Article(id=1217789886749393816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1744819200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334443, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334443, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334443, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334443, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9090, endPage=9101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789887181407132, articleId=1217789886749393816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Evolutional Characteristics of Temporal Patterns of the Heaviest 24 h Rainstorm in Typical Karst Regions: A Case in Liudong River Catchment, columnId=1156262735643005297, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Storm rainfall patterns are critical to infrastructure flood control, but the main design methods are hindered by requiring high resolution data and ignoring the impacts of climate change. Taking the typical small and medium-sized river basin (Liudong River Basin) with relatively high flood control pressure in the Karst area of southwest China over the years as an example, based on the Gamma distribution with flexible distribution characteristics and wide application, and using the duration data of the maximum 24-hour rainstorm in the past 60 years, the model performance was evaluated, the parameters of the model were determined, and the evolution characteristics of the parameters were analyzed. Based on the above results, the changing trends of rain pattern uncertainty, complexity and predictability were calculated. The results show that the model has high accuracy, and the average correlation coefficient is greater than 0.92. The evolution trend of the model parameters indicates that under the background of climate change, the rain pattern of the maximum 24-hour rainstorm shows the characteristics of decreasing shape factor and increasing scale factor. The uncertainty of rain patterns has generally increased, and the complexity and predictability show high spatial heterogeneity. The research results will provide references for optimizing the rainstorm rain pattern model and analyzing its dynamic evolution, thereby better preventing and controlling flood disasters, especially in Karst areas with high precipitation uncertainty and complex underlying surface conditions.

, correspAuthors=Xiang-yang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi-lin ZHANG, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Jian-rui LUO, Ming-hua WU, Jun ZENG, Wen-juan LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1217789890008367148, articleId=1217789886749393816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=典型喀斯特流域最大24 h暴雨雨型演变特征:以六硐河流域为例, columnId=1156262735810777459, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·水利工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

暴雨雨型对基础设施防洪具有重要影响,但当前设计暴雨雨型计算面临要求资料分辨率高、未考虑气候变化的影响等问题。选取西南喀斯特区域历年防洪压力较大的典型中小流域(六硐河流域)为例,基于分布特征灵活、应用广泛的Gamma分布,采用近60年的最大24 h暴雨历时资料,评价了模型表现,率定了模型的参数,分析了参数演变特征,并基于上述结果计算了雨型不确定性、复杂度和可预测度的变化趋势。结果表明: 模型具有较高的精度,相关系数平均大于0.92;模型参数的演变趋势表明气候变化背景下最大24 h暴雨雨型呈现出形状因子减小、尺度因子增大的特征;雨型的不确定性总体增加,复杂度和可预测度表现出较高的空间异质性。研究结果将为优化暴雨雨型模型、分析其动态演变提供参考,从而更好地防治洪涝灾害,尤其是降水不确定性高、下垫面条件复杂的喀斯特区域。

