Article(id=1209819473528352875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405453, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721404800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-20, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766373039847, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766373039847, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766373039847, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373039847, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8289, endPage=8296, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209819473989726322, articleId=1209819473528352875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Arrival Flight Sequencing Optimization Based on EoR Operation, columnId=1209819472207147100, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The operational efficiency of aircraft and maximization of aviation transportation benefits have consistantly been pursued by CAAC. It has been indicated by research that the Established on RNP AR (EoR) approach plays an irreplaceable role in improving efficiency, especially for short-distance parallel runway operations, thus, it has received widespread attention in the industry. The integration of EoR approach with sorting strategies was undertaken, with the aim of minimizing flight delay time serving as the objective function, leading to the establishment of a sorting model based on EoR. The impact of EoR-based independent operation versus correlated operation on flight delay time had been compared and analyzed. Addressing the large solution space and the time-sensitive nature of large-scale flight sequencing calculations, The S-shaped function based adaptive particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO) algorithm was proposed to solve the model. Taking the Kunming Changshui International Airport terminal area as an example for case verification, the RECAT-CN operational standard was adopted for wake turbulence safety separation. The results show that, compared to correlated operations, independent EoR operations result in an approximately 38% reduction in total delays. Additionally, the algorithm proposed in the study, when operated independently under the EoR mode results in a reduction of total delays by approximately 15.3%, compared to the first come first served (FCFS) algorithm.

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康瑞(1981—),女,汉族,陕西延安人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通流量管理。E-mail:

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康瑞(1981—),女,汉族,陕西延安人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通流量管理。E-mail:

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康瑞(1981—),女,汉族,陕西延安人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通流量管理。E-mail:

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RECAT-CN wake turbulence separation standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前机\后机 尾流间隔/km
J B C M L
J 9.3 11.1 13 14.8
B 5.6 7.4 9.3 13
C 6.5 11.1
M 9.3
L
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646047539954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RECAT-CN尾流间隔标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前机\后机 尾流间隔/km
J B C M L
J 9.3 11.1 13 14.8
B 5.6 7.4 9.3 13
C 6.5 11.1
M 9.3
L
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646114648819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

RECAT-CN wake turbulence separation standards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前机\后机 尾流间隔/s
J B C M L
J 72 112 134 173 267
B 72 67 89 124 234
C 72 72 72 87 200
M 72 72 72 80 168
L 72 72 72 80 108
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646282420982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RECAT-CN尾流间隔标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前机\后机 尾流间隔/s
J B C M L
J 72 112 134 173 267
B 72 67 89 124 234
C 72 72 72 87 200
M 72 72 72 80 168
L 72 72 72 80 108
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646374695672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sorting result of relative operation and EoR independent operation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班号 航班信息 降落跑道 相关运行 EoR独立运行
预计到达时间/s 机型 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s
CSZ3409 0 B 21 0 0 0 0
CCA1403 0 B 22 42 42 0 0
CSN3495 2 640 M 22 2 640 0 2 640 0
CXA8429 3 000 M 21 3 276 276 3 276 276
CES2537 3 060 M 21 3 356 296 3 356 296
LKE9920 3 240 M 22 3 398 158 3 240 0
总延误时间/s 3 690 2 300
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646450193145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

相关运行与EoR独立运行排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班号 航班信息 降落跑道 相关运行 EoR独立运行
预计到达时间/s 机型 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s
CSZ3409 0 B 21 0 0 0 0
CCA1403 0 B 22 42 42 0 0
