Article(id=1209819473993920627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405887, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766373039958, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766373039958, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766373039958, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373039958, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8272, endPage=8281, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209819474400768119, articleId=1209819473993920627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Simulation of Emergency Evacuation of Aircraft Passengers at High Plateau Airport, columnId=1209816723440668890, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the impact of altitude on the emergency evacuation of aircraft passengers at airports, a simulation model for emergency evacuation of aircraft accidents at airports was built. By introducing panic factor, age factor, gender factor and altitude correction factor, passenger walking speed at different altitudes was quantitatively characterized, and passenger evacuation effects were analyzed under conditions such as different altitudes, with or without evacuation guidance, and cabin aisle spacing, dual aircraft evacuation. The results show that the impact of emergency evacuation time in a high plateau environment is mainly reflected in the middle and late stages of cabin evacuation and ground evacuation. When the altitude is 4 280 m, the cabin evacuation time is increased by 19.6 s and the overall evacuation time is increased by 44.1 s compared with the plain area. By setting cabin crew guidance, cabin evacuation time is reduced by 18.1 s and evacuation efficiency is increased by 16.5%. When the width of aisle spacing is increased to 60 cm, the evacuation time in the cabin is reduced by 20.8 s, and the evacuation efficiency is increased by 19%. Compared with single-aircraft evacuation, the evacuation time of dual-aircraft evacuation is significantly increased, so it is necessary to optimize the evacuation strategy. The research results can provide theoretical support for the optimization of aircraft emergency evacuation schemes at high plateau airport.

, correspAuthors=Quan SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Pei ZHU, Jian-gao ZHANG, Shi-qi WANG, Zhi SUN, Quan SHAO, Wei-wang CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209819478028841182, articleId=1209819473993920627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高高原机场航空器旅客应急疏散模拟, columnId=1209816723637801186, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为探究海拔高度对机场航空器旅客应急疏散的影响,构建机场航空器事故应急疏散仿真模型,通过引入恐慌因子、年龄因子、性别因子以及海拔修正系数,定量表征不同海拔环境下旅客行走速度,分析不同海拔高度、有无疏散引导、舱内过道间距及双航空器碰撞等工况下旅客疏散效果。结果表明:相对于平原,高高原环境下应急疏散时间影响主要体现在舱内疏散中后期和地面疏散阶段;海拔高度4 280 m时,与平原地区相比,舱内疏散时间增加19.6 s,总体疏散时间增加44.1 s;设置舱内机组人员引导,舱内疏散时间减少18.1 s,疏散效率提升16.5%;增加过道间距宽度至60 cm时,舱内疏散时间减少了20.8 s,疏散效率提升19%;相对于单航空器疏散,双航空器疏散时间显著增加,需要优化疏散策略。本文研究结果可为高高原机场航空器突发事件应急疏散方案优化提供理论支持。, correspAuthors=邵荃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邵荃(1981—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航应急管理。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gNCHsfTGypcf/4sNI4kKAQ==, magXml=XNV77psAFoPvhF2kD9tagw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xNxlx6WJROTrVuAuTVgZEw==, pdfFileSize=10352271, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=j0ojiuXUW3FOUXO4Y07YSQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=oGxwF4cgr7lLVY3bFVNg2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱培(1989—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,讲师。研究方向:航空安全与应急管理。E-mail:

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Chinese Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2022, 36(6): 401-409., articleTitle=Advances in research on the effects of hypoxia in plateau environments on cognitive function and its protection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885649839198334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=张朝倩, journalName=民用机场航站楼火灾仿真与应急疏散研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张朝倩. 民用机场航站楼火灾仿真与应急疏散研究[D]. 天津: 中国民航大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885649952444543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zhang Chaoqian, journalName=Civil Aviation University of China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Chaoqian. Study of fire simulation and emergency evacuation in civil airport terminal[D]. Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650057302144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=中国民用航空局, journalName=北京, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国民用航空局.运输类飞机适航标准: CCAR-25-R4[S]. 北京: 中国民用航空局, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650136993921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Civil Aviation Administration of China, journalName=Beijing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Civil Aviation Administration of China.Air worthiness standard for transport aircraft: CCAR-25-R4[S]. 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Altitude correction factors for high plateau areas at different altitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高高原机场 高度/m 系数kH
林芝米林机场 2 949 0.85
拉萨贡嘎机场 3 570 0.80
甘孜康定机场 4 280 0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645602951210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高高原海拔修正系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高高原机场 高度/m 系数kH
林芝米林机场 2 949 0.85
拉萨贡嘎机场 3 570 0.80
甘孜康定机场 4 280 0.70
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645682642988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

