Article(id=1209819473079570456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405556, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766373039740, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766373039740, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766373039740, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373039740, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8259, endPage=8271, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209819473482223663, articleId=1209819473079570456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Visual Characteristics and Driving Risks in Split and Confluence Sections of Entrance and Exit Ramps at Adjacent Urban Underground Roadways, columnId=1209816723440668890, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to further analyze the visual characteristics and risk conditions of drivers at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways, data collected from real-vehicle experiments were used. A linear fitting model was constructed and the pupil area growth rate was calculated to investigate the patterns of pupil area changes. The K-medoids clustering method was employed to classify the regions of interest in drivers' gaze patterns, and the characteristics of drivers' gaze behavior were analyzed. A game theory-extension cloud evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the driving risks at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways. The results show that the pupil area increases linearly in the entrance section and decreases linearly in the exit section. The overall load follows the order of adjacent entrance confluence section > adjacent entrance split section > adjacent exit split section > adjacent exit confluence section. Additionally, drivers face certain driving risks due to various factors at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways. Based on the evaluation and actual survey, the risk factors for each section were analyzed, and optimization and improvement suggestions were proposed.

, correspAuthors=Ting SHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ao ZHOU, Ting SHANG, Lei XIE, Zhou LAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209819477181599952, articleId=1209819473079570456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段视觉特性及行车风险, columnId=1209816723637801186, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步分析驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段的视觉特性及风险情况,基于实车试验所采集的数据,通过构建线性拟合模型及计算瞳孔面积增长率分析了瞳孔面积变化规律,并基于K-medoids聚类法对驾驶员的注视兴趣区域进行划分,分析了驾驶员注视行为特征。通过构建博弈论-可拓云评价模型针对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的行车风险进行了评价。结果表明,驾驶员瞳孔面积在入口段呈线性增长而在出口段呈现线性减小规律,整体变化毗邻入口合流段>毗邻入口分流段>毗邻出口分流段>毗邻出口合流段,同时驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段受多方面因素的作用存在一定行车风险,针对评价结果与实际调研情况相结合,分析了各路段存在风险诱因,并在此基础上提出了优化改善方案。

, correspAuthors=尚婷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尚婷(1983—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:
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周翱(1997—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

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周翱(1997—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

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Mining Research and Development, 2023, 43(8): 84-90., articleTitle=Evaluation method and application of rock mass quality based on weight fusion-improved extension cloud model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1209929304947954029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, awardId=2024S0080, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市研究生科研创新项目(2024S0080), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209929305027645808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, awardId=CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0742, language=CN, fundingSource=重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0742), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209929296802615406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209929296811004015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, companyId=1209929296802615406, 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Stopping sight distance at various design speeds

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设计车速/(km·h-1) 停车视距/m 识别视距/m
60 70 105
50 60 90
40 40 60
30 30 45
20 20 30
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302477508926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各设计车速下停车视距

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计车速/(km·h-1) 停车视距/m 识别视距/m
60 70 105
50 60 90
40 40 60
30 30 45
20 20 30
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302565589314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of one-way analysis of variance of road section

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路段 F P 结论
S1 11.668 72 5.329×10-14 显著不同
S2 7.500 43 4.039×10-9 显著不同
J1 7.411 58 5.205×10-9 显著不同
Q1 3.396 16 8.007×10-4 显著不同
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302649475397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各设计车速下停车视距

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段 F P 结论
S1 11.668 72 5.329×10-14 显著不同
S2 7.500 43 4.039×10-9 显著不同
J1 7.411 58 5.205×10-9 显著不同
Q1 3.396 16 8.007×10-4 显著不同
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302733361480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Driver pupil area linear fitting model parameters

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位置 截距 斜率 统计 F
数值/mm 标准误差 数值/mm 标准误差 R2(COD) 调整后R2
S1 12.944 25 0.135 46 0.647 90 0.027 65 0.973 40 0.971 63 549.010 35
S2 10.868 85 0.536 02 -0.683 45 0.109 42 0.722 31 0.703 80 39.017 68
J1 10.510 53 0.109 71 0.508 41 0.022 39 0.971 72 0.969 84 515.421 34
Q1 9.401 47 0.261 66 -0.608 93 0.053 41 0.896 54 0.889 64 129.981 39
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302838219083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

驾驶员瞳孔面积线性拟合模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 截距 斜率 统计 F
数值/mm 标准误差 数值/mm 标准误差 R2(COD) 调整后R2
S1 12.944 25 0.135 46 0.647 90 0.027 65 0.973 40 0.971 63 549.010 35
S2 10.868 85 0.536 02 -0.683 45 0.109 42 0.722 31 0.703 80 39.017 68
J1 10.510 53 0.109 71 0.508 41 0.022 39 0.971 72 0.969 84 515.421 34
Q1 9.401 47 0.261 66 -0.608 93 0.053 41 0.896 54 0.889 64 129.981 39
), ArticleFig(id=1209929302926299472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Classification of index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
C1 [0,0.2] (0.2,0.4] (0.4,0.6] (0.6,0.8] (0.8,1]
C2 [0,20] [20,30) [30,70) [70,105) [105,+∞)
C3 [0,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] (60,70]
C4 [0,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4] (4,5]
C5 (100,80] (80,60] (40,60] (20,40] [0,20]
C6 [0,0.05] (0.05,0.1] (0.1,0.15] (0.15,0.2] (0.2,0.3]
C7 [0,0.5] (0.5,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4]
C8 [90,100] [80,90) [70,80) [60,70) [50,60)
), ArticleFig(id=1209929303010185554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

