Article(id=1217789888544559893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407878, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=1744646400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334871, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334871, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334870, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334870, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8841, endPage=8850, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789889064653605, articleId=1217789888544559893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Tunnel Blasting Parameters Based on Deep Learning and Multi-objective Optimization, columnId=1156264152168518571, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Improper tunnel blasting parameters will seriously affect the safety and quality of tunnel construction. Therefore, the determination of appropriate blasting parameters is an important work in tunnel construction. In order to solve this problem, based on deep learning model-whale optimization deep belief network (WO-DBN) and multi-objective optimization algorithm-non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), an intelligent algorithm for tunnel blasting parameters optimization was proposed. Firstly, using the developed deep learning model WO-DBN, an intelligent model for predicting the safety and quality of tunnel blasting construction based on geological parameters and blasting parameters was constructed. The tunnel crown subsidence and overbreak and underbreak area were taken as the index of construction safety and quality evaluation. Secondly, based on the established tunnel blasting construction safety and quality evaluation model, an intelligent algorithm for tunnel blasting parameter optimization was proposed by using NSGA-II to control crown subsidence, overbreak and underbreak area. Finally, taking the blasting construction of Panlongshan highway tunnel as an example, the proposed new algorithm was verified by engineering application. The results show that the construction parameters obtained by the new algorithm can reduce the tunnel crown subsidence and the overbreak and underbreak area by 27.05% and 60.30%, respectively, and the construction effect is greatly improved. Therefore, the proposed intelligent algorithm can provide technical support for the real-time optimization control of tunnel blasting parameters and provide a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of tunnel construction.

, correspAuthors=Wei GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ling-zhi XI, Shuang-shuang GE, Chen LI, Wei GAO, Qiang ZHANG, Shao-bin HU, Huai YANG, Xin CHEN, Zhi-hao ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789891505738636, articleId=1217789888544559893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于深度学习及多目标优化的隧道爆破参数, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

隧道爆破参数不当会严重影响隧道施工的安全和质量。因此,确定合适的爆破参数是隧道施工中一项重要的工作。为了解决此问题,基于深度学习模型鲸鱼优化深度置信网络(whale optimization deep belief network,WO-DBN)及多目标优化算法非支配排序遗传算法II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,NSGA-II),提出了一种进行隧道爆破参数优化的智能算法。首先,使用开发的深度学习模型WO-DBN构建了基于地质参数及爆破参数进行隧道爆破施工安全及质量预测的智能模型,以隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积作为施工安全及质量评价的指标。其次,基于建立的隧道爆破施工安全及质量评价模型,采用NSGA-II以控制拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积为目标,提出进行隧道爆破参数优化的智能算法。最后,以蟠龙山公路隧道爆破施工为例,对提出的新算法进行工程应用验证。结果表明,采用新算法得到的施工参数,可以使得隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积分别降低27.05%和60.30%,施工效果得到极大提高。因此,提出的智能算法可以为隧道爆破参数的实时优化控制提供技术支持,为隧道施工的顺利进行提供有力保障。

, correspAuthors=高玮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 高玮(1971—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学理论、岩土工程稳定分析及智能大数据技术的工程应用。E-mail:
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奚灵智(1982—),男,汉族,浙江台州人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:交通与市政工程设计咨询及EPC总承包管理。E-mail:

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奚灵智(1982—),男,汉族,浙江台州人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:交通与市政工程设计咨询及EPC总承包管理。E-mail:

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Blasting data summary

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参数 类型 单位 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差
X1 地质 MPa 31.70 53.60 43.52 7.40
X2 地质 3.00 4.00 3.46 0.50
X3 地质 m 62.00 148.00 93.22 18.04
X4 地质 0.30 1.00 0.70 0.24
X5 爆破 43.00 113.00 71.26 22.71
X6 爆破 cm 48.60 68.30 60.28 5.69
X7 爆破 cm 68.80 136.60 106.61 23.84
X8 爆破 cm 65.10 93.20 76.38 8.24
X9 爆破 kg 37.50 189.30 110.17 70.12
X10 爆破 kg/m 0.15 0.30 0.22 0.05
X11 爆破 0.17 1.00 0.76 0.36
X12 爆破 kg 2.40 3.90 3.21 0.45
Y1 mm 13.60 25.50 19.52 3.89
Y2 m2 1.50 9.50 3.98 2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1217860122945180553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789888544559893, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破数据汇总

