Article(id=1209819472618197004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405474, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721491200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-21, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766373039631, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766373039631, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766373039631, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373039631, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8241, endPage=8251, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209819472999878677, articleId=1209819472618197004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Factors Influencing Low Altitude Travel Intention Considering Perceived Value and Risk, columnId=1209816723440668890, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyze the main influencing factors and pathways of low altitude travel intention, a structural equation model was constructed based on travel intention model and value risk analysis. The interaction mechanism between travel preference, travel characteristics, perceived value, and perceived risk on low altitude aircraft travel intention was quantified. The path coefficients were solved using unweighted least squares method, and the mediating effects of perceived value, perceived risk, and other factors on travel preference were analyzed. Additionally, a multi group model invariance analysis of individual information such as gender and age on travelers was conducted.Finally, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method was used to analyze the configuration of the antecedent variables of travel intention. The results showed that the chi square degree of freedom ratio, RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation)value, and CFI(comparative fit index) value of the structural model were 3.803, 0.063, and 0.938, respectively, which passed the model validation. Perceived value (0.38) is the most important factor affecting travel intention. Travel characteristics (0.08) have a positive direct impact on travel intention, while perceived risk (-0.22) has a negative direct impact. However, travel preferences have no significant impact on travel intention; Travel preferences have a negative effect on travel willingness, but travel characteristics and perceived value have a masking effect on travel preferences, while perceived risk has a mediating effect on them; The pre tax annual income in the individual information of travelers has a moderating effect on the model. As the travel distance increases, the high-income group is more willing to use low altitude aircraft than the low-income group. At the same time, the high-income group is more sensitive to the perceived risks of low altitude aircraft in terms of technological maturity and accident severity. fsQCA analysis shows that there are three configurations that can form travel intention, among which configuration 3 ( type of travel characteristics&perceived value) has the highest sample coverage, explaining 48.9% of the sample cases. When travelers are necessary to travel during peak hours and have a positive understanding of low altitude travel comfort, privacy, etc., they will develop a low altitude travel tendency. The research findings can provide data support for the promotion and policy formulation of low altitude aircraft.

, correspAuthors=Qi-liang REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao XU, Qi-liang REN, Yuan LIU, Wei LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209819474300112984, articleId=1209819472618197004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑感知价值与风险的低空出行意愿影响因素, columnId=1209816723637801186, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为分析影响低空出行意愿的主要影响因素和影响路径,基于出行意愿模型及价值-风险分析构建了结构方程模型,量化出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险对低空出行意愿的相互作用机理,利用未加权最小二乘法求解路径系数,并开展了感知价值、感知风险等对出行偏好的中介效应分析,以及性别、年龄等出行者个体信息的多群组模型不变性分析,最后利用模糊集定性比较分析(fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis,fsQCA)方法分析了出行意愿的前因变量构成组态。结果表明:结构模型卡方自由度比、RMSEA(root mean square error of approximation)值、CFI(comparative fit index)值分别为3.803、0.063、0.938,通过了模型检验;感知价值(0.38)是直接影响出行意愿的最重要因素,出行特征(0.08)对出行意愿有正向直接影响,感知风险(-0.22)有负向直接影响,但出行偏好对出行意愿无显著影响;出行偏好对出行意愿呈现负效应,出行特征、感知价值对出行偏好产生了遮掩效应,感知风险则对其产生了中介效应;出行者个体信息中税前年收入对模型起调节作用,随着出行距离的增加,高收入群体较低收入群体使用低空飞行器意愿更大,同时高收入群体对低空飞行器在技术成熟度、事故严重程度等感知风险方面更加敏感;fsQCA分析表明,有3种组态可以形成出行意愿,其中组态3(出行特征、感知价值型)样本覆盖率最高,能解释48.9%的样本案例数量,当出行者属于高峰时段必要出行,且对低空出行舒适度、私密性等存在正面认知时,会产生低空出行倾向。研究结论可为低空飞行器推广促进和政策制定提供数据支撑。, correspAuthors=任其亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*任其亮(1978—),男,汉族,山东莱芜人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
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徐韬(1992—),男,汉族,重庆彭水人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

