Article(id=1217789887806358447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406405, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1744732800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334695, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334695, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334695, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334695, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9130, endPage=9139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789888347423689, articleId=1217789887806358447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Road Properties and Micro-mechanism of Industrial Solid Waste-Cement Improved Red Clay, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the defects of poor water stability and easy disintegration of red clay, industrial solid waste [fly ash (FA), phosphogypsum] combined with cement (C) was used to improve red clay. The mechanical properties, water stability and micro-mechanisms of the industrial solid waste-cement amended red clay were investigated through indoor tests. The results show that the strength of the improved soil shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the ratio (R) of phosphogypsum replacing fly ash.When the cement doping is 7% and R=7%, the maximum dry density of improved soil increases by 2.6%, the 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increases by 11%, and the 28-day UCS increases by 57%, which meets the bearing standard of subgrade for road use. There is no obvious change in the water-filled specimen after the 7-day maintenance, the resistance to disintegration is enhanced, and the water stability coefficient of the specimen reaches 92.9% in the 28-day maintenance. The water stability coefficient of the specimen reaches 92.9%, and the water stability coefficient increases 1.61 times. The microscopic analysis shows that the replacement of fly ash by phosphogypsum promoted the generation of new hydration products of ettringite and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), which transforms the soil body from fragmented granular to a denser gel network structure, enhances the bonding between the red clay particles, and fills up the pore space at the same time. The results verifies the feasibility of industrial solid waste-cement-amended red clay as roadbed fill, provides a solid theoretical foundation and basis for engineering practice, and broadened the reuse of industrial solid waste.

, correspAuthors=Jia-quan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-bin HUANG, Tian-xin CHEN, Jia-quan WANG, Xiao-wei WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789891342155936, articleId=1217789887806358447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=工业固废-水泥改良红黏土路用特性及微观机理, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决红黏土水稳性差、易崩解的缺陷,采用工业固废[粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)、磷石膏]协同水泥(cement,C)对红黏土进行改良处理。通过室内试验探究了工业固废-水泥改良红黏土的力学特性、水稳性能和微观机理。结果表明: 随着磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率(R)的增加,改良土强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。当水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,改良土最大干密度提高2.6%,7 d无侧限抗压强度(unconfined compressive strength,UCS)提高11%,28 d UCS提高57%,满足路用底基层承载标准;7 d养护试样饱水后无明显变化,抗崩解能力增强,28 d试样水稳系数达到92.9%,水稳系数提高1.61倍。微观结果分析表明,磷石膏适量替代粉煤灰促进了新水化产物钙矾石和水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)的生成,土体由碎散的颗粒状转变为更致密的胶凝网络结构,增强了红黏土颗粒间的黏结,同时填充了孔隙。研究结果验证了工业固废-水泥改良红黏土作为路基填料的可行性,为工程实践提供了坚实的理论基础与依据,同时拓宽了工业固废的再利用途径。

, correspAuthors=王家全, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王家全(1981—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程灾害防治,加筋结构,地基基础。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=aTlG93kqxYJc9+AjhRF0Tg==, magXml=GshxoesQm1KS2R0H+DVi2g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WKTxdDdxRqUFdqyBYZt1eQ==, pdfFileSize=19809634, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5zMpm3Y5vQH95y9JZ4XKNA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Yy6DgC5XWC4ClDRptNbgSw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄世斌(1974—),男,壮族,广西河池人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程,岩土工程。E-mail:

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黄世斌(1974—),男,壮族,广西河池人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程,岩土工程。E-mail:

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黄世斌(1974—),男,壮族,广西河池人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程,岩土工程。E-mail:

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label=图10, caption=素土及改良土在7 d和28 d的扫描电镜结果, figureFileSmall=0nrK5PuBN2uIJBSJ6EA/2g==, figureFileBig=M3zzwv9NWOT/v2h1xn2QzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860125344317617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical indicators of red clay

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天然含
水率/%
最佳含
水率/%
最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
液限/
%
塑限/
%
塑性
指数
29.8 23.3 1.6 60.3 33.7 26.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125465952441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

红黏土基本物理指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
天然含
水率/%
最佳含
水率/%
最大干密度/
(g·cm-3)
液限/
%
塑限/
%
塑性
指数
29.8 23.3 1.6 60.3 33.7 26.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125591781567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main chemical composition and basic physical index of phosphogypsum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CaO/% P2O5/% SO3/% MgO/% Na2O/% pH
38.7 0.6 52.5 0.2 0.3 3.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125738582212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

