Article(id=1217789885457552076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407579, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=1744732800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768273334134, onlineDateStr=2026-01-13, pubDate=1753632000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768273334134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768273334134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273334134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1217789884081820362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='21', pageStart='8761', pageEnd='9209', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768273333807, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768273602927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1217791012932604620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1217789884081820362, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8889, endPage=8897, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1217789885843428048, articleId=1217789885457552076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Health Status Evaluation of Axial Piston Pump Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-term Memory Network, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The plunger pump is one of the important power conversion components of the hydraulic system, and its performance directly affects the safety and stability of the hydraulic system. In order to accurately evaluate the operating status of the plunger pump, a plunger pump health status assessment method based on a combination of convolutional neural network(CNN) and long short-term memory network(LSTM) was proposed, and a genetic algorithm was introduced to optimize the parameters of the neural network. The vibration signals of the plunger pump at different operating moments were collected. The energy characteristics of the vibration signals were extracted by using wavelet packets. Combined with the time-frequency domain characteristics of the signals, a dataset of the health status characteristics of the plunger pump was constructed. The health status was identified and classified by the CNN-LSTM method, and the classification results were evaluated by sample entropy. To verify the effectiveness of this health assessment method, it was applied to the experimental test of the plunger pump. The results show that the recognition accuracy of this method reaches 99%, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the health status assessment of the plunger pump.

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柱塞泵是液压系统重要的动力转换部件之一,其性能好坏直接影响液压系统的安全和稳定。为准确对柱塞泵的运行状态进行评估,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)结合的柱塞泵健康状态评估方法,引入遗传算法对神经网络的参数进行优化。采集柱塞泵不同运行时刻的振动信号,利用小波包对振动信号进行能量特征提取,结合信号时频域特征,构建柱塞泵健康状态特征数据集,由CNN-LSTM方法进行健康状态识别分类,并通过样本熵评估分类结果。为验证该健康评估方法的有效性,将其应用到柱塞泵的试验测试中,结果表明:该方法的识别准确率达到了99%,能够有效提高对柱塞泵健康状态评估的准确性。

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魏娜莎(1982—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:液压系统状态监测、故障诊断与维修策略。E-mail:

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魏娜莎(1982—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:液压系统状态监测、故障诊断与维修策略。E-mail:

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魏娜莎(1982—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:液压系统状态监测、故障诊断与维修策略。E-mail:

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1为压力表;2为截止阀;3为压力传感器;4为单向阀;5为过滤器;6为柱塞泵;7为电机;8为油箱;9为LMS信号采集仪;10为电脑;11为溢流阀

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Time domain feature calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时域特征 公式
均方根值 F1= 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2
绝对均值 F2= 1 N i = 1 N |x(i)|
标准差 F3= i = 1 N x ( i ) - 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2 N - 1
最大值 F4=max[x(i)]
最小值 F5=min[x(i)]
峰峰值 F6=F5-F4
有效值 F7= 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2
峭度值 F8= i = 1 N x ( i ) - 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 4 ( N - 1 ) F 3 4
脉冲因子 F9= F 4 F 2
裕度因子 F10= F 4 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) | 2
峰值因子 F11= F 6 F 7
波形因子 F12= F 7 2 F 2
能量 F13= i = 1 N x(i)2
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390247498053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

时域特征计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时域特征 公式
均方根值 F1= 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2
绝对均值 F2= 1 N i = 1 N |x(i)|
标准差 F3= i = 1 N x ( i ) - 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2 N - 1
最大值 F4=max[x(i)]
最小值 F5=min[x(i)]
峰峰值 F6=F5-F4
有效值 F7= 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 2
峭度值 F8= i = 1 N x ( i ) - 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) 4 ( N - 1 ) F 3 4
脉冲因子 F9= F 4 F 2
裕度因子 F10= F 4 1 N i = 1 N x ( i ) | 2
峰值因子 F11= F 6 F 7
波形因子 F12= F 7 2 F 2
能量 F13= i = 1 N x(i)2
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390339772742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Frequency domain feature calculation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频域特征 计算公式
重心频率 F14= i = 1 N f i x ( i ) 2 i = 1 N x ( i )
均方频域 F15= i = 1 N f i 2 x ( i ) 2 i = 1 N x ( i )
频率差异 F16=x(i)-x(i-1)2
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390415270215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