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Medical Journal of National Defending Forces in Northwest China, 2019, 40(1): 51-55., articleTitle=Correlation analysis of personality traits, coping strategies, and mental health among new recruits of the People's Armed Police Force, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650384450442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=6, pageStart=2415, pageEnd=2422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=高扬, 贾晓珊, journalName=安全与环境学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高扬, 贾晓珊. 基于SR-CM的公务航空运行安全风险评估[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2021, 21(6): 2415-2422., articleTitle=基于SR-CM的公务航空运行安全风险评估, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650476725133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=6, pageStart=2415, pageEnd=2422, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Gao Yang, Jia Xiaoshan, journalName=Journal of Safety and Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao Yang, Jia Xiaoshan. 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Research on the impacts of the Covid-19 on individuals leisure travel[J]. China Journal of Highway and Transport, 2022, 35(1): 238-251., articleTitle=Research on the impacts of the Covid-19 on individuals leisure travel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650782909337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=62, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=郑秀梅, 马国毓, journalName=中国安全科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑秀梅, 马国毓. 民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进路径: 基于模糊集定性比较分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2024, 34(1): 62-69., articleTitle=民航员工安全信息自愿报告意愿的促进路径: 基于模糊集定性比较分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650883572636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=62, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Zheng Xiumei, Ma Guomin, journalName=China Safety Science Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zheng Xiumei, Ma Guomin. Promotion path of civil aviation employees willingness to share safety information based on fsQCA[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024, 34(1): 62-69., articleTitle=Promotion path of civil aviation employees willingness to share safety information based on fsQCA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885650984235935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=240, issue=null, pageStart=190, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Ragin C C, Fiss P C, journalName=Net effects analysis versus configurational analysis: an empirical demonstration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ragin C C, Fiss P C. Net effects analysis versus configurational analysis: an empirical demonstration[M]. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, 2008, 240: 190-212., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651042956192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=21, issue=5, pageStart=2059, pageEnd=2071, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=谢斌, 王振宇, 许怡灵, journalName=铁道科学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢斌, 王振宇, 许怡灵, 等. 组织文化认同对铁路工程企业员工建言行为的影响研究[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2024, 21 (5): 2059-2071., articleTitle=组织文化认同对铁路工程企业员工建言行为的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651114259363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=21, issue=5, pageStart=2059, pageEnd=2071, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Xie Bin, Wang Zhenyu, Xu Yiling, journalName=Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Bin, Wang Zhenyu, Xu Yiling, et al. A research on the influence of organizational cultural identification on employees voice behavior in railway engineering enterprises[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2024, 21 (5): 2059-2071., articleTitle=A research on the influence of organizational cultural identification on employees voice behavior in railway engineering enterprises, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651198145445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=2484, pageEnd=2501, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=47, authorNames=马潇宇, 黄明珠, 杨朦晰, journalName=系统工程理论与实践, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马潇宇, 黄明珠, 杨朦晰. 供应链韧性影响因素研究: 基于SEM与fsQCA方法[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2023, 43(9): 2484-2501., articleTitle=供应链韧性影响因素研究: 基于SEM与fsQCA方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651265254312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=9, pageStart=2484, pageEnd=2501, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Ma Xiaoyu, Huang Mingzhu, Yang Mengxi, journalName=Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Xiaoyu, Huang Mingzhu, Yang Mengxi. A research on the influencing factors of supply chain resilience: based on SEM and fsQCA[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 2023, 43(9): 2484-2501., articleTitle=A research on the influencing factors of supply chain resilience: based on SEM and fsQCA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651332363178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=240, issue=null, pageStart=190, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Ragin C C, Fiss P C, journalName=Net effects analysis versus configurational analysis: an empirical demonstration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ragin C C, Fiss P C. Net effects analysis versus configurational analysis: an empirical demonstration[M]. Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, 2008, 240: 190-212., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209885651407860653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=16, issue=4, pageStart=482, pageEnd=495, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Greckhamer T, Furnari S, Fiss P C, journalName=Strategic Organization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Greckhamer T, Furnari S, Fiss P C, et al. Studying configurations with qualitative comparative analysis: best practices in strategy and organization research[J]. 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language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Travel intention model based on fsQCA, figureFileSmall=u9bsViA8Xuf0JnI0cGQ0xg==, figureFileBig=ZYVmKutMt1jbhkVOUE8dag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885644818608844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基于fsQCA的出行意愿模型, figureFileSmall=u9bsViA8Xuf0JnI0cGQ0xg==, figureFileBig=ZYVmKutMt1jbhkVOUE8dag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885644940243665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Questionnaire design content

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 数值得分
(一)个体
信息
性别 0.男;1.女
年龄 ①18~25岁;②26~35岁;
③36~45岁;④46~59岁;
⑤60岁以上
学历 ①初中及以下;②高中或中专;
③大专;④本科;
⑤研究生及以上
职业类型 ①政府部门;②国有企业;
③私营企业;④学生;
⑤自由工作者
个人年收入 ①5万以下;②6~10万;
③11~15万;④16~20万;
⑤21万及以上
家庭拥车数量 ①无;②1辆;③2辆;
④3辆及以上
(二)出行
偏好
经济性 采用李克特量表(5级)表征重视程度大小,1~5点依次为非常不重视~非常重视
安全性
快捷性
便利性
舒适性
准时性
(三)出行
特征
日均出行距离 ①5 km以下;②5~15 km;
③15~25 km;④25~35 km;
⑤35 km及以上
出行时段(是否主要在高峰时段出行) 0.否;1.是
出行类型(是否主要为日常必需出行,如上学、工作) 0.否;1.是
(四)感知
价值
低碳环保 采用李克特量表(5级)表征重视程度大小,1~5点依次为非常不认同~非常认同
运输高效
私密舒适
出行乐趣
(五)感知
风险
技术不成熟
事故后果严重
天气环境影响大
低空复杂增加
事故风险
(六)出行
意愿
是否愿意使用
低空出行
0.否;1.是
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645112210134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

问卷设计内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 数值得分
(一)个体
信息
性别 0.男;1.女
年龄 ①18~25岁;②26~35岁;
③36~45岁;④46~59岁;
⑤60岁以上
学历 ①初中及以下;②高中或中专;
③大专;④本科;
⑤研究生及以上
职业类型 ①政府部门;②国有企业;
③私营企业;④学生;
⑤自由工作者
个人年收入 ①5万以下;②6~10万;
③11~15万;④16~20万;
⑤21万及以上
家庭拥车数量 ①无;②1辆;③2辆;
④3辆及以上
(二)出行
偏好
经济性 采用李克特量表(5级)表征重视程度大小,1~5点依次为非常不重视~非常重视
安全性
快捷性
便利性
舒适性
准时性
(三)出行
特征
日均出行距离 ①5 km以下;②5~15 km;
③15~25 km;④25~35 km;
⑤35 km及以上
出行时段(是否主要在高峰时段出行) 0.否;1.是
出行类型(是否主要为日常必需出行,如上学、工作) 0.否;1.是
(四)感知
价值
低碳环保 采用李克特量表(5级)表征重视程度大小,1~5点依次为非常不认同~非常认同
运输高效
私密舒适
出行乐趣
(五)感知
风险
技术不成熟
事故后果严重
天气环境影响大
低空复杂增加
事故风险
(六)出行
意愿
是否愿意使用
低空出行
0.否;1.是
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645200290520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of sample Information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 数量 占比/%
性别 320 45.6
382 54.4
年龄 18~25岁 80 11.4
25~35岁 444 63.2
36~45岁 132 18.8
46~59岁 38 5.4
60岁以上 8 1.1
学历 初中及以下 20 2.8
高中或中专 24 3.4
大专 94 13.4
本科 336 47.9
研究生及以上 228 32.5
职业类型 政府部门 34 4.8
国有企业 200 28.5
私营企业 336 47.9
学生 68 9.7
自由工作者 64 9.1
个人年收入 5万以下 110 15.7
6~10万 134 19.1
11~15万 210 29.9
16~20万 132 18.8
21万及以上 116 16.5
家庭拥车数量 108 15.4
1辆 482 68.7
2辆 98 14.0
3辆及以上 14 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645317731036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本信息统计情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 内容 数量 占比/%
性别 320 45.6
382 54.4
年龄 18~25岁 80 11.4
25~35岁 444 63.2
36~45岁 132 18.8
46~59岁 38 5.4
60岁以上 8 1.1
学历 初中及以下 20 2.8
高中或中专 24 3.4
大专 94 13.4
本科 336 47.9
研究生及以上 228 32.5
职业类型 政府部门 34 4.8
国有企业 200 28.5
私营企业 336 47.9
学生 68 9.7
自由工作者 64 9.1
个人年收入 5万以下 110 15.7
6~10万 134 19.1
11~15万 210 29.9
16~20万 132 18.8
21万及以上 116 16.5
家庭拥车数量 108 15.4
1辆 482 68.7
2辆 98 14.0
3辆及以上 14 2.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645430977247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of model reliability and validity testing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题目数 CR AVE a系数 KMO Bartlett
出行偏好 6 0.88 0.55 0.832 0.798 近似卡方
(6 597.2)
df(253)
P(0.000)
出行特征 3 0.82 0.65 0.744
感知价值 4 0.86 0.56 0.833
感知风险 4 0.84 0.57 0.838
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645502280418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型信度与效度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 题目数 CR AVE a系数 KMO Bartlett
出行偏好 6 0.88 0.55 0.832 0.798 近似卡方
(6 597.2)
df(253)
P(0.000)
出行特征 3 0.82 0.65 0.744
感知价值 4 0.86 0.56 0.833
感知风险 4 0.84 0.57 0.838
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645581972197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of latent variable discriminant validity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 出行偏好 出行特征 感知风险 感知价值
出行偏好 0.742
出行特征 0.100 0.806
感知风险 0.464 0.047 0.748
感知价值 0.443 0.044 0.205 0.755
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645686829800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

