个数据样本进行了预测验证,结果如图11所示。第五道为成岩相解释结论,其中第一列为岩心铸体薄片鉴定结果,第二列为极端随机树(ET)预测结果,第三列为随机森林(RF)预测结果,第四列为梯度提升决策树(CB)预测结果。
结果表明,极端随机树(ET)算法在成岩相识别上表现最佳,预测结果与薄片鉴定结果的符合率较高。极端随机树(ET)算法正确识别了75个样本,准确率为88.23%;随机森林(RF)算法正确识别了70个样本,准确率为82.35%;梯度提升决策树(CB)算法正确识别了69个样本,准确率为81.17%。进一步分析发现,极端随机树(ET)算法在各类型成岩相的识别上均表现出色,识别准确率更高。相比之下,随机森林(RF)和梯度提升决策树(CB)算法识别准确率稍低。这表明,极端随机树(ET)算法在处理成岩相数据时具有更好的泛化能力和鲁棒性,有效地应对样本数据的复杂性和不均衡性,并能保持较高的预测性能。
综上所述,极端随机树(ET)算法在成岩相识别中具有明显的优势,高准确率和强分类能力使其成为最优模型。而随机森林(RF)算法和梯度提升决策树(CB)算法也表现良好,能够为辅助模型提供可靠的识别结果。这3种模型的综合应用,有助于提高成岩相识别的准确性和效率,为相关地质研究提供支持。
(1)处理样本分布不均衡的成岩相数据集时,重采样是一种有效的手段。采用了合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE),显著提高了对少量类样本的识别效果。增加少数类样本的数量,不仅改善了模型的分类性能,还增强了其稳定性和可靠性。重采样后的模型在识别钙质胶结岩相时尤为突出,有效解决了因样本不均衡导致的识别偏差问题。
(2)在天府气田—金秋气区沙一段储层成岩相识别中,集成学习类算法准确率和F1分数明显优于传统机器学习算法,集成学习通过结合多个弱分类算法来提升整体模型的准确性、稳定性和泛化能力。
(3)在集成学习类算法中,极端随机树(ET)算法表现最佳,无论在测试集还是实例应用中,其整体识别准确率均超过85%。能够有效地识别3种成岩相类型,表现出较高的识别准确率和鲁棒性,即使在复杂地质条件下也能保持良好性能。
  • 四川省重点研发计划(重大科技专项)(2020YFSY0039)
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U20A20266)
  • 中国石油-西南石油大学创新联合体科技合作项目(2020CX030103)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406016
  • 接收时间:2024-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-10
  • 修回日期:2025-04-11
基金
四川省重点研发计划(重大科技专项)(2020YFSY0039)
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U20A20266)
中国石油-西南石油大学创新联合体科技合作项目(2020CX030103)
作者信息
    1 中石油西南油气田分公司致密油气项目部, 成都 610056
    2 西南石油大学计算机与软件学院, 成都 610500
    3 西南石油大学地球科学与技术学院, 成都 610500
    4 四川兆虹油气田技术有限公司, 成都 610500

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* 吴丰(1983—),男,汉族,湖北公安人,博士,副教授。研究方向:非常规储层评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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