Article(id=1217789887135269787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407893, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=1744819200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334534, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334534, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334534, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9061, endPage=9070, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789887772804013, articleId=1217789887135269787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanical Properties and Simulation Computational Efficiency of Double-layer Porous Concrete Roads, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of pore defects on the mechanical properties of concrete road and seek an equivalent model to replace porous concrete road to reduce computational time. Based on micromechanics methods, the effective elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, coefficient of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of porous concrete were calculated. Three-dimensional double-layer concrete roads with randomly distributed, non-interference and varying sizes of spherical pores and their equivalent models were established to study their mechanical properties under three working conditions, namely, concentrated force, static vehicle load, and temperature-static vehicle load coupling, and further the simulation calculation time for each model was compared. The results show that under the coupling effect of temperature and static vehicle load, the increase of porosity has little effect on the temperature and displacement of porous concrete roads at the same depth and different times. Moreover, for the same porosity, the farther away from the pavement, the peak temperature shifts backward over time. When the porosity is within 8%, the actual porous model can be replaced by the Eshelby equivalent model, Mori-Tanaka equivalent model, or Self-Consistent equivalent model under concentrated force or static vehicle load, and by the equivalent model 2 under temperature-static vehicle load. With fixed computational power and constant porosity, the simulation time for the actual porous model far exceeds its equivalent model. Using equivalent models for research can significantly shorten the calculation time, and the computational efficiency can be approximately improved by about 99.8%.

, correspAuthors=Bing-fei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min PAN, Bing-fei LIU, Xin-long WANG, Sheng-you YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789891627368633, articleId=1217789887135269787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=双层含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能及仿真计算效率, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索孔隙缺陷对混凝土道路力学性能的影响,并寻求等效模型代替含孔隙混凝土道路以降低计算时间成本。基于细观力学方法计算含孔隙混凝土的有效弹性模量和泊松比、有效导热系数和热膨胀系数等力学性质参数,建立三维双层含随机分布、互不干涉且大小不一球体孔隙的混凝土道路及其等效模型,研究了集中力、车辆静荷载、温度-车辆静荷载耦合3种工况下含孔隙混凝土道路与其等效模型的力学性能,对比各模型的仿真模拟计算时间。结果表明,温度-车辆静荷载作用下,孔隙率增大对含孔隙混凝土道路在同一深度、不同时刻的温度和位移基本无影响,且同一孔隙率,距路面越远,温度峰值随时间而向后推移;孔隙率在8%以内,实际多孔模型在集中力或车辆静荷载作用下可用Eshelby等效模型、Mori-Tanaka等效模型或Self-Consistent等效模型代替,在温度-车辆静荷载作用下可用等效模型2代替;计算机算力一定时,孔隙率不变,实际多孔模型的仿真模拟用时远超其等效模型,使用等效模型进行研究可极大地缩短计算时间,计算效率最大可提高约99.8%。