CSN3495 2 640 M 22 2 640 0 2 640 0
CXA8429 3 000 M 21 3 276 276 3 276 276
CES2537 3 060 M 21 3 356 296 3 356 296
LKE9920 3 240 M 22 3 398 158 3 240 0
总延误时间/s 3 690 2 300
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646538273531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Sorting results of FCFS algorithm and SA-PSO algorithm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班号 航班信息 降落跑道 相关运行 EoR独立运行
预计到达时间/s 机型 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s
CCA1403 0 B 22 0 0 152 152
CES5960 3 000 M 21 3 000 0 3 000 0
CSN6699 3 000 B 21 3 072 72 3 312 312
CES9622 3 000 M 21 3 196 196 3 080 80
CXA8429 3 000 M 21 3 276 276 3 160 160
CES2537 3 060 M 21 3 356 296 3 240 180
总延误时间/s 2 300 1 948
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646643131134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

FCFS算法和SA-PSO算法排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班号 航班信息 降落跑道 相关运行 EoR独立运行
预计到达时间/s 机型 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s 实际到达时间/s 延误时间/s
CCA1403 0 B 22 0 0 152 152
CES5960 3 000 M 21 3 000 0 3 000 0
CSN6699 3 000 B 21 3 072 72 3 312 312
CES9622 3 000 M 21 3 196 196 3 080 80
CXA8429 3 000 M 21 3 276 276 3 160 160
CES2537 3 060 M 21 3 356 296 3 240 180
总延误时间/s 2 300 1 948
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646731211520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of performance of different algorithms

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性能 算法
SA-PSO LDW-PSO 基本PSO
累计延误最优解/s 1 948 1 948 2 192
累计延误最差解/s 1 984 无解 无解
收敛率/% 100 60 40
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646810903300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473528352875, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同算法性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能 算法
SA-PSO LDW-PSO 基本PSO
累计延误最优解/s 1 948 1 948 2 192
累计延误最差解/s 1 984 无解 无解
收敛率/% 100 60 40
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基于EoR运行的进场航班排序优化
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康瑞 , 杨敏 , 林子怡 , 杨正媛
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙航空、航天 2025,25(19): 8289-8296
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙航空、航天 2025, 25(19): 8289-8296
基于EoR运行的进场航班排序优化
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康瑞 , 杨敏, 林子怡, 杨正媛
作者信息
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
  • 康瑞(1981—),女,汉族,陕西延安人,博士,教授。研究方向:空中交通流量管理。E-mail:

Arrival Flight Sequencing Optimization Based on EoR Operation
Rui KANG , Min YANG, Zi-yi LIN, Zheng-yuan YANG
Affiliations
  • College of Air Traffic Control, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Cuanghan 618307, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405453
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提升航空器运行效率,获取航空运输利益最大化,是中国民航一直以来追求的目标。研究表明,EoR进近(Established on RNP AR)在提升近距平行跑道运行效率方面具有不可替代的优势,因此受到业界广泛关注。将EoR进近与排序策略结合,以航班延误时间最小为目标函数,建立基于EoR的排序模型。对比分析基于EoR的独立运行与相关运行对航班延误时间的影响。针对大规模航班排序计算时解空间较大且要求时效性的特点,提出一种基于S形函数的自适应粒子群优化算法(S-shaped function based adaptive particle swarm optimization,SA-PSO)对模型进行求解。以昆明长水国际机场终端区为例进行实例验证,尾流安全间隔上,采用中国民航航空器尾流重新分类(RECAT-CN)运行标准。结果表明:EoR独立运行较相关运行减少总延误约38%、EoR独立运行模式下,本文算法较先到先服务(first come first served,FCFS)算法减少总延误约15.3%。
进场航班排序  /  粒子群优化算法  /  EoR独立运行  /  RECAT-CN

The operational efficiency of aircraft and maximization of aviation transportation benefits have consistantly been pursued by CAAC. It has been indicated by research that the Established on RNP AR (EoR) approach plays an irreplaceable role in improving efficiency, especially for short-distance parallel runway operations, thus, it has received widespread attention in the industry. The integration of EoR approach with sorting strategies was undertaken, with the aim of minimizing flight delay time serving as the objective function, leading to the establishment of a sorting model based on EoR. The impact of EoR-based independent operation versus correlated operation on flight delay time had been compared and analyzed. Addressing the large solution space and the time-sensitive nature of large-scale flight sequencing calculations, The S-shaped function based adaptive particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO) algorithm was proposed to solve the model. Taking the Kunming Changshui International Airport terminal area as an example for case verification, the RECAT-CN operational standard was adopted for wake turbulence safety separation. The results show that, compared to correlated operations, independent EoR operations result in an approximately 38% reduction in total delays. Additionally, the algorithm proposed in the study, when operated independently under the EoR mode results in a reduction of total delays by approximately 15.3%, compared to the first come first served (FCFS) algorithm.