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参数 类型 单位 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差
X1 地质 MPa 31.70 53.60 43.52 7.40
X2 地质 3.00 4.00 3.46 0.50
X3 地质 m 62.00 148.00 93.22 18.04
X4 地质 0.30 1.00 0.70 0.24
X5 爆破 43.00 113.00 71.26 22.71
X6 爆破 cm 48.60 68.30 60.28 5.69
X7 爆破 cm 68.80 136.60 106.61 23.84
X8 爆破 cm 65.10 93.20 76.38 8.24
X9 爆破 kg 37.50 189.30 110.17 70.12
X10 爆破 kg/m 0.15 0.30 0.22 0.05
X11 爆破 0.17 1.00 0.76 0.36
X12 爆破 kg 2.40 3.90 3.21 0.45
Y1 mm 13.60 25.50 19.52 3.89
Y2 m2 1.50 9.50 3.98 2.03
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123041649552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789888544559893, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The optimal value of WO-DBN parameters

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参数 η T1 T2 m n1 n2 n3 n4
0.005 91 308 175 4 208 218 261 45
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WO-DBN参数的最优值

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参数 η T1 T2 m n1 n2 n3 n4
0.005 91 308 175 4 208 218 261 45
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Optimal results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 X5 X6/
cm
X7/
cm
X8/
cm
X9/
kg
X10/
(kg·m-1)
X11 X12/
kg
58.00 52.80 71.99 90.53 93.79 0.27 0.37 3.71
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123398165422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789888544559893, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

最优结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 X5 X6/
cm
X7/
cm
X8/
cm
X9/
kg
X10/
(kg·m-1)
X11 X12/
kg
58.00 52.80 71.99 90.53 93.79 0.27 0.37 3.71
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123486245814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789888544559893, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of blasting effect

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爆破效果 拱顶下沉/mm 超欠挖面积/m2
实际结果 19.52 3.98
本文结果 14.24 1.58
文献[23]结果 21.10 3.30
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123616269248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789888544559893, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆破效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破效果 拱顶下沉/mm 超欠挖面积/m2
实际结果 19.52 3.98
本文结果 14.24 1.58
文献[23]结果 21.10 3.30
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基于深度学习及多目标优化的隧道爆破参数
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奚灵智 1 , 葛双双 2 , 李晨 1 , 高玮 2, * , 张强 1 , 胡少斌 2 , 杨槐 1 , 陈新 2 , 赵志浩 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(21): 8841-8850
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(21): 8841-8850
基于深度学习及多目标优化的隧道爆破参数
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奚灵智1 , 葛双双2, 李晨1, 高玮2, * , 张强1, 胡少斌2, 杨槐1, 陈新2, 赵志浩2
作者信息
  • 1 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司, 杭州 310022
  • 2 河海大学土木与交通学院, 南京 210098
  • 奚灵智(1982—),男,汉族,浙江台州人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:交通与市政工程设计咨询及EPC总承包管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 高玮(1971—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学理论、岩土工程稳定分析及智能大数据技术的工程应用。E-mail:
Tunnel Blasting Parameters Based on Deep Learning and Multi-objective Optimization
Ling-zhi XI1 , Shuang-shuang GE2, Chen LI1, Wei GAO2, * , Qiang ZHANG1, Shao-bin HU2, Huai YANG1, Xin CHEN2, Zhi-hao ZHAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 310022, China
  • 2 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407878
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隧道爆破参数不当会严重影响隧道施工的安全和质量。因此,确定合适的爆破参数是隧道施工中一项重要的工作。为了解决此问题,基于深度学习模型鲸鱼优化深度置信网络(whale optimization deep belief network,WO-DBN)及多目标优化算法非支配排序遗传算法II(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,NSGA-II),提出了一种进行隧道爆破参数优化的智能算法。首先,使用开发的深度学习模型WO-DBN构建了基于地质参数及爆破参数进行隧道爆破施工安全及质量预测的智能模型,以隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积作为施工安全及质量评价的指标。其次,基于建立的隧道爆破施工安全及质量评价模型,采用NSGA-II以控制拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积为目标,提出进行隧道爆破参数优化的智能算法。最后,以蟠龙山公路隧道爆破施工为例,对提出的新算法进行工程应用验证。结果表明,采用新算法得到的施工参数,可以使得隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积分别降低27.05%和60.30%,施工效果得到极大提高。因此,提出的智能算法可以为隧道爆破参数的实时优化控制提供技术支持,为隧道施工的顺利进行提供有力保障。