, correspAuthors=刘兵飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘兵飞(1985—),男,满族,河北承德人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能材料的多尺度模拟。E-mail:
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潘敏(1998—),女,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能。E-mail:

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潘敏(1998—),女,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能。E-mail:

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潘敏(1998—),女,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能。E-mail:

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E0E1 E -分别为混凝土基体、夹杂物、含孔隙混凝土均匀化后等效均质材料的弹性模量;ν0ν1 ν -分别为混凝土基体、夹杂物、含孔隙混凝土均匀化后等效均质材料的泊松比;fi为第i个夹杂物的体积分数

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P为车辆静荷载

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deflection and concentrated force of double-layer roads, figureFileSmall=G0Eh/AAofNaiw3WRSYywtQ==, figureFileBig=HdozJ1XcnUQqbFOaBdiYZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860119103197853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图5, caption=双层道路挠度与集中力的关系, figureFileSmall=G0Eh/AAofNaiw3WRSYywtQ==, figureFileBig=HdozJ1XcnUQqbFOaBdiYZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120063693482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between σzstress and concentrated force in double-layer roads, figureFileSmall=BDknL2UXtktYxy0YXrjdJQ==, figureFileBig=UoO3Tc+EstM/RcxuRMj4xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120223077043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图6, caption=双层道路σz应力与集中力的关系, figureFileSmall=BDknL2UXtktYxy0YXrjdJQ==, figureFileBig=UoO3Tc+EstM/RcxuRMj4xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120428597955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Variation of pavement bending subsidence under different porosity, figureFileSmall=duyGzDu1bXmPiuSjmVmThg==, figureFileBig=MsFT1yTJufKn0nqwn2rhzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120596370128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同孔隙率下路面弯沉变化, figureFileSmall=duyGzDu1bXmPiuSjmVmThg==, figureFileBig=MsFT1yTJufKn0nqwn2rhzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120810279644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Variation of σzstress on road surface of double-layer roads with different porosity, figureFileSmall=FIndPVr6d9eP6poixyxD6A==, figureFileBig=t5f7a6Bbe6Io4YtZ0286xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120965468907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同孔隙率下双层道路路面σz应力变化, figureFileSmall=FIndPVr6d9eP6poixyxD6A==, figureFileBig=t5f7a6Bbe6Io4YtZ0286xw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121108075250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Mises