频域特征计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
频域特征 计算公式
重心频率 F14= i = 1 N f i x ( i ) 2 i = 1 N x ( i )
均方频域 F15= i = 1 N f i 2 x ( i ) 2 i = 1 N x ( i )
频率差异 F16=x(i)-x(i-1)2
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390482379080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Information of signal acquisition equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 类别 参数
采集仪 品牌 SIEMENS
型号 SCM2E09
传感器 类型 三轴加速度
型号 356A16
灵敏度 100 mV/g
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390545293641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

信号采集设备信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称 类别 参数
采集仪 品牌 SIEMENS
型号 SCM2E09
传感器 类型 三轴加速度
型号 356A16
灵敏度 100 mV/g
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390616596810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Piston pump operating status classification label

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试位置 状态类别 标签
壳体上侧 正常 1
出油口 正常 2
轴承前侧 正常 3
壳体前侧 正常 4
进油口 正常 5
壳体后侧 正常 6
轴承前侧 异常 7
壳体上侧 异常 8
进油口 异常 9
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390687899979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

柱塞泵运行状态分类标签

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试位置 状态类别 标签
壳体上侧 正常 1
出油口 正常 2
轴承前侧 正常 3
壳体前侧 正常 4
进油口 正常 5
壳体后侧 正常 6
轴承前侧 异常 7
壳体上侧 异常 8
进油口 异常 9
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390750814540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of recognition results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 识别准确率/%
CNN 92
LSTM 84
CNN-LSTM 99
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390809534797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

识别结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 识别准确率/%
CNN 92
LSTM 84
CNN-LSTM 99
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390868255054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Variation intervals of entropy in different health states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 熵值
正常状态 轻微磨损
前25%分位数 1.203 4 1.758 3
前75%分位数 1.535 9 1.961 2
), ArticleFig(id=1217881390931169615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1217789885457552076, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同健康状态熵值变化区间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态 熵值
正常状态 轻微磨损
前25%分位数 1.203 4 1.758 3
前75%分位数 1.535 9 1.961 2
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基于卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络的轴向柱塞泵健康状态评估
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魏娜莎 , 刘江锋 , 丁泽鹏 , 田志毅
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(21): 8889-8897
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基于卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络的轴向柱塞泵健康状态评估
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魏娜莎 , 刘江锋, 丁泽鹏, 田志毅
作者信息
  • 太原科技大学车辆与交通工程学院, 太原 030024
  • 魏娜莎(1982—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,副教授。研究方向:液压系统状态监测、故障诊断与维修策略。E-mail:

Health Status Evaluation of Axial Piston Pump Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-term Memory Network
Na-sha WEI , Jiang-feng LIU, Ze-peng DING, Zhi-yi TIAN
Affiliations
  • School of Vehicle and Traffic Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-07-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407579
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柱塞泵是液压系统重要的动力转换部件之一,其性能好坏直接影响液压系统的安全和稳定。为准确对柱塞泵的运行状态进行评估,提出了一种基于卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)和长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory network,LSTM)结合的柱塞泵健康状态评估方法,引入遗传算法对神经网络的参数进行优化。采集柱塞泵不同运行时刻的振动信号,利用小波包对振动信号进行能量特征提取,结合信号时频域特征,构建柱塞泵健康状态特征数据集,由CNN-LSTM方法进行健康状态识别分类,并通过样本熵评估分类结果。为验证该健康评估方法的有效性,将其应用到柱塞泵的试验测试中,结果表明:该方法的识别准确率达到了99%,能够有效提高对柱塞泵健康状态评估的准确性。