隧道爆破开挖  /  深度学习模型  /  拱顶下沉  /  超欠挖  /  多目标优化

Improper tunnel blasting parameters will seriously affect the safety and quality of tunnel construction. Therefore, the determination of appropriate blasting parameters is an important work in tunnel construction. In order to solve this problem, based on deep learning model-whale optimization deep belief network (WO-DBN) and multi-objective optimization algorithm-non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), an intelligent algorithm for tunnel blasting parameters optimization was proposed. Firstly, using the developed deep learning model WO-DBN, an intelligent model for predicting the safety and quality of tunnel blasting construction based on geological parameters and blasting parameters was constructed. The tunnel crown subsidence and overbreak and underbreak area were taken as the index of construction safety and quality evaluation. Secondly, based on the established tunnel blasting construction safety and quality evaluation model, an intelligent algorithm for tunnel blasting parameter optimization was proposed by using NSGA-II to control crown subsidence, overbreak and underbreak area. Finally, taking the blasting construction of Panlongshan highway tunnel as an example, the proposed new algorithm was verified by engineering application. The results show that the construction parameters obtained by the new algorithm can reduce the tunnel crown subsidence and the overbreak and underbreak area by 27.05% and 60.30%, respectively, and the construction effect is greatly improved. Therefore, the proposed intelligent algorithm can provide technical support for the real-time optimization control of tunnel blasting parameters and provide a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of tunnel construction.