, correspAuthors=周向阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=x+OCl+d4CAFxiwOUOxQUkw==, magXml=519t+Up1OXT0P9KB6+dSbA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=wnyaDMPw+N3JzagVrTiuAA==, pdfFileSize=14782134, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gAwCamw3Ukj5ARdlxoHelA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QiRHRk4nSU0sljGgeE80Vw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张翊林(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:极端降水与基础设施防洪安全。E-mail:

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张翊林(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:极端降水与基础设施防洪安全。E-mail:

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张翊林(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:极端降水与基础设施防洪安全。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Evolutional characteristics of scale factor of gamma distribution at each station, figureFileSmall=co5wyE1KazmiVkkXK++9Cg==, figureFileBig=jqVgCcehp8JRPzBBP4ClQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860117710684971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各站模型尺度因子动态演变特征, figureFileSmall=co5wyE1KazmiVkkXK++9Cg==, figureFileBig=jqVgCcehp8JRPzBBP4ClQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860117849097016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Trends of uncertainty (information entropy) calculated by temporal patterns of the heaviest 24 h rainstorm at each station, figureFileSmall=3N97t6DMW4+i3KWHwk24Yw==, figureFileBig=DUbJDJQtaVY7YyS69Qw62g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118109143878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各站最大24 h暴雨雨型不确定性(信息熵)动态演变特征, figureFileSmall=3N97t6DMW4+i3KWHwk24Yw==, figureFileBig=DUbJDJQtaVY7YyS69Qw62g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118293693270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Trends of Lempel-Ziv complexity calculated by temporal patterns of the heaviest 24 h rainstorm at each station, figureFileSmall=O1Gl1GWZvLiH/IMxgnG6WA==, figureFileBig=OFKA/Hrjych8SqzjWoE8wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118566323042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各站最大24 h暴雨雨型Lempel-Ziv复杂度动态演变特征, figureFileSmall=O1Gl1GWZvLiH/IMxgnG6WA==, figureFileBig=OFKA/Hrjych8SqzjWoE8wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118679569262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Trends of Hurst index calculated by temporal patterns of the heaviest 24 h rainstorm at each station, figureFileSmall=dBjz8oUIi6pInEURYr7ing==, figureFileBig=BVFJfRrWxVJt6Qm8q4bL8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118792815481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各站最大24 h暴雨雨型Hurst指数动态演变特征, figureFileSmall=dBjz8oUIi6pInEURYr7ing==, figureFileBig=BVFJfRrWxVJt6Qm8q4bL8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860118943810434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The distance between the maximum 24 h rainstorm pattern Hurst index of each station and the reference value 0.5, figureFileSmall=ehSZ76FvAmI7ZEsvmqAoPA==, figureFileBig=NJ6gqisMZ6aEf1B13IMjeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860119107388300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各站最大24 h暴雨雨型Hurst指数与参考值0.5的距离, figureFileSmall=ehSZ76FvAmI7ZEsvmqAoPA==, figureFileBig=NJ6gqisMZ6aEf1B13IMjeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1217860120055301015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information of rainfall data in each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站名 选取观测