轴向柱塞泵  /  卷积神经网络  /  长短时记忆网络  /  健康评估

The plunger pump is one of the important power conversion components of the hydraulic system, and its performance directly affects the safety and stability of the hydraulic system. In order to accurately evaluate the operating status of the plunger pump, a plunger pump health status assessment method based on a combination of convolutional neural network(CNN) and long short-term memory network(LSTM) was proposed, and a genetic algorithm was introduced to optimize the parameters of the neural network. The vibration signals of the plunger pump at different operating moments were collected. The energy characteristics of the vibration signals were extracted by using wavelet packets. Combined with the time-frequency domain characteristics of the signals, a dataset of the health status characteristics of the plunger pump was constructed. The health status was identified and classified by the CNN-LSTM method, and the classification results were evaluated by sample entropy. To verify the effectiveness of this health assessment method, it was applied to the experimental test of the plunger pump. The results show that the recognition accuracy of this method reaches 99%, which can effectively improve the accuracy of the health status assessment of the plunger pump.

axial piston pump  /  convolutional neural network  /  long short-term memory network  /  health assessment
魏娜莎, 刘江锋, 丁泽鹏, 田志毅. 基于卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络的轴向柱塞泵健康状态评估. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8889 -8897 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407579
Na-sha WEI, Jiang-feng LIU, Ze-peng DING, Zhi-yi TIAN. Health Status Evaluation of Axial Piston Pump Based on Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-term Memory Network[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (21) : 8889 -8897 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407579