stress cloud map of double-layer porous concrete roads, figureFileSmall=YeNf410VIuP1h8JP5EJ2sQ==, figureFileBig=zIZlToUziyd8F89wuHtlXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121250681599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图9, caption=双层含孔隙混凝土道路Mises应力云图, figureFileSmall=YeNf410VIuP1h8JP5EJ2sQ==, figureFileBig=zIZlToUziyd8F89wuHtlXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860121376510730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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language=CN, label=图11, caption=各个深度处不同时刻的温度变化, figureFileSmall=tQjlE5O3KpeP8i/UEiAfpw==, figureFileBig=1cw2Eh+pcsR7Thqt82eClA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122076959560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Temperature distribution of double-layer porous concrete road at different depths, figureFileSmall=nZRVLoL8Pqckj57TDwyprQ==, figureFileBig=f79DLCVddVUBuA4dNkINTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122337006424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图12, caption=双层含孔隙混凝土道路在各深度处的温度分布, figureFileSmall=nZRVLoL8Pqckj57TDwyprQ==, figureFileBig=f79DLCVddVUBuA4dNkINTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122550915936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Displacement changes at different depths and times, figureFileSmall=uJEG/BFX4LQ9TUObzj2vNw==, figureFileBig=TKfvUjnV6DGb933AaWibvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122664162156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图13, caption=各个深度处不同时刻的位移变化, figureFileSmall=uJEG/BFX4LQ9TUObzj2vNw==, figureFileBig=TKfvUjnV6DGb933AaWibvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122781602680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Displacement variation of double-layer porous concrete road under different porosity, figureFileSmall=OEXvXFWhHyOdVWCJnrY9CQ==, figureFileBig=NlfGlc04QzY8Nvbkp1dvmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860122907431814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同孔隙率下双层含孔隙混凝土道路的位移变化, figureFileSmall=OEXvXFWhHyOdVWCJnrY9CQ==, figureFileBig=NlfGlc04QzY8Nvbkp1dvmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123008095119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Variation of pavement bending subsidence at different times, figureFileSmall=tfT0WsO3Jgz5fAPly97ZpA==, figureFileBig=5lpFraBx4olNDNm0weVlCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123121341335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同时刻的路面弯沉变化, figureFileSmall=tfT0WsO3Jgz5fAPly97ZpA==, figureFileBig=5lpFraBx4olNDNm0weVlCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860123234587555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Thermophysical parameters of concrete road

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 材料 密度/
(kg·m-3)
恒压热容/
(J·kg-1·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
热膨胀系数/
K-1
地基 2 600 970 1.47 5×10-4
实际多孔模型
(APM)
混凝土 ρC CC KC αC