评价指标分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
C1 [0,0.2] (0.2,0.4] (0.4,0.6] (0.6,0.8] (0.8,1]
C2 [0,20] [20,30) [30,70) [70,105) [105,+∞)
C3 [0,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] (60,70]
C4 [0,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4] (4,5]
C5 (100,80] (80,60] (40,60] (20,40] [0,20]
C6 [0,0.05] (0.05,0.1] (0.1,0.15] (0.15,0.2] (0.2,0.3]
C7 [0,0.5] (0.5,1] (1,2] (2,3] (3,4]
C8 [90,100] [80,90) [70,80) [60,70) [50,60)
), ArticleFig(id=1209929303110848854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Risk level index evaluation standard cloud

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标层 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
C1 [0.1,0.084 9,0.01] [0.3,0.084 9,0.01] [0.5,0.084 9,0.01] [0.7,0.084 9,0.01] [0.9,0.084 9,0.01]
C2 [10,8.493,0.05] [25,4.247,0.05] [50,16.99,0.05] [87.5,14.86,0.05 [120,12.74,0.05]
C3 [15,12.74,0.05] [35,4.247,0.05] [45,4.247,0.05] [55,4.247,0.05] [65,4.247,0.05]
C4 [0.5,0.425,0.02] [1.5,0.425,0.02] [2.5,0.425,0.02] [3.5,0.425,0.02] [4.5,0.425,0.02]
C5 [90,8.493,0.10] [70,8.493,0.10] [50,8.493,0.10] [30,8.493,0.10] [10,8.493,0.10]
C6 [0.025,0.021 2,0.001] [0.075,0.021 2,0.001] [0.125,0.021 2,0.001] [0.175,0.021 2,0.001] [0.25,0.021 2,0.001]
C7 [0.25,0.212 3,0.01] [0.75,0.212 3,0.01] [1.5,0.424 7,0.01] [2.5,0.424 7,0.01] [3.5,0.424 7,0.01]
C8 [95,4.247,0.10] [85,4.247,0.10] [75,4.247,0.10] [65,4.247,0.10] [55,4.247,0.10]
), ArticleFig(id=1209929303190540632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

风险等级指标评价标准云

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标层 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
C1 [0.1,0.084 9,0.01] [0.3,0.084 9,0.01] [0.5,0.084 9,0.01] [0.7,0.084 9,0.01] [0.9,0.084 9,0.01]
C2 [10,8.493,0.05] [25,4.247,0.05] [50,16.99,0.05] [87.5,14.86,0.05 [120,12.74,0.05]
C3 [15,12.74,0.05] [35,4.247,0.05] [45,4.247,0.05] [55,4.247,0.05] [65,4.247,0.05]
C4 [0.5,0.425,0.02] [1.5,0.425,0.02] [2.5,0.425,0.02] [3.5,0.425,0.02] [4.5,0.425,0.02]
C5 [90,8.493,0.10] [70,8.493,0.10] [50,8.493,0.10] [30,8.493,0.10] [10,8.493,0.10]
C6 [0.025,0.021 2,0.001] [0.075,0.021 2,0.001] [0.125,0.021 2,0.001] [0.175,0.021 2,0.001] [0.25,0.021 2,0.001]
C7 [0.25,0.212 3,0.01] [0.75,0.212 3,0.01] [1.5,0.424 7,0.01] [2.5,0.424 7,0.01] [3.5,0.424 7,0.01]
C8 [95,4.247,0.10] [85,4.247,0.10] [75,4.247,0.10] [65,4.247,0.10] [55,4.247,0.10]
), ArticleFig(id=1209929304427860317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The weight value of the index layer and the membership degree of each index in S1 section

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层 准则层 指标层 云关联度 AHP
权重
EWM
权重
综合
权重
Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
毗邻城市地下道路入口合流路段运行风险评价
(0.284)
C1 0.242 0.830 9 0.312 9 0.000 8 0.000 0 0.064 0.092 0.072
C2 0.000 0 0.115 9 0.962 8 0.165 7 0.000 1 0.232 0.165 0.212

(0.390)
C3 0.246 3 0.952 2 0.124 5 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.274 0.086 0.220
C4 0.013 7 0.851 4 0.203 0 0.000 2 0.000 0 0.204 0.089 0.170

(0.179)
C5 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.013 0 0.841 2 0.210 8 0.139 0.103 0.129
C6 0.000 0 0.099 5 0.973 3 0.034 6 0.000 0 0.022 0.187 0.070
环境
(0.128)
C7 0.930 8 0.024 8 0.007 9 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.036 0.172 0.076
C8 0.641 7 0.368 0 0.000 8 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.029 0.106 0.051
), ArticleFig(id=1209929304545300832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

S1段指标层权重值及各指标隶属度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
目标层 准则层 指标层 云关联度 AHP
权重
EWM
权重
综合
权重
Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级
毗邻城市地下道路入口合流路段运行风险评价
(0.284)
C1 0.242 0.830 9 0.312 9 0.000 8 0.000 0 0.064 0.092 0.072
C2 0.000 0 0.115 9 0.962 8 0.165 7 0.000 1 0.232 0.165 0.212

(0.390)
C3 0.246 3 0.952 2 0.124 5 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.274 0.086 0.220
C4 0.013 7 0.851 4 0.203 0 0.000 2 0.000 0 0.204 0.089 0.170

(0.179)
C5 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.013 0 0.841 2 0.210 8 0.139 0.103 0.129
C6 0.000 0 0.099 5 0.973 3 0.034 6 0.000 0 0.022 0.187 0.070
环境
(0.128)
C7 0.930 8 0.024 8 0.007 9 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.036 0.172 0.076
C8 0.641 7 0.368 0 0.000 8 0.000 0 0.000 0 0.029 0.106 0.051
), ArticleFig(id=1209929304658547045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Risk level evaluation results of each section