People data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 男士(18~60岁) 女士(18~55岁)
肩宽/mm 398 431 460 486 363 397 428 458
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645791694894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人物数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 男士(18~60岁) 女士(18~55岁)
肩宽/mm 398 431 460 486 363 397 428 458
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645875580978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sex to age ratio of evacuees

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 性别 18~50岁 50~60岁
比例/% 32 18
32 18
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645955272755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

疏散人员性别年龄比例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 性别 18~50岁 50~60岁
比例/% 32 18
32 18
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646039158837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Condition table1

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方案 海拔/m 风向 应急出口 过道间距/cm
1 0 R1、R2、R3 50
2 2 949 R1、R2、R3 50
3 3 570 R1、R2、R3 50
4 4 280 R1、R2、R3 50
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646110462007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

工况表1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 海拔/m 风向 应急出口 过道间距/cm
1 0 R1、R2、R3 50
2 2 949 R1、R2、R3 50
3 3 570 R1、R2、R3 50
4 4 280 R1、R2、R3 50
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646177570874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Evacuate simulation data under different altitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 海拔/m 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
1 0 89.8 156.4
2 2 949 95.7 174.9
3 3 570 99.1 178.4
4 4 280 109.4 200.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646274039866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同海拔高度下疏散仿真数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 海拔/m 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
1 0 89.8 156.4
2 2 949 95.7 174.9
3 3 570 99.1 178.4
4 4 280 109.4 200.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646336954428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Evacuate simulation data with or without guidance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
未引导 109.4 200.5
引导 91.3 190.2
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646391480383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

有无引导时疏散仿真数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
未引导 109.4 200.5
引导 91.3 190.2
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646454394946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Evacuation simulation data with aisle spacing of 60 cm at different altitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔/m 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
0 81.2 146.7
2 949 88.4 164.8
3 570 94.7 169.8
4 280 102.7 199.7
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646555058245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同海拔高度下过道间距60 cm疏散仿真数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海拔/m 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散时间/s
0 81.2 146.7
2 949 88.4 164.8
3 570 94.7 169.8
4 280 102.7 199.7
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646668304456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Condition table 4

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 海拔/m 风向 航空器1 航空器2 碰撞角度/(°)
1 0 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
2 0 西南 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
3 4 280 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
4 4 280 西南 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646752190539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

工况4列表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 海拔/m 风向 航空器1 航空器2 碰撞角度/(°)
1 0 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
2 0 西南 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
3 4 280 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
4 4 280 西南 L1、L2、L3 R2、R3、L2、L3 60
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646827688014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Evacuate simulation data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散
时间/s
航空器1 航空器2
1 86.1 148.1 194.0
2 99.2 136.5 183.1
3 110.4 163.4. 235.1
4 125.6 155.5 231.9
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646911574095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473993920627, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