tunnel blasting excavation  /  deep learning model  /  crown subsidence  /  overbreak and underbreak  /  multi-objective optimization
奚灵智, 葛双双, 李晨, 高玮, 张强, 胡少斌, 杨槐, 陈新, 赵志浩. 基于深度学习及多目标优化的隧道爆破参数. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8841 -8850 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407878
Ling-zhi XI, Shuang-shuang GE, Chen LI, Wei GAO, Qiang ZHANG, Shao-bin HU, Huai YANG, Xin CHEN, Zhi-hao ZHAO. Tunnel Blasting Parameters Based on Deep Learning and Multi-objective Optimization[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8841 -8850 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407878
钻爆法因其施工灵活性高、适应性广、可靠性强及经济效益显著等特点,已经广泛应用于铁路、公路及地铁等岩质隧道开挖领域[1-3]。爆破技术作为钻爆法的核心技术,其爆破效果不仅直接影响着隧道断面的尺寸精度和围岩稳定性,更是后续装载、运输等工艺流程顺利进行的保障。不同爆破参数会导致截然不同的爆破效果,科学合理地调整爆破参数,确保最佳爆破效果,对隧道的高质量安全施工意义重大。
在隧道爆破施工中,爆破参数的优化对于减少损失、提高爆破效果至关重要。目前,传统的爆破参数优化手段主要包括理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验。胡桂斌[4]通过数值模拟方法对周边孔的孔间距、径向不耦合系数、光爆层厚度、装药结构进行爆破参数优化,以控制爆破超欠挖。邓祥辉等[5]通过理论分析和现场试验的方法从炮孔间距、装药量和装药结构等方面进行爆破参数优化,使得隧道超欠挖现象得以改善。张文明等[6]基于数值模拟软件,分析了圆弧边缘至炮孔中心距离对聚能爆破破岩效果的影响。汪家甫[7]通过数值模拟方法对最小抵抗线、辅助眼间距及周边眼间距进行爆破参数优化,以控制隧道超欠挖。张万志等[8]采用现场试验和数值模拟方法进行研究,优化了光爆层炮孔及装药参数、掏槽布孔形式和最大单孔装药量,减小了隧道超挖及围岩变形。同样基于现场试验和数值模拟方法,陈正林等[9]进行了微差、孔间距、不耦合系数、装药量及炮孔直径的优化研究,从而减小了超欠挖。Mei等[10]通过现场试验方法,优化掏槽方式、炮孔布置方式、最大单孔装药量和空气间隔装药结构等参数,减小了超欠挖及避免了大尺寸岩块。理论分析通常是基于一系列假设和简化的力学模型,难以完全考虑实际爆破环境的复杂性。现场试验能够充分考虑并模拟实际环境中影响爆破施工的各种因素,但现场爆破试验危险性高,需要投入大量的人力、物力和财力,且重复性不强。数值方法尽管能够模拟各种复杂爆破环境和条件,可灵活调整爆破参数,重复性好,但其精度受模型复杂度、计算模型和参数及计算资源限制,难免产生一定误差。
近年来,随着人工智能技术的快速发展,机器学习方法已广泛应用于爆破效果指标的预测。在爆破工程中,爆破块度、爆破振速以及爆破超欠挖等关键参数是衡量爆破效果的重要指标。目前,基于爆破数据的多种机器学习算法,如人工神经网络、支持向量机、随机森林等,已经展现出在爆破效果预测方面的强大能力[11-14]。这些算法通过挖掘爆破参数与爆破效果之间的复杂关系,实现了对爆破效果较为准确的预估。然而,模型性能的提升并非仅由算法的选择所决定,模型超参数的合理选择同样至关重要。为了进一步优化模型超参数,蚁狮优化算法、粒子群优化算法、改进灰狼算法、遗传算法、鲸鱼优化算法、被膜群算法和麻雀搜索算法等优化算法[15-20]被引入爆破效果预测模型的优化中。这些优化算法通过迭代搜索的方式,能够在复杂的参数空间中选择最优解,从而得到合理的模型超参数,进一步提升模型的预测精度和泛化能力。然而,目前的相关研究主要是爆破参数与爆破效果评价指标之间关系的研究,即通过建立预测模型来揭示这些关系。而实际工程中,除了建立这些关系外,更关心如何有效获取和调整爆破参数以达到最佳爆破效果,其为一个复杂的决策过程。目前,此方面已有少量研究,闫祎然等[21]基于孔间距、排距、炸药单耗、平均块度、密集系数、底盘抵抗线、炸药量、台阶高度建立了爆破成本控制数学模型,即目标函数。基于此目标函数,采用改进麻雀搜索算法对单个目标生产成本进行优化,从而得到合适的炸药单耗、孔间距和排距。方昱[22]基于周边眼平均间距、辅助眼平均间距、周边眼最小抵抗线、岩石单轴抗压强度、岩石弹性模量、岩石泊松比、埋深、围岩级别、周边眼装药集中度和装药不耦合系数,采用粒子群优化反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)参数,建立拱顶下沉、综合松动圈和超欠挖体积评价模型。然后,基于评价模型,通过线性加权法将拱顶下沉、综合松动圈和超欠挖体积多个目标转化为单个融合目标。最后,采用粒子群优化算法对融合目标进行最小化,得到爆破参数最优解。张万志[23]基于围岩单轴抗压强度、围岩级别、埋深、层理结构面结合程度、炮孔总数量、周边孔间距、辅助孔间距、光爆层厚度、总装药量、周边孔装药集中度、周边孔装药结构和掏槽孔最大单孔装药量,采用粒子群优化深层BPNN参数,建立了拱顶下沉、最大线性超挖、超欠挖面积和最大块石直径评价模型。然后,通过线性加权法将拱顶下沉、最大线性超挖、超欠挖面积和最大块石直径多个目标转化为单个融合目标。最后,采用粒子群优化算法对融合目标进行最小化,得到爆破参数最优解。上述研究通过将多目标问题转化为单目标优化进行爆破参数研究,不是真正的多目标优化研究。