磷石膏主要化学成分及基本物理指标

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CaO/% P2O5/% SO3/% MgO/% Na2O/% pH
38.7 0.6 52.5 0.2 0.3 3.6
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125881188558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fly ash performance indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3
总含量/%
烧失
量/%
含水
率/%
0.3 mm筛孔
通过率/%
0.075 mm筛
孔通过率/%
73.51 4.82 23.31 120 91.28
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126040572122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

粉煤灰性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3
总含量/%
烧失
量/%
含水
率/%
0.3 mm筛孔
通过率/%
0.075 mm筛
孔通过率/%
73.51 4.82 23.31 120 91.28
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126208344292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Cement performance indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MgO/
%
SO3/
%
烧失
量/%
初凝时
间/min
终凝时
间/min
抗折强
度/MPa
抗压强
度/MPa
3 d 28 d 3 d 28 d
3.2 2.3 3.9 192 256 6.0 8.7 24.9 45.8
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126334173423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

水泥性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MgO/
%
SO3/
%
烧失
量/%
初凝时
间/min
终凝时
间/min
抗折强
度/MPa
抗压强
度/MPa
3 d 28 d 3 d 28 d
3.2 2.3 3.9 192 256 6.0 8.7 24.9 45.8
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126480974068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Mixing ratio design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 组别 水泥∶粉煤
灰∶磷石膏
替代粉煤灰
比率
水泥/% 粉煤灰/% 磷石膏替
代粉煤灰
比率/%
1 水泥+粉
煤灰
1∶4∶0 5 20 0
7 28
9 36
2 水泥+粉
煤灰+磷
石膏
1∶3∶1 5 15、10、5 5、10、15
1∶2∶2 7 21、14、7 7、14、21
1∶1∶3 9 27、18、9 9、18、27
3 水泥+
磷石膏
1∶0∶4 5 0 20
7 28
9 36
), ArticleFig(id=1217860126585831675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887806358447, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

配合比设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 组别 水泥∶粉煤
灰∶磷石膏
替代粉煤灰
比率
水泥/% 粉煤灰/% 磷石膏替
代粉煤灰
比率/%
1 水泥+粉
煤灰
1∶4∶0 5 20 0
7 28
9 36
2 水泥+粉
煤灰+磷
石膏
1∶3∶1 5 15、10、5 5、10、15
1∶2∶2 7 21、14、7 7、14、21
1∶1∶3 9 27、18、9 9、18、27
3 水泥+
磷石膏
1∶0∶4 5 0 20
7 28
9 36
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工业固废-水泥改良红黏土路用特性及微观机理
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黄世斌 1, 2 , 陈田鑫 1, 2 , 王家全 1, 2, * , 王晓伟 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(21): 9130-9139
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(21): 9130-9139
工业固废-水泥改良红黏土路用特性及微观机理
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黄世斌1, 2 , 陈田鑫1, 2, 王家全1, 2, * , 王晓伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 广西科技大学土木建筑工程学院, 柳州 545006
  • 2 广西壮族自治区岩土灾变与生态治理工程研究中心, 柳州 545006
  • 黄世斌(1974—),男,壮族,广西河池人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程,岩土工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王家全(1981—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程灾害防治,加筋结构,地基基础。E-mail:
Road Properties and Micro-mechanism of Industrial Solid Waste-Cement Improved Red Clay
Shi-bin HUANG1, 2 , Tian-xin CHEN1, 2, Jia-quan WANG1, 2, * , Xiao-wei WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
  • 2 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Geotechnical Disaster and Ecological Control, Liuzhou 545006, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406405
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为解决红黏土水稳性差、易崩解的缺陷,采用工业固废[粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)、磷石膏]协同水泥(cement,C)对红黏土进行改良处理。通过室内试验探究了工业固废-水泥改良红黏土的力学特性、水稳性能和微观机理。结果表明: 随着磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率(R)的增加,改良土强度呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。当水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,改良土最大干密度提高2.6%,7 d无侧限抗压强度(unconfined compressive strength,UCS)提高11%,28 d UCS提高57%,满足路用底基层承载标准;7 d养护试样饱水后无明显变化,抗崩解能力增强,28 d试样水稳系数达到92.9%,水稳系数提高1.61倍。微观结果分析表明,磷石膏适量替代粉煤灰促进了新水化产物钙矾石和水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)的生成,土体由碎散的颗粒状转变为更致密的胶凝网络结构,增强了红黏土颗粒间的黏结,同时填充了孔隙。研究结果验证了工业固废-水泥改良红黏土作为路基填料的可行性,为工程实践提供了坚实的理论基础与依据,同时拓宽了工业固废的再利用途径。