arrival flight sequencing  /  particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  EoR independent operations  /  RECAT-CN
康瑞, 杨敏, 林子怡, 杨正媛. 基于EoR运行的进场航班排序优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8289 -8296 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405453
Rui KANG, Min YANG, Zi-yi LIN, Zheng-yuan YANG. Arrival Flight Sequencing Optimization Based on EoR Operation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8289 -8296 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405453
提升机场终端区运行效率、减少进场航空器空中等待是中国民航推进智能化和现代化的关键一步。应用先进的飞行程序和科学的排序策略是目前主要解决方法。
先进的飞行程序可为航空器规划灵活高效的飞行航迹,增加空域运行效率同时缩短飞行距离。由于EoR进近(established on RNP AR)可利用要求特殊授权的所需导航性能 (required navigation performance authorization required, RNP AR)的优势实施平行跑道独立运行,具有经济、安全、环境等多方面的突出优势,成为近年来被广泛关注的热点。Mayer 等[1]验证了EoR进近在宽距跑道上运行的可行性。Nichols 等[2]描述了一种用于支持EoR进近的安全管理评估方法,该评估方法分别对EoR进近固定半径转弯的碰撞风险进行评估。邓皓[3]对EoR运行过程进行研究,提出基于EoR运行的平行跑道容量评估模型;周方文[4]、吕智鸿[5]结合空中交通预警与防撞系统(traffic alert and collision avoidance system, TCAS)冲突告警逻辑和EoR进近航迹模型,通过仿真分析进近中航空器状态不确定条件下TCAS冲突风险告警的概率。航班排序优化问题(aircraft sequencing optimization,ASO)是一个具有多约束特性的、典型的NP-hard问题,旨在为多架次降落的航空器安排合理的进近次序和进近间隔。杨凯等[6]为预估低能见度时航空器起降间隔变化,提高跑道使用效率,减少航班延误,基于Ⅱ类运行规定建立航空器起降模型。康瑞等[7]为研究双跑道在隔离运行模式下尾流间隔、机型比例等因素对起降间隔的影响,构建了航空器起降间隔的研究模型。张兆宁等[8]引入多跑道运行类别的概念,以最小化航班延误成本为优化目标,建立相关运行模式下多跑道优化排序模型,采用滚动时间窗启发式算法求解。任易航等[9]将航班序列所在时间段划分为非拥挤场景和拥挤场景进行航班排序,使用改进的粒子群优化算法求解。张天赐等[10]针对航班时刻表评估问题,基于现有评估指标,引入了滑行时间评估指标,提出一种基于灰色关联逼近理想解排序法的评估方法,并且以北京首都机场为例,与现有评估方法进行了对比分析。
虽然前人进行了大量研究,但仍存在以下问题:①对EoR运行研究并未与进场排序策略结合;②尚缺乏实施EoR进近时的排序优化模型;③常见的航班排序优化算法解空间较大时实时性较差。在实际运行中,先进的飞行程序应与运行策略结合才能发挥合力,而目前排序模型多针对于相关进近模式,与EoR运行模式差异较大,因此需要重新构建模型和约束函数。航空器从开始进近到降落的总体飞行时间较短,排序模型的求解算法应具备计算效率高且优化性强的特点。鉴于此,立足于中国空域复杂度高、繁忙的大型国际机场,将EoR技术与航班排序方法进行有机结合。建立以最小化航班延误时间的数学模型,使用基于S型函数的自适应粒子群优化算法[11](S-shaped function based adaptive particle swarm optimization, SA-PSO)进行求解。通过量化研究EoR技术对机场运行效率的提升,为推动该技术提供支持。