因此,基于爆破效果的爆破参数多目标优化是隧道施工中一项重要的工作,如何在满足多个爆破目标的同时确定最优爆破参数是一个难题。为了解决此问题,现以蟠龙山公路隧道爆破施工为例,采用鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)结合深度置信网络(deep belief network,DBN)建立爆破效果评价模型,并通过非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)优化爆破参数,找到同时满足隧道爆破施工安全及质量多个目标的最优爆破参数组合,以期在隧道爆破施工中达到更好的爆破效果。
深度置信网络(DBN)作为深度学习的一种重要模型,已在岩土工程的数据处理问题中展现出卓越的性能[24]。与单个受限玻尔兹曼机(restricted Boltzmann machine,RBM)相比,由RBM堆叠而成的DBN模型可以提取复杂数据的深层特征,具有较强的学习能力[25]。然而,深度置信网络是一个复杂网络,其有许多超参数需要事先确定,包括学习率(η)、预训练迭代次数(T1)、反向微调迭代次数(T2)、隐含层数m以及隐含层节点数(n1n2、…、nm)等。目前,一般采用控制变量法来确定超参数,但该方法存在搜索范围小、理论缺失等缺点[26]。而鲸鱼优化算法是Mirjalili等[27]在观察到座头鲸种群高效的狩猎行为之后获得灵感而建立的数学优化模型,是一种很好的全局优化方法。因此,采用鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)对深度置信网络(DBN)的超参数进行优选,其流程如图1所示。基于优选的超参数,提出新的深度学习模型——鲸鱼优化深度置信网络(WO-DBN)。
鲸鱼优化深度置信网络超参数的操作步骤如下。
步骤1 设定深度置信网络超参数的搜索范围,包括学习率(η)、预训练迭代次数(T1)、反向微调迭代次数(T2)、隐含层数m以及隐含层节点数(n1n2、…、nm)。
步骤2 随机初始化鲸鱼种群,包括最大迭代次数、鲸鱼种群规模及螺旋线形状常数。
步骤3 计算当前鲸鱼种群中个体的适应度,将适应度最大的个体所在的位置作为目标位置。
步骤4 根据鲸鱼优化算法的收缩圈运动模式、搜索猎物模式和螺旋气泡狩猎模式,更新每个鲸鱼个体的位置。
步骤5 判断当前迭代次数是否满足最大迭代次数,满足则进行步骤6,不满足则返回步骤3。
步骤6 将适应度最大的鲸鱼个体输出,该鲸鱼的位置就是优化后的深度置信网络超参数。
鲸鱼优化深度置信网络的具体操作可以参见文献[28],但本文模型包括了网络隐含层数的优选,比文献[28]中的模型优化参数更多,且新建模型更复杂、更实用。
非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)是强大的多目标优化方法,其收敛速度快,性能优越[29]。它是以遗传算法为基础并基于帕累托最优概念得到的。通过引入非支配排序和拥挤度距离来评估个体之间的优劣,以保留种群中的多样性,并促进帕累托前沿的均匀分布。
非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)主要操作要点如下。
要点1 快速非支配排序。
当且仅当对于所有目标函数,个体p都不比个体q差,且至少在一个目标函数上个体p比个体q好,则称个体p支配个体q;如果个体p不被种群中的任何其他个体支配,则称p为非支配个体。快速非支配排序旨在有效地识别出种群中的非支配个体(即不被任何其他个体支配的个体),并对它们进行排序。
快速非支配排序的具体操作如下。
(1)计算被支配数[N(i)]:对于种群中的每个个体i,计算支配它的个体数量N(i)。
(2)构建支配集[S(i)]:对于每个个体i,构建一个集合S(i),其中包含所有被i支配的个体。
(3)分层排序:找出所有N(i)=0的个体,即没有其他个体支配的个体,将这些个体放入第一级非支配层F1;对于F1中的每个个体j,考察其支配集S(j)中的每个个体k,将k的被支配数N(k)减1;如果某个个体kN(k)减至0,将其放入新的集合(如F2);重复这个过程,直到所有个体都被分配到不同的非支配层级。
要点2 拥挤度与拥挤度比较算子。
个体的拥挤度是评估其在种群中的分布密度。对于非边界的个体i,其拥挤度di等于其相邻两个个体在每个目标函数上的距离之和。拥挤度di表示为
$ d_{i}=\sum_{j=1}^{M}\left[\left|f_{(i+1) j}-f_{(i-1) j}\right|\right] $
式(1)中:M为目标函数的数量;$ f_{(i+1) j}$$ f_{(i-1) j}, $分别为个体i+1和个体i-1在第j个目标函数上的值。