红黏土  /  工业固废  /  力学特性  /  水稳定性  /  微观机理

In order to solve the defects of poor water stability and easy disintegration of red clay, industrial solid waste [fly ash (FA), phosphogypsum] combined with cement (C) was used to improve red clay. The mechanical properties, water stability and micro-mechanisms of the industrial solid waste-cement amended red clay were investigated through indoor tests. The results show that the strength of the improved soil shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with the increase of the ratio (R) of phosphogypsum replacing fly ash.When the cement doping is 7% and R=7%, the maximum dry density of improved soil increases by 2.6%, the 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increases by 11%, and the 28-day UCS increases by 57%, which meets the bearing standard of subgrade for road use. There is no obvious change in the water-filled specimen after the 7-day maintenance, the resistance to disintegration is enhanced, and the water stability coefficient of the specimen reaches 92.9% in the 28-day maintenance. The water stability coefficient of the specimen reaches 92.9%, and the water stability coefficient increases 1.61 times. The microscopic analysis shows that the replacement of fly ash by phosphogypsum promoted the generation of new hydration products of ettringite and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), which transforms the soil body from fragmented granular to a denser gel network structure, enhances the bonding between the red clay particles, and fills up the pore space at the same time. The results verifies the feasibility of industrial solid waste-cement-amended red clay as roadbed fill, provides a solid theoretical foundation and basis for engineering practice, and broadened the reuse of industrial solid waste.