根据中国民用航空局(Civil Aviation Administration of China, CAAC)2004年发布的《平行跑道同时仪表运行管理规定》[12],两条平行跑道中心线的间距不小于915 m的近距平行跑道,允许航空器按照相关平行仪表进近模式运行。两条平行跑道中心线的间距不小于1 035 m时,允许航空器实施独立运行[12]。目前中国大部分机场使用仪表着陆系统(instrument landing system,ILS)进近实施独立运行,管制员需为不同跑道进近的航空器提供不小于300 m的最小垂直间隔,分为高边ILS航迹和低边ILS航迹,如图1所示。
EoR进近也称建立RNP AR进近,是一种利用RNP AR的优势进行平行跑道独立进近的运行,如图2所示。国际民航组织(International Cival Aviation Orgnazation, ICAO)于2020年初正式公布的一种同时进近运行概念,提出了EoR在多跑道实现独立平行仪表进近运行模式(以下简称“EoR独立运行”)的可行性。利用RNP AR的优势,可为航空器提供持续稳定的垂直和水平引导,不需要特殊监控。因此,在平行跑道实施EoR独立运行时,不同跑道降落的航空器在进近阶段相互无影响,无需保持侧向间隔,这不仅降低了飞行员和管制员的工作负荷,还可以提升跑道运行效率。因此,实施EoR独立运行时,平行的两条跑道彼此之间可进行无干扰的、相对独立的排序。
假设有N架航空器从不同方向进入机场终端区,沿飞行程序飞行至最后进近定位点(final approach fix,FAF),继续进近至决断高建立目视参考后实施着陆。在此过程中,管制员会根据航班到达时间进行排序,对于不满足尾流间隔的航空器会安排其执行等待程序。为合理分配每个航班的降落跑道并满足最小尾流间隔要求,本文中采用先根据终端区运行环境为航班指定跑道,再进行排序,主要是为确保航空器在进近过程中遵守不穿越跑道五边的原则。这种方式有助于优化跑道使用并减少空中交通的潜在冲突。
假设某繁忙机场终端区的某时段内有 n架航空器等待进场,表示为集合 F = { F 1 , F 2 , , F n },机场共有 m条跑道,表示为集合 r = { 1,2 , , m }。航空器类型、航班号、起飞机场、航班预计到达时间(estimated time of arrival,ETA)等航班信息已知,要对这 n架航空器进行调度,指定航空器的降落时刻及着陆的跑道,使得 n架航空器在空中总延误时间最短。定义目标函数为
m i n w = i = 1 n j = 1 m ( S T A i r - E T A i r )
式(1)中:w为延误时间; S T A i r表示第 i架次航班降落在跑道 r上的实际到达时间; E T A i r表示第 i架次航班降落在跑道 r上的ETA。
约束条件首要保证航空器进近时满足尾流间隔。尾流间隔指航空器在空中飞行时与前一架航空器保持的安全距离,以避免受到前一架航空器产生的尾流影响,包含水平尾流间隔和侧向尾流间隔。实施EoR进近时,可利用RNP AR优势进行平行跑道独立进近,航空器之间只需要配备最小水平尾流间隔即可。因此实施EoR独立运行时,只需满足水平尾流间隔约束。
实施相关运行时,降落在相邻跑道上同时进近的航空器之间应保持最小侧向尾流间隔4 km[12],降落在相同跑道上的前后两架航空器应保持最小水平尾流间隔,如图3所示,因此相关进近时,需同时满足水平尾流间隔约束和侧向尾流间隔约束。
1)水平尾流间隔约束
T i j表示前后两架次航班 i和航班 j在同一跑道降落时须保持的最小水平尾流间隔,最小水平尾流间隔约束为
$T_{i j} \leqslant \mathrm{STA}_{j}-\mathrm{STA}_{i}, \quad j>i, \forall i, j \in \mathbf{N}$
根据《中国民航航空器尾流重新分类(RECAT-CN)空管运行指导材料》,将航空器尾流等级按照最大起飞重量和翼展大小分为超级重型机(J)、重型机(B)、一般重型机(C)、中型机(M)、轻型机(L)五类[13]。RECAT-CN尾流间隔标准如表1表2所示。
将RECAT-CN尾流间隔标准距离间隔转化为时间间隔如表2所示。
2)侧向尾流间隔约束