疏散仿真数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 舱内疏散时间/s 总共疏散
时间/s
航空器1 航空器2
1 86.1 148.1 194.0
2 99.2 136.5 183.1
3 110.4 163.4. 235.1
4 125.6 155.5 231.9
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高高原机场航空器旅客应急疏散模拟
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朱培 1 , 张剑高 1 , 王诗琪 1 , 孙智 1 , 邵荃 1, * , 陈维旺 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025,25(19): 8272-8281
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025, 25(19): 8272-8281
高高原机场航空器旅客应急疏散模拟
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朱培1 , 张剑高1, 王诗琪1, 孙智1, 邵荃1, * , 陈维旺2
作者信息
  • 1 南京航空航天大学, 民航应急科学与技术重点实验室, 南京 211106
  • 2 中国民航大学, 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室, 天津 300300
  • 朱培(1989—),男,汉族,河南商丘人,博士,讲师。研究方向:航空安全与应急管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*邵荃(1981—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航应急管理。E-mail:
Simulation of Emergency Evacuation of Aircraft Passengers at High Plateau Airport
Pei ZHU1 , Jian-gao ZHANG1, Shi-qi WANG1, Zhi SUN1, Quan SHAO1, * , Wei-wang CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Emergency Science and Technology CAAC, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Civil Aviation Thermal Disaster Prevention and Emergency, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405887
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为探究海拔高度对机场航空器旅客应急疏散的影响,构建机场航空器事故应急疏散仿真模型,通过引入恐慌因子、年龄因子、性别因子以及海拔修正系数,定量表征不同海拔环境下旅客行走速度,分析不同海拔高度、有无疏散引导、舱内过道间距及双航空器碰撞等工况下旅客疏散效果。结果表明:相对于平原,高高原环境下应急疏散时间影响主要体现在舱内疏散中后期和地面疏散阶段;海拔高度4 280 m时,与平原地区相比,舱内疏散时间增加19.6 s,总体疏散时间增加44.1 s;设置舱内机组人员引导,舱内疏散时间减少18.1 s,疏散效率提升16.5%;增加过道间距宽度至60 cm时,舱内疏散时间减少了20.8 s,疏散效率提升19%;相对于单航空器疏散,双航空器疏散时间显著增加,需要优化疏散策略。本文研究结果可为高高原机场航空器突发事件应急疏散方案优化提供理论支持。
高高原机场  /  航空器事故  /  应急疏散  /  仿真建模  /  优化策略

In order to explore the impact of altitude on the emergency evacuation of aircraft passengers at airports, a simulation model for emergency evacuation of aircraft accidents at airports was built. By introducing panic factor, age factor, gender factor and altitude correction factor, passenger walking speed at different altitudes was quantitatively characterized, and passenger evacuation effects were analyzed under conditions such as different altitudes, with or without evacuation guidance, and cabin aisle spacing, dual aircraft evacuation. The results show that the impact of emergency evacuation time in a high plateau environment is mainly reflected in the middle and late stages of cabin evacuation and ground evacuation. When the altitude is 4 280 m, the cabin evacuation time is increased by 19.6 s and the overall evacuation time is increased by 44.1 s compared with the plain area. By setting cabin crew guidance, cabin evacuation time is reduced by 18.1 s and evacuation efficiency is increased by 16.5%. When the width of aisle spacing is increased to 60 cm, the evacuation time in the cabin is reduced by 20.8 s, and the evacuation efficiency is increased by 19%. Compared with single-aircraft evacuation, the evacuation time of dual-aircraft evacuation is significantly increased, so it is necessary to optimize the evacuation strategy. The research results can provide theoretical support for the optimization of aircraft emergency evacuation schemes at high plateau airport.