red clay  /  industrial solid waste  /  mechanical properties  /  water stability  /  microscopic mechanism
黄世斌, 陈田鑫, 王家全, 王晓伟. 工业固废-水泥改良红黏土路用特性及微观机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9130 -9139 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406405
Shi-bin HUANG, Tian-xin CHEN, Jia-quan WANG, Xiao-wei WANG. Road Properties and Micro-mechanism of Industrial Solid Waste-Cement Improved Red Clay[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9130 -9139 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406405
红黏土是一种经风化作用形成的特殊黏土,一般呈褐红色或黄褐色,广泛分布于中国广西、云南、贵州等地区[1]。因红黏土具备高含水率、高塑限和高孔隙比等不良特性,在道路工程应用中面临着压实难度大、强度衰减迅速等严峻挑战[2]。此外,红黏土对于环境温度、湿度的变化极其敏感,在干湿循环的作用下会导致路基干缩开裂,为了克服红黏土在道路工程应用中的局限性,国内外学者对其展开了物理和化学等方面的改良研究。物理改良包括向红黏土中掺砂,改善土体导热性能的同时也改变了红黏土土壤质地[3],然而物理改良能改善土体的工程特性,但成本较高且效果并不显著。化学改良主要集中在水泥(cement,C)[4-8]和石灰[9-13]等传统改良剂,即使是工程性质较差的土体经改良后也能产生良好的效果。近年来,伴随中国城市化和现代化建设的推进,大宗工业固废过剩堆放问题日益凸显。因此,推动工业固废资源化利用,已成为领域研究热点。
磷石膏是湿法生产磷酸的副产品,全球磷石膏的堆存量超过60亿t,中国堆存的磷石膏超过7亿t[14],但全球磷石膏综合利用率仅有25%[15]。磷石膏的大量堆存,不仅占用土地资源,同时还对生态环境造成污染。研究磷石膏高效利用的途径,对解决中国磷酸工业的困境具有重大意义,目前已有许多国内外学者对此展开相关研究。陈开圣等[16]、罗国夫等[17]通过研究磷石膏对红黏土的胀缩特性与压缩特性的影响,得出磷石膏稳定红黏土7 d龄期无侧限抗压强度(unconfined compressive strength,UCS)能够满足二级及以下公路底基层水泥稳定材料强度的要求[18]。Jiao等[19]通过将石灰与工业废渣磷石膏混合改良盾构隧道渣土,增强了盾构隧道渣土的力学性能和水稳定性,满足路基填充的要求。屈俊童等[20]对不同掺量的磷石膏和水泥混合改良泥炭质土,进行室内动三轴试验,发现并提出水泥-磷石膏的复合作用对改良泥炭质土的土体刚度和弹性有着更加显著的提升作用,极大地提升了抗震性能。Zhao等[21]采用水泥、改性磷石膏加固路基黄土,进行无侧限抗压试验、渗透性试验和冻融循环试验,并分析了水泥-改性磷石膏加固黄土机理,发现其中产生了两次水化反应,其产物使黄土强度提高,物理性能得到改善。改良红黏土的工程特性和工业废料磷石膏的处理都是非常突出的问题,利用磷石膏稳定红黏土是一种新思路,既可以改善红黏土的工程特性,又能将磷石膏这种工业固体废弃物实现资源合理化利用。然而,基于环境气候等多种因素的影响,目前对于工业固废-水泥应用于改良红黏土方面的研究尚显匮乏,尚未明确其中磷石膏的最优配比,宏观结构与微观机理结合的分析也鲜有报道。
综上所述,在综合中外研究成果的基础上,现选取广西地区的红黏土作为研究对象,创新性地使用水泥作为固化剂,并结合工业固废粉煤灰(fly ash,FA)及磷石膏作为胶凝材料(其中磷石膏按等质量替代粉煤灰),对工业固废-水泥改良红黏土(以下简称“改良土”)的力学性能及水稳性能进行了系统的试验研究。通过扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和X射线衍射技术(X-ray diffraction,XRD),从微观层面深入揭示了改良土的加固机理。旨在提供一种科学合理的资源化利用途径,以有效处理工业固废,并针对性地解决水泥改良红黏土存在的性能不足问题,从而为该材料在道路工程中的实际应用提供坚实的理论依据与实践指导。
红黏土取自柳州市,土壤呈红棕色,天然含水率较高,杂质较少,依据《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T 50123—2019)[22]测定其基本物理指标如表1所示。磷石膏呈浅灰色粉末状,其主要参数如表2所示;粉煤灰为二级灰,各检测指标均满足规范要求,具体指标如表3所示;水泥选自标号为P.O42.5普通硅酸盐水泥,为深灰色粉末,性能指标如表4所示。