空气 ρ(T,f) CA(T) KA(T) αA(T)
等效模型1(EM1) 均质材料1 ρ(T,f) C(T,f) K1(T,f) α1(T,f)
等效模型2(EM2) 均质材料2 ρ(T,f) C(T,f) K2(T,f) α2(T,f)
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123339445165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土道路热物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 材料 密度/
(kg·m-3)
恒压热容/
(J·kg-1·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
热膨胀系数/
K-1
地基 2 600 970 1.47 5×10-4
实际多孔模型
(APM)
混凝土 ρC CC KC αC
空气 ρ(T,f) CA(T) KA(T) αA(T)
等效模型1(EM1) 均质材料1 ρ(T,f) C(T,f) K1(T,f) α1(T,f)
等效模型2(EM2) 均质材料2 ρ(T,f) C(T,f) K2(T,f) α2(T,f)
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123444302771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural parameters of concrete road

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构层 集中力、车辆静荷载 温度-车辆静荷载
弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比
混凝土层 25 0.2 25 0.18
地基层 0.03 0.4 0.5 0.49
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123570131900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土道路结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构层 集中力、车辆静荷载 温度-车辆静荷载
弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比
混凝土层 25 0.2 25 0.18
地基层 0.03 0.4 0.5 0.49
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123708543943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Corresponding table of simulated working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 集中力F/kN 车辆静荷载P/MPa 温度荷载TD/℃
工况一
工况二
工况三
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123830178769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟工况对应表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 集中力F/kN 车辆静荷载P/MPa 温度荷载TD/℃
工况一
工况二
工况三
), ArticleFig(id=1217860123960202198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of computational efficiency between the actual porous model and its equivalent models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 研究类型 f/% 计算效率/s
实际多孔模型 E等效模型 M-T等效模型 S-C等效模型 等效模型1 等效模型2
集中力 稳态 2 56 10 8 8
5 661 8 7 7
8 835 9 7 8
车辆静荷载 稳态 2 155 8 6 9
5 299 8 8 7
8 368 7 7 7
温度-车辆静荷载 瞬态 2 3 975 40 43
5 8 588 51 38
8 12 411 31 31
), ArticleFig(id=1217860125331739618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789887135269787, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

实际多孔模型与其等效模型计算效率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 研究类型 f/% 计算效率/s
实际多孔模型 E等效模型 M-T等效模型 S-C等效模型 等效模型1 等效模型2
集中力 稳态 2 56 10 8 8
5 661 8 7 7
8 835 9 7 8
车辆静荷载 稳态 2 155 8 6 9
5 299 8 8 7
8 368 7 7 7
温度-车辆静荷载 瞬态 2 3 975 40 43
5 8 588 51 38
8 12 411 31 31
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双层含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能及仿真计算效率
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潘敏 1 , 刘兵飞 2, * , 王鑫龙 3 , 阳生有 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(21): 9061-9070
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(21): 9061-9070
双层含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能及仿真计算效率
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潘敏1 , 刘兵飞2, * , 王鑫龙3, 阳生有3