柱塞泵具有结构紧凑、容积效率高、寿命长、噪声小等优点,被广泛应用于工程机械、石油化工、生物制药和食品加工等多个领域[1]。在实际的生产过程中,柱塞泵性能不仅影响工业生产的效率,而且对整个液压系统的可靠性至关重要,因此对柱塞泵的运行状态进行健康评估具有重要意义。
近年来,随着研究的不断深化和技术的飞速进步,深度学习在健康评估和故障分类领域展现出了广阔的应用前景。越来越多的学者聚焦于这一前沿技术,深入探索其在健康评估和故障诊断领域的潜力。李志远等[2]基于对压力信号的分析,提出一种经验模态分解和深度森林相结合的健康评估方法,实现对柱塞泵的健康状态评估。王浩任等[3]提出了一种小波包和拉普拉斯特征映射相结合的方法,基于对振动信号的分析,进而实现对液压泵的健康状态评估。Li等[4]针对液压泵振动信号特征提取和运行状态评估困难等问题,提出了一种基于长短时记忆网络和变分自编码器相结合(long short-term memory and variational auto-encoder,LSTM-VAE)的液压泵健康状态评估方法,实现对齿轮泵运行状态的健康评估,但需要大量的齿轮泵运行数据作支撑。Tang等[5]建立了一种具有批量归一化策略的归一化卷积神经网络(normalized convolutional neural network,NCNN)框架,并用贝叶斯算法调参,实现对液压泵的故障分类。Ding等[6]提出一种基于逻辑回归的健康评估和故障分类预后方法,基于液压泵的振动信号实现对液压泵健康检测和故障分类。刘志宇等[7]提出了一种深度学习和迁移学习结合的评估方法,能够有效提高预测准确率。徐昌玲等[8]将卷积神经网络应用到柱塞泵的故障诊断中,并取得较高的识别准确率。唐旭等[9]将提取的振动信号特征输入LSTM网对轴承的退化程度进行预测,得到了较好的效果。姜广君等[10]将卷积神经网络和长短时记忆结合用于滚动轴承的寿命预测,并取得了较好的效果。Hornáček等[11]基于数据驱动的方法,通过对泵的压力、电流和运行频率进行分析,同时结合算法来检测泵的故障和异常情况,进而监测泵的健康状况,并成功地在潜在问题发展为严重故障之前识别了潜在问题,从而提高了运营效率并减少了停机时间。
现基于CNN网络的空间特征提取能力和LSTM网络对扑捉时序信号长期依赖关系的优势,提出一种卷积神经网络和长短时记忆网络相结合算法。通过小波包分解提取振动信号的能量特征,并与时频特征结合构建柱塞泵系统健康状态评估数据集,设置CNN-LSTM网络模型的初始参数,利用遗传算法对网络模型的参数进行优化,旨在实现通过实测信号借助深度学习算法完成对柱塞泵状态的在线识别与分类,最后利用样本熵对被测柱塞泵的状态进行评估,并从频域角度分析试验中异常变化出现的原因。
小波包分解是一种基于小波分析的信号分析方法,其基本思想是通过迭代的方式,将信号分解为不同频率带的过程。小波包三层分解示意图如图1所示。利用小波包对振动信号进行分解,信号经小波包分解后,生成一组能够反映信号在不同频带上能量分布情况的小波包系数,将这些系数求平方和后便可用于对信号能量分布特征的描述[12]。各节点的能量计算公式为
Ej= i = 1 N ( x j , i ) 2
式(1)中:Ej为第j个节点的能量;xj,i为第j个节点的第i个小波包系数;N为信号长度。
时域特征能够在时间维度上揭示信号的整体变化特点,对信号的动态特性有较为直观的反映,对理解和分析信号的动态变化特性具有重要作用。时域特征的计算方法如表1所示。
频域特征是从频率成分和频率分布情况来对信号的频率进行较为全面的描述。为更准确地反映机械设备状态的变化情况,通过快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)[13],将信号从时域转换到频域,进一步从频域提取信号的特征,来更全面地了解和分析设备状态变化特性。频域特征计算方法如表2所示。
为保证分析结果的准确性,避免因某些小波包节点能量值的过大造成偏差,通常要对小波包系数进行标准化处理,使得各节点值在一定范围内。采用Z-score标准化方法对特征向量进行处理,其理论公式为
e= x - μ σ
式(2)中:e为标准化后的值;x为原始信号值;μ为均值;σ为均方根值。
样本熵[14-15]作为一种衡量时间序列复杂性的指标,能够通过计算信号序列中产生新模式的概率来估计复杂程度,熵值越小,时间序列的复杂度越小,自相似性越高,其理论计算公式为
SampEn(m,r,N)=-ln[Am(r)/Bm(r)]
式(3)中:m为维数;r为相似容限;N为时间序列长度;Bm(r)为在相似容限r下两个序列匹配m个点的概率;Am(r)为两个序列匹配m+1个点的概率。