时段年份
总年
数/a
最大24 h暴雨观测
少于5段的年份
雨型拟
合年数/a
选择年数
占比/%
墨冲 1978—2022 45 1984—1986、1989、1993、
1997、1999、2003、2013
36 80.00
平湖 1968—2022 55 1973—1974、1979、
1994、2002
50 90.91
四寨 1986—2022 37 1989—1991、
2001、2010
32 86.49
沙寨 1986—2022 37 37 100
兔场 1987—2022 36 1991 35 97.22
), ArticleFig(id=1217860120248239012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各测站数据基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站名 选取观测
时段年份
总年
数/a
最大24 h暴雨观测
少于5段的年份
雨型拟
合年数/a
选择年数
占比/%
墨冲 1978—2022 45 1984—1986、1989、1993、
1997、1999、2003、2013
36 80.00
平湖 1968—2022 55 1973—1974、1979、
1994、2002
50 90.91
四寨 1986—2022 37 1989—1991、
2001、2010
32 86.49
沙寨 1986—2022 37 37 100
兔场 1987—2022 36 1991 35 97.22
), ArticleFig(id=1217860120424399787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of Mann-Kendall test on the trend of correlation coefficients and root-mean-square error of each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差指标 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
相关系数 墨冲站 -0.000 2 -0.000 8 0.000 3 -0.912 6 不显著
平湖站 0.000 1 -0.000 1 0.000 4 0.719 4 不显著
四寨站 -0.000 4 -0.001 6 0.000 2 -1.313 5 不显著
沙寨站 -0.000 3 -0.000 6 0.000 2 -0.824 0 不显著
兔场站 0.000 0 -0.000 5 0.000 5 0.040 9 不显著
均方根误差 墨冲站 -0.021 6 -0.137 0 0.100 9 -0.313 3 不显著
平湖站 0.011 4 -0.042 6 0.069 1 0.384 8 不显著
四寨站 0.068 4 -0.048 3 0.236 2 1.183 8 不显著
沙寨站 0.025 6 -0.046 3 0.103 1 0.667 0 不显著
兔场站 0.029 2 -0.059 2 0.157 7 0.476 7 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1217860120608949173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各测站相关系数及均方根误差Mann-Kendall检验结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
误差指标 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
相关系数 墨冲站 -0.000 2 -0.000 8 0.000 3 -0.912 6 不显著
平湖站 0.000 1 -0.000 1 0.000 4 0.719 4 不显著
四寨站 -0.000 4 -0.001 6 0.000 2 -1.313 5 不显著
沙寨站 -0.000 3 -0.000 6 0.000 2 -0.824 0 不显著
兔场站 0.000 0 -0.000 5 0.000 5 0.040 9 不显著
均方根误差 墨冲站 -0.021 6 -0.137 0 0.100 9 -0.313 3 不显著
平湖站 0.011 4 -0.042 6 0.069 1 0.384 8 不显著
四寨站 0.068 4 -0.048 3 0.236 2 1.183 8 不显著
沙寨站 0.025 6 -0.046 3 0.103 1 0.667 0 不显著
兔场站 0.029 2 -0.059 2 0.157 7 0.476 7 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1217860120793498557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of Mann-Kendall test on the trend of parameters of Gamma distribution of each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
参数α 墨冲站 -0.139 7 -0.346 8 -0.003 9 -1.948 0 不显著
平湖站 0.010 4 -0.095 6 0.087 1 0.284 4 不显著
四寨站 -0.036 7 -0.209 4 0.053 0 -0.827 0 不显著
沙寨站 -0.050 5 -0.122 8 0.012 7 -1.504 1 不显著
兔场站 -0.024 6 -0.146 7 0.096 0 -0.340 5 不显著
参数β 墨冲站 0.015 6 -0.011 3 0.064 9 0.967 1 不显著
平湖站 0.014 6 -0.009 8 0.038 4 1.238 0 不显著
四寨站 0.063 2 -0.011 1 0.132 4 1.670 3 不显著
沙寨站 0.027 7 -0.016 1 0.090 9 1.268 7 不显著
兔场站 0.000 9 -0.044 2 0.040 7 0.040 9 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1217860120957076424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各测站Gamma分布参数 Mann-Kendall检验结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
参数α 墨冲站 -0.139 7 -0.346 8 -0.003 9 -1.948 0 不显著