high plateau airport  /  aircraft accident  /  emergency evacuation  /  simulation modeling  /  optimizing strategy
朱培, 张剑高, 王诗琪, 孙智, 邵荃, 陈维旺. 高高原机场航空器旅客应急疏散模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8272 -8281 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405887
Pei ZHU, Jian-gao ZHANG, Shi-qi WANG, Zhi SUN, Quan SHAO, Wei-wang CHEN. Simulation of Emergency Evacuation of Aircraft Passengers at High Plateau Airport[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8272 -8281 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405887
高高原机场是指标高在2 438 m以上的机场,而中国拥有高高原机场25座,约占全球的50%左右。高高原机场存在低压低氧、复杂气象等恶劣环境,将导致航空器性能下降、人员高原反应等问题,更容易引起飞行区地面航空器事故发生,进而对高高原机场运行安全产生巨大的威胁。因此,探究高高原机场飞行区航空器事故应急疏散规律以及策略显得极为重要。
国内外学者开展大量应急疏散效率和策略相关研究。如Gobbin等[1]基于多智能体疏散模型,探究了步行速度、身体尺寸、出口分配等重要参数对疏散时间的影响;焦宇阳[2]基于人体弹性系数,研究了个体碰撞对疏散效率的影响;谢欣等[3]基于Pathfinder考虑真实人体参数建立大型民用机库疏散仿真模型,并将模拟结果应用于虚拟现实模型构建,开发虚拟现实应急疏散仿真系统;田水承等[4]研究了客舱中部应急出口布置对应急疏散的影响;刘杰[5]研究了旅客安全态度对非适应性疏散行为的作用机理,构建了包含安全态度、风险感知和非适应性疏散行为的理论模型;陈琨等[6]研究了民用飞机典型高密度、多障碍客舱环境下,人员心理状态对疏散瓶颈形成及其变化规律的影响;邵荃等[7]基于仿真模型探究了机场旅客多阶段应急疏散行为,发现适当的人员引导可以有效降低恐慌因子,减少人员疏散时间;王浩[8]采用虚拟现实技术开展飞行区突发事件疏散研究,结合旅客舱内舱外不同行为特征,建立了飞行区多阶段旅客应急疏散模型;魏诗雨等[9]引入惶恐因子和集体关系因素对传统社会力模型进行改进,分析拥挤点产生原因及环境影响因素;齐晓云等[10]对某航站楼进行仿真模拟,结果表明非适应疏散行为均对疏散效率产生负面影响。刘晓然等[11]依据人员生理和行为特征进行分类,将不同类别人员组合进行分梯疏散。
针对于高海拔环境下人员运动行为特性的研究,Limmer等[12]研究表明指出在极端常压和低气压缺氧暴露期下,人的注意力表现受损;陈汉波[13]研究了高海拔环境火灾燃烧特性和人体机能变化对疏散速度的影响;贺军等[14]通过对比高原与平原作业人员的行为状态,发现高海拔环境对视觉选择反应时间、视听注意分配及协调精确操作均有明显影响;Wang等[15]研究指出在高海拔环境下心率较高的人通常承受着更大的认知负担;黄磊[16]经研究发现,控制认知能力的大脑皮层对人体周围氧环境极其敏感,在高海拔地区低氧环境中,外来进藏人群的认知能力受到极大影响;Liu等[17]基于受试者的生理状态,采用神经行为评估系统评估其认知能力,结果表明,高原停留时间和原始居住地海拔对认知能力具有显著影响;李鹏飞等[18]指出多项研究均表明在高原地区的短时间停留也会导致注意力、执行力和认知等能力的下降。
现通过Pathfinder软件进行仿真,重点考虑不同海拔高度下对人员疏散行为的影响。以B737-700为例,设定不同海拔高度下突发事件进行全流程的疏散模拟与优化,得到相对应的仿真数据,分析行为特性,为高高原机场飞行区航空器事故疏散提供参考。