基于第1节介绍的小波包分解、时域和频域方法对监测信号进行特征提取并构建特征数据集后,将详细阐述基于CNN-LSTM网络模型的柱塞泵健康评估流程,并通过遗传算法优化网络的初始参数,提升模型的性能,引入样本熵作为评价指标,进而输出最后的结果。具体的健康状态评估流程如图2所示。
卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks, CNN)是一种前馈神经网络[16],主要由输入层、卷积层、ReLU激活层、批量化归一层、全连接层和输出层组成,一维卷积神经网络结构如图3所示。
卷积层通过卷积核对输入数据进行卷积运算来提取特征,其运算表达式为
$\boldsymbol{x}_{j}^{l}=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \boldsymbol{x}_{i}^{l-1} * \boldsymbol{w}_{i j}^{l}+\boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{l}$
式(4)中: x i l为第1层第i个输出; x i l - 1为其中第i个特征; w i j l为第1层第i个卷积核的第j个权重值; b j l为第1层的第j个偏置;*为卷积运算。
ReLU激活层将卷积层传递过来的数据进行非线性转换,进而提高网络的识别能力,即
f(x)=max(0,x)
式(5)中:x为输入值;f(x)为激活值。
将激活的特征数据传递到池化层后,采用平均池化方法来提取数据的关键特征,其表达式为
$y_{i}^{\text {out }}=f_{\text {avg }}\left(y_{i}^{\text {in }}, y_{i+1}^{\text {in }}\right)$
式(6)中: y i i n为第i个神经元的输入;favg(·)为函数的平均值; y o u t i为第i个神经元的输出。
然后经全连接层将提取的特征映射到类别标签上,最后传递给Softmax层进行输出。
长短期记忆神经网络[17-18](long short-term memory,LSTM)是由Hochreiter & Schmidhuber在1997年提出,并在随后的工作中被许多人提炼和推广,现已在多个领域得到广泛应用。LSTM是一种基于循环神经网络的改进体,通过引入一种“门控”机制,有效地解决了梯度消失和梯度爆炸的问题。其内部有一个细胞单元和3个门:遗忘门、输入门和输出门,3个门通过有选择性的添加或删除信息,来实现对细胞状态的保护和控制,进而改善了循环神经网络的长期依赖问题。其网络结构如图4所示。当有新信息传递过来时,首先进入遗忘门,对信息进行筛选,通过筛选的新信息流入到输入门,对细胞状态进行更新,随后由输出门输出更新后的细胞单元。其理论公式如下。
ft=σ(wf·[ht-1,xt]+bf)
it=σ(wi·[ht-1,xt]+bi)
$\tilde{\boldsymbol{C}}_{t}=\tanh \left(\boldsymbol{w}_{\mathrm{c}} \cdot\left[\boldsymbol{h}_{t-1}, \boldsymbol{x}_{t}\right]+\boldsymbol{b}_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$
$C_{t}=f_{t} * C_{t-1}+i_{t} * \tilde{C}_{t}$
ot=σ(wo·[ht-1,xt]+bo)
ht=ot*tanh(Ct)
式中:wfwcwiwo为输出门的权重矩阵;bfbibcbo为输出门的偏置向量;Ct-1为第t-1轮细胞状态的值;ht-1为第t-1轮循环的结果;σ为激活函数;it为当前时刻状态的添加值;itotftCt分别为第t轮各门控单元和“记忆单元”输出的值;ht为当前时刻的输出值;xt为当前时刻的输入值。
长短期卷积神经网络(CNN-LSTM)将卷积神经网络(CNN)和长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的优点相结合,旨在处理序列数据并捕捉长期依赖关系。在CNN-LSTM中,由CCN的卷积层对数据的特征进行提取,LSTM层则对数据的长期依赖关系进行捕捉。这样结合的优点是充分利用了CNN在空间维度上的优势和LSTM在时间维度上的优势,从而提升模型的性能,其网络结构示意图如图5所示。