平湖站 0.010 4 -0.095 6 0.087 1 0.284 4 不显著
四寨站 -0.036 7 -0.209 4 0.053 0 -0.827 0 不显著
沙寨站 -0.050 5 -0.122 8 0.012 7 -1.504 1 不显著
兔场站 -0.024 6 -0.146 7 0.096 0 -0.340 5 不显著
参数β 墨冲站 0.015 6 -0.011 3 0.064 9 0.967 1 不显著
平湖站 0.014 6 -0.009 8 0.038 4 1.238 0 不显著
四寨站 0.063 2 -0.011 1 0.132 4 1.670 3 不显著
沙寨站 0.027 7 -0.016 1 0.090 9 1.268 7 不显著
兔场站 0.000 9 -0.044 2 0.040 7 0.040 9 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1217860121099682774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The results of Mann-Kendall test on indicators quantifying system complexity at each station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雨型特征指数 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
信息熵 墨冲站 0.002 2 -0.024 6 0.024 3 0.204 3 不显著
平湖站 0.031 9 0.015 0 0.046 7 3.546 7 极显著
四寨站 0.016 9 -0.016 9 0.051 8 1.086 5 不显著
沙寨站 0.002 1 -0.018 6 0.022 8 0.222 3 不显著
兔场站 -0.005 4 -0.032 0 0.027 8 -0.286 0 不显著
Lempel-Ziv
复杂度
墨冲站 -0.058 8 -0.200 0 0.062 5 -0.939 8 不显著
平湖站 0.130 4 0.052 6 0.222 2 3.103 4 极显著
四寨站 0.058 8 -0.083 3 0.200 0 0.794 6 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 0 -0.142 9 0.062 5 -0.536 2 不显著
兔场站 -0.058 8 -0.250 0 0.100 0 -0.776 4 不显著
Hurst指数 墨冲站 0.001 4 -0.002 7 0.006 2 0.762 8 不显著
平湖站 -0.001 3 -0.004 3 0.002 3 -0.744 5 不显著
四寨站 -0.000 9 -0.006 4 0.003 7 -0.405 4 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 0 -0.003 6 0.002 6 0.052 3 不显著
兔场站 -0.000 1 -0.005 9 0.004 9 -0.109 0 不显著
Hurst指数与
参考值0.5
的距离
墨冲站 -0.000 3 -0.002 6 0.002 4 -0.217 9 不显著
平湖站 -0.002 7 -0.004 9 -0.000 7 -2.668 4 极显著
四寨站 -0.000 8 -0.004 6 0.001 8 -0.470 3 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 1 -0.001 9 0.001 8 0.104 6 不显著
兔场站 0.002 7 -0.000 5 0.006 0 1.416 6 不显著
), ArticleFig(id=1217860121238094814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789886749393816, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各测站系统复杂度指标 Mann-Kendall检验结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
雨型特征指数 站名 斜率中位数 置信上限 置信下限 Z统计量 显著性
信息熵 墨冲站 0.002 2 -0.024 6 0.024 3 0.204 3 不显著
平湖站 0.031 9 0.015 0 0.046 7 3.546 7 极显著
四寨站 0.016 9 -0.016 9 0.051 8 1.086 5 不显著
沙寨站 0.002 1 -0.018 6 0.022 8 0.222 3 不显著
兔场站 -0.005 4 -0.032 0 0.027 8 -0.286 0 不显著
Lempel-Ziv
复杂度
墨冲站 -0.058 8 -0.200 0 0.062 5 -0.939 8 不显著
平湖站 0.130 4 0.052 6 0.222 2 3.103 4 极显著
四寨站 0.058 8 -0.083 3 0.200 0 0.794 6 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 0 -0.142 9 0.062 5 -0.536 2 不显著
兔场站 -0.058 8 -0.250 0 0.100 0 -0.776 4 不显著
Hurst指数 墨冲站 0.001 4 -0.002 7 0.006 2 0.762 8 不显著
平湖站 -0.001 3 -0.004 3 0.002 3 -0.744 5 不显著
四寨站 -0.000 9 -0.006 4 0.003 7 -0.405 4 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 0 -0.003 6 0.002 6 0.052 3 不显著
兔场站 -0.000 1 -0.005 9 0.004 9 -0.109 0 不显著
Hurst指数与
参考值0.5
的距离
墨冲站 -0.000 3 -0.002 6 0.002 4 -0.217 9 不显著
平湖站 -0.002 7 -0.004 9 -0.000 7 -2.668 4 极显著
四寨站 -0.000 8 -0.004 6 0.001 8 -0.470 3 不显著
沙寨站 0.000 1 -0.001 9 0.001 8 0.104 6 不显著
兔场站 0.002 7 -0.000 5 0.006 0 1.416 6 不显著
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典型喀斯特流域最大24 h暴雨雨型演变特征:以六硐河流域为例
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张翊林 1 , 周向阳 1, 2, * , 罗健瑞 3 , 吴明华 3 , 曾俊 3 , 雷文娟 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(21): 9090-9101
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(21): 9090-9101