潜变量区分效度分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量 出行偏好 出行特征 感知风险 感知价值
出行偏好 0.742
出行特征 0.100 0.806
感知风险 0.464 0.047 0.748
感知价值 0.443 0.044 0.205 0.755
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645779104490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Model goodness of fit test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CMIN/DF GFI AGFI CFI RMSEA SRMR TLI
适配
标准
<5 >0.9 >0.8 >0.9 <0.08 <0.08 >0.9
结果 3.803 0.929 0.906 0.938 0.063 0.050 0.926
适配度
判断
接受 接受 接受 接受 接受 接受 接受
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645867184879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

模型拟合优度检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 CMIN/DF GFI AGFI CFI RMSEA SRMR TLI
适配
标准
<5 >0.9 >0.8 >0.9 <0.08 <0.08 >0.9
结果 3.803 0.929 0.906 0.938 0.063 0.050 0.926
适配度
判断
接受 接受 接受 接受 接受 接受 接受
), ArticleFig(id=1209885645955265263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Analysis of hypothesis testing results for structural equations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 关系 标准化路径系数 SE CR P 结论
H11:出行偏好直接影响出行意愿 TP→TI -0.04 0.046 -0.782 0.434 0 不支持
H12:感知价值直接影响出行意愿 PV→TI 0.38 0.027 8.329 0.000 3 支持
H13:感知风险直接影响出行意愿 PR→TI -0.22 0.032 -4.732 0.000 5 支持
H14:出行特征直接影响出行意愿 TC→TI 0.08 0.049 2.053 0.046 0 支持
H21:出行偏好影响出行特征,间接影响出行意愿 TP→TC 0.10 0.035 2.404 0.016 0 支持
H22:出行偏好影响感知价值,间接影响出行意愿 TP→PV 0.44 0.080 8.776 0.000 1 支持
H23:出行偏好影响感知风险,间接影响出行意愿 TP→PR 0.46 0.070 8.860 0.000 2 支持
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646047539953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

结构方程假设检验结果分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 关系 标准化路径系数 SE CR P 结论
H11:出行偏好直接影响出行意愿 TP→TI -0.04 0.046 -0.782 0.434 0 不支持
H12:感知价值直接影响出行意愿 PV→TI 0.38 0.027 8.329 0.000 3 支持
H13:感知风险直接影响出行意愿 PR→TI -0.22 0.032 -4.732 0.000 5 支持
H14:出行特征直接影响出行意愿 TC→TI 0.08 0.049 2.053 0.046 0 支持
H21:出行偏好影响出行特征,间接影响出行意愿 TP→TC 0.10 0.035 2.404 0.016 0 支持
H22:出行偏好影响感知价值,间接影响出行意愿 TP→PV 0.44 0.080 8.776 0.000 1 支持
H23:出行偏好影响感知风险,间接影响出行意愿 TP→PR 0.46 0.070 8.860 0.000 2 支持
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646114648822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of mediation effect test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系 a b c ' 效应量/%
估计值 向下值 向上值 P 估计值 向下值 向上值 P
TP→TC→TI 0.008 0.002 0.021 0.047 -0.036 -0.144 -0.037 0.354 18.2
TP→PV→TI 0.158 0.109 0.224 0.005 -0.036 -0.144 -0.036 0.354 81.4
TP→PR→PR -0.093 -0.163 -0.048 0.003 -0.036 -0.144 -0.036 0.354 72.1
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646282420981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