赵秀绍等[23]通过开展水泥、红黏土复合改良千枚岩土固结试验和直剪试验研究,发现水泥掺量为3%时压缩模量增长了116.6%。崔宏环等[24]通过研究干湿循环对冀北地区高等级公路路基改良土的影响,结合无侧限抗压强度、回弹模量及CBR(California bearing ratio)值各项指标,得出水泥剂量在6%时为最佳配比。此外,根据《公路路面基层施工技术细则》(JTG/T F20—2015)[18]:采用水泥粉煤灰土做基层或底基层时,水泥与粉煤灰的比例常用1∶3~1∶5。基于前人的试验总结,同时为避免过量使用水泥,选取水泥剂量为5%、7%、9%,水泥∶粉煤灰为1∶4,将磷石膏等质量替代粉煤灰。试验用土和材料配制均采用内掺法,具体配合比如表5所示。
根据《公路工程无机结合料稳定材料试验规程》(JTG 3441—2024)[25],将土样自然风干后过5 mm筛,将各组不同配合比之间的粉煤灰、磷石膏、红黏土均匀拌和,经过24 h闷料后,在击实前称取水泥,加入提前预留的2%的水搅拌均匀,在1 h内完成制样,以防水泥凝固造成拌料困难。最后依据重型乙法进行击实试验。
根据《公路路基施工技术规范》(JTG/T 3610—2019)[26]对土质路基压实度的规定,压实度选为96%。养护龄期分别为7、14、28 d,按照击实试验测得最优含水率每组配制6个平行试样,对不同配比下的Φ50 mm×H50 mm(Φ为直径,H为高度)的小型圆柱体试件养护至相应龄期后的无侧限试样放在压力机上,进行抗压试验,试验过程中,应维持压力机的加载速率为1 mm/min,记录试样破坏时的最大压力P,最后进行数据整理,测试其无侧限抗压强度。
对养护龄期后饱水1、3、5 d后的无侧限抗压试样,通过观察材料的开裂、碎散程度计算水稳系数。压实度选取96%,标准养护28 d。按式(1)计算饱水后水稳系数Ksw
$K_{\mathrm{sw}}=\frac{P_{\mathrm{d}}}{P_{\mathrm{e}}}$
式(1)中:Ksw为饱水后水稳系数;Pd为标准养护28 d及饱水1、3、5 d后改良土的无侧限抗压强度,MPa;Pe为标准养护28 d后改良土的无侧限抗压强度,MPa。
同时在对应养护龄期的最后一天测定浸水24 h与不浸水试件的无侧限抗压强度,将浸水24 h与不浸水测定的抗压强度之比作为水稳系数,能够对材料的水稳定性进行有效衡量,计算公式为
$K=\frac{P_{\mathrm{a}}}{P_{\mathrm{b}}}$
式(2)中:K为水稳系数;Pa为不同龄期改良土试样浸水24 h后的无侧限抗压强度,MPa;Pb为不浸水改良土试样的无侧限抗压强度,MPa。
分别采用XRD试验与扫描电镜试验,分别得出素土及工业固废-水泥改良红黏土的7 d和28 d养护龄期试样的物相组成与微观形貌图,分析其微观机理。
图1所示为不同磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率(R)下改良土最大干密度和最佳含水率的击实曲线。可知,在相同水泥掺量下,改良土的最大干密度随着R的增加呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,最佳含水率整体上随着R的增加而逐渐增大。例如,在水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,改良土最大干密度为1.68 g/cm3,较R=0时最大干密度增加2.6%。究其原因,磷石膏作为粉煤灰良好的激发剂使得粉煤灰在此环境中活性明显增强,生成胶凝性产物,使改良土结构更加密实,最大干密度增大[24];在水泥掺量为9%,R=36%时,改良土最大干密度仅为1.57 g/cm3,这表明磷石膏掺量逐渐增加时,未能反应的磷石膏堆积在土体内部,改良土的膨胀变形增大,难以压实,进而导致其最大干密度逐渐下降[27]
图2所示为不同水泥掺量对改良土7 d的无侧限抗压强度(unconfined compression strength,UCS)的强度影响。由图2可知,在同一水泥掺量下,改良土7 d的UCS随着R增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。在C∶FA∶R(水泥:粉煤灰:磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率)=1∶3∶1的情况下,UCS达到峰值,当水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,UCS达到3 MPa,满足公路底基层7 d龄期的UCS要求(≥2.5 MPa)[26]。与不掺磷石膏组相比提升了11%,同5%水泥掺量组对比增长了42.9%,同9%水泥掺量组对比亦提升了36.4%。表明磷石膏的掺入激发了粉煤灰的活性,促进了胶凝物质的生成,从而提高改良土的强度。
而在同一配合比下,随着水泥掺量增加,UCS基本趋向于先增大后减小的趋势,在水泥掺量为7%的情况下其改良效果最佳。当C∶FA∶R=1∶2∶2时,各试验组的UCS开始减小。同时在C∶FA∶R=1∶2∶2后的试验组UCS均小于未掺磷石膏组,表明工业固废与水泥之间存在一个最优配比。直至磷石膏完全替代粉煤灰后,UCS降低到最小值。说明过量磷石膏掺入后改良土内部发生膨胀变形,导致无侧限抗压强度降低。