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级 MAX 风险等级
S1 0.040 2 0.166 0 0.101 1 0.029 9 0.004 9 0.166 0 Ⅱ级
S2 0.072 0 0.034 8 0.120 4 0.054 4 0.020 9 0.120 4 Ⅲ级
J1 0.067 4 0.142 0 0.071 6 0.024 5 0.023 0 0.142 0 Ⅱ级
Q1 0.089 0 0.085 0 0.073 6 0.034 6 0.032 6 0.089 0 Ⅰ级
), ArticleFig(id=1209929304767598952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819473079570456, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各路段风险等级评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段 Ⅰ级 Ⅱ级 Ⅲ级 Ⅳ级 Ⅴ级 MAX 风险等级
S1 0.040 2 0.166 0 0.101 1 0.029 9 0.004 9 0.166 0 Ⅱ级
S2 0.072 0 0.034 8 0.120 4 0.054 4 0.020 9 0.120 4 Ⅲ级
J1 0.067 4 0.142 0 0.071 6 0.024 5 0.023 0 0.142 0 Ⅱ级
Q1 0.089 0 0.085 0 0.073 6 0.034 6 0.032 6 0.089 0 Ⅰ级
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毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段视觉特性及行车风险
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周翱 1 , 尚婷 1, * , 谢磊 1 , 兰洲 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025,25(19): 8259-8271
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025, 25(19): 8259-8271
毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段视觉特性及行车风险
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周翱1 , 尚婷1, * , 谢磊1, 兰洲2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司, 重庆 400067
  • 周翱(1997—),男,汉族,重庆人,硕士研究生。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*尚婷(1983—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:
Visual Characteristics and Driving Risks in Split and Confluence Sections of Entrance and Exit Ramps at Adjacent Urban Underground Roadways
Ao ZHOU1 , Ting SHANG1, * , Lei XIE1, Zhou LAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic & Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400067, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405556
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为进一步分析驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段的视觉特性及风险情况,基于实车试验所采集的数据,通过构建线性拟合模型及计算瞳孔面积增长率分析了瞳孔面积变化规律,并基于K-medoids聚类法对驾驶员的注视兴趣区域进行划分,分析了驾驶员注视行为特征。通过构建博弈论-可拓云评价模型针对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的行车风险进行了评价。结果表明,驾驶员瞳孔面积在入口段呈线性增长而在出口段呈现线性减小规律,整体变化毗邻入口合流段>毗邻入口分流段>毗邻出口分流段>毗邻出口合流段,同时驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段受多方面因素的作用存在一定行车风险,针对评价结果与实际调研情况相结合,分析了各路段存在风险诱因,并在此基础上提出了优化改善方案。

城市地下道路出入口段  /  分合流路段  /  行车风险  /  视觉负荷  /  博弈论-可拓云评价模型

In order to further analyze the visual characteristics and risk conditions of drivers at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways, data collected from real-vehicle experiments were used. A linear fitting model was constructed and the pupil area growth rate was calculated to investigate the patterns of pupil area changes. The K-medoids clustering method was employed to classify the regions of interest in drivers' gaze patterns, and the characteristics of drivers' gaze behavior were analyzed. A game theory-extension cloud evaluation model was constructed to evaluate the driving risks at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways. The results show that the pupil area increases linearly in the entrance section and decreases linearly in the exit section. The overall load follows the order of adjacent entrance confluence section > adjacent entrance split section > adjacent exit split section > adjacent exit confluence section. Additionally, drivers face certain driving risks due to various factors at the confluence sections of entrance ramps at adjacent urban underground roadways. Based on the evaluation and actual survey, the risk factors for each section were analyzed, and optimization and improvement suggestions were proposed.