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 2 中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
  • 3 山东大学土建与水利学院, 济南 250061
  • 潘敏(1998—),女,汉族,山东枣庄人,硕士研究生。研究方向:含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘兵飞(1985—),男,满族,河北承德人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能材料的多尺度模拟。E-mail:
Mechanical Properties and Simulation Computational Efficiency of Double-layer Porous Concrete Roads
Min PAN1 , Bing-fei LIU2, * , Xin-long WANG3, Sheng-you YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 School of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407893
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为探索孔隙缺陷对混凝土道路力学性能的影响,并寻求等效模型代替含孔隙混凝土道路以降低计算时间成本。基于细观力学方法计算含孔隙混凝土的有效弹性模量和泊松比、有效导热系数和热膨胀系数等力学性质参数,建立三维双层含随机分布、互不干涉且大小不一球体孔隙的混凝土道路及其等效模型,研究了集中力、车辆静荷载、温度-车辆静荷载耦合3种工况下含孔隙混凝土道路与其等效模型的力学性能,对比各模型的仿真模拟计算时间。结果表明,温度-车辆静荷载作用下,孔隙率增大对含孔隙混凝土道路在同一深度、不同时刻的温度和位移基本无影响,且同一孔隙率,距路面越远,温度峰值随时间而向后推移;孔隙率在8%以内,实际多孔模型在集中力或车辆静荷载作用下可用Eshelby等效模型、Mori-Tanaka等效模型或Self-Consistent等效模型代替,在温度-车辆静荷载作用下可用等效模型2代替;计算机算力一定时,孔隙率不变,实际多孔模型的仿真模拟用时远超其等效模型,使用等效模型进行研究可极大地缩短计算时间,计算效率最大可提高约99.8%。

含孔隙混凝土道路  /  力学性能  /  等效模型  /  有限元建模  /  仿真计算效率

In order to explore the influence of pore defects on the mechanical properties of concrete road and seek an equivalent model to replace porous concrete road to reduce computational time. Based on micromechanics methods, the effective elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, coefficient of thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion of porous concrete were calculated. Three-dimensional double-layer concrete roads with randomly distributed, non-interference and varying sizes of spherical pores and their equivalent models were established to study their mechanical properties under three working conditions, namely, concentrated force, static vehicle load, and temperature-static vehicle load coupling, and further the simulation calculation time for each model was compared. The results show that under the coupling effect of temperature and static vehicle load, the increase of porosity has little effect on the temperature and displacement of porous concrete roads at the same depth and different times. Moreover, for the same porosity, the farther away from the pavement, the peak temperature shifts backward over time. When the porosity is within 8%, the actual porous model can be replaced by the Eshelby equivalent model, Mori-Tanaka equivalent model, or Self-Consistent equivalent model under concentrated force or static vehicle load, and by the equivalent model 2 under temperature-static vehicle load. With fixed computational power and constant porosity, the simulation time for the actual porous model far exceeds its equivalent model. Using equivalent models for research can significantly shorten the calculation time, and the computational efficiency can be approximately improved by about 99.8%.

porous concrete road  /  mechanical properties  /  equivalent model  /  finite element modeling  /  simulation computational efficiency