文献[13]表明,高海拔地区低氧环境会引起人体无氧代谢,使人体内血乳酸浓度上升,加剧人们的疲劳感, 其中人体最大摄氧量起着决定作用。最大摄氧量占海平面百分比与海拔高度关系为
P = - 10 - 8 H 2 - 2 × 10 - 5 H + 1
式(1)中: P为最大摄氧量占海平面百分比; H为海拔高度,km。
体力劳动负荷可通过测定实际劳动操作过程中的摄氧量来评定,建立跑步速度与摄氧量的关系为
V = 0.915   8 L + 0.5
式(2)中: V为跑步速度,m/s; L为最大摄氧量,L/min。
因此,人员逃生速度与海拔高度关系可由式(1)和式(2)获得,而在实际中经过大量实验数据验证[13],海拔高度对人员速度的影响可用海拔高度修正系数与基准速度的乘积来表示,其中海拔修正系数计算公式为
k H = - 0.012   4 H 2 - 0.015   2 H + 1
由式(3)计算得出表1不同高度的高高原地区海拔修正系数。
在航空器突发事故中,旅客在密闭空间内遭受威胁难免会产生恐慌情绪,极易使旅客在应急疏散过程中产生盲目的从众心理,即盲目地模仿他人行为,导致在疏散过程中某些应急出口被忽略,导致个体的行动减缓或停滞,使疏散时间增加。
从生理角度来看,男性相比女性通常拥有更强的肌肉力量和更高的体能水平,这使得他们在疏散过程中能够更快地奔跑,因此在疏散速度和应对突发状况方面可能更具优势。而在疏散行为特征上[8],男性更倾向于自我疏散,而女性更容易产生从众行为。
随着年龄的增长,人的身体机能会逐渐下降,体力、反应速度、耐力等方面都会受到影响,因此在应急疏散过程中,老年人的行动能力相对较差,可能需要更长的时间才能完成疏散。所以需要根据实际情况在安全管理和应急预案制定过程中,应考虑到不同年龄段人群的特点和需求,为其提供更好的疏散指导和支持。
因此,在应急疏散过程中考虑海拔高度,旅客恐慌情绪,性别和年龄影响,疏散速度。疏散速度=基础速度×恐慌因子×性别因子×年龄因子× k H,其中基础速度设定为3.4 m/s,恐慌因子为0.8,性别因子[2]:男性为1.0,女性为0.8,年龄因子[2]:小于50岁为1.0,大于50岁为0.7, k H为海拔修正系数,见表1
Pathfinder是一款基于智能体技术构建的三维模型疏散软件,疏散人员在方向上可以自由前进,没有方向上的束缚,并且拥有较为完善的疏散模块板块,可以较好地完成疏散过程的仿真模拟。
Pathfinder软件中对人员运动方式的模拟由两种[2]: SFPE模式和steering模式。在国际防火保护协会(Society of Fire Protection Engineers,SFPE) 模式中人员密度可以决定每个行人的前进速率,人的运动仅是从它当前位置到当前路径点的直线距离。steering 模式使用路径规划、碰撞处理、指导机制相结合的方式控制人员运动,当人智能体之间的相对距离和相离最近点的路径超过某一临值,就可以再生新的通向出口的路径,从而实现行人的行走轨迹得改变。本文中使用Pathfinder软件来研究飞行区航空器应急疏散的情况。在仿真模拟中,steering模式更接近现实应急疏散的过程,故人员的运动行为使用steering模式。
在steering模式下人智能体路径决策具体流程如下:
(1) 计算当前的期望速度 v d以及加速度 a m a x ,公式为
v d = v m a x × 0.85 k 1.19
a m a x = v m a x t a
式中: k为疏散速度系数; v m a x为最大前进速度,m/s; t a为人员前进时的加速时间,s。
(2) 计算不同方向上的权值 S e,公式为
S e = θ t 2 π
式(6)中: S e为不同方向上的权值; θ t为不同方向上与seek曲线的夹角,其中seek曲线为人员初始位置指向出口方向的一条曲线,在疏散过程中遇到障碍物会重新计算所有方向的权值,并将所有权值方向中最小权值方向作为新的修正seek路线方向。
(3) 计算最小权值的方向期望速度 v - d e s以及加速度大小 a -,公式为
v - d e s = v - d e s d - d e s