中介效应检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
关系 a b c ' 效应量/%
估计值 向下值 向上值 P 估计值 向下值 向上值 P
TP→TC→TI 0.008 0.002 0.021 0.047 -0.036 -0.144 -0.037 0.354 18.2
TP→PV→TI 0.158 0.109 0.224 0.005 -0.036 -0.144 -0.036 0.354 81.4
TP→PR→PR -0.093 -0.163 -0.048 0.003 -0.036 -0.144 -0.036 0.354 72.1
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646378889975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Model validation results under different groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群组类型 CMIN/DF GFI AGFI CFI RMSEA SRMR
性别 2.800 0.922 0.870 0.929 0.051 0.058
年龄 3.320 0.908 0.847 0.912 0.058 0.071
学历 3.172 0.912 0.855 0.917 0.056 0.063
职业类型 3.330 0.906 0.849 0.911 0.058 0.061
税前年收入 2.766 0.922 0.870 0.932 0.050 0.056
家庭拥车数量 3.614 0.901 0.836 0.903 0.061 0.110
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646450193144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同群组下模型检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
群组类型 CMIN/DF GFI AGFI CFI RMSEA SRMR
性别 2.800 0.922 0.870 0.929 0.051 0.058
年龄 3.320 0.908 0.847 0.912 0.058 0.071
学历 3.172 0.912 0.855 0.917 0.056 0.063
职业类型 3.330 0.906 0.849 0.911 0.058 0.061
税前年收入 2.766 0.922 0.870 0.932 0.050 0.056
家庭拥车数量 3.614 0.901 0.836 0.903 0.061 0.110
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646542467835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Results of multi group invariance test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 编号 ΔCMIN ΔDF P ΔNFI ΔIFI ΔRFI ΔTLI
性别 N 1 87.699 17 0.000 00 -0.014 -0.007 -0.012 -0.007
N 2 108.875 21 0.000 00 -0.017 -0.009 -0.015 -0.009
N 3 205.761 42 0.000 00 -0.032 -0.014 -0.028 -0.015
年龄 N 1 41.56 17 0.000 78 -0.007 0.002 -0.004 0.003
N 2 71.161 21 0.000 00 -0.011 0.001 -0.009 0.001
N 3 191.7 42 0.000 00 -0.03 -0.008 -0.025 -0.009
学历 N 1 51.777 17 0.000 02 -0.009 0.001 -0.006 0.001
N 2 97.762 21 0.000 00 -0.016 -0.005 -0.013 -0.006
N 3 253.006 42 0.000 00 -0.04 -0.019 -0.036 -0.021
职业类型 N 1 51.071 17 0.000 03 -0.008 0.001 -0.006 0.001
N 2 81.863 21 0.000 00 -0.013 -0.002 -0.011 -0.002
N 3 200.012 42 0.000 00 -0.031 -0.01 -0.027 -0.01
税前年收入 N 1 99.449 17 0.000 00 -0.017 -0.01 -0.014 -0.01
N 2 161.971 21 0.000 00 -0.027 -0.019 -0.024 -0.019
N 3 388.342 42 0.000 00 -0.064 -0.045 -0.06 -0.047
家庭拥车
数量
N 1 41.027 17 0.000 93 -0.007 0.004 -0.004 0.004
N 2 65.221 21 0.000 00 -0.01 0.002 -0.007 0.002
N 3 189.103 42 0.000 00 -0.029 -0.006 -0.024 -0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646643131136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

多群组不变性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别 编号 ΔCMIN ΔDF P ΔNFI ΔIFI ΔRFI ΔTLI
性别 N 1 87.699 17 0.000 00 -0.014 -0.007 -0.012 -0.007
N 2 108.875 21 0.000 00 -0.017 -0.009 -0.015 -0.009
N 3 205.761 42 0.000 00 -0.032 -0.014 -0.028 -0.015
年龄 N 1 41.56 17 0.000 78 -0.007 0.002 -0.004 0.003
N 2 71.161 21 0.000 00 -0.011 0.001 -0.009 0.001
N 3 191.7 42 0.000 00 -0.03 -0.008 -0.025 -0.009
学历 N 1 51.777 17 0.000 02 -0.009 0.001 -0.006 0.001
N 2 97.762 21 0.000 00 -0.016 -0.005 -0.013 -0.006
N 3 253.006 42 0.000 00 -0.04 -0.019 -0.036 -0.021
职业类型 N 1 51.071 17 0.000 03 -0.008 0.001 -0.006 0.001
N 2 81.863 21 0.000 00 -0.013 -0.002 -0.011 -0.002
N 3 200.012 42 0.000 00 -0.031 -0.01 -0.027 -0.01
税前年收入 N 1 99.449 17 0.000 00 -0.017 -0.01 -0.014 -0.01
N 2 161.971 21 0.000 00 -0.027 -0.019 -0.024 -0.019
N 3 388.342 42 0.000 00 -0.064 -0.045 -0.06 -0.047
家庭拥车
数量
N 1 41.027 17 0.000 93 -0.007 0.004 -0.004 0.004
N 2 65.221 21 0.000 00 -0.01 0.002 -0.007 0.002
N 3 189.103 42 0.000 00 -0.029 -0.006 -0.024 -0.006
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646760571649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Variable calibration results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校准点 出行特征 出行偏好 感知价值 感知风险 出行意愿
完全隶属点 2.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.0
交叉点 1.3 4.4 4.1 4.2 0.5
完全非隶属点 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646836069125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

变量校准结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
校准点 出行特征 出行偏好 感知价值 感知风险 出行意愿
完全隶属点 2.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.0
交叉点 1.3 4.4 4.1 4.2 0.5
完全非隶属点 0.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0
), ArticleFig(id=1209885646915760906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Results of necessity analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 一致性 覆盖性
出行特征
(非出行特征)
0.569 837(0.522 461) 0.603 204(0.564 323)
出行偏好
(非出行偏好)
0.697 947(0.395 577) 0.575 414(0.601 588)
感知价值
(非感知价值)
0.727 255(0.366 267) 0.636 727(0.502 889)
感知风险
(非感知风险)
0.654 568(0.438 956) 0.550 140(0.644 876)
), ArticleFig(id=1209885647003841293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

必要性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量 一致性 覆盖性
出行特征
(非出行特征)
0.569 837(0.522 461) 0.603 204(0.564 323)
出行偏好
(非出行偏好)
0.697 947(0.395 577) 0.575 414(0.601 588)
感知价值
(非感知价值)
0.727 255(0.366 267) 0.636 727(0.502 889)
感知风险
(非感知风险)
0.654 568(0.438 956) 0.550 140(0.644 876)
), ArticleFig(id=1209885647096115982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=EN, label=Table 12, caption=

Sufficiency results of each configuration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件变量 低空出行意愿
组态1 组态2 组态3
出行特征
出行偏好 ×
感知价值
感知风险 × ×
一致性 0.875 0.882 0.905
原始覆盖度 0.339 0.363 0.489
唯一覆盖度 0.040 0.031 0.122
解的一致性 0.862
解的覆盖度 0.675
), ArticleFig(id=1209885647188390673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472618197004, language=CN, label=表12, caption=