S i j表示前后两架次航班 i和航班 j在相邻跑道降落时须保持的最小侧向尾流间隔,最小侧向尾流间隔约束为
$S_{i j} \leqslant \mathrm{STA}_{j}-\mathrm{STA}_{i}, \quad j>i, \forall i, j \in \mathbf{N}$
3)最大位置转换约束
为避免排序后航空器降落次序变化较大,使管制员难以实施排序方案,设定一个航空器序列最大位置偏移量 k,即
F '   s - F s k
式(4)中: F s表示按照ETA排序,航班依次降落的序列; F '   s表示重新排序后,航班依次降落的序列。
4)唯一性约束
为防止多跑道运行时发生跑道分配错误,设置每个航班都会被分配且只分配在一条跑道上的约束条件,即
r = 1 m u i r = 1 ,   i = 1,2 , , n ; r = 1,2 , , m
粒子群优化算法[14](particle swarm optimization,PSO)基于对动物集群活动行为的观察,初始化微粒为一群随机粒子(随机解),通过迭代算法找出问题的满意解或最优解。结合航班调度问题,一个粒子代表一组航班序列,每个个体可视为 d维搜索空间中的一个质点,在搜索空间中以一定的速度飞行,个体速度根据自我认知经验和群体的社会认知经验进行动态调整。第 i个粒子表示为 X i = ( x i 1 , x i 2 , , x i d )它飞行过程中经过的最佳位置称为个体最佳,记为 P b e s t,所有粒子群体飞行过程中经过的最佳位置称为群体最佳,记为 G b e s t。群体中的所有粒子都经过这两个极值及自身移动惯性保持更新,产生新一代群体。粒子 i的速度记为 V i = ( v i 1 , v i 2 , , v i d )。每次迭代按以下公式进行速度和位置更新,即
v i d t + 1 = ω v i d t + c 1 r 1 ( P b e s t , i d t - x i d t ) + c 2 r 2 ( G b e s t , d t - x i d t )
x i d t + 1 = x i d t + v i d t + 1
式中: v i d t为第 t次迭代粒子 i飞行速度矢量的第 d维分布; x i d t为第 t次迭代粒子 i位置矢量的第 d维分布; ω为惯性权重; c 1为个体学习因子, c 2为社会学习因子; r 1 r 2为[0,1]内的随机数,以增加粒子搜索范围的随机性。
惯性权重是控制粒子前一速度对当前速度的影响,平衡算法开发和探索的能力。较大的 ω有利于算法进行全局搜索,反之则更利于算法局部搜索。标准粒子群算法由于所有影响因子都是固定值,随着迭代次数增加,粒子容易陷入某个局部最优且很难跳出,并且求解精度往往很低。针对基本PSO算法容易出现早熟收敛现象,Shi等[15]提出惯性权重线性递减策略(linearly decreasing intertial weight PSO, LDW-PSO),表达式为
ω = ω m a x - ( ω m a x - ω m i n ) t T
式(8)中: ω m a x为迭代开始时初始惯性权值; ω m i n为最终惯性权值; t为当前迭代次数; T为最大迭代次数。
线性递减的惯性权重对算法有一定的改进作用,但是,当搜索空间存在多个局部最优解时,可能导致粒子过早地陷入某个局部最优无法跳出。由于迭代开始时较大的惯性权重有助于粒子在搜索空间内快速移动,尽快搜索到全局最优解,因此对算法进行优化调整时,应在迭代初期保持一个较大的惯性权值,增加全局搜索的强度。反之后期保持一个较小的 ω,有助于细化解的精确度。基于此,本文中使用一种基于S型函数的自适应粒子群优化算法(S-shaped function based adaptive particle swarm optimization, SA-PSO),该算法利用Sigmoid函数在整个区域内递增的特征,使用倒S型函数在整个区域内递减,且在递减初期和后期变化缓慢[11],算法在初期保证惯性权值长时间取较大值,增强全局搜索能力,后期保证惯性权值长时间取较小值,增加局部搜索能力。其惯性权重递减策略为
ω = ω m a x - ( ω m a x - ω m i n ) 1 1 + e a - b t
式(9)中: a = 3.4 ; b = 0.7; t为当前迭代次数。