潘敏, 刘兵飞, 王鑫龙, 阳生有. 双层含孔隙混凝土道路力学性能及仿真计算效率. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9061 -9070 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407893
Min PAN, Bing-fei LIU, Xin-long WANG, Sheng-you YANG. Mechanical Properties and Simulation Computational Efficiency of Double-layer Porous Concrete Roads[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9061 -9070 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407893
混凝土是由骨料、水泥砂浆、界面层组成的非均质复合材料,因具有较高的承载能力和耐久性,逐渐成为道路建设的主要选择。但在搅拌、浇筑和养护等过程中可能会因配合比设计不当、搅拌不均、振捣不到位、固化过程中气泡未能排出等因素导致混凝土内部存在孔隙,从而降低其密实性和强度,严重影响结构的稳定性、耐久性和承载力[1-3]。因此,深入研究含孔隙缺陷的混凝土道路的力学性能具有十分重要的意义。
混凝土道路的使用寿命受多种因素的影响,例如,高空坠物、停放或行驶的车辆、环境等都会使其产生病害,影响力学性能。目前,诸多学者对外荷载作用下混凝土道路的力学性能和耐久性开展了大量的研究[4-6]。曾胜等[7]采用落锤式弯沉仪(falling weight deflectometer,FWD)动态弯沉盆模拟行车动荷载作用下水泥混凝土路面的力学响应,发现面板底部拉应力与面层强度成正比,与基层强度成反比,基层底部拉应力与基层强度成正比,且基层强度过大易导致基层弯拉开裂。Ding等[8]选择4种典型的水泥混凝土路面结构研究其在冲击荷载下的力学响应,发现路面挠度的横向和纵向分布均呈“U”形,最大值在两个方向的荷载中心,且混凝土板纵向方向出现半圆形穿透剪切裂缝,径向方向形成大量贯透裂缝。黄立葵等[9]研究了不同车速下半刚性基层沥青路面的模量变化和疲劳寿命,发现模量随车速增加而增大,距路面越远,同一速度下的模量越大,且车速降低对下基层的疲劳寿命越不利。Wang等[10]研究了带缓冲层的水泥混凝土道路在温度和动荷载下的响应,发现温度应力集中在缓冲层和结构层以上区域,低温时竖向应变随深度的增加而减小,并且温度-动荷载作用时面层顶部的拉压应力变化幅度最大,缓冲层及后续结构的变化范围较小。可见,上述学者大多研究单一荷载下混凝土道路力学性能,并默认混凝土内部不含孔隙缺陷,鲜有对两种或多种荷载耦合作用下含孔隙缺陷的混凝土道路力学性能的研究。
混凝土作为一种典型的非均质多孔复合材料,已有学者采用理论分析法对混凝土等复合材料进行等效均匀处理,推导反映其力学性能参数的解析解,如有效弹性模量[11-12]、有效导热系数(coefficient of thermal conductivity,CTC)[13-14]、有效热膨胀系数(coefficient of thermal expansion,CTE)[15-16]等。Jin等[17]根据三相球模型和空心圆柱形杆模型定量研究了孔隙率对干燥和饱和混凝土有效体积和剪切模量的影响,并基于最大拉应力破坏准则,建立了干燥及饱和状态下的孔隙率与其抗拉强度、拉伸峰值应变之间的定量关系。Quan等[18]根据所提的可生成不同形貌、随机分布颗粒的算法和热接触模型建立了具有界面热阻的混凝土细观模型,之后基于传热控制方程和周期性条件推导了有效CTC的离散公式,进而分析混凝土细观结构对其有效CTC的影响,发现混凝土的有效CTC随骨料尺寸的增大而增大,随孔隙率的增加而减小。Ono等[19]将双夹杂法与自洽法或Mori-Tanaka定理结合获得了复合材料的宏观弹性模量和CTE的显式解,推导出含不同物理特性和形状的各种类型涂层填料的复合材料的宏观弹性模量和CTE。上述研究从理论角度推导了复合材料力学参数的解析解,计算量大、推导过程繁杂且不易理解,而仿真模拟法不仅能够通过灵活调整模型参数及加载条件模拟混凝土的受力行为,还可处理复杂的非线性问题、提供全面的数据和直观展示结构的受力过程,因而成为混凝土力学性能研究中最受欢迎方法之一。加之目前学者们多是研究含孔隙混凝土材料的有效力学参数,鲜有对含孔隙混凝土道路等效均质处理后利用仿真模拟法将含孔隙混凝土道路与其等效道路进行对比研究,并分析仿真计算效率以探寻合适的等效模型。
针对以上问题,现首先基于细观力学的方法计算含孔隙混凝土的有效弹性模量和泊松比、有效导热系数和热膨胀系数等力学参数;然后对COMSOL软件二次开发构建三维双层含随机分布且尺寸大小不一球体孔隙的混凝土道路及其等效模型;进而研究并对比分析双层含孔隙混凝土道路及其等效道路分别在集中力、车辆静荷载、温度-车辆静荷载耦合作用下的力学性能;最后在计算机算力一定的前提下,探究双层含孔隙混凝土道路及其等效道路的仿真模拟计算效率。
将含孔隙混凝土的结构进行均匀化处理,如图1所示。由于夹杂物为孔隙,而孔隙无弹性模量和泊松比,故二者均取0以便计算。
Eshelby方法[20]能够通过椭球形夹杂物内部的均匀应变场来预测复合材料的弹性模量。当夹杂相为球形且随机分布于基体中时,等效均质材料的体积模量 K -和剪切模量 G -
$\bar{K}=K_{0}+\frac{f\left(K_{1}-K_{0}\right)\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right)}{3 K_{1}+4 G_{0}}$
$\bar{G}=G_{0}+\frac{5 f G_{0}\left(G_{1}-G_{0}\right)\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right)}{3 K_{0}\left(3 G_{0}+2 G_{1}\right)+4 G_{0}\left(2 G_{0}+3 G_{1}\right)}$
式中:f为夹杂相的体积分数;K0G0分别为基体相的体积模量和剪切模量;K1G1分别为夹杂相的体积模量和剪切模量。
Mori-Tanaka方法[21]是Mori和Tanaka提出的一种通过考虑不同夹杂物之间的相互作用来预测复合材料弹性参数的方法,该方法克服了夹杂物和基体弹性特性差异的局限性,以此得到等效均质材料的体积模量 K -和剪切模量 G -