urban underground roadway entrance and exit sections  /  split confluence sections  /  driving risks  /  visual load  /  game theory-based cloud evaluation model
周翱, 尚婷, 谢磊, 兰洲. 毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段视觉特性及行车风险. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8259 -8271 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405556
Ao ZHOU, Ting SHANG, Lei XIE, Zhou LAN. Visual Characteristics and Driving Risks in Split and Confluence Sections of Entrance and Exit Ramps at Adjacent Urban Underground Roadways[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8259 -8271 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405556
随着中国城市化进程的不断加快,为缓解日益增长的城市交通需求,部分城市着手于立体交通网络的构建,开始大规模修建地下道路工程。2015年,中国印发了《城市地下道路设计规范:CJJ 211—2015》(简称“规范”),将该设施明确定义为:地表以下供机动车或兼具有非机动车、行人通行的城市道路,并将其命名统一定为“城市地下道路”[1]。荷兰相关学者通过整理和分析事故数据资料,得到了城市地下道路洞口与地面出入口匝道间距与事故率的关系曲线[2],间距越小,事故率越高。
目前国内外显少针对城市地下道路洞口与匝道间距进行研究,多在地下道路出入口段研究中带过。游克思等[3]就多点进出城市地下道路出入口匝道总体布局、布置形式及变速车道及分合流设计等方面提出了建议;刁志伟[4]基于驾驶模拟给出了地下道路出入匝道线形设计指标的优化值;陈雨人等[5]指出城市地下道路车辆运行速度受到道路周围视觉环境信息负荷强度的显著影响。徐晓丹[6]基于车辆换道特征确定了地下道路出入口段拥堵与消散车流速度以及车头时距的范围。王露[7]基于驾驶员的视觉行为特性建立了地下道路出口段驾驶适宜性评价模型。基于车辆运行特征,张梦茹[8]通过建立城市地下道路出入口预测模型进行了安全评价。
运行风险评价主要用于分析交通安全和运行效率的事件的发生概率以及严重程度。Gunduz等[9]基于信念函数的风险等级关联和分类方法并结合驾驶冲突再分配法,就指定类别的风险水平进行了预测。Gkoumas等[10]就隧道风险采用PIARC-OECD (world road association-organisation for economic cooperation and development)风险评估模型进行了分析。王志杰等[11]基于Web风险评估系统的构建,对特长隧道及隧道群进行了实时风险评估。基于多元线性回归法,Zhang等[12]预测了高速公路改扩建路段行车风险。基于行车安全条件,邱磊等[13]提出了风险评价指标及车辆行驶风险函数以此建立了风险评价模型,Xian等[14]从人车路环境四方面着手,应用层次分析法与熵权法对转弯路段进行了安全评价,王翠等[15]基于最大类间方差法对标准的集成决策试验和评价试验室(decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory,DEMATEL)以及解释结构模型(interpretative structural modeling method,ISM)进行改进,以此建立了行车风险评估模型。
城市地下道路建设已经成为地下空间的利用和发展的另一个趋势。由于城市地下道路本身受到城市地形和环境等因素的限制,城市地下道路洞口与匝道间距的距离缩减,分合流段与城市地下道路洞口距离越来越近,导致该路段的交通环境变得更为复杂,同时该路段涉及光环境的变化以及车辆换道行为,驾驶员在该路段行驶过程中心生理负荷增加,进而导致事故率上升,形成事故黑点。目前少有学者对该路段进行单独研究,为进一步明确该路段下驾驶员的视觉特性变化及风险情况,基于对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的界定,结合实车试验采集的数据,分析在毗邻出入口路段分流和合流的驾驶员视觉特性差异性,基于博弈论-可拓云组合评价模型对行车风险进行了评价。可拓云模型的提出促进可拓学和云模型的进一步融合,不仅可实现指标由定性描述转化为定量表达,更能解决指标取值的模糊性和随机性问题,在各风险评价领域均得到较多应用,在针对风险评价问题上具有明显优势。且为避免单一主观或客观赋权法所存在的局限性,通过博弈论组合赋权的方式进一步保证赋权结果的科学合理性。通过分析评价结果,能够客观认识毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段的风险水平,进而为该路段下的交通安全设施的布设及风险防控提供一定理论支持和参考。
目前中国就城市地下道路洞口与分合流鼻端间距尚未在数值上有明确规定。在规范[1]中针对相邻出入口最小间距进行了详细规定,而对于地下道路与地面道路的衔接以及城市地下道路分合鼻端位置,仅强调了城市地下道路隧道出洞口与邻接地面道路出口匝道减速车道渐变段起点的距离应满足设置出口预告标志的需要。而在条件受限时,距离不应小于1.5倍主线停车视距,并应在地下道路隧道内提前设置预告标志。同时城市地下道路主线的分合流鼻前的识别视距不应小于1.5倍城市地下道路主线的停车视距。整理城市道路各设计车速下所对应的停车视距和识别视距,如表1所示。
因此,将位于城市地下道路出入口附近,且城市地下道路出入口洞口与分合流鼻端间距小于对应设计车速识别视距的分合流路段视为毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段,具体场景情况如图1图2所示。