典型喀斯特流域最大24 h暴雨雨型演变特征:以六硐河流域为例
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张翊林1 , 周向阳1, 2, * , 罗健瑞3, 吴明华3, 曾俊3, 雷文娟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 2 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
  • 3 贵州省黔南自治州水文水资源局, 都匀 558099
  • 张翊林(2000—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:极端降水与基础设施防洪安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
Evolutional Characteristics of Temporal Patterns of the Heaviest 24 h Rainstorm in Typical Karst Regions: A Case in Liudong River Catchment
Yi-lin ZHANG1 , Xiang-yang ZHOU1, 2, * , Jian-rui LUO3, Ming-hua WU3, Jun ZENG3, Wen-juan LEI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources And Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Karst Geological Resources and Environment of Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 3 Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resources of Qiannan Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou Province, Duyun 558099, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412
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暴雨雨型对基础设施防洪具有重要影响,但当前设计暴雨雨型计算面临要求资料分辨率高、未考虑气候变化的影响等问题。选取西南喀斯特区域历年防洪压力较大的典型中小流域(六硐河流域)为例,基于分布特征灵活、应用广泛的Gamma分布,采用近60年的最大24 h暴雨历时资料,评价了模型表现,率定了模型的参数,分析了参数演变特征,并基于上述结果计算了雨型不确定性、复杂度和可预测度的变化趋势。结果表明: 模型具有较高的精度,相关系数平均大于0.92;模型参数的演变趋势表明气候变化背景下最大24 h暴雨雨型呈现出形状因子减小、尺度因子增大的特征;雨型的不确定性总体增加,复杂度和可预测度表现出较高的空间异质性。研究结果将为优化暴雨雨型模型、分析其动态演变提供参考,从而更好地防治洪涝灾害,尤其是降水不确定性高、下垫面条件复杂的喀斯特区域。

Gamma分布  /  设计暴雨雨型  /  Lempel-Ziv复杂度  /  Hurst指数  /  喀斯特区域

Storm rainfall patterns are critical to infrastructure flood control, but the main design methods are hindered by requiring high resolution data and ignoring the impacts of climate change. Taking the typical small and medium-sized river basin (Liudong River Basin) with relatively high flood control pressure in the Karst area of southwest China over the years as an example, based on the Gamma distribution with flexible distribution characteristics and wide application, and using the duration data of the maximum 24-hour rainstorm in the past 60 years, the model performance was evaluated, the parameters of the model were determined, and the evolution characteristics of the parameters were analyzed. Based on the above results, the changing trends of rain pattern uncertainty, complexity and predictability were calculated. The results show that the model has high accuracy, and the average correlation coefficient is greater than 0.92. The evolution trend of the model parameters indicates that under the background of climate change, the rain pattern of the maximum 24-hour rainstorm shows the characteristics of decreasing shape factor and increasing scale factor. The uncertainty of rain patterns has generally increased, and the complexity and predictability show high spatial heterogeneity. The research results will provide references for optimizing the rainstorm rain pattern model and analyzing its dynamic evolution, thereby better preventing and controlling flood disasters, especially in Karst areas with high precipitation uncertainty and complex underlying surface conditions.

Gamma distribution  /  temporal patterns of designing storm  /  Lempel-Ziv complexity  /  Hurst index  /  Karst areas