a - = v - d e s - v - c v - d e s - v - c a m a x
式中: v - d e s v m a x或者为0,由仿真程序根据智能体当前的所在位置判断获取; d - d e s为最小权值方向向量; a m a x为当前路径上的最大加速度,m/s2; v - c为智能体当前方向上的速度大小,m/s。
(4) 智能体移动到下个位置,表达式为
v - n e x t = v - c + a - Δ t
P - n e x t = P - c + v - n e x t Δ t
式中: v - n e x t为智能体下一时刻的速度, m/s; P - n e x t为下一时刻的位置; Δt为更新步长, s。
生理属性将从疏散人员性别、年龄、肩宽三个角度出发。根据文献[19]数据得到表2
为方便仿真模拟,男性肩宽统一为490 mm,女性肩宽统一为460 mm。
根据运输类飞机适航标准CCAR25-R4[20]中对90 s 应急撤离模拟实验的要求:至少40%是女性;至少35%以上是50 岁以上的人;至少15%是女性且年龄50 岁以上。设置人员比例由表3所示。
考虑航空器疏散三阶段模型(图1),即舱内疏散,应急滑梯疏散,地面疏散。以单个航空器左翼起火和两个航空碰撞等事故情景为例,疏散过程包括旅客从舱内疏散至距离乘客座位最近的应急出口,然后从应急出口通过疏散滑梯至地面,最后到达航空器上风向集结点处。
(1)客舱模型。选择B737-700作为客舱模型(图2),B737-700是中国可以完成高高原运输作业的三大机型之一。机长为33.6 m,客舱座位数共计128 个,飞机两侧各有3 个安全应急出口(R1、R2、R3、L1、L2、L3),客舱过道间距为50 cm。
(2)滑梯模型。B737-700离地面高度不高,故在遇到突发事件中,前后均设置应急滑梯为乘客使用,中部应急疏散出口滑梯采用下放襟翼的方式让乘客下滑逃生。为保障疏散效率和安全,故中部滑梯下滑角设置为40°,滑梯长度根据下滑角度以及离地面高度计算为3.4 m,其模型如图3所示。本文假设所有乘客从应急舱门逃生以后皆从应急滑梯逃离,根据文献[17]中处理得到人员的平均下滑时间为 1.5 s。
(3)地面模型。地面阶段主要指从客舱各舱门落地之后,到达集结点区域这一过程。因为在外部开阔空间,不受客舱狭小空间影响,疏散过程主要受旅客个体生理心理等特征的影响。根据文献[8]可知,通常在机场应急救援中救援集结点应该至少设置在距离航空器事故点上风向100 m的位置,实际中集结点位置要结合具体机场的气象环境和航空器事故规模做出决策判断,而本文研究中设置距离航空器事故点上风向100 m处为集结点位置。
将三个不同高度的高高原机场设定为仿真实验场景,设定高度分别为2 949、3 570、4 280 m,同时设定平原地区的疏散过程为对照组,其他参数均保持不变。具体工况如表4所示。
表5仿真结果表明,方案1舱内疏散时间和总共疏散时间最短,方案4舱内疏散时间和总共疏散时间最长,在客舱疏散阶段方案4受海拔高度的影响疏散时间要比对照组的疏散时间多21.4%。方案2与方案3、方案4舱内疏散时间分别相差4.6 s和13.7 s。可以看出随着海拔上升,高原反应对客舱疏散阶段的人员疏散影响也逐步上升。
图4所示为不同海拔高度的舱内疏散人数随时间变化结果,可知,前20 s内各方案舱内疏散效率差异不大,可能是因为疏散初期人员过于密集造成拥堵导致的,而在40 s后,不同海拔下疏散效率差异增加,可能是因为大量舱内人员进入地面阶段,客舱内部变得宽松,舱内疏散人员只会受到障碍物以及少量人群的阻碍,高原反应影响增加,导致疏散效率下降。
图5所示为不同海拔高度下地面阶段疏散人数时间变化结果,前半段由于乘客尚未抵达集结区,从客舱疏散到地面的人数不断增加,当有乘客抵达集结区,地面阶段人数逐渐减少,当地面阶段的总人数为0时,说明所有乘客到达集结区,完成疏散。可以从图4图5中看出不同海拔高度之间的疏散效率差异,主要表现在后半阶段,即高海拔环境下客舱阶段末期和地面阶段的人员疏散效率降低,其中方案4的总体疏散时间要比对照组的疏散时间多44.1 s,高达29.8%。