试验是依托斜盘式轴向柱塞泵来开展的,测试系统是按照《液压传动 电控液压泵 性能试验方法》(GB/T 23253—2009)进行搭建。测试试验台及信号采集设备如图6所示,主要包括被测轴向柱塞泵、驱动电机、油箱、液压控制管路和加速度传感器等,其液压系统原理如图7所示。将传感器布置在被测柱塞泵的轴承前侧、壳体四周,及进、出油口等核心区域,轴承前侧可以监测被测柱塞泵轴承的运转状态,壳体四周能够监测柱塞副运转情况,进油口处用于监测试验中进油口油压产生的压力脉冲,从多个区域采集柱塞泵运行过程中的振动信号。信号采集设备的相关参数如表3所示。试验中,柱塞泵的转速设置为2 000 r/min,进油高压管路的压力为28 MPa。
试验测试的总时长为600 h,测试过程中被测柱塞泵未发生严重故障。故根据实际测试情况,选择了被测柱塞泵的6个核心区域的6种正常状态信号和3种异常状态信号来验证CNN-LSTM神经网络的有效性和识别准确度,具体的分类标签如表4所示。
由于测试时长相隔太近,柱塞泵的状态变化不明显,因此,以一定的时间间隔采集了振动数据。试验的采样频率为20 kHz,采样时长为300 s,信号的采样点数超600万个。从采集的振动信号中提取小波包能量系数、时域特征和频域特征,并根据式(2)对提取的特征信号进行标准化处理,基于实际需要和计算效率的考虑,进行小波包4层分解,得到16个小波包能量系数,具体的计算公式如第2节所述。用提取的16个小波包能量系数与16个时频特征构建特征向量集。信号正常状态和异常状态的时域图如图8所示,将不同健康状态信号按照每10 000个采样点为一组,每种状态的样本数量为600个,9种健康状态的共5 400个样本。从每种健康状态的样本中选出420个样本为训练样本,180个测试样本,共选出3 780个训练样本,1 620个测试样本。
利用CNN-LSTM模型对柱塞泵的5种健康状态进行识别。在CNN-LSTM模型中,CNN层主要有2个卷积层、2个激活层、1个池化层和1个flatten层。其中,第一层卷积层采用16个32×1的卷积核,步长为1;第二层卷积层采用32个16×1的卷积核,步长为1;2个激活层的函数均为Relu函数;池化层采用平均池化方式;LSTM层主要有1个LSTM层、1个dropout层、1个全连层和1个softmax层。其中,dropout层的遗忘率为0.5;softmax层输出神经元数量为9,对应表4中的9种健康状态类别。
在CNN-LSTM网络中,训练集的准确率和损失函数与迭代次数之间的关系如图9所示。可以看出,在训练过程中,随着迭代次数的增加,训练集的准确率在持续上升,损失函数在逐渐降低。当迭代到400次左右时,开始趋于稳定,经过2 900次迭代后停止。最终训练集的最高识别准确率达到了99.8%,在迭代次数为500左右后可以实现。
测试集分类结果的混淆矩阵如图10所示,可以看出,类别1、3、7、8、9全部准确识别;类别2中有1个被误识别为类别7;类别4和类别5中各有1个被误识别为类别8;类别6中有5个样本被误识别为类别1。测试集总的识别准确率达到了99%。
为验证所提方法的有效性,将构建的数据集分别用单独的CNN和LSTM网络进行分类预测,识别准确率结果如表5所示。所提模型较CNN模型的准确率提高了7%,较LSTM提高了15%,具有更高的识别准确率。另外,通过对比训练集准确率和损失函数曲线,如图11所示,可以明显看出,在相同的迭代次数下,CNN-LSTM模型的准确率提升速度更快。
试验使用了三轴加速度传感器采集振动数据,其信号幅值的包络线如图12所示,可以看到信号在xy方向的幅值相对较小,z方向的幅值相对较大。通过分析发现,z方向信号的规律更明显。因此,选择z方向的振动信号来对柱塞泵的健康状态进行评估。
为更直观地了解柱塞泵在测试过程中的状态变化,从不同测试时段的振动数据中选择了9组,采用非重叠移动滑窗方法对信号进行分段,设置滑动窗口大小为640,即每640个采样点为一组,计算每组信号的样本熵值,利用四分位数计算法求出柱塞泵不同时刻运行状态的样本熵值变化区间,信号的样本熵值箱图如图13所示,其中,第1~3组是柱塞泵测试试验前200 h内的3组振动数据的样本熵值;第4~6组是测试时长为200~400 h的3组振动数据的样本熵值;第7~9组是测试时长400~600 h的3组振动数据的样本熵值。