张翊林, 周向阳, 罗健瑞, 吴明华, 曾俊, 雷文娟. 典型喀斯特流域最大24 h暴雨雨型演变特征:以六硐河流域为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9090 -9101 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412
Yi-lin ZHANG, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Jian-rui LUO, Ming-hua WU, Jun ZENG, Wen-juan LEI. Evolutional Characteristics of Temporal Patterns of the Heaviest 24 h Rainstorm in Typical Karst Regions: A Case in Liudong River Catchment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 9090 -9101 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412
全球持续变暖导致极端降水发生的频率和强度增加,引发严重的洪涝灾害[1-2],导致山洪、城市内涝等灾害越来越频繁[3-5]。2001—2020年,中国洪涝灾害所致经济损失占全部自然灾害损失的平均比例超过50%。不仅如此,在2010年、2016年、2017年、2020年,洪涝灾害所致损失超过了全部自然灾害所致损失的70%[6]。因此,研究气候变化背景下的极端降水强度、频率、过程线等演变特征,对于更好地开展防洪减灾工作具有重要意义。
设计洪水的计算是防洪保障的基础[7],对于无径流资料观测的区域,仍延续传统推理公式法和经验公式法[8],这两种方法都是基于设计暴雨计算得到的。而考虑设计暴雨事件的动态特征,可以更好地适应气候变化并降低防洪风险[9]。暴雨雨型是降雨量的时程分配过程,是设计暴雨、设计洪水计算中的重要一环[10],国际国内也相继开发了一系列的经典设计暴雨雨型,包括:芝加哥雨型[11]、Huff雨型[12]、Pilgrim & Codery雨型[13]和典型雨型同频率、同倍比分析[14]等方法。但上述设计暴雨雨型的前3种模型对历史观测资料依赖较强,芝加哥雨型偏瘦、Huff雨型对时间尺度敏感、P&C雨型推算较复杂等不足,而同频率方法代表性较差、过程线差异大[15]。此外,这些模型的参数多基于历史观测资料的多年平均水平进行率定,并未考虑暴雨雨型在气候变化背景下的演变特征和参数调整问题,从而导致按照相关标准的设计值在一些区域呈现出明显低于实际情况的不足[16]
研究数据资料要求较低、通用性更好的暴雨雨型模型,且更深入考虑雨型在气候变化背景下的演变特征,将为基础设施防洪安全提供更好的保障。对于暴雨雨型模型,采用概率分布函数拟合降雨过程可以更加清晰地表示降雨量随时间变化的特征[17],并且拟合后的雨型与传统雨型相比具有更高的精度[18],在预测极端降雨事件方面较传统雨型更接近实际情况[19]。目前关于气候变化背景下关于暴雨雨型变化特征的研究尚少,Adamowski等[20]研究了加拿大魁北克南部地区年短期极端降雨持续时间和频率(重现期)的不同组合的线性趋势,表明气候变化可能会对设计暴雨产生影响。桑友伟等[21]采用趋势检验、重标极差分析方法等研究了1968—2018年湘北地区暴雨过程气候特征及变化趋势,指出该地区未来较强暴雨过程的发生次数、持续时间和综合强度都将继续增加。黄津辉等[22]基于Huff雨型研究了天津市暴雨雨型的演变,发现近年来暴雨出现了雨峰提前、雨峰峰值升高等现象。
上述研究仅分析了暴雨雨型的变化趋势,而对于气候变化背景下暴雨雨型模型的相关参数如何演变缺少定量分析。因此,现选取西南喀斯特区域历年防洪压力较大的典型中小流域(六硐河流域)为对象,基于分布特征灵活、应用广泛的Gamma分布,采用近60年的最大24 h暴雨历时资料,对暴雨雨型进行拟合,评价模型的精度,率定模型参数和分析参数的演变特征,并基于上述结果分析暴雨雨型的不确定性、复杂度和可预测度的变化趋势。以期为分析气候变化背景下暴雨雨型的演变提供更多的模型选项,从而更好地计算设计暴雨洪水水平、优化基础设计防洪能力和保障人民群众生命财产安全。
Gamma分布广泛应用于降雨、径流等分析中[23],以Gamma分布拟合24 h暴雨中降雨量随时间的变化过程,即暴雨雨型,其表示形式如下。
$f(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha) \beta^{\alpha}} t^{\alpha-1} \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{t}{\beta}}$
式(1)中:t为时间;f(t)为降雨量随时间的变化;α为形状因子;β为尺度因子。Gamma分布的密度曲线如图1所示。
模型误差采用相关系数R、均方根误差(root mean squared error,RMSE)评价,其计算公式为
$R=\sum_{i}^{n} \frac{\left(x_{i}-\bar{x}\right)\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)}{\operatorname{sqrt}\left[\sum_{i}^{n}\left(x_{i}-\bar{x}\right)^{2} \sum_{i}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}\right]}$
式(2)中:n为数据点个数;R为相关系数;xiyi分别为观测值和拟合值; x - y -分别为两个变量的均值。相关系数R越接近于1,表示观测值和拟合值之间线性关系越强,模型拟合效果越好。
$\text { RMSE }=\operatorname{sqrt}\left[\frac{\sum_{i}^{n}\left(\hat{y}-y_{i}\right)}{n}\right]$
式(3)中:yi为第i个观测值的真实值; y ^为第i个观测值的拟合值;n为总观测值的数量。均方根误差RMSE越小,表明观测值与拟合值之间误差越小,模型表现越优。
暴雨雨型即为降雨量随时间的分配过程,将雨量随时间t的变化可记为f(t),则在t时段的累计雨量为其积分形式,表达式为
0 t  f(t)dt=C
1 C 0 t  f(t)dt=1
根据信息熵定义[24-25],可计算为
$H=-\int_{0}^{t} \frac{1}{C} f(t) \ln \frac{f(t)}{C} \mathrm{~d} t$
信息熵越大,说明系统复杂程度越大,不确定性越高。
Lempel-Ziv(LZ)复杂度是一种用于衡量字符串或序列的压缩性和重复性的统计量,其值越大,说明序列没有明显的规律性或重复性,同时新的模式越多[26]。LZ复杂度的计算过程如下。
步骤1 对于序列X = {x1,x2,…,xn},将其转换为二进制序列S={s1,s2,…,sn},大于等于原始序列均值的元素赋值1,否则赋值0。
步骤2 将临时字符变量 S v , 0Q0初始化为空字符,令r = 1,当前复杂度CN(0) = 0。
步骤3 进入n次循环,定义字符串Qr = { Q r - 1sr},并判断Qr是否属于字符串 S v , r - 1  = {Sv,r-1sr-1},若是,则说明当前并未出现新模式,复杂度不变,r = r;若否,则说明出现了新模式,复杂度值加1,清空字符串Qr,r = r+1。