图6所示为海拔0 m和4 280 m时旅客停留时间密度图,可以看出海拔4 280 m时,R2舱门附近的旅客停留时间密度更大,说明多数乘客选择R2通过,客舱中后部区域旅客停留时间密度更大,说明拥堵情况严重,这说明随着海拔上升,高原反应影响加重,乘客行动能力大幅度下降,导致客舱内疏散效率低下。
在工况1的基础上,通过加强舱内的引导,可以有效缓解中后部舱内拥堵情况,提升疏散效率。以4 280 m海拔为例,通过仿真模拟,得到表6所示结果,发现与未引导相比,引导后舱内疏散时间减少了18.1 s,舱内疏散效率提升了16.5%;总共疏散时间减少10.3 s,总疏散效率提升了5%。
图7所示为有无引导情况下舱内未疏散人数时间变化结果。对于舱内疏散,有无人员的引导在疏散前16 s时并没有显著差距,分析其原因为一开始机组人员在进行人员引导时,使得人员有序排队进行疏散。
图8所示为有无引导时旅客停留时间密度图。从中可以看出,加入机组人员引导后客舱内中后部红色区域几乎消失,在一定程度降低了旅客的恐慌心理,有效地减缓了拥挤,盲目跟从,竞争占位等现象,疏散效率得到提高。
图9所示为有无引导时旅客疏散路线图。从中看出加入机组人员引导后,舱内中后部乘客疏散路径更加平滑,说明乘客恐慌情绪降低,不会随意拥挤。在地面阶段看出,通过舱内引导,从R2逃生的乘客疏散路线明显减少,而从R1R3逃生的疏散路线增加,且由于R1、R3位置距离集结区域比R2更远,会导致地面阶段疏散时间增加,但在突发事故中应尽快组织旅客从航空器中疏散。
进一步通过适当增加过道间距,由50 cm增加至60 cm,仿真结果如表7所示,并与表5对比,可知海拔0 m和4 280 m时,舱内疏散时间分别减少了8.6 s 和6.7 s,疏散效率有所提高。
图10所示为不同海拔高度和不同过道间距下舱内疏散人数随时间变化结果。可知,随着海拔不断增高,疏散人数差距变大的时间点在不断往后延伸,图10(d)更为明显,分析原因可能是因为在高海拔地区虽然过道间距增加,但在疏散前期同一时间从座位离开走向过道的人也变多,造成拥挤,同时又因为高原反应的影响,拥挤持续时间很长,导致疏散效率不高。而在疏散末期,随着舱内人数大幅度下降,拥堵情况才得以缓解。
图11所示为海拔4 280 m不同过道宽度下旅客停留时间密度图。从中可以看出过道宽度增加,舱内人流密度明显减小,且应急出口R1与R3周边人流密度也相应减小,说明客舱中后部乘客停留时间减少,客舱中部拥堵情况得到缓解,可以更快地从应急舱门逃生,提升了疏散效率。
图12所示为不同客舱过道宽度下疏散路线图。结果表明过道间距增大,疏散路线上可以容纳的人数变多,往往过道处有3~4人,过道内疏散路线明显变多,提高了疏散效率。但高海拔地区受高原反应影响,拥堵情况更为严重,需要加强引导疏散降低其他事故诞生的风险。
在实际中航空器碰撞事故时有发生,相对于单个航空器疏散,实现两个航空器碰撞后的紧急疏散更有挑战性。进一步探究不同海拔高度下航空器碰撞情景下双航空器应急疏散效率,碰撞示意图如图13所示,其中过道间距为50 cm,且无引导措施,碰撞角度为60°;航空器1右侧中部与航空器2端部相撞,从安全性考虑,航空器1应急出口打开方案为 L1、L2、L3,而航空器2的应急出口打开方案为R2、R3、L2、L3;风向选择西南风和南风(主要决定集结点位置),海拔高度0 m和4 280 m;详细工况见表8
表9所示为各方案下疏散时间结果。对比方案1和方案3,风向为南风时,海拔0 m时航空器1舱内疏散时间平均值为86.1 s,航空器2的舱内疏散平均间为148.1 s,总疏散时间为194 s;海拔4 280 m时,航空器1舱内疏散时间平均值为110.4 s,航空器 2舱内疏散时间平均值为163.4 s, 总疏散时间为235.1 s。航空器2舱内疏散时间均远大于航空器1的疏散时间,这主要受可用疏散舱门数量的影响,对航空器2,虽然可用舱门有4个,但是旅客更愿意选择靠近集结点一侧的舱门进行逃生,导致最终出现拥堵现象;同样,高海拔环境下疏散时间均明显增加,降低疏散效率。