粒子在寻找最优解过程中,会根据个体本身和群体的运动状态来更新自身的速度和位置。学习因子 c 1控制粒子向个体最优位置靠拢的程度,学习因子 c 2控制粒子向群体最优位置靠拢的程度。随着迭代次数增加, c 1缓慢减小,粒子受个体最优的影响逐渐减弱。 c 2随迭代次数增加快速增大,群体最优对粒子的影响迅速增强,以便更好地探索搜索空间,增加发现更优解的机会。改进策略表达式为
c 1 = e - 2 t T + 2.15 c 2 = e 2 t T + 2.15
式(10)中: t为当前迭代次数; T为最大迭代次数。
SA-PSO算法流程如图4所示。
实验结论证明,本文改进策略取得较好的优化效果。
2021年6月,昆明长水国际机场EoR技术实现双跑道独立平行进近,实现了双跑道同时起降。本文中采集昆明机场某日高峰时段10:35—12:10的47 个进场航班的降落时刻和跑道分配信息进行EoR独立运行和相关运行下优化排序验证。该时段内机场双跑道西南方向运行,跑道号分别为21L和22R,为方便计算,将航班ETA换算为以10:35:00开始的秒数。算法参数如下:种群规模 p o p = 300,搜索维度为航班数量,最大迭代次数 T = 300。基本PSO算法中,学习因子 c 1 = 1.9 , c 2 = 0.9,惯性权重 ω = 0.729。本文改进的SA-PSO算法中, ω m a x = 0.9 , ω m i n = 0.4
为防止不同排序策略对排序效果的影响,采用传统的FCFS算法,对相关运行与EoR独立运行时进场航班进行排序,部分数据如表3所示。
表3所示,相关运行条件下,航班总延误时间为3 690 s,EoR独立运行(总延误2 300 s)相较于相关运行总延误时间减少1 390 s,降低总延误约38%。相较于EoR独立运行,相关运行不仅要考虑降落在同一跑道前后两架次航空器之间的水平尾流间隔,还考虑降落在相邻跑道两架次航空器之间的侧向尾流间隔。如LKE9920航班,相邻跑道前一航班CES2537降落时间为3 356 s,相同跑道前一航班CSN3495降落时间为2 640 s,实施相关运行时,需保持与CES2537侧向尾流间隔同时,还需与CSN3495保持水平尾流间隔,与ETA作比较后,三者取较大值,最终降落时间为3 398 s。但实施EoR独立运行时,只需与CSN3495保持水平尾流间隔,与ETA比较后,二者取较大值,最终降落时间为3 240 s,比相关运行减少延误158 s。不同运行模式航班延误时间对比如图5所示。
图5可以看出,当航班ETA越密集,产生的延误越大,航班ETA越分散,越不易产生延误,且EoR独立运行延误时间小于相关运行的延误时间。两种运行模式累计延误时间增长趋势如图6所示,由于某些航班之间ETA分散,如第5~10和第15~23号航班,本身就满足相邻航空器之间要求的尾流间隔,使得航班的累计延误时间基本不变。当航班ETA密集,如第26~44号航班,使得两种运行模式的累计延误时间增长趋势加快,但EoR独立运行累计延误时间增速明显低于相关运行。由此可知,EoR独立运行模式对于航班到达时刻处于高峰时段或流量密度较大时,可有效减少航班延误,改善平行跑道运行模式,提高跑道运行效率。
航班优化排序效果不仅与先进的飞行程序有关,还和排序策略有关。因此本文中使用基于S形函数的自适应粒子群优化算法(SA-PSO)对实施EoR独立运行条件下的航班进行排序,并将排序结果与传统的FCFS算法进行比较。数据经多次计算, FCFS算法和SA-PSO算法的计算结果对比后,获得两种算法最优解的航班着陆次序和着陆时刻,部分数据如表4所示。
结果表明,EoR独立运行条件下,SA-PSO算法相较于传统FCFS算法,总延误时间减少352 s,降低总延误约15.3%。如图7所示,以时序图形式展示了FCFS算法和SA-PSO算法排序后航班到达时间的对比。其中菱形表示降落在21号跑道的航班,三角形表示降落在22号跑道的航班,实心为M类航空器,空心为B类航空器。除4个B类航空器的航班,FCFS算法的延误时间均大于等于SA-PSO算法的延误时间。使用SA-PSO算法排序后,航班原本次序改变,到达时间出现交叉情况,这是由于B类航空器要求的尾流间隔大于M类,当ETA差距不大时,将M类航空器排在B类之前,可减少44 s水平尾流间隔时间。如CSN6699航班,虽然该航班延误时间有所增加,但它使得其他几个航班延误时间整体减少348 s。由此可见,当降落在同一跑道航班比较集中时,SA-PSO算法通过调整不同类型航空器的次序,可有效减少某时段内航班的总体延误时间,提升跑道的整体运行效率。在本实验中,B类航空器的比例仅为8.5%,M类占比91.5%,如果增大航班到达时间密度和B类航空器的比例,SA-PSO算法对航班延误时间的减少会更加明显。