小型车作为城市地下道路重要的组成成分及服务对象,本次实车试验选取了本田宾智作为试验车辆,选用瑞典Tobii集团研发Tobii Pro Glasses 2眼动仪产品,出行宝Gostyle超高清行车记录仪,前向碰撞预警系统Mobileye 630等设备,实现车辆在行驶过程中驾驶员眼动数据以及车辆运行数据的实时监测和记录,部分仪器如图3所示。
试验人员的选取对于试验结果的准确性有着较大影响,基于个体差异考虑,选取不同性别、驾龄、年龄的20名驾驶员为实验对象,被试者人均五年以上驾龄,驾驶习惯良好,视觉系统正常,无任何心生理上的疾病。
图4所示,重庆石黄隧道,重庆解放碑地下环道,千厮门隧道均位于渝中区,石黄隧道为双洞单向行车的城市主干道Ⅰ级,设计车速为60 km/h。重庆解放碑地下环道为单向循环双车道,设计车速为40 km/h。千厮门隧道为双向4车道城市隧道,设计车速40 km/h。经调研发现石黄隧道入口段为毗邻城市地下道路入口合流路段,出口为毗邻城市地下道路出口分流路段,而重庆解放碑地下环道入口段为毗邻城市地下道路入口分流路段,千厮门隧道出口段存在毗邻城市地下道路入口合流路段适合作为试验路段。
前期通过实地调研对试验路段进行调查,掌握了实地资料。试验时间选取天气晴朗的白天上午09:00—11:00,及下午02:00—05:00进行。出发前正确安装眼动仪等实验设备,进行调试。让驾驶员按照自身驾驶行为习惯驶入试验路段,保证设备和数据采集能够正常进行,在试验过程中,车内保持安静,避免引起驾驶员分心,对试验造成影响。
分别选取石黄隧道以及地下环道入口段及千厮门隧道出口段连续16 s时间序列下的试验数据作为毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的研究区间,将石黄隧道入口段记为S1、S2,解放碑地下环道入口段为J1,千厮门隧道出口段为Q1。同时以地下道路出入口段洞口截面为时间基点0,分别选取洞口前后8 s行车时间为研究对象,并选择以洞口内路段8 s为正,洞口外路段8 s为负,选取1 s内的数据均值作为该时刻的代表值进行分析。
据统计分析各种感觉器官给驾驶员提供交通信息数的比例分布如下:视觉占80%,听觉占14%,触觉占2%,味觉占2%,嗅觉占2%[16]。视觉在人的感受系统中占据主导地位,对驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的视觉负荷进行研究,针对驾驶员在该路段下的视觉特性展开分析。
瞳孔能够帮助人体视觉系统获取外界信息,瞳孔的大小能够表征驾驶员的心理压力大小和工作负荷强度[17],选取石黄隧道、解放碑地下环道以及千厮门隧道所采集的瞳孔面积数据,基于20名驾驶员实车试验所采集的瞳孔面积数据进行显著性检验,得到单因素方差分析结果如表2所示。
结果表明,在石黄隧道以及解放碑地下环道毗邻出入口分合流路段,不同驾驶员的瞳孔面积存在显著的差异。对驾驶员的瞳孔面积分布进行分析,可见驾驶员在S1和J1段瞳孔面积分布更为分散,而在S2和Q1段更为集中,且分布范围也呈现较大差异。可见不同驾驶员基于生理性的差异,受到明适应与暗适应的影响程度不同,单从瞳孔面积的大小和范围分布上看尚无明显规律。对各路段驾驶员瞳孔面积线性拟合模型进行构建,结果如表3所示,绘制瞳孔面积均值拟合模型如图5所示。
表3图5可知,S1和J1段及Q1段的瞳孔面积均值的拟合效果较好,R2均大于0.89。S2段的拟合情况较差,R2仅大于0.72,观察后发现该路段涉及车辆的分流,驾驶员需要对周围的交通信息进行获取以驶入目标方向,驾驶员的瞳孔面积有一定幅度的增长,故拟合情况相对较差。总体而言,驾驶员瞳孔面积均值在入口段呈现线性增长规律,而在出口段呈现线性减小规律。
为排除个体因素的影响更具普适性的表现出驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段的瞳孔面积变化特点[18]。选取驾驶员瞳孔面积增长率指标进行分析,其定义为
G t = S t - S 0 S 0 × 100 %
式(1)中: G t t时刻驾驶员的瞳孔面积增长率; S tt时刻驾驶员的瞳孔面积; S 0为驾驶员的瞳孔面积均值。
基于车辆行驶连续的时间序列,统计车辆在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段各子区段的连续行驶时间,并对子区段进行划分。由式(1)计算各段下驾驶员瞳孔面积均值增长率变化情况,结果如图6所示。
驾驶员在进入或驶出地下道路时受到洞口的暗适应与明适应作用,瞳孔面积会出现明显变化。就毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段而言,除了受到明适应与暗适应作用,由于涉及车辆分合流,会进一步影响驾驶员的视觉负荷。
图6可知,对S1和J1段,驾驶员在接近段瞳孔面积均值增长率有一定起伏,但总体较为平稳,均值增长率趋近于0。驶入合流段/分流段后增长率开始缓慢上升,进入洞内时均值增长率分别达到了43%和31%。驶入地下道路后,增长速度加快,于进入地下道路后第7秒开始减缓,S1段及J1段在第8秒时瞳孔面积均值增长率达到了121%和98%,并逐渐趋于稳定。S1为毗邻入口合流段而J1段为毗邻入口分流段,两者变化趋势类似,但同时刻合流段变化幅度较分流段更大。可见,相较分流,车辆合流,驾驶员的精神压力更大,瞳孔面积增加更多。
在S2及Q1段,驾驶员的瞳孔面积均值增长率随时间序列变化实现负增长,但变化趋势有所不同。在出口洞口前瞳孔面积均值增长率保持负增长,S1在洞内段负增长至-59%,进入分流段后增长幅度减缓,驶出洞口2 s后负增长至-64%,此后瞳孔面积均值增长率从负增长转为正增长,在出洞口第8秒后瞳孔面积均值增长率达到-56%。而Q1段则是保持持续负增长至出洞口后约2 s才逐渐放缓,瞳孔面积均值增长率达到-55%,此后瞳孔面积均值增长率有所回升,在第8秒结束维持在-52%。就S2段与Q1段,两者均为出口段,受明适应的变化作用,出口段瞳孔面积会迅速降低,并在明适应结束后趋于稳定。S2段由于涉及车辆分流,在驶出洞口后基于车辆分流的需求,驾驶员视觉负荷增加,瞳孔面积上升,导致瞳孔面积均值增长率开始正向增长。而Q1段虽涉及合流段,但仍出洞口后保持直线行驶,受合流的影响有限,视觉负荷增加较少,虽转变为正向增长,但增长幅度相较于毗邻出口分流段明显较小,可见驾驶员在毗邻出口分流段的视觉负荷更大。
总体而言,就针对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段的瞳孔变化进行分析。就瞳孔变化,毗邻入口合流段>毗邻入口分流段>毗邻出口分流段>毗邻出口合流段。同时可以发现驾驶员在出入口的洞口外部约2 s至内部4 s期间为瞳孔面积变化最为明显的时间区段,对驾驶员的影响较大,容易引发交通事故。基于此,城市地下道路出入口截面与分合流鼻端间距最小应尽量满足3 s设计车速的行驶距离,以保证分合流段与洞内段的衔接,从而降低事故率。