对比表5方案1,可知,相对于单航空器,海拔0 m时双航空器总疏散时间增加了48 s左右;对比表5方案4,可知,海拔4 280 m时双架航空器疏散总时间增加了35 s。由于两架航空器乘客数量大幅度增多,而可用舱门数量相对有限,且航空器 2舱内疏散时间增加,航空器 1乘客疏散过程需要绕过航空器 2也会适当增加疏散时间。而对比表9方案1和方案2,及方案3和方案4,可以发现,风向也会适当影响疏散时间,这主要取决于集结点与事故航空器相对位置。
图14所示为不同海拔高度下地面阶段疏散人数时间变化结果。同样可以看出,不同海拔下疏散效率差异主要体现在后半阶段,且高海拔环境下客舱阶段末期和地面阶段的人员疏散时间相对增加。
图15图16所示为方案1~4旅客停留时间密度图。很明显可以看出两种集结点位置工况下高海拔环境时停留时间密度更大,疏散效率较低,更难疏散;且相对于航空器1,航空器2舱内密度深红色区域更多,说明从航空器2疏散速度更慢;对比不同集结点,当西南风向时,同样航空器1和舱内时间密度增加,疏散时间增加,这是因为集结点位置改,舱内旅客选择的可用舱门也会随着就近原则改变,最终疏散路线改变导致整体疏散效率降低。因此,当两个航空器发生碰撞事故后,紧急疏散中需要选择合适的集结点位置和可用疏散舱门数量,同时增加疏散引导,避免由于人员从众行为导致可用舱门失效。
采用Pathfinder疏散仿真平台,开展了不同海拔高度机场环境下航空器事故旅客疏散模拟,得到如下主要结果。
(1)随着海拔高度上升,航空器旅客疏散时间增加,高海拔影响主要集中在舱内疏散末期和地面阶段疏散阶段。海拔4 280 m时舱内疏散时间和总体疏散时间分别高达109.4 s和200.5 s,与平原地区相比,舱内疏散时间增加19.6 s,总体疏散时间增加44.1 s。
(2)针对舱内拥堵造成疏散效率降低问题,海拔高度4 280 m时,通过加强舱内机组人员引导,舱内疏散时间减少了18.1 s,疏散效率提升16.5%,总体疏散时间减少了10.3 s,疏散效率提升5%;通过增加过道间距宽度,舱内疏散时间减少6.7 s, 疏散效率稍微有所提高。
(3)相对于单航空器疏散,双航空器疏散时间显著增加,主要由于总疏散人数增加前提下,可用舱门数量有限,且疏散路径受到双航空器影响而增加,在高高原机场环境下需要适当增加疏散引导。
因此,对于实际中高高原机场航空器事故发生时,在保证集结点位置安全前提下,应优化疏散程序,为总体疏散争取更多有效时间;同时重点加强舱内机组人员引导和优化可用舱门方案,进而提高应急疏散效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52202416)
  • 中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室开放基金(RZH2021-KF-02)
  • 南京航空航天大学民航应急科学与技术重点实验室开放基金(NJ2022022)
  • 南京航空航天大学民航应急科学与技术重点实验室开放基金(NJ2023025)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405887
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
国家自然科学基金(52202416)
中国民航大学民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室开放基金(RZH2021-KF-02)
南京航空航天大学民航应急科学与技术重点实验室开放基金(NJ2022022)
南京航空航天大学民航应急科学与技术重点实验室开放基金(NJ2023025)
作者信息
    1 南京航空航天大学, 民航应急科学与技术重点实验室, 南京 211106
    2 中国民航大学, 民航热灾害防控与应急重点实验室, 天津 300300

通讯作者:

*邵荃(1981—),男,汉族,湖北鄂州人,博士,教授。研究方向:民航应急管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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