步骤4 重复此步骤直至遍历序列Sn中所有字符,得到序列的复杂度CN(n)。
Hurst指数可用于分时间序列的可预测性,研究采用R/S(范德洪指数法)进行计算,具体步骤如下[27]
步骤1 数据标准化。
$X_{i}=\frac{x_{i}-\mu}{\sigma}$
式(7)中:Xi为标准化后的数据;xi为原始数据;μσ分别为原始数据的均值和标准差。
步骤2 计算R/S值。
R(s)=Max(Xi)-Min(Xi)
$S(s)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N}\left[X_{i}-\mu(s)\right]^{2}}$
式中:R(s)为子序列的范围;S(s)为子序列的标准差;N为子序列的长度;μ(s)为子序列的均值。
步骤3 计算平均R/S值。
$E(R / S)=\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \frac{R\left(s_{i}\right)}{S\left(s_{i}\right)}$
式(10)中:M为尺度的数量;si为第i个尺度。
步骤4 计算Hurst指数HI。
$\mathrm{HI}=\frac{\lg \frac{R(s)}{S(s)}}{\lg s}$
当0.5<HI<1时,表明时间序列存在长期正相关,有可预测性,并且其值越大说明可预测性越高;当HI=0.5时,表明时间序列的变化是无规律的,不可预测;当HI<0.5则说明时间序列预测趋势相反。
研究选取六硐河流域的5个站点建站以来的最大24 h观测资料,其空间分布如图2所示。资料精度为0.5 mm,观测时段截止2022年。鉴于早期暴雨历时数据并未按照每小时进行,一些场次最大24 h降水的历时观测点较少;为提高拟合结果的合理性,研究选取24 h内记录时段数大于等于5、年份持续性好的暴雨历时数据进行雨型拟合,相关信息如表1所示。
六硐河流域位于贵州省南缘中部平塘县,地处中亚热带岩溶喀斯特地区、云贵高原东南坡向广西丘陵的过渡地带上。西北部为侵蚀剥蚀和溶蚀中切割中山台地,海拔1 100~1 487.7 m;西南部为中低山丘陵宽谷,四周是喀斯特低山、低中山和侵蚀剥蚀低中山,海拔617~1 100 m;中部槽渡河流域,河流切割强烈,多为喀斯特峰丛峡谷、峰丛槽谷、侵蚀剥蚀低山,海拔402~1 100 m;东部和东南部为喀斯特峰丛谷地,峰林洼地,峰林盆地、侵蚀剥蚀低中山、低山丘陵,海拔600~850 m。根据平塘县气象站资料统计,区域多年平均气温16.9 ℃,最冷月1月平均气温6.8 ℃,最热月7月平均气温25.3 ℃,多年平均降水量1 182.4 mm,丰水期5—10月占77.1%。
采用式(10)的模型拟合历年的最大24 h暴雨雨型分布特征,观测的累积雨量和模型模拟的累积雨量相关系数的时域变化特征如图3所示。结果表明模型具有较高的精度,各个站的相关系数均呈现较高水平:除去四寨站2014年的暴雨场次模型拟合的相关系数为0.84外,其余站点不同年份的最小值均大于0.92。
类似,计算模型拟合后历年最大24 h暴雨雨型的均方根误差,如图4所示。结果表明:4个站点的均方根误差均呈现一定程度的增加趋势,其中,四寨站斜率最大,为0.083 1;平湖站斜率最小,为0.009 5;墨冲站的均方根误差呈现减小趋势,斜率为-0.008 7。
为进一步分析模型表现的稳定性,分别采用最小二乘法线性拟合(图3图4)和Mann-Kendall趋势检验识别模型相关系数和均方根误差变化趋势的显著性(表2)。结果表明,尽管两个指标具有一定的变化趋势,但均未达到0.05的显著性水平,最大值仅为1.313 5,其对应的Z统计量绝对值均明显低于1.96。故模型的精度较高,且在气候变化背景下稳定性较好。
暴雨雨型由模型的两个参数形状因子α和尺度因子β决定,二者的变化趋势是暴雨雨型演变特征的重要反映。基于模型拟合所得的形状α和尺度因子β两个参数的历年数值,并分析二者的变化趋势,分别如图5图6所示,并对拟合后的模型参数变化趋势的显著性水平进行Mann-Kendall检验,结果如表3所示。
图5可知,5个站点的形状因子α都呈现不同程度的减小趋势,其中墨冲站的斜率最大,斜率为-0.273 9,平湖站斜率最小,斜率为-0.068。对于Gamma分布来说,形状因子的减小会导致Gamma分布的右尾变得更长,这意味着较小的降雨的概率增加,而较大的降雨的概率减少,即暴雨雨型更加极端。同时,随着形状参数的减小,Gamma分布的尾部会变得更长,这表明降雨量在较大值范围内的概率逐渐减小得更慢,即雨峰雨量在观测数据中更为突出。
显著性检验的结果表明,尽管5个站均未达到0.05的显著性水平,但墨冲站已经和临界值十分接近(1.95 vs. 1.96);沙寨站的Z统计量达到-1.504 1,和0.10显著性水平下的临界值-1.64也比较接近。这表明部分站点最大24 h暴雨雨型的减小趋势较显著,在气候变化背景下具有较大的差异。
图6可以看出,除兔场站以极小的斜率减小(-0.001 1)外,其他站点的尺度因子β都呈现不同程度的增加趋势。其中:四寨站的斜率最大,为0.059 7;平湖站的斜率最小,为0.005。对于Gamma分布来说,当尺度因子增加时,分布的形状会变得更加平坦,拖尾性更好,表明降雨量在后半段的分布比例增加。其显著性水平检验的结果也表明其增加趋势,但均未达到0.05的显著性水平;其中四寨站达到0.1的显著性水平,平湖站和沙寨站达到接近0.15的显著性水平(对应Z统计量1.28)。这表明在部分站点其分布的尺度因子增加也较显著。
暴雨雨型的不确定性基于其信息熵获得,其变化趋势通过最小二乘法拟合,绘制各站的信息熵变化趋势,如图7所示。对变化趋势的显著性水平进行Mann-Kendall检验,结果如表4所示。
结果表明:除兔场站略微减小以外,各个站的信息熵均表现出逐渐增加的趋势。其中,兔场站斜率为-0.004 2,其余信息熵呈现增加趋势的站点中平湖站斜率最大,斜率为0.023 9;沙寨站的斜率最小,斜率为0.000 2。当信息熵增加时,说明暴雨过程的分布可能更加多样化,也更加平均。结合两个参数的变化特征分析可知,形状因子减小表明更加极端;而尺度因子增加则拖尾性更好,即更加均匀。Mann-Kendall检验的结果表明,平湖站的信息熵呈现出极显著增加的趋势,而其余4个站均表现出不显著的特征。这表明尽管各站点相距较近,但其不确定性变化特征差异较大。
计算暴雨雨型历年的Lempel-Ziv复杂度,其变化趋势如图8所示;并对Lempel-Ziv复杂度进行Mann-Kendall趋势检验,结果如表4所示。可以看出:5个站的Lempel-Ziv复杂度表现出不同的演变特征。墨冲站、沙寨站、兔场站表现出减小趋势;墨冲站减小的斜率最大,斜率为-0.051,沙寨站减小的斜率最小,斜率为-0.033 7;而平湖站、四寨站表现出增加趋势,平湖站增加的斜率最大,斜率为0.109 2,四寨站斜率为0.047 2。较高的Lempel-Ziv复杂度说明降雨事件的不规律性和不确定性增加。平湖站的Lempel-Ziv复杂度变化趋势最显著,Lempel-Ziv复杂度逐渐增加,说明暴雨雨型在窗口长度时期内随时间出现的新变化越多,发生新变化的速率越快,雨型的变化没有明显的规律或重复性,雨型呈现越来越复杂的趋势;而墨冲站的趋势线表明其Lempel-Ziv复杂度在40年间变化仅由14减小为12,意味着该站点暴雨雨型虽然存在规律性,但并不显著。Mann-Kendall趋势检验的结果和信息熵类似,除平湖站呈现出极显著增加的趋势外,其余4个站均表现出变化不显著的特征。上述结果的较大空间差异性反映出喀斯特区域暴雨雨型具有较高的空间不确定性。