拥挤度比较算子:当比较两个个体时,首先比较它们所属的非支配层级。层级较低的个体更优。如果两个个体属于同一非支配层级,则比较它们的拥挤度。拥挤度较大的个体更优,因为它们有助于保持种群的多样性,防止算法陷入局部最优。
要点3 精英策略。
精英策略是把当前种群和通过选择、交叉和变异产生的子种群合并,共同竞争产生下一代种群,保证具有较好特性的个体能够保留在种群中,提高了种群的多样性和算法的计算效率。
NSGA-Ⅱ的流程如图2所示,其操作步骤如下。
步骤1 初始化参数,设定最大迭代次数Tmax、目标数M、种群规模N、交叉算子r和变异算子c。随机产生一个大小为N的父代种群。
步骤2 对父代种群进行快速非支配排序与拥挤度计算。
拥挤度计算的具体操作步骤如下。
(1)初始化:对于每个非支配层级的个体,设置其拥挤度为0。
(2)排序:在每个非支配层级内,根据每个目标函数值的大小对个体进行排序。
(3)边界处理:将排序后每个边界个体的拥挤度设为无穷大(或一个很大的数),因为它们是该层级内对应目标函数值的极端点。
(4)计算拥挤度:对于非边界个体i,按照式(1)计算其拥挤度di
步骤3 基于快速非支配排序和拥挤比较算子从父代种群中选择优质的个体,首先选择非支配等级较低的个体,然后在同一层次中根据拥挤度选择拥挤度较大的个体;在父代种群中,随机选择两个个体进行均匀交叉操作,生成新的子代个体,则新的子代个体基因有50%从不同父代个体基因中继承;对子代个体进行替换变异操作,以增加种群的多样性;从而产生一个大小为N的子代种群。变异操作表达式为
ki=li+(ui-li)r
式(2)中:ki为变异后个体k的第i个基因值;liui分别为个体k的第i个基因值的最小值和最大值;r为[0,1]范围内的随机数。
步骤4 将父代种群和子代种群合并,构成一个大小为2N的种群。
步骤5 对合并种群进行快速非支配排序和拥挤度计算。
步骤6 运用精英策略选择优秀个体构成一个大小为N的新父代种群。
步骤7 如果遗传代数T大于最大迭代次数Tmax,则进行步骤8;反之,返回步骤3。
步骤8 输出最优解集合,即帕累托前沿。
首先采用深度学习模型——鲸鱼优化深度置信网络(WO-DBN)建立爆破效果评价模型,然后采用爆破效果评价模型作为多目标优化算法——非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)的目标函数进行爆破参数优化。爆破参数优化模型的构建流程如图3所示。
爆破参数优化的具体步骤如下。
步骤1 确定隧道开挖面围岩地质参数,如单轴抗压强度、围岩级别、埋深及岩层层理面结合程度。
步骤2 基于实际施工经验,根据统计爆破参数的变化情况设定参数搜索范围。则约束条件的一般形式为
lbixi≤ubi
式(3)中:xi为第i个爆破施工参数;lbi和ubi分别为样本中第i个爆破施工参数值的最小值和最大值。
步骤3 设定NSGA-II算法的初始化参数,如最大迭代次数Tmax、目标数M、种群规模N、交叉算子r和变异算子c
步骤4 在爆破参数的搜索范围内,随机初始化爆破参数。
步骤5 将爆破效果评价模型作为多目标优化的目标函数,通过WO-DBN爆破效果评价模型,获取爆破效果评价指标:拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积。爆破效果评价模型如图3(a)所示,其步骤如下。
(1)数据集构建。首先,从隧道施工现场收集如下数据:拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积两个爆破效果评价数据,总孔数、周边孔间距、辅助眼间距、光爆层厚度、总装药量、周边孔装药集中度、周边孔装药结构、掏槽孔最大单孔装药量8个爆破参数数据,单轴抗压强度、围岩级别、埋深及岩层层理面结合程度4个地质数据。然后,使用最小-最大标准化方法来处理数据,以减小数据量级的影响,表达式为
$ X_{i}=\frac{x_{i}-\mathrm{lb}_{i}}{\mathrm{ub}_{i}-\mathrm{lb}_{i}} $
式(4)中:Xi为第i个处理后的爆破施工参数。
最后,将处理后的数据构建成数据集。
(2)模型训练。首先,数据集的80%数据作为训练集。然后,基于训练集数据,通过鲸鱼优化算法优化DBN网络超参数,包括学习率(η)、预训练迭代次数(T1)、反向微调迭代次数(T2)、隐含层数m以及隐含层节点数(n1n2、…、nm),从而训练爆破效果评价模型。
(3)模型测试。首先,数据集的20%数据作为测试集。然后,将测试集数据输入训练好的WO-DBN爆破效果评价模型中,得到爆破效果的评价指标,从而建立WO-DBN爆破效果评价模型。
(4)采用建立的爆破效果评价模型对上一步生成的爆破参数组合进行评价,得到它们对应的爆破效果评价指标:拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积。
步骤6 对拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积进行快速非支配排序与拥挤度计算。
步骤7 基于快速非支配排序和拥挤比较算子,通过选择、交叉、变异获得新的爆破参数组合。
步骤8 如果遗传代数T大于最大迭代次数Tmax,则进行步骤9;反之,返回步骤5。
步骤9 得到一个由帕累托优化解(非支配解)组成的集合,这个集合在目标空间中形成了一个离散点集,称之为帕累托前沿。