此外为进一步验证本文算法优越性,就同样的航班排序问题,分别用基本PSO算法、LDW-PSO算法和SA-PSO算法运行10次,取算法累计延误时间最优解、累计延误时间最差解和收敛率作为评价算法性能的指标,如表5所示。3种算法有效解平均值的迭代收敛速度对比如图8所示。
综合分析图8表5可知,基本PSO算法极易陷入某个局部最优无法跳出,导致满足约束条件的有效解很少,收敛率最低。LDW-PSO算法可计算出最优解,收敛速度略优于SA-PSO算法,但解的精度较低,收敛结果很不稳定,满足约束条件的有效解较少。SA-PSO算法运算结果明显优于其他算法,其表现为稳定性强、求解精度高、收敛速度快,满足航班排序使用算法求解过程中对时效性的要求。由此可见,本文中使用的SA-PSO算法能够较为稳定的获得最优解,更适合用于航班排序等搜索空间为高维度的复杂问题。
针对进场航班流量大、繁忙的大型国际机场进场航班优化排序问题进行研究,实验采用RECAT-CN运行标准为尾流安全间隔。
(1)对比分析相关运行和EoR独立运行对平行跑道运行效率的影响,实验表明:EoR独立运行相较于相关运行减少延误约37%。
(2)实施EoR独立运行条件下,使用SA-PSO优化算法对进场航班优化排序,并将排序结果与传统FCFS算法对比,实验表明:SA-PSO算法相较于FCFS算法减少总延误约15.3%。
(3)将EoR独立运行与排序策略结合,比相关运行减少总延误时间1 742 s,降低总延误约47%,取得较好的优化效果。
综上,将先进的飞行程序与航班排序方法进行有机结合,在提升机场运行效率、减少航班延误方面展现了显著优势。为推动这一研究成果向实际应用转化,本文尝试提出以下建议:目标机场应尽快升级相关设施设备,确保满足实施EoR运行技术要求;机场管理部门、监管单位、程序设计单位等相关方应密切配合,根据机场实际运行情况制定详细的EoR运行实施方案并进行飞行程序的飞行运行安全评估;各运行航司及相关保障单位应加强人员培训,确保机组、管制员等关键岗位人员熟练掌握EoR运行的相关知识与技能。针对航班排序问题,可以引入先进的智能优化算法,如粒子群优化算法等,结合EoR的运行特点构建排序模型,在此过程中,应充分考虑不同天气条件、交通流量及航班优先级等因素对排序的影响,以确保排序结果的准确性和实用性。
  • 四川省科技计划(2022YFG0196)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(24CAFUC04030)
  • 中国民用航空飞行学院大学生创新创业项目(S202410624221)
  • 中国气象局航空气象重点开放实验室开发研究课题(HKQXM-2024016)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405453
  • 接收时间:2024-07-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-20
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
四川省科技计划(2022YFG0196)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(24CAFUC04030)
中国民用航空飞行学院大学生创新创业项目(S202410624221)
中国气象局航空气象重点开放实验室开发研究课题(HKQXM-2024016)
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    中国民用航空飞行学院空中交通管理学院, 广汉 618307
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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