基于各站最大24 h暴雨雨型的Hurst指数,分析其历年的变化趋势,结果如图9所示,并对Hurst指数进行Mann-Kendall趋势检验,结果如表4所示。可以看出,Hurst指数的变化趋势表现出和Lempel-Ziv复杂度相反的特征,原因是前者反映不可预测程度,而后者反映可预测程度。墨冲站、沙寨站、兔场站的Hurst指数呈现出增加趋势,其中墨冲站的斜率最大,为0.001 4;沙寨站的斜率最小,为0.000 3。平湖站、四寨站的Hurst指数呈现减小趋势斜率分别为-0.002 4和-0.001 1。
Hurst指数距离0.5越大表明可预测性越强,反之亦然。分析各站历年Hurst指数距参考值0.5的距离,结果如图10所示,并对Hurst指数与参考值0.5的距离进行Mann-Kendall趋势检验,结果如表4所示。由图10可知,其变化趋势总体与图9相同,即平湖站、四寨站的Hurst指数值随年份的增加表现为逐渐趋近于0.5的趋势,说明这两个站未来与历史的雨型呈正相关但进行长期预测的可信度降低;而墨冲站、沙寨站、兔场站的Hurst指数值随年份的增加表现为逐渐远离0.5的趋势,说明这3个站未来与历史的雨型呈正相关且进行长期预测的可信度增加。
Hurst指数和Hurst指数距离参考值0.5的距离的Mann-Kendall检验结果也和暴雨雨型不确定性、复杂度的预测结果类似,平湖站呈现出极显著增加或减小的特征,而其余站变化不显著。尤其是平湖站,其Hurst指数由1980—1990年的0.7~0.8,正在逐渐趋近于0.5,导致雨型的可预测度接近最低水平。这也可能是近年来该区域下游城镇频繁遭遇洪涝灾害的重要原因之一。
研究以Gamma分布为目标函数,模型拟合结果的相关系数呈现较高水平,最大值接近1,最小值大于0.92,这意味着模型拟合的线性关系较好[28],表明Gamma分布模型能够准确地描述六硐河流域的暴雨雨型,具有较高的可信度。此外,均方根误差整体水平较低,只有少数年份超过10 mm。均方根误差越小,说明模型拟合值与实际观测值之间的误差越小[29]。因此,较小的均方根误差进一步支持了Gamma分布模型在拟合六硐河流域的暴雨雨型方面的可信度。这也和相关研究广泛采用Gamma分布来描述水文过程一致[30-31]。相比传统的雨型,采用Gamma分布拟合具有一些优势,数据分辨率要求较低。因此,研究既能够提供一个较高精度、数据时间分辨率要求较低的模型,同时也从统计学意义上为其提供了理论支撑。
六硐河流域各个测试站点拟合结果的形状因子α均呈现减小趋势,而尺度因子β均呈现增加趋势。形状因子α反映了Gamma分布的偏斜程度,尺度因子β反映了Gamma分布的变异程度[32]。形状因子的减小导致暴雨雨型变得更加极端,表现为初始某一时段更加集中和拖尾性更好,与之对应的是中间时段降水所占比重减小;反之亦然[33]。其次,尺度因子β的增加趋势使得降雨量取值范围扩大,即拖尾性更好,反映出后期时段的降雨量所占比重增加。
因此,两个参数的变化特征表明最大24 h暴雨雨型在气候变化背景下不是简单的更加极端和更加均匀分布,而是二者共同存在。即:前半段某一时段更加极端,后半段拖尾性更强、所占比重增加、分布相对均匀,中间段所占比重则相对减小。二者的总体影响,需要具体问题具体分析。
研究也揭示出暴雨雨型分布密度曲线的信息熵呈现较一致的增加特征,说明其不确定性越来越高,而Lempel-Ziv复杂度和Hurst指数的变化趋势则呈现较大的空间异质性。
对于信息熵,当已知信息或未知信息的某一项所占比重越大,信息熵越小;当二者越接近,则系统不确定性越高[34]。但结合模型两个参数的变化特征分析表明,形状因子α减小导致分布更加集中,不确定性减小;尺度因子β增加导致分布更加均匀,不确定性增大;综合分析表明尺度因子增加是暴雨雨型分布不确定性增大的关键因素。
Lempel-Ziv复杂度的增加表示降雨事件中随机成分的增加,不可预测程度增大[35]。而对于不同站点其变化特征有所差异,表明在西南喀斯特区域暴雨雨型具有较高的空间异质性,即使在中小流域也明显不同。因而在开展水文设计工作时,移用相关气象站的资料进行分析需要慎重考虑。
Hurst指数反映了时间序列的持续性或长期相关性。研究表明:一些站点逐渐趋近于0.5,暴雨雨型将会变得越来越不可预测[36],而另一些站点则逐渐远离0.5,其长期的正相关或负相关在加强。Hurst指数的变化也反映出西南喀斯特区域中小流域暴雨雨型在气候变化背景下,其可预测性也具有较高的空间异质性,要求在进行中长期水文预报时具体问题具体分析。
(1)模型的建立及其可信度。基于两参数Gamma分布模型能够较好地描述最大24 h暴雨雨型的历史分配特征,其相关系数最小不低于0.92,均方根误差最大不低于30 mm。表明Gamma分布模型用来描述暴雨雨型历时在数据时间分辨率较低时精度较高,进一步增加了其适用性。
(2)模型参数演变及其意义。根据对六硐河流域相关站点的模型参数进行拟合,结果表明其形状参数α呈现逐渐减小、尺度参数β呈逐渐增加的特征。前者表明暴雨雨型变化越来越极端:初始时段和尾部时段的比重均进一步增加;后者表明模型的拖尾性进一步增加,即尾部的比重增大。
(3)衍生参数变化特征及意义。信息熵呈现出增加的特征,表明暴雨雨型不确定性逐渐增加,结合两个参数的变化说明其极端性和拖尾性均进一步增强;Hurst指数和Lempel-Ziv复杂度二者的变化趋势均在流域内不同站点呈现出较大的差异,一些站复杂度明显增加、可预测度降低,另一些站则呈现出相反的特征。反映出喀斯特区域中小流域暴雨雨型变化具有较高的空间异质性特征。
上述结果为分析气候变化背景下的暴雨雨型模型提供了更多技术参考和思路,将有助于应对极端气候背景下的洪涝灾害防治。但需要注意所采用的模型为单峰形式,对于双峰或多峰雨型适用性可能不好。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51969006)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42165001)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42167037)
  • 贵州省水利科技项目(KT201707)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-04-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(51969006)
国家自然科学基金(42165001)
国家自然科学基金(42167037)
贵州省水利科技项目(KT201707)
作者信息
    1 贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵阳 550025
    2 贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵阳 550025
    3 贵州省黔南自治州水文水资源局, 都匀 558099

通讯作者:

* 周向阳(1982—),男,汉族,四川德阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:极端气候下的洪旱灾害风险与生态环境安全。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406412
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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