图3所示为不同养护龄期对改良土无侧限抗压强度的影响。可见,在同一水泥掺量和R下,UCS随着养护龄期增加逐渐增大。以7%水泥掺量为例,当水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,7 d的UCS相比不掺磷石膏组提升了11.1%,28 d的UCS相比7 d的UCS提升了57%。14 d的UCS和28 d的UCS相比不掺磷石膏组分别提升了30%与42.4%。这说明在早期养护下,这一阶段主要是依靠水泥水化反应生成的水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)等胶结性水化产物[27],从而有助于土颗粒胶结集聚,填充土体孔隙,使得改良土的强度有所提升。
在红黏土的初期养护阶段,鉴于其饱水状态极易开裂,本试验探究不同R下改良土试样在7 d、14和28 d养护龄期后,其饱水状态下的水稳系数变化情况。试样养护7 d后的浸水24 h情况如图4所示。
图4可知,素土试样经过浸水后开始显现裂纹,集中分布在边缘四周和中间部位。随后土样逐渐松散并堆积在烧杯底部。这一结果表明,红黏土的抗崩解能力较弱。
R=0时,红黏土的抗崩解能力得到了提升,试样在浸水24 h后能够保持其结构的完整性,没有出现崩解现象。
R=7%、14%、21%、28%时,试样的外观保持完整,没有出现裂缝或颗粒掉落。这一结果表明,磷石膏的加入显著改善了红黏土的早期饱水易开裂的问题,提高了红黏土的抗崩解能力和水稳性能。
水稳系数是指试样通过泡水24 h后的无侧限抗压强度与未泡水试样的无侧限抗压强度之比,计算结果如图5所示。
图5可知,改良土的水稳系数随着养护龄期的增加逐渐增加。在同一水泥掺量下,随着R的增加,试样水稳系数呈现先增大后减小的趋势。以28 d龄期为例,水泥掺量为5%时,试样在28 d的水稳系数为80.4%;当水泥掺量为7%时,试样在28 d的水稳系数为92.9%;当水泥掺量为9%时,试样在28 d的水稳系数为90.3%。在养护28 d,R为5%、7%、9%的情况下,改良土水稳系数相比不掺磷石膏组分别扩大了1.65、1.61、1.41倍。说明加入一定量的磷石膏后能有效提高试样的水稳性能,但磷石膏过量加入也会使试样水稳性能下降。
基于上述试验分析,选择标准养护28 d,水泥掺量为7%的UCS试验试样,将其分别饱水1、3、5 d,饱水后的试样变化如图6所示。试样饱水后开始出现裂隙,并且随着饱水时长的增加而增多。饱水完成后分别测出相应的强度,与标准养护28 d下试样的无侧限抗压强度进行对比,分析饱水后试样的水稳性能。
不同R下试样饱水后的无侧限抗压强度结果如图7所示。饱水后无侧限抗压强度随着饱水天数的增加呈现出减小的趋势。在水泥掺量为7%,R=7%的情况下,经过饱水5 d后的无侧限抗压强度仅有1.57 MPa。R=7%时,试样由标准养护到饱水1 d后的强度损失最小为17.5%;说明试样刚浸水时,土体结构尚未完全改变,强度损失相对不明显。饱水1 d到饱水3 d后的强度损失为41.2%;表明在饱水1~3 d内,由于水分渗透使得试样土体内部结构发生显著改变,导致强度明显下降。饱水3 d到饱水5 d后的强度损失为37.1%;此时强度损失速度有所减缓。而R=28%时,试样由饱水3 d到5 d的强度损失最大为72.6%。说明过量磷石膏的掺入增加了土体内部的膨胀变形,加速了土体内部的结构破坏。
图8所示为饱水条件下不同龄期试样饱水水稳系数Ksw的结果。随着饱水天数的增加,在同一配合比下试样的饱水水稳系数呈现出逐渐减小的趋势。在饱水龄期相同的情况下,试样的饱水水稳系数呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。水泥掺量为7%,R=7%组的Ksw在饱水1 d后相比R=0组提高了25%;饱水3 d和5 d后,R=7%组的Ksw相较R=0组分别提升了13.4%与15.5%。而饱水5 d后,R=28%组的Ksw相比饱水1 d时减少了77.81%。上述现象表明适量磷石膏有利于材料饱水稳定系数的增加,但过多的磷石膏反而会破坏材料的饱水稳定性。
综合上述数据,在试样充分饱水的条件下,改良土试样的无侧限抗压强度总体呈现减小的趋势。随着饱水天数的增加,同一配比试样的无侧限抗压强度递减。在饱水龄期相同的条件下,试样的无侧限抗压强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。
图9所示为标准养护7 d和28 d下水泥掺量为7%,R=7%的改良土的XRD衍射图谱及成分占比结果。由图9可知,改良土的主要成分包括伊利石、高岭石、石英,水化产物有二水石膏和钙矾石。不同改良方案的XRD衍射图谱分布上基本相同,其主要矿物成分、衍射角度未发生明显改变;此外,磷石膏掺入后高岭石占比减少,进一步表明磷石膏与水泥、粉煤灰、红黏土产生反应,生成少量的钙矾石,但是在7 d养护下XRD图谱无法检测到钙矾石的衍射峰,主要是因为在短期养护下胶凝材料反应时间短,生成量小,衍射峰无法被检测[28]。值得关注的是,磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率的改变导致CaSO4·2H2O和钙矾石的衍射峰强度的不同,此时表明改良土水化反应的程度发生了改变。随着养护龄期增长,在28 d养护龄期下钙矾石占比增加,进一步填充部分孔隙,降低土体孔隙率,起到支撑孔隙的作用,改良土强度显著增强。