$\bar{K}=K_{0}+\frac{f\left(K_{1}-K_{0}\right)\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right)}{3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}+3(1-f)\left(K_{1}-K_{0}\right)}$
$\bar{G}=G_{0}+\frac{5 f G_{0}\left(G_{1}-G_{0}\right)\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right)}{5 G_{0}\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right)+6(1-f)\left(G_{1}-G_{0}\right)\left(K_{0}+2 G_{0}\right)}$
Self-Consistent方法[22]是将夹杂和包围夹杂的介质置于性能未知的无限大等效均匀介质中,施加边界条件,通过应力场求得复合材料的等效性能,故而等效均质材料的体积模量 K -和剪切模量 G -
$\bar{K}=K_{0}+\frac{f\left(K_{1}-K_{0}\right)(3 \bar{K}+4 \bar{G})}{3 K_{1}+4 \bar{G}}$
$\bar{G}=G_{0}+\frac{5 f \bar{G}\left(G_{1}-G_{0}\right)(3 \bar{K}+4 \bar{G})}{3 \bar{K}\left(3 \bar{G}+2 G_{1}\right)+4 \bar{G}\left(2 \bar{G}+3 G_{1}\right)}$
按照式(7)、式(8)求解等效均质材料的弹性模量 E -和泊松比 ν - [23]
$\bar{E}=\frac{9 \bar{K} \bar{G}}{3 \bar{K}+\bar{G}}$
$\bar{\nu}=\frac{1}{2}\left(1-\frac{3 \bar{G}}{3 \bar{K}+\bar{G}}\right)$
考虑到与温度有关的材料热物性参数主要包括密度、恒压热容、导热系数和热膨胀系数。对于空气,上述参数随温度变化,是关于温度的函数,而对于混凝土,假设上述参数为定值,不随环境变化,空气和混凝土的热物性参数具体如表1所示。
对于含孔隙混凝土等效均匀化后的材料,其导热系数和热膨胀系数采用两种方式计算,因此导热系数分别用K1(T,f)、K2(T,f)表示,K1(T,f)由Maxwell-Eucken模型[24-25]求得,即式(9),热膨胀系数分别用α1(T,f)、α2(T,f)表示,α1(T,f)由Kerner模型[26]求得,即式(10),密度、恒压热容分别用ρ(T,f)、C(T,f)表示,ρ(T,f)按式(11)求解,C(T,f)、K2(T,f)、α2(T,f)的求解方法与式(11)相同。
$K_{1}(T, f)=\frac{2 K_{\mathrm{C}}+K_{\mathrm{A}}(T)+2 f\left[K_{\mathrm{A}}(T)-K_{\mathrm{C}}\right]}{2 K_{\mathrm{C}}+K_{\mathrm{A}}(T)-f\left[K_{\mathrm{A}}(T)-K_{\mathrm{C}}\right]} K_{\mathrm{C}}$
$\begin{aligned} \alpha_{1}(T, f)= & \alpha_{\mathrm{C}}+\left[\alpha_{\mathrm{A}}(T)-\alpha_{\mathrm{C}}\right] \times \\ & \frac{K_{1}\left(3 K_{0}+4 G_{0}\right) f}{K_{0}\left(3 K_{1}+4 G_{0}\right)+4\left(K_{1}-K_{0}\right) G_{0} f} \end{aligned}$
$\rho(T, f)=(1-f) \rho_{\mathrm{C}}+f \rho_{\mathrm{A}}(T)$
双层含孔隙混凝土道路模型是边长为2 000 mm的正方体,自上而下分两层,第一层是含孔隙混凝土层,层厚为180 mm,其中包含半径为5~20 mm[27-28]、随机分布且互不干涉的球体孔隙,孔隙采用文献[29]的思想由COMSOL Multiphysics的APP开发器二次开发生成;第二层是地基层,层厚为1 820 mm。由于道路在承受荷载时,无限远处的应力和应变约为0,将双层混凝土道路模型四周和底部50 mm厚处设为无限元域并固定约束,以限制模型四周和底部的位移。考虑到普通混凝土的孔隙率一般不超过10%[30],故选择孔隙率分别为2%、5%、8%共3种情况进行研究,以孔隙率为2%、集中力(F)作用为例,双层含孔隙混凝土道路及其等效模型和网格划分如图2所示,实际多孔模型均表示双层含孔隙混凝土道路,车辆静荷载作用时只需将集中力作用点更换为车轮作用的圆形区域,具体如图3所示。
为深入探究双层含孔隙混凝土道路在实际环境中的力学性能,有必要对温度和车辆静荷载耦合作用下的道路结构进行力学分析。图4是以孔隙率为2%为例建立的温度-车辆静荷载作用下的双层含孔隙混凝土道路模型及其等效模型和网格划分图,其中,蓝色区域为整个路面,即温度荷载(TD)作用处,路面中心的圆形区域为车辆静荷载(P)作用处,模型初始温度为18 ℃,周围4个面约束法向位移,底面固定约束,由于温度载荷下无限元域的存在会影响模型计算结果,故模型不再设置无限元域。
在集中力、车辆静荷载、温度-车辆静荷载三种情况下混凝土和地基的材料参数如表2所示,由式(1)~式(8)可得含孔隙混凝土对应的等效均质材料经Eshelby、Mori-Tanaka和Self-Consistent三种方法求得的不同孔隙率下的弹性模量和泊松比。
为研究不同工况下双层含孔隙混凝土道路的力学响应,设定表3所示的3种模拟工况。表3中,集中力(F)为0~10 kN,步长1 kN,垂直作用于路面中心;车辆静荷载(P)按照《公路沥青路面设计规范》(JTG D50—2017)中规定的标准轴载BZZ-100计算,轮胎接地压强为0.7 MPa,作用区域为当量圆,圆心为路面中心,直径为213 mm,轮压均布且垂直作用于当量圆;对于温度荷载(TD),由路面温度场理论知气温日变化规律类似于正弦函数变化,故温度荷载 TD=6sin(0.125πt+0.75π)+26,单位为℃,选择t为6~19 h范围内的温度作用于整个路面。
为便于分析,Eshelby等效模型、Mori-Tanaka等效模型、Self-Consistent等效模型分别简记为EEM、M-TEM、S-CEM,并且默认拉应力为正,压应力为负。
图5图6分别为点(1 000 mm、1 000 mm、1 800 mm)处集中力与挠度、应力的关系图。分析可知,孔隙率不变时,随着集中力的增大,所有模型的挠度和压应力均呈线性递增;孔隙率增大时,集中力越大,实际多孔模型的挠度和压应力变化不明显,但3种等效模型的挠度和压应力明显变大,与实际多孔模型的误差逐渐增大;孔隙率不超过8%时,3种等效模型与实际多孔模型拟合效果较好,可代替实际多孔模型进行研究。