注视行为作为人眼动行为中最为主要的一种,与安全驾驶息息相关。当眼睛在移动时,驾驶员无法获取新的信息,只有通过注视停留期间,驾驶员才能获取必要信息[19]。因此,当处于信息复杂的外界环境时,驾驶员通常需要更长时间的注视行为来获取信息。通过对注视特征进行分析,进一步认识驾驶员的视觉行为机制,反映出驾驶员的工作负荷和心理状态。
注视点作为注视行为的重要表征指标,注视点分布能够分析出驾驶员在毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段行驶过程中视野范围内的兴趣区域,并且能够通过注视频率衡量兴趣区域的关注程度。将试验所采集的驾驶员的注视点数据进行统计整理,基于K-medoids聚类法,分别就K=5、K=6,以及K=7对驾驶员注视点分布进行聚类分析,分别将三种聚类数进行比较,发现当K=6时更符合实际情况,通过试验路段场景对比分析将注视视野区域主要划分为6个区域,如图7所示。
对各研究路段下的注视点分布图进行绘制,结果如图8所示。S1段,因涉及车辆合流,驾驶员对于左侧区域的关注明显高于右侧区域,注视点主要集中于区域2以及区域3。在S2段,驾驶员提高了对右侧区域的关注,由于车辆靠右侧行驶,驾驶员对于左侧保持有较高的关注且受到明适应的影响,注视点的分布相对集中在区域2、区域3以及区域4。J1段的注视点分布与S1段相似,但在该入口段涉及车辆分流,驾驶员对于右侧区域的关注相对较高。而在Q1段因涉及右侧合流,驾驶员对右侧区域的关注明显较高。
注视行为与注视目标的难易程度息息相关,当目标信息获取难度越大,驾驶员所需要处理信息的时间越长,注视持续时间越长[20]。注视持续时间即在某次注视活动,驾驶员注视行为所持续的时间。而注视频率即驾驶员在单位时间内的注视行为发生的次数,一定程度上反映了驾驶人对于环境信息的关注程度,其定义为
G M = N g m T g m
式(2)中: G M为注视频率; N g m则为某段驾驶员注视的总次数; T g m为通过某段行驶的时间。
基于对各毗邻出入口分合流路段子区段的划分,通过式(2)计算每个区段下的平均注视频率与平均注视持续时间,结果如图9所示。
图9可知,S1段在接近段、合流段以及洞内段的平均注视持续时间分别为252.89、300.76、389.46 ms,洞内段的平均注视持续时间明显高于其他区段,但注视频率在接近段最高达到了3.468,合流段为3.28,洞内段最低为2.63。可见随着车辆驶入地下道路,平均注视持续时间逐渐增加,而注视频率不断增加。在S1段基于车辆合流的需求,驾驶员在接近段和合流段时,需要时刻注意交通环境的变化并接受获取相关的交通信息,导致在接近段和合流段时,驾驶员的注视频率更高但时间相对更短,在合流段驾驶员完成合流后注视频率明显下降,在驶入洞口后受到暗适应的作用,驾驶员需要更长时间的注视来获取洞内的交通信息情况,导致驾驶员在洞内段的注视频率较低但平均注视持续的时间更长。与S1段类似,J1段也表现出了相似的规律。各区段的平均注视持续时间分别为237.77、282.25、352.56 ms,注视频率分别为3.91、3.67、2.98,接近段和分流段因分流的需要,注视频率更高而注视持续时间更短,在完成分流后,受到暗适应的作用,平均注视持续时间增长,但注释频率下降。
在S2段,驾驶员的平均注视持续时间分别为385.35、299.92、275.46 ms,注视频率分别为2.84、3.72、3.35。驾驶员在洞内段时受到明适应作用,亮度的上升导致道路前方能见度降低,驾驶员获取交通信息的难度增大,驾驶员需要更长时间的注视来获取信息,进而导致在洞内段的注视频率降低,但平均注视持续时间明显增大。在分流段,驾驶员驶出洞口后需要获取更多的交通信息以尽快做出相应的驾驶行为驶入目标方向,该段下驾驶员注视频率明显上升,注视持续时间有所下降。在远离段,该路段的交通环境单一,驾驶员的视觉负荷降低,注视频率以及平均注视持续时间均有所降低。与其S2类似,Q1段驾驶员的平均注视持续时间分别为405.79、314.28、265.75 ms,注视频率分别为2.41、2.97、2.73,受到明适应的作用,驾驶员在洞内段的平均注视持续时间明显高于其他区段,在进入合流段后受车辆合流的影响,注视频率有所上升,在进入远离段后,由于交通环境较为单一,无复杂变化,注视频率合平均注视持续时间有所减小。
就毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流段注视特征分析,结合驾驶员注视点分布,可见驾驶员在行驶过程中,需要对分合流汇入/驶出方向保持较高的关注,进而导致驾驶员的视觉负荷进一步的增加。在完成分合流后,由于毗邻地下道路出入口,通常还受到地下道路明适应或暗适应的作用,进一步导致了风险隐患。
为进一步分析毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的行车风险情况,通过构建博弈论-可拓云模型对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的运行风险进行评价,以此为毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的交通安全设施的布设提供参考和依据。
安全是使用者对于公路的最基本的要求,城市道路交通安全并非某单一因素作用的结果,基于交通四要素的构成,城市道路交通安全是人车路环境四要素的共同结果。基于人车路环境四要素,结合《城市道路交通管理评价指标体系》[21]以及实车试验所采集的数据类型。选取4类8个影响城市道路交通安全的因素作为评价指标,并构建评价体系图10所示。其中指标C2视觉舒适度主要通过计算瞳孔面积最大瞬态速度值[22]指标进行表征,计算公式为
V ω ( t 0 ) = 1 k t 0 - k t 0 V 2 ( t ) d t
M T P A = m a x [ V ω ( t 0 ) ]
式中: V ω ( t 0 )为瞬时瞳孔面积频率加权速度幅值; k为持续平均积分时间,当 k很小时,即表示瞬态变化; t为时间;MTPA为瞳孔面积最大瞬态速度值。
基于评价指标体系,结合各学者对风险评价指标体系的研究,参考规范和文献[22-26]作为设立阈值的合理依据,对指标进行分级结果如表4所示。
将毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段运行风险划分为五个等级,分别对应低风险,较低风险、中风险、较高风险和高风险。
单一的主观或客观赋权法通常无法在兼具客观性的同时又考虑指标间的横向影响,具有一定的局限性[27]。在主观赋权法层次分析法与客观赋权法熵权法的基础上,通过博弈论将两者进行耦合计算综合权重值,得到毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段运行风险评价指标体系各指标的权重值,以此让权重的赋值在兼具经验判断优势的同时避免赋权主观性,使得赋权结果更加科学合理。
层次分析法作为主观赋权法,首先依照9级标度法将指标进行两两比较,进而构建判断矩阵。在判断矩阵的基础是,结合和积法计算矩阵的最大特征根及特征向量,最后再利用一致性检验,检验权重分配是否合理。
为避免主观因素对指标权重的影响,熵权法作为客观赋权法,能够根据指标的变异程度,基于信息熵获得指标熵权,并完成对指标权重的修正,熵值越大则其对系统影响越大,其主要步骤为首先对构建决策矩阵,并对样本数据进行无量纲化处理,再计算标准值后,再根据计算的信息熵确定各指标权重。
基于博弈论确定综合权重是将不同的方法进行线性组合,进而确定更为合理权重的过程,其求解过程可转换为公式
ω 1 ω T 1 ω 1 ω T 2 ω 2 ω T 1 ω 2 ω T 2 d 1 d 2 = ω 1 ω T 1 ω 2 ω T 2
式(5)中: d 1 d 2为待求解的线性组合系数; ω 1 ω 2分别为层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)以及熵权法(entropy weight method, EWM)计算所得的权重,对求解系数进行归一化处理得到 d '   1 d '   2,博弈论综合赋权的公式为
W = d '   1 ω T 1 + d '   2 ω T 2
可拓云模型为可拓物元模型以及云模型的组合模型。物元模型可记作 R = ( N , C , V )分别对应事物名称 N、事物特征 C以及定量论域 V 3个要素[28]。而云模型则由 ( E x , E n , H e )构成,分别为期望值 E x,熵值 E n以及超熵 H e。可拓云模型通过将云模型引入物元模型,对物元模型中的 V进行替换,进而以正态云随机性与模糊性的特征客观合理地解决随机性和模糊性影响定量论域 V的问题[29]。可拓云模型可以表示为 R = [ N , C , ( E x , E n , H e ) ]
基于待评价物元 R的确定,进而确定评价标准云。基于正态云“3E”规则[30],结合双约束空间 [ C m a x , C m i n ],计算等级评价标准云,计算公式为
E x = C m a x + C m i n 2
E n = C m a x - C m i n 6
H e = ω
式中: ω为常数,根据指标的模糊性和不确定性进行取值; H e越小,云越薄,隶属度的随机性越小, C m a x C m i n分别为评价区间的最大值及最小值。又 E n的大小能够影响定性概念的模糊性,当x为固定区间边界时, E n可以进一步表示[31]
E n = C m a x - C m i n 2 2 l n 2
基于以熵 E n为均值,超熵 H e为标准差的正态分布确定随机数 E ' n,计算公式为
E ' n = r H e + E n
以指标值 x i为云滴,计算云关联度,生成云滴并汇集成云,计算云关联度公式为
$k_{i j}=\exp \left[-\frac{\left(x_{i}-E x\right)^{2}}{2\left(E^{\prime} n\right)^{2}}\right]$
基于对博弈论组合权重计算及可拓云模型构建流程的分析,基于博弈论-可拓云的行车风险组合评价模型构建流程如下。
(1)确定研究路段行车风险评价等级标准云,通过对指标进行分级,并按照式(7)、式(10)计算各指标在不同风险等级下的期望值 E x,熵值 E n,并根据指标的模糊程度对超熵 H e进行取值,构建风险等级指标评价标准云。
(2)基于式(12)计算各指标的云关联度。将指标值看成云滴,结合Matlab软件对云关联度进行计算。取r=1 000代入式(11),通过1 000次计算减弱式(12)计算过程中的随机性。取计算结果的中位数为各风险等级下的关联度,得到各评价指标的正态关联度云图。
(3)指标权重计算。邀请专家对各指标进行评分,并基于评分结果结合实车试验所采集的数据,分别计算各指标的主客观权重,并基于博弈论组合赋权法完成综合权重的计算。
(4)评价等级获取。基于各指标的云关联度计算,能够得到指标层C的云关联度计算结果。通过将云关联度与指标层进行结合,能够对准则层B及对应评价等级的关联度 k j ( b m )进而得到待评价目标层物元与评价等级j的关联度 k j ( a )。结合最大云关联度原则,将最大云关联度所对应的等级作为评价等级。相关公式为
k j ( b m ) = i = 1 n w i j k j ( c i )
k j ( a ) = m = 1 n w m k j ( b m )
 式中: k j ( b m )为第 m个准则层对应第 j个等级的云关联度; k j ( c i )为第 m个准则层下第 i个指标层所对对应的第 j个等级的云关联度; w i j则为对应权重值; k j ( a )为目标层对应第 j个等级的云关联度。
基于实车试验所采集的数据对评价体系各指标值进行获取,其中指标C3视觉舒适度基于式(3)、式(4)计算获取,C8标志标线完备率则通过评分法获取。按照式(7)、式(10)计算获取毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段行车风险评价等级标准云,并根据指标的模糊程度对超熵 H e进行取值,得到指标评价标准云如表5所示,同时对各评价指标的正态关联度云图进行获取,如图11所示。
邀请专家分别针对各研究路段下标志标线的布设情况以及各指标的重要性进行评分,利用评分结果与实车试验所采集的数据分别各指标的主客观权重,并结合式(5)、式(6)得到博弈论组合赋权的计算结果,如表6所示。通过式(12)计算各指标的云关联度,其中,S1段指标云关联度计算结果如表6所示,并分别计算S2、J1以及Q1段的指标云关联度。基于指标权重及各指标的云关联度计算结果,结合式(13)、式(14)获取对应目标层的行车风险评价等级,各路段场景的风险评价等级如表7所示。