素红黏土及标准养护7 d和28 d下水泥掺量为7%的改良土的扫描电镜结果如图10所示。由图10(a)可知,素红黏土颗粒之间普遍存在孔隙和裂缝。孔隙间无明显的物质填充。由图10(b)可知,水泥发生水化反应和火山灰反应,生成水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)[27]。其中的Ca2+与红黏土中的K+和Na+进行离子交换,发生团聚反应,颗粒间的空隙被生成的胶结物所填充,并附着在颗粒表面,增强了土体的强度,但在早期养护下仍有部分粉煤灰颗粒尚未反应完全。由图10(d)可知,磷石膏加入后与水化铝酸钙发生反应,生成钙矾石(AFt)[29-30]。这些钙矾石呈短棒状分布于孔隙间,孔隙间距进一步缩小。同时也支撑着孔隙,以此来提高土体的强度。养护28 d后土颗粒表面已形成大量胶凝结构,布满整个土体,孔隙分布也得到改善,极大提高了结构的密实度,使之更好地形成一个整体。由图10(f)可看出,伴随着养护龄期的增加,土体内的粉煤灰颗粒已完全反应。磷石膏与水化铝酸钙完全反应后生成钙矾石,针状团状相互交织成网状结构,水化硅酸钙团聚现象明显。
综上所述,掺入磷石膏后可以有效激活改良土的活性,同时加快水泥水化反应。随着养护龄期的增加,生成的胶凝聚团不断填充土体间的孔隙,使土体强度提高。土体间孔隙的变化也从侧面反映了水稳系数与无侧限抗压强度随龄期发生改变的情况。
通过室内试验,探究了工业固废-水泥改良红黏土在不同磷石膏替代粉煤灰比率(R)下无侧限抗压强度、水稳性能和微观机理的变化规律,得到以下结论。
(1)改良土的最大干密度整体上随着R的增加先增大后减小,其最佳含水率整体上随着R增加呈增大的趋势。在水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,改良土最大干密度为1.68 g/cm3,较R=0时最大干密度增加2.6%。水泥掺量为7%时,C∶FA∶R=1∶3∶1组的7 d的UCS比R=0组强度提升11%,28 d的UCS提高了57%,相比5%水泥掺量组和9%水泥掺量组的UCS增加了42.9%与36.4%。
(2)同一龄期的水稳系数KR的增加呈现先增加后减小的变化趋势,且均随养护龄期的增加逐渐增大。其中,水泥掺量为7%,R=7%时,28 d水稳系数达到92.9%,此时浸水对试样强度的影响可忽略。R=7%的改良土饱水水稳系数Ksw在饱水1 d后相比R=0组提高25%;饱水3 d和5 d后,Ksw分别提升13.4%与15.5%;R=7%时,饱水3~5 d试样的强度损失为37.1%;而R=28%时,试样由饱水3 d到5 d的强度损失最大为72.6%。
(3)工业固废-水泥改良红黏土中反应的产物主要是水泥水化反应和火山灰反应生成的C-S-H和钙矾石,增强了红黏土颗粒的黏结,同时填充了颗粒间的空隙,使得土体更加致密,颗粒结构由松散变为团聚,从而改善了改良土的力学性能和水稳定性。
(4)综合力学性能与水稳性能试验结果,推荐工业固废-水泥改良红黏土最优掺量配比为水泥∶粉煤灰∶磷石膏∶红黏土=7∶21∶7∶65。此时改良红黏土效果最为显著,这一创新性举措不仅拓宽了工业固废的再利用途径,同时为改良土后续作为换填材料提供可靠的理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41962017)
  • 广西自然科学基金重点项目(2022GXNSFDA035081)
  • 广西高等学校高水平创新团队及卓越学者计划(桂教人才[2020]6号)
  • 广西科技大学研究生教育创新计划(GKYC202328)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406405
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-04-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(41962017)
广西自然科学基金重点项目(2022GXNSFDA035081)
广西高等学校高水平创新团队及卓越学者计划(桂教人才[2020]6号)
广西科技大学研究生教育创新计划(GKYC202328)
作者信息
    1 广西科技大学土木建筑工程学院, 柳州 545006
    2 广西壮族自治区岩土灾变与生态治理工程研究中心, 柳州 545006

通讯作者:

* 王家全(1981—),男,汉族,广西南宁人,博士,教授。研究方向:土木工程灾害防治,加筋结构,地基基础。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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