各组态充分性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前因条件变量 低空出行意愿
组态1 组态2 组态3
出行特征
出行偏好 ×
感知价值
感知风险 × ×
一致性 0.875 0.882 0.905
原始覆盖度 0.339 0.363 0.489
唯一覆盖度 0.040 0.031 0.122
解的一致性 0.862
解的覆盖度 0.675
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考虑感知价值与风险的低空出行意愿影响因素
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徐韬 1, 2 , 任其亮 1, * , 刘媛 1 , 林伟 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025,25(19): 8241-8251
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙交通运输 2025, 25(19): 8241-8251
考虑感知价值与风险的低空出行意愿影响因素
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徐韬1, 2 , 任其亮1, * , 刘媛1, 林伟1
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 重庆设计集团有限公司, 重庆 400050
  • 徐韬(1992—),男,汉族,重庆彭水人,博士研究生,高级工程师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*任其亮(1978—),男,汉族,山东莱芜人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
Factors Influencing Low Altitude Travel Intention Considering Perceived Value and Risk
Tao XU1, 2 , Qi-liang REN1, * , Yuan LIU1, Wei LIN1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Traffic and Transportation, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 Chongqing Design Group Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400050, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405474
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为分析影响低空出行意愿的主要影响因素和影响路径,基于出行意愿模型及价值-风险分析构建了结构方程模型,量化出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险对低空出行意愿的相互作用机理,利用未加权最小二乘法求解路径系数,并开展了感知价值、感知风险等对出行偏好的中介效应分析,以及性别、年龄等出行者个体信息的多群组模型不变性分析,最后利用模糊集定性比较分析(fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis,fsQCA)方法分析了出行意愿的前因变量构成组态。结果表明:结构模型卡方自由度比、RMSEA(root mean square error of approximation)值、CFI(comparative fit index)值分别为3.803、0.063、0.938,通过了模型检验;感知价值(0.38)是直接影响出行意愿的最重要因素,出行特征(0.08)对出行意愿有正向直接影响,感知风险(-0.22)有负向直接影响,但出行偏好对出行意愿无显著影响;出行偏好对出行意愿呈现负效应,出行特征、感知价值对出行偏好产生了遮掩效应,感知风险则对其产生了中介效应;出行者个体信息中税前年收入对模型起调节作用,随着出行距离的增加,高收入群体较低收入群体使用低空飞行器意愿更大,同时高收入群体对低空飞行器在技术成熟度、事故严重程度等感知风险方面更加敏感;fsQCA分析表明,有3种组态可以形成出行意愿,其中组态3(出行特征、感知价值型)样本覆盖率最高,能解释48.9%的样本案例数量,当出行者属于高峰时段必要出行,且对低空出行舒适度、私密性等存在正面认知时,会产生低空出行倾向。研究结论可为低空飞行器推广促进和政策制定提供数据支撑。
交通工程  /  低空出行  /  结构方程模型  /  感知价值  /  感知风险

To analyze the main influencing factors and pathways of low altitude travel intention, a structural equation model was constructed based on travel intention model and value risk analysis. The interaction mechanism between travel preference, travel characteristics, perceived value, and perceived risk on low altitude aircraft travel intention was quantified. The path coefficients were solved using unweighted least squares method, and the mediating effects of perceived value, perceived risk, and other factors on travel preference were analyzed. Additionally, a multi group model invariance analysis of individual information such as gender and age on travelers was conducted.Finally, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method was used to analyze the configuration of the antecedent variables of travel intention. The results showed that the chi square degree of freedom ratio, RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation)value, and CFI(comparative fit index) value of the structural model were 3.803, 0.063, and 0.938, respectively, which passed the model validation. Perceived value (0.38) is the most important factor affecting travel intention. Travel characteristics (0.08) have a positive direct impact on travel intention, while perceived risk (-0.22) has a negative direct impact. However, travel preferences have no significant impact on travel intention; Travel preferences have a negative effect on travel willingness, but travel characteristics and perceived value have a masking effect on travel preferences, while perceived risk has a mediating effect on them; The pre tax annual income in the individual information of travelers has a moderating effect on the model. As the travel distance increases, the high-income group is more willing to use low altitude aircraft than the low-income group. At the same time, the high-income group is more sensitive to the perceived risks of low altitude aircraft in terms of technological maturity and accident severity. fsQCA analysis shows that there are three configurations that can form travel intention, among which configuration 3 ( type of travel characteristics&perceived value) has the highest sample coverage, explaining 48.9% of the sample cases. When travelers are necessary to travel during peak hours and have a positive understanding of low altitude travel comfort, privacy, etc., they will develop a low altitude travel tendency. The research findings can provide data support for the promotion and policy formulation of low altitude aircraft.