蓝色箱体上下边界表示第三四分位数(即75%分位数)和第一四分位数(即25%分位数);黑色触须为数据集中的非异常值的最大值和最小值,展示了数据的范围;箱体中间的红色线条和十字标点分别为数据的中位数和异常数据点试验使用的是全新的轴向柱塞泵进行测试,受生产制造过程中工艺精度的影响,柱塞泵在测试的前期存在一定时长的磨合期,对应图中第1~3组的熵值变化,泵内部的动态变化性较大,传感器接收的振动信号相对较大,样本熵值相应较大。随着运行时间的不断增长,泵内各部件逐渐磨合,配合更加紧密,柱塞泵逐渐趋于稳定运行状态,对应图中第4~6组的熵值变化,柱塞泵经过一段时间的稳定运行后,再次对泵的运行状态进行数据采集,发现熵值有明显的增大,对应图中第7~9组的熵值,推测可能是泵内部出现了磨损,从而导致熵值的增大。经停机检查,拆解被测柱塞泵进行后,发现配流盘、柱塞和滑靴上均出现明显可见的磨损,磨损元件实物图如图14所示。另外,还通过在图13中加入红色十字的标识点来反映测试中出现异常变化段信号的熵值,如果异常变化信号段的振动方向于传感器的测试方向一致,则位于每组熵值变化区间的上方,反之,则位于每组熵值变化区间的下方,且位置相距越远,意味着测试中的异常变化越显著。
根据样本熵值的计算结果,以及对数据分析和试验实际情况,取不同健康状态熵值的前25%分位数和75%分位数作为变化区间,如表6所示,正常状态熵值为1.203 4~1.535 9,轻度磨损熵值为1.758 3~1.961 2,当熵值超过1.535 9时则可能开始出现磨损现象,实际使用过程中可以对泵进行适当的检查保养,以使其保持良好的性能和具有更长的寿命。
为探究柱塞泵运行过程中出现异常变化的原因,进一步对柱塞泵振动频率进行分析。柱塞泵在工作过程中,不同的故障发生时均会有其特定的特征频率[19]。柱塞泵工作时,由泵内部往复运动件所引起的不平衡振动频率为
f1= n Z 60
泵的固有流量脉动和压力冲击引发的周期性振动频率为
f2= 2 n Z 60
式中:n为转速,r/min;Z为柱塞数量,个。
试验中,被测柱塞泵的转速为2 000 r/min,柱塞数为9个,故内部往复件振动的理论频率为300 Hz,流量脉冲引发振动的理论频率为600 Hz。通过对采集数据的分析发现,在频率为2 998、894和2 068 Hz处的幅值增长变化较大,即内部往复件的振动频率及其3倍、4倍频处;以及频率为596、178 8和2 384 Hz处的幅值增长变化较大,即流量脉冲频率及其3倍、4倍频处,如图15所示。实测频率与理论频率较为接近,因而可以推断出,被测柱塞泵在运行过程中伴随有往复件振动、流量脉冲和压力冲击引发的振动产生,是造成信号异常变化的主要原因。
通过柱塞泵的试验测试,验证了算法模型的有效性,可以得到如下结论。
(1)提出一种基于CNN和LSTM结合的健康状态评估方法,充分利用CNN网络的空间特征提取能力和LSTM网络捕捉时序信号长期依赖关系的优势,试验验证表明,该方法对柱塞泵的健康状态分类准确率为99%,能够有效提高识别准确率。
(2)基于非重叠移动滑窗方法将信号分为若干段,计算每段信号的样本熵值,利用四分位数计算法得出了柱塞泵在不同健康状态下的熵值区间,正常状态熵值为1.203 4~1.535 9,轻度磨损熵值为1.758 3~1.961 2,并分析了柱塞泵试验运行状态的变化情况。
(3)从频域角度分析了信号幅值突增现象的原因,主要是由柱塞泵内部往复件振动,以及流量脉冲和压力冲击所产生,同时也反映出样本熵值能够有效评价柱塞泵的运行状态。
  • 山西省自然科学研究面上项目(202103021224087)
  • 山西省科技重大专项计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(202401020101003)
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2025年第25卷第21期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407579
  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-01-13
  • 出版时间:2025-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
  • 修回日期:2025-04-16
基金
山西省自然科学研究面上项目(202103021224087)
山西省科技重大专项计划“揭榜挂帅”项目(202401020101003)
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    太原科技大学车辆与交通工程学院, 太原 030024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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