步骤10 在帕累托优化解集中,单一解无法使各目标函数同时达到最小值。因此,可以构造一个理想点A(Y1,Y2),其中Y1Y2分别表示拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积的最小值。计算理想点与帕累托前沿中每个解之间的距离,距离最短的点被确定为最佳点Uopt,最佳点距离表达为
$ U_{\mathrm{opt}}=\min \left[\sqrt{\left(Y_{1}-Y_{1 i}\right)^{2}+\left(Y_{2}-Y_{2 i}\right)^{2}}\right] $
式(5)中:Y1iY2i分别为帕累托前沿中第i个解的横坐标和纵坐标,即拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积值。
最佳点对应的爆破参数即为推荐的爆破参数。
山东省泰安—肥城高速公路蟠龙山隧道[23]为双向六车道双洞构造,该隧道地理位置和入口外观如图4所示。由于光面爆破技术具有对围岩破坏小、控制超挖、保证开挖轮廓光滑等优点,该隧道施工采用光面爆破技术进行。在隧道工程中,工程相关地质参数和爆破参数是影响隧道施工效果的重要因素。工程的4个相关地质参数主要为单轴抗压强度(X1)、围岩级别(X2)、埋深(X3)及岩层层理面结合程度(X4),而8个爆破参数主要为总孔数(X5)、周边孔间距(X6)、辅助眼间距(X7)、光爆层厚度(X8)、总装药量(X9)、周边孔装药集中度(X10)、周边孔装药结构(X11)、掏槽孔最大单孔装药量(X12)。在爆破清理围岩碎屑后,采用高精度全站仪测量隧道拱顶下沉(Y1)和超欠挖面积(Y2)(如图5所示)分别作为评价施工效果的安全和质量指标[30-31]。通过现场监测,工程收集得到的95组数据的统计信息如表1所示。其中,层理面结合程度为定性指标,基于设计资料的围岩分级标准与现场勘察的深入分析,可以对其进行定量化:当围岩为层状结构,且层理、节理等地质构造发育明显,结构面之间的结合程度较差时,其值取1;围岩为层状结构,但层理发育程度适中,结构面之间的结合程度表现一般时,其值取0.7;当围岩为层状结构,且岩体整体较为完整,结构面之间的结合程度相对较好时,其值取0.3;当围岩完整、无明显层理构造时,其值取0。选取上述12个参数对2个评价指标进行预测,从而建立爆破效果评价模型。然而,为了评价12个参数对评价指标的影响情况,有必要对这些参数与两个评价指标(拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积)之间的相关性进行分析。这里,根据工程监测数据,通过计算皮尔逊相关系数来表示12个参数之间及各参数与评价指标的相关性。图6展示了12个参数与2个评价指标的相关系数计算结果。
图6可以看出,12个参数和2个评价指标之间有很强的相关性(相关系数-0.881~0.901),这表明可以基于12个参数来建立以2个评价指标描述的爆破效果评价模型。另外,由图6可见,辅助眼间距与炮孔总数量和周边孔间距的相关系数较高,分别为-0.958和0.953。在爆破设计中,辅助眼通常是指为了改善岩体破碎效果而设置的眼孔。合理的辅助眼间距有助于形成更有效的爆破网络,提高岩石的碎裂程度。辅助眼间距与炮孔总数量的负相关关系表明,随着辅助眼间距的增加,炮孔的总数量减少。这样的设计可增强每个炮孔的爆破效果,使其更有效地传递能量到目标岩体,避免炮孔之间的相互干扰。而减少炮孔数量可以降低成本和资源消耗。辅助眼间距与周边孔间距的正相关关系表明,随着辅助眼间距的增加,周边孔间距也要增加。较大的间距可以提供更好的爆破自由面,从而使得爆破波能更好地传播,提高岩体的破碎效果。因此,通过对这些参数的合理设置,可以更好地利用爆破技术,在保证施工安全的前提下实现围岩的充分破碎。
在进行爆破参数优化之前,一个重要的工作是建立爆破效果评价模型,因此,首先对建立的爆破效果评价模型进行验证。在WO-DBN爆破效果评价模型中,基于前人的研究经验[28]和试验结果,确定了鲸鱼优化算法的参数,包括最大迭代次数Tmax=20,鲸鱼种群规模N=10,以及螺旋线形状常数b=2。
根据收集到的工程数据进行计算,可以得到WO-DBN模型的网络参数的最优值,如表2所示。同时,可以得到隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积的计算结果,如图7所示。可见,WO-DBN模型可以很好地进行施工效果的判断,其计算结果与实测值吻合较好。
另外,选取均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)和平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)两个指标对爆破效果准确度进行表征。
$ \text { RMSE }=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y^{\text {real }}-y^{\text {pred }}\right)^{2}}{n}} $
$ \text { MAE }=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|y^{\text {real }}-y^{\text {pred }}\right|}{n} $
式中:n为试样数;yreal为实测值;ypred为计算值。