表7可知,各毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段均存在一定风险,其中Q1为低风险路段,S1、S2为较低风险路段,J1为中风险路段。根据表6,准则层四要素的权重可知,车辆因素对毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段的影响最大,其次为人因,之后为道路因素和环境因素。在实际调研中,S1段毗邻城市地下道路入口合流段,该路段由于涉及合流,车辆在合流段有所减速,完成合流后进行加速,车速呈现一定起伏。该路段的合流鼻端与洞口的间距较小,照度变化适中,驾驶员在完成合流后迅速受到暗适应的作用,驶入洞内段,反应时间较短,视觉负荷明显上升。由于该路段为城市主干道,车流量较大,因此道路路面有一定的损坏,路面出现裂纹,且存在小坑槽,该路段的标志标线较为完善,但有标志存在部分被绿化遮挡情况,进而存在一定风险。由S1段的隶属度计算结果可知,S1段处于中风险以上的指标为驾驶舒适性,合流鼻端与洞口间距,道路路面破损率,其余均为较低风险或低风险,与实际调研结果相符合。
S2段为毗邻城市地下道路出口分流路段,在实际调研中,S2段在出口段受到明适应的作用光刺激增强,瞳孔面积迅速降低,照度变化较大,驾驶舒适性较差,该路段下车速整体较快,车辆在洞内段和分流段减速不明显,分流鼻端与隧道洞口间距较小,路面破损主要以裂纹为主,标志标牌布设在分流鼻端处,洞内缺少提前预告信息。对于S2段的隶属度计算,可见其驾驶舒适性、行驶速度,分流鼻端与洞口间距,照度变化率均为中风险及以上,评价结果与实际调研情况相符合。
J1段为毗邻城市地下道路入口分流路段,该路段主干路车道数较多,在接近段及分流段时涉及换道,车速整体适中,在完成分流后有所加速,照度变化适中,但由于主路车流量较大,分流段换道需要提前对道路信息进行获取,但该路段的地下环路预告标志存在被遮挡现象,标志引导性较差,信息获取难度增加,驾驶员驾驶舒适性受到一定影响,同时该路段道路路面由于车流量较大,存在一定破损。在隶属度计算中,该路段的驾驶舒适性,分流鼻端至洞口间距为中风险及以上,其余均为较低风险以及,评价结果与实际调研情况相符合。
Q1段为毗邻城市地下道路出口合流段,该路段为城市地下道路出口段,照度变化较大,受明适应作用导致驾驶员视觉舒适性较差,路段下虽涉及合流但由于车辆主要保持直线行驶,合流影响有限。该路段下车辆虽有一定减速,但整体车速较快,合流鼻端间距较小但道路路面整体情况较好,标志标线引导较为完善。根据隶属度计算结果,该路段中风险以上指标主要为车速、分流鼻端至洞口间距以及照度变化率,整体对风险等级Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级的隶属度差距不大,可见该路段总体处于低风险状态,但在仍有改进空间。
根据对各试验路段的风险评价结果。毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段主要的风险因素为驾驶舒适性较差,车速较快,路面存在破损且照度变化较大,标志标牌布设存在一定的遮挡和缺失。其中路面破损及标志标牌遮挡可以分别通过路面养护及去掉道路遮挡物,增设标志标牌加以完善。
针对毗邻城市地下道路入口合流路段,基于车辆合流的需求结合交通诱导及组织的方法加以调节,如引入信号灯辅助车辆通行,避免因车辆合流出现交通堵塞等现象,同时避免车辆频繁加减速所带来的安全隐患。对于毗邻城市地下道路出口分流路段应及时予以驾驶员道路变化信息,可以在洞内段增设视觉诱导标线以及分流预告标牌,提前做好分流准备,同时结合城市地形地貌采用斜切式洞口、遮阳棚等对光环境变化进行过段,减小明适应对驾驶员视觉舒适性所带来的影响,确保驾驶员能顺利完成分流。对毗邻城市地下道路入口分流路段,主要应保证驾驶员对入口匝道信息的获取,保证驾驶员能提前确认行驶方向,提前完成变道,避免驾驶员临时变道进而导致出现操作失误引发交通事故。针对毗邻城市地下道路出口合流路段主要可以通过设置减速带,从而限制车辆车速,避免车速过快,导致在合流段出现事故。
以毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段为试验对象,分别选取石黄隧道,解放碑地下环道及千厮门隧道进行实车试验,在针对驾驶员视觉特性及行车风险研究的基础上得到以下结论:
(1)入口段整体瞳孔面积呈现线性增长趋势,出口段呈现线性减少趋势,对于各段下的瞳孔变化,毗邻入口合流段>毗邻入口分流段>毗邻出口分流段>毗邻出口合流段,城市地下道路出入口截面与分合流鼻端间距最小应尽量满足3 s设计车速的行驶距离,以保证出入口与分合流段的顺利衔接。
(2)各路段场景下在分合流路段驾驶员的视觉负荷明显增加,驾驶员需要更加频繁的注视来获取所需的交通信息。
(3)基于博弈论-可拓云评价模型完成了行车风险评价,评价结果表明毗邻城市地下道路出入口分合流路段整体均存在一定风险,其中Q1段为低风险路段,S1、J1段为较低风险路段,S2段为中风险路段,与实际调研情况相符合,需要采取一定措施保障该路段的交通安全,结合评价结果针对性的提出了改善优化方案。
  • 重庆市研究生科研创新项目(2024S0080)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0742)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405556
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
重庆市研究生科研创新项目(2024S0080)
重庆市自然科学基金(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0742)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
    2 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司, 重庆 400067

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*尚婷(1983—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:道路交通安全。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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