traffic engineering  /  low altitude travel  /  structural equation model  /  perceived value  /  perceived risk
徐韬, 任其亮, 刘媛, 林伟. 考虑感知价值与风险的低空出行意愿影响因素. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8241 -8251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405474
Tao XU, Qi-liang REN, Yuan LIU, Wei LIN. Factors Influencing Low Altitude Travel Intention Considering Perceived Value and Risk[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8241 -8251 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405474
2023年12月中共中央经济工作会议首次将“低空经济”作为国家战略性新兴产业,低空经济是以民用有人、无人的低空飞行器为主,技术不断成熟[1],以客运、货运和其他低空作业活动为核心的融合性经济形态,未来低空飞行器将与私家车、公共交通共同组成城市交通综合交通系统。低空飞行器主要包括无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical take-off and landing,eVTOL)低空载人飞行器等类型,未来低空飞行器将作为新的交通出行方式全面参与城市交通各项活动,但目前应用场景相对有限,出行者接受度相对较低,因此需要深入分析不同影响因素对低空出行意愿作用机理,推动低空飞行器多场景应用。
在交通出行方式选择方面,部分研究者考虑了出行信息[2]、收入[3]、出行距离[4]、出行偏好[5]、出行特征[6]等单因素及不同因素组合对出行者出行方式意愿影响。Kett等[7]发现中低收入群体在城市交通方式选择中更倾向于使用公共交通;Tassiello等[8]通过结构方程模型(structural equation model, SEM)模型发现对交通方式的主观认知会影响出行意愿;Pai等[9]通过网络问卷建立了出行数据集,利用SEM模型分析了不同出行方式的出行意愿,发现出行工具的安全性会增加使用意愿;杨亚璪等[10]采用混合Logit模型发现出行时间是市民选择出行方式的首要因素;马壮林等[11]发现在限行城市,出行者更愿意选择出行时间较短的公共交通方式出行。部分学者在传统影响因素基础上,增加了主观规范、感知风险、感知收益等消费领域影响因子。Jiang等[12]研究了知识态度行为(knowledge attitude behavior, KAB)、感知风险理论(perceived risk theory, PRT)对游客出行意愿影响,表明PRT适用于出行意愿研究;Lebrun等[13]采用偏最小二乘法SEM模型(present partial least squares structural equation model, PLS-SEM)分析了感知风险对出行意愿影响,发现新冠疫情下出行者倾向于远距离出行;Sanchez等[14]发现在疫情下,出行者对出行方式的感知风险会降低其出行意愿;Caber等[15]发现感知价值会影响其在旅行途中出行方式的选择和主观体验,表明了感知风险、感知价值等在交通出行意愿分析中的适应性。
综上,现有研究表明SEM模型在分析不同出行方式选择、出行意愿及影响因素上具有较好的可解释性和适应性,由于低空飞行器尚未大规模普及推广,与传统出行方式相比,低空飞行器安全性更受到普遍关注[16],因此需要考虑其在感知价值、感知风险的综合影响。基于此,聚焦出行者低空客运出行研究,以出行者出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险为研究变量,以重庆市网络和现场问卷数据为样本数据,通过结构方程模型,分析上述不同影响因素对低空飞行器使用意愿影响,为城市低空飞行器大规模推广应用及相关促进政策出台提供参考。
SEM模型由测量模型和结构模型两部分组成,其中测量模型用于表征潜变量与观察变量之间的相关关系,结构模型用于表征不同潜变量之间的相关关系。
测量模型为
x = x ζ + δ
y = y η + ε
式中: x为外生观测变量向量; ζ为外生潜在变量向量; x 为因子负荷矩阵; δ为外生观测变量的残差项向量; y为内生观测变量向量; η为内生潜在变量向量; y 为因子负荷矩阵; ε为内生观测向量的残差项向量。
结构模型为
η = B + τ ζ + ξ
式(3)中: η为内因潜变量向量; B τ分别为内因潜变量、外因潜变量的路径系数; ξ为误差项。
SEM模型求解主要有最大似然法(maximum likelihood estimate, MLE)、未加权最小二乘法2种方法,其中MLE方法要求SEM模型中的内生变量样本数据服从正态分布,而未加权最小二乘法对样本数据分布无要求,适用范围更广。
基于以下两点选择了利用未加权最小二乘法进行求解:①本文中的SEM模型包含了出行偏好、感知价值、感知风险等无法直接观察的变量;②出行偏好、出行特征可能存在中介作用,因此最终通过未加权最小二乘法求解SEM模型,得到模型各路径系数、显著程度以及拟合结果,通过模型拟合度(SEM模型所得到的测量变量协方差矩阵与样本协方差矩阵的拟合程度)表征模型适配程度,拟合度越高表示模型解释力越强,模型的参数估计越精准。
交通出行工具选择是涉及出行成本、换乘接驳、使用惯性、舒适度、心理偏好等多个影响因素的复杂博弈过程,参考现有研究中相关的问卷调查设计内容[17],在已有出行意愿模型中出行偏好、出行特征等影响因素基础上[18],增加了感知价值、感知风险变量。
其中,出行偏好(travel preferences, TP)直接使用刘宇峰等[18]所列指标,该测量变量反映出低空出行的使用者对低空交通工具的主观意识与喜好,具体包括经济性、安全性、快捷性、便利性、舒适性和准时性5项指标,调查对象需要填写李克特五点量表评价其在使用低空交通工具时对上述所列出的5项指标的重视程度。
出行特征(travel characteristics, TC)参考文献[18]所列指标,该测量变量反映出城市出行者日常出行时间、往返距离大小等特点,具体包括日均出行距离、出行时段(是否主要在高峰时段出行)、出行类型(是否主要为日常必需出行,如上学、工作)3项指标。考虑到重庆市中心城区为典型的超大城市,因此参考文献[17-18]中日均出行距离划分标准以及重庆市规划和自然资源局2023年《重庆市中心城区交通发展年度报告》等相关资料数据,将日均出行距离分为5 km以下、5~15、15~25、25~35、35 km及以上共5个等级,更加符合重庆市中心城区居民出行特点。
Jiang等[12]研究表明感知价值(perceived value, PV)影响出行行为决策,参考Caber等[15]中社会价值、出行功能值、整体满意度等指标,结合低空交通工具在出行过程中的特点,将出行者感知价值进一步细分为低碳环保、运输高效、私密舒适、出行乐趣4个方面,通过填写李克特五点量表评价其在使用低空交通工具时对上述所列出的4项指标的重视程度。