基于WO-DBN模型得到的具体计算误差如下:隧道拱顶下沉的实测值与计算值之间的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.922和0.661;超欠挖面积的实测值与计算值之间的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.429和0.357。可见,模型计算结果的均方根误差和平均绝对误差均较小,表示WO-DBN模型对隧道拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积的计算效果较好。因此,基于WO-DBN模型可以较好地判断爆破施工的实际效果。
基于所建立的爆破评价模型,考虑隧道开挖面围岩地质参数,如围岩单轴抗压强度36.8 MPa、围岩级别Ⅳ级、埋深72 m和层状结构且层理、节理较发育以及层间结合程度一般,进一步开展了爆破参数优化。进行爆破参数优化前,根据前人的研究经验[29]和试验结果,给定优化模型的计算参数,具体为:遗传算法的目标数设置为2,种群规模设置为50,最大迭代次数设置为100,交叉算子设置为0.5,变异算子设置为0.1。在确定上述参数后,使用建立的隧道爆破参数优化智能算法得到帕累托前沿,其中包含50组优化解,如图8所示。
图8可知,单一解无法使各目标函数同时达到最小值,因此,将拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积的最小值构成理想点A(14.18,1.57)。计算帕累托前沿中的50个点与理想点的距离,发现点B(14.24,1.58)到理想点的距离最小。因此,B点可以作为多目标优化的最优解,其所对应的爆破参数即为推荐的爆破参数,如表3所示。
采用本文算法及文献[23]方法所得爆破参数进行施工的最终爆破效果汇总如表4所示。
表4可见,按照工程采用的爆破参数进行施工,平均拱顶下沉和平均超欠挖面积分别为19.52 mm和3.98 m2。采用本文算法得到的推荐爆破参数进行施工,相应的拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积分别减小到14.24 mm和1.58 m2。而采用文献[23]方法所得的平均拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积分别为21.10 mm和3.30 m2。因此,采用本文算法优化得到的爆破参数进行施工,相对实际施工情况,隧道拱顶下沉降低27.05%,超欠挖面积降低60.30%。而采用文献[23]方法所得的平均拱顶下沉提高8.09%,平均超欠挖面积降低17.08%。可见,本文算法所得结果显著优于文献方法,采用本文算法得到的优化爆破参数进行施工,隧道爆破施工的安全和质量均有显著提高。因此,本文方法是进行隧道爆破施工参数优选的理想方法,值得在隧道施工现场推广应用。
爆破施工是一个非常复杂的过程,在施工过程中会出现许多不确定因素。为了提高爆破施工安全和质量,提出了一种基于WO-DBN和NSGA-II的多目标优化智能算法。以蟠龙山公路隧道为例,验证了所提方法的有效性。研究所得结论如下。
(1)基于WO-DBN爆破效果评价模型,可以在一定地质条件及爆破参数下对施工效果(拱顶下沉、超欠挖面积)进行准确判断。模型得到的拱顶下沉计算误差,RMSE为0.922,MAE为0.661;而超欠挖面积计算误差,RMSE为0.429,MAE为0.357。
(2)基于开发的多目标优化智能算法,可以在控制拱顶下沉和超欠挖面积的基础上,得到最优施工爆破参数分别为总孔数(58)、周边孔间距(52.80 cm)、辅助眼间距(71.99 cm)、光爆层厚度(90.53 cm)、总装药量(93.79 kg)、周边孔装药集中度(0.27 kg/m)、周边孔装药结构(0.37)、掏槽孔最大单孔装药量(3.71 kg)。
(3)与工程施工得到的平均拱顶下沉和平均超欠挖面积相比,基于本文算法优化参数进行施工,可以使得拱顶下沉减少27.05%,超欠挖面积减少60.30%。而采用文献方法所得的平均拱顶下沉提高8.09%,超欠挖面积降低17.08%。本文算法应用效果良好。
由于现场爆破参数不易获得,作为初步研究,采用了前人研究中的数据。后面将结合数值试验方法进行数据补充,进一步提升爆破效果评估与优化的精度和泛化能力。
  • 华东院重大科技计划(201计划)(KY2021-ZD-04)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407878
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-15
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华东院重大科技计划(201计划)(KY2021-ZD-04)
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    1 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司, 杭州 310022
    2 河海大学土木与交通学院, 南京 210098

通讯作者:

* 高玮(1971—),男,汉族,陕西富平人,博士,教授。研究方向:岩石力学理论、岩土工程稳定分析及智能大数据技术的工程应用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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