图7为不同孔隙率下路面弯沉变化图,观察可得,车辆静荷载处的弯沉现象最为显著;随着孔隙率的增加,实际多孔模型的弯沉基本无变化,但3种等效模型则变化明显,且与实际多孔模型间的误差变大,最大误差位于当量圆中心。
图8为不同孔隙率下双层道路路面σz应力变化图,分析可知,车辆静荷载作用下当量圆边界处的应力存在尖峰;实际多孔模型在孔隙周围存在应力集中,导致图中曲线起伏波动大;孔隙率越小,实际多孔模型内部的孔隙数量越少,三种等效模型与实际多孔模型拟合效果越好。
Y=1 000 mm的XZ平面得到图9图10所示的不同孔隙率下双层含孔隙混凝土道路Mises应力云图和第一主应变图,观察可知,含孔隙混凝土层的Mises应力明显大于路基层,说明荷载对含孔隙混凝土层影响较大,对路基层影响较小;Mises应力和第一主应变在层间均存在显著分界线,并且均在载荷作用处的层间接触位置达到最大,因而载荷作用中心处的混凝土板底部最易发生断裂。
为观察双层含孔隙混凝土道路表面及内部在某一天(6~19 h)的温度分布情况,选择路面中心点且距路面深度h分别为0、9、18、27 cm共4个位置,得到如图11图12所示的各个深度处的温度分布。由图11可知,孔隙率不变时,路面温度随时刻的变化大,随着距路面深度的增加,温度降低且随时刻变化幅度趋于缓慢,温度的峰值也随时刻的变化而向后推移,此外,相较于EM1,EM2与APM拟合效果更好,即EM2更加适用于代替APM进行温度场分析。由图12可知,孔隙率的增加对同一深度处不同时刻的温度变化基本没有影响,并且距路面越远,相邻深度位置处的温度差值越小。
沿用3.3.1节中选取的4个深度位置,得到图13所示的道路在各个深度处的位移-时刻变化曲线和图14所示的不同孔隙率和深度下双层含孔隙混凝土道路的位移变化情况。分析可知,位移随时刻的推移而减小,其中,深度为27 cm(路基内部)时的位移-时刻曲线变化幅度较小,且位移在约14 h之前明显小于其余深度处的位移,在14 h之后明显大于其余深度,考虑到14 h为温度荷载波峰,即路面温度最不利情况,说明以此为界限,在此之前道路所受荷载对含孔隙混凝土层的影响大,在此之后对路基层的影响大。此外,由图13可得,相较于EM1,EM2与APM的拟合效果较好,并且随着距路面深度的增加,拟合效果更好,误差更小,因此可用EM2代替APM进行道路力学性能分析;由图14可知,距路面深度一定时,孔隙率越大,位移越大,并且对含孔隙混凝土层而言,孔隙率一定时,距路面越远,位移在约9 h之前越小,9 h之后则越大。
图15为双层含孔隙混凝土道路在10、14、16 h共3个时刻的路面弯沉变化图。分析可知,同一时刻,孔隙率越大,路面弯沉越明显,且随着时刻的递增,孔隙率为5%、8%的弯沉与2%的弯沉差值越来越大;同一孔隙率,路面弯沉随时间的增加有所减缓。
孔隙率小于8%时,由图5~图8可知,仅研究双层含孔隙混凝土道路在某一荷载作用下的力学性能可用E等效模型、M-T等效模型或S-C等效模型代替;由图11图13可知,研究其在温度-车辆静荷载耦合作用下的力学性能可用EM2代替。基于此,进一步探究在计算机算力一定时,双层含孔隙混凝土道路与其等效模型的仿真计算效率的区别。以Win11为操作系统、配置Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-13500HX的CPU、16G运行内存及COMSOL 6.1版本的计算机为例,得到如表4所示的实际多孔模型与其等效模型的仿真计算时间表,分析可知,随着孔隙率的增大,实际多孔模型所需的计算时间显著增加,各等效模型则变化不大;孔隙率一定时,实际多孔模型的仿真模拟用时明显多于其对应的等效模型,并且瞬态研究耗时远超稳态研究;与实际多孔模型相比,采用等效模型最大能够提高约99.8%的计算效率,根据实际情况选择相应的等效模型代替实际多孔模型,既能够研究含孔隙混凝土道路的力学性能,还可以极大地缩短仿真模拟计算时间,提高计算效率。
基于细观力学方法对含孔隙混凝土进行等效均质化,计算其等效材料的有效弹性模量和泊松比、有效导热系数和热膨胀系数等力学参数;建立双层含球体孔隙的混凝土道路及其等效模型进而研究其在不同工况下的力学性能,并对比分析实际多孔模型与其等效模型的仿真计算效率,得出如下结论。
(1) 单一荷载作用下,路面弯沉或挠度达厘米级,荷载作用处的应力随孔隙率的增加基本不变,并且Mises应力和第一主应变均在载荷作用处的层间接触位置达到最大;温度-车辆静荷载耦合作用下,孔隙率变大对同一深度处不同时刻的温度和位移几乎没有影响,此外,距路面越远,温度的峰值随时刻的变化向后推移。
(2) 孔隙率不超过8%时,可用E等效模型、M-T等效模型或S-C等效模型代替实际多孔模型研究其在单一荷载下的力学性能;探究温度-车辆静荷载耦合作用下实际多孔模型的力学性能可用EM2代替,并且相比于EM1,EM2在求解有效导热系数和热膨胀系数时过程简单,与实际多孔模型拟合效果更好。
(3) 在计算机算力一定的情况下,孔隙率不变,实际多孔模型及其等效模型的瞬态研究用时明显多于稳态研究,并且实际多孔模型的仿真计算耗时远超其等效模型,因此,使用等效模型代替实际多孔模型进行研究可大幅缩短计算时间,最大提高约99.8%的计算效率。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFA1008904)
  • 2023年度黄河流域协同科技创新项目(YDZX2023025)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407893
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
  • 修回日期:2025-04-17
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFA1008904)
2023年度黄河流域协同科技创新项目(YDZX2023025)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学交通科学与工程学院, 天津 300300
    2 中国民航大学航空工程学院, 天津 300300
    3 山东大学土建与水利学院, 济南 250061

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* 刘兵飞(1985—),男,满族,河北承德人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能材料的多尺度模拟。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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