感知风险(perceived risk, PR)体现出出行者对低空出行的危险性认知,参考Lebrun等[13]中技术风险、物质风险、安全风险等指标,结合低空交通工具目前尚未大规模商业应用等现状,将感知风险进一步细分为技术不成熟、事故后果严重、天气环境影响大、低空复杂增加事故风险4个方面,通过填写李克特五点量表评价其在使用低空交通工具时对上述所列出的4项指标的认同程度。
出行意愿(travel intention, TI)直接反映出行者是否愿意使用低空出行,参考刘宇峰等[18]进行设定。
结合现有研究基础,选取出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险构建低空出行意愿SEM理论框架模型,如图1所示,并提出了如下研究假设。
(1)直接影响低空出行意愿的假设。
假设H11:出行偏好对低空出行意愿有直接影响。相关研究表明出行偏好对出行者出行意愿有直接作用,例如,对于强调出行准时性的出行者,低空飞行器点对点的空中直达优势对其可能有较大吸引力,但对重视安全性的出行者,可能有一定的负向作用[5]
假设H12:感知价值对低空出行意愿有直接作用。已有研究表明感知价值对消费者购买意愿有直接影响,在出行意愿中也存在类似现象,如当出行者认为低空飞行器在使用中能鸟瞰城市风景、更具出行乐趣时,会增加使用意愿[14]
假设H13:感知风险对低空出行意愿有直接作用。现有研究表明感知风险对消费者购买意愿有负向影响,在出行者出行方式选择中也有类似机理,例如当出行者认为乘坐低空飞行器在空中发生事故后会造成飞机解体、高空坠落等严重后果时,会降低其使用低空飞行器意愿[13]
假设H14:出行特征对低空出行意愿有直接作用。刘宇峰等[18]研究表明了出行距离、出行时段对出行方式选择的直接影响。
(2)间接影响低空出行意愿的假设。
假设H21:出行偏好影响出行特征,进而对低空出行意愿有间接影响。在消费品购买领域,消费偏好影响着消费者的消费结果,在出行方式选择过程中,出行特征可以看成出行偏好的消费结果,Acker等[19]也验证了这一观点。
假设H22:出行偏好影响感知风险,并间接影响出行者对低空飞行器的出行意愿。
假设H23:出行偏好影响感知价值,并间接影响出行者对低空飞行器的出行意愿。
将对上述假设进行检验,验证模型的有效性。
采用行为调查(stated preference, SP)方式进行问卷调查,在现有调查问卷设计参考资料基础上,设计了低空出行意愿调查问卷,主要包括出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险、出行意愿等5个方面,为保障量表信度,所涉及量表均来自于已有文献成熟量表,同时结合本文具体研究内容和目的对部分内容进行修正,其中出行偏好、出行特征、出行意愿来自于刘宇峰等[18],感知价值来自于Jiang等[12]和Caber等[15],感知风险来自于Lebrun等[13]。同时现有研究表明通常调查对象如年龄、性别、收入等对模型具有调节作用[11],因此增加了个体信息内容,个体信息量表参考刘宇峰等[18],以在后续开展不同群体的多群组分析,最终问卷包括6部分内容,具体如表1所示。
问卷调查时间为2024年3月1—10日,包括4个非工作日和6个工作日,通过网络问卷(https://www.powercx.com/r/wgnrr)和现场访谈搜集数据,其中现场访谈点为重庆市观音桥、中央公园、江北嘴、大学城、照母山等5处,调查对象均为具有自主行动能力的市民。
在SEM模型所需样本数量方面,普遍采用NP(non-deterministic polynomial)法则,如Barrett[20]建议最低样本数量不低于200个,Kline[21]认为样本数量与问卷题目之比至少为10∶1,本文中除个体信息外,共包含18个具体问题,按照10∶1计算需要180个有效样本数据,保守按20∶1计算需要360个有效样本数据。
最终收集到样本数据共984份,剔除明显无效问卷282份,剩余有效问卷702份,问卷有效率为71.3%。其中男性320人、女性382人,女性比例高于男性,表明女性更愿意参与问卷调查活动,刘宇峰等[18]也出现类似情况;25~45岁中壮年群体占576人,占比82.0%,其余年龄群体占18.0%,年龄分布较为合理;大专及以上学历人数658人,占比93.7%,绝大部分群体均受过高等教育,研究生比例为32.5%,高级知识分子比例较高,这与作者单位为学校和国有设计企业有一定关联;国有企业和私有企业人数为536人,占比76.4%;个人收入方面,年收入11万及以上人数458人,占比65.2%,大多数受访者具备使用低空飞行器的经济条件;有车家庭594人,占比84.6%,绝大多数家庭拥有汽车,对使用交通工具更有亲身体验,有利于本文开展数据分析,如表2所示。
模型信度检验指标为Cronbach's a系数,效度检验采用KMO(Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin)与Bartlett球形检验, a>0.7时通过信度检验,KMO>0.7、P<0.05时通过效度检验。
利用SPSS 22.0软件进行信度和效度检验,各评价指标数值如表3所示。可见,各变量组合信度(composite reliability,CR)均大于0.7,平均方差提取(average variance extraction,AVE)均大于0.5, a系数均大于0.7,样本数据可信度高,通过了信度检验,KMO为0.798>0.7且P为0.000<0.050,表明样本数据通过了效度检验,本文中问卷采集数据可信可靠。
可见出行偏好、出行特征等所有潜变量AVE的平方根数值,均大于感知风险、感知价值等不同潜变量间的相关系数,说明本文量表具有很好的区分效度,如表4所示。
根据图1所示的框架模型,选择IBM SPSS Amos 25软件构建SEM模型,通过拟合指数检验并修正结构模型的内容,用未加权最小二乘法估计路径系数。
选取卡方自由度比(CMIN/DF)、模型标准化残差均方根(standardized root mean square residual, SRMR)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation, RMSEA)、模型比较拟合指数(comparative fit index, CFI)、调整后适配度指数(adjusted goodness-of-fit index, AGFI)及模型非规范适配指数(tacker-lewis index, TLI)作为模型拟合优度评价指标[22]
表5可知,模型CMIN/DF为3.803,由于本文中样本数量超过700条,CMIN/DF虽然超过3,但刘宇峰等[18]、Lei等[23]研究表明CMIN/DF小于5时均可达到适配标准。此外,GFI、AGFI、CFI、RMSEA、SRMR、TLI分别为0.929、0.906、0.938、0.063、0.050、0.926,上述指标均达到适配标准值,故接受适配度判断,即所构建的SEM模型可用于低空出行意愿影响因素与作用机理耦合分析。
各潜变量间的标准化路径系数如表6所示,H11的P为0.434>0.05,因此拒绝该假设,表明出行者的出行偏好对低空出行意愿无显著影响,虽然重视准点性的出行者可能接受使用低空飞行器,但考虑到乘坐安全、出行费用等因素,会降低出行者选择意愿,此外前往低空飞行器换乘场站可能存在接驳距离较远、与公交轨道换乘不便等问题,因此最终体现为出行偏好对出行意愿无显著的正向或负向影响。除H11外,H12、H13、H14、H21、H22、H23等标准化路径系数在 a=0.005的水平上均显著,即上述5个假设均成立。
由标准化路径分析结果可知,影响出行者低空出行意愿的最显著因素是感知价值(0.38),其次是感知风险(-0.22),同时出行特征(0.08)对出行意愿也有较大影响,如图2所示。
具体来看,假设H12成立,感知价值直接影响出行意愿,标准化的总效应为0.38,即感知价值可能性增加一个标准差,会引起出行意愿上升0.38个标准差,且感知价值对出行意愿为正向影响。其中,感知价值中低碳环保、运输高效、私密舒适、出行乐趣路径系数分别为0.71、0.82、0.81、0.65,运输高效影响程度最大,标准化的总效应为0.38×0.82=0.31,与传统小汽车、地面公交、出租车交通方式相比,低空飞行器直接使用低空资源,避免了传统城市道路交通拥堵问题,有效提高了出行者使用低空飞行器意愿,此外私密舒适对出行意愿影响也较大,低空飞行器相比轨道、地面公交更具隐私性,对注重私密性的乘客有较大吸引力。
假设H13成立,感知风险直接影响出行意愿,标准化的总效应为-0.22,可以看出感知风险呈现负效应,感知风险中技术不成熟、事故后果严重、天气环境影响大、低空复杂增加事故风险的路径系数分别为0.65、0.74、0.81、0.80,天气环境影响大是最主要的感知风险类型,低空飞行器在暴雨、雷雨、大雾等极端天气下无法正常使用,可能导致乘客滞留或者出行延误,降低了出行者选择意愿,此外低空复杂增加事故风险影响次之,现代城市建筑复杂,尤其重庆为典型山地城市,地势高差起伏,高层建筑、高压塔线、桥梁等纵横分布,导致低空飞行器驾驶环境复杂多变,容易导致撞击、停滞等空中事故,降低了市民使用意愿。
假设H14成立,出行特征直接影响出行意愿,标准化的总效应为0.08,其中日均出行距离、出行时段、出行类型的路径系数分别为0.28、0.99、0.95,出行时段的影响程度最大,高峰出行乘客更加重视出行的便利性、准时准点性,低空飞行器具有高度准时特点,因此增加了使用意愿,出行距离影响程度相对较小。
由于H11不显著,需进一步验证感知价值、感知风险、出行特征的中介效应。温忠麟等[24]提出了因果逐步回归法对变量中介作用进行检验,并提出了3个基础模型。
“模型1”对自变量X与因变量Y开展回归分析,公式为
Y = c X + e 1
“模型2”开展自变量X、中介变量M与因变量Y的回归分析,公式为
Y = c ' X + b M + e 2
“模型3”开展自变量X与中介变量M的回归分析,公式为
M = a X + e 3
式中: a b c ' c分别为路径系数; e 1 e 2 e 3分别为常数项。
利用Bootstrap方法随机抽取2 000次,进一步验证出行特征、感知价值、感知风险对出行偏好的中介效应,温忠麟等[24]、魏松林等[25]表明,在 c '不显著情况下, a b c '同号时,为中介效应,异号时则为遮掩效应。从表7可知,针对出行特征,中介效应 a b在95%置信区间为[0.002,0.021]未包含零值,P为0.047<0.05,且 a b c '异号,表明出行特征发挥遮掩效应,总效应量 a b / ( a b + c ' )为18.2%,虽然出行偏好对出行意愿呈现负向影响,但出行者在高峰期间和必要出行时会更加注重准时准点性,低空飞行器恰好具备准时优势,因此出行特征一定程度上弱化了出行偏好的负向影响。
针对感知价值,中介效应 a b在95%置信区间为[0.109,0.224]未包含零值,P为0.005<0.05,且 a b c '异号,表明感知价值发挥遮掩效应,总效应量为81.4%,在出行偏好对出行意愿呈现负向影响下,低空飞行器在感知价值中的私密性、舒适性、效率更高等优势,提高了出行者的出行意愿,因此感知价值在一定程度上“遮掩”了出行偏好的负向影响。
针对感知风险,中介效应 a b在95%置信区间为[-0.163,-0.048]未包含零值,P为0.003<0.05,且 a b c '同号,表明感知风险发挥完全中介效应,总效应量为72.1%,出行偏好通过影响感知风险,间接影响了出行意愿。出行者重视出行工具的安全性,在出行者认为低空飞行器存在技术不成熟、安全隐患大、受极端天气影响等不安全因素下,会降低出行者使用低空飞行器意愿,这与高扬等[26]认为感知航班延误、安全隐患会降低航空出行决策行为意愿的结论相吻合。
为进一步分析性别、年龄、学历、职业类型、个人年收入等不同群组对模型整体的作用程度,最大化保证样本数量均衡,将上述样本群组分为两组进行群组比较,将性别分为男性组(N=320)、女性组(N=382),年龄分为青年组(35岁及以下,N=524)、中壮年组(36岁及以上,N=178),学历分为中等学历组(本科及以下,N=474)、高学历组(研究生及以上,N=228),职业类型分为体制内(政府部门及国有企业,N=234)、体制外(其他类型,N=468),税前年收入分为中低收入组(15万元及以下,N=454)、高收入组(16万元及以上,N=248),家庭拥车数量分为无车组(N=108)、有车组(N=594)。
通过施加条件限制对基准模型进行不变性检验, N为基准模型, N 1为在基准模型上新增测量权重相等限定条件, N 2 N 1上新增协方差相等限定条件, N 3 N 2上新增误差项方差相等限定条件,不同群组下基准模型适配度如表8所示,可见本文中性别、年龄等不同群组下模型均通过检验,模型达到适配度要求。
Jobst等[27]研究表明在各模型P<0.05下,当ΔNFI、ΔIFI、ΔRFI、ΔTLI各项小于0.05时,不同群组间差异不显著,即不同群组间具有恒等不变性。从表9可知,性别、年龄、学历、职业类型、家庭拥车数量各模型P<0.05,且ΔNFI等指标小于0.05,即上述群组在模型中无显著差异,模型具有不变性;但税前年收入群组中ΔNFI、ΔRFI大于0.05,表明模型在不同税前年收入群组中具有显著差异性,即税前年收入存在调节作用。
石京等[28]通过路径系数临界比CR判断路径系数的假设关系,当CR绝对值大于1.96时,表明该路径在不同群组中存在显著差异。从图3可知,税前年收入群组基准模型中,H14、H21、H22的临界比CR值分别为1.973、-2.714、2.039,绝对值均超过1.96,表明上述路径在税前年收入群组中存在显著差异,H12、H13、H23的临界比CR值分别为-0.48、-0.369、0.154,绝对值未超过1.96,表明该3个路径未存在显著差异。
图4为税前年收入的标准化路径系数(中低收入组,高收入组),可见税前年收入在出行特征对出行意愿中存在调节作用(H14),高收入组标准化路径系数为0.16,是中低收入组的5.3倍,当出行者在高峰时段出行距离变长时,出行者使用低空飞行器的意愿会增大,但高收入群体增幅显著高于中低收入组;税前年收入在出行偏好对出行特征中存在调节作用(H21),高收入组标准化路径系数为-0.243,中低收入组为0.09,表明随着出行者对安全性、舒适性重视程度的增加,高收入群体在高峰时段出行的意愿、出行距离均会降低,现实中部分高薪岗位往往也会提供错峰上班、延迟上下班等福利进而避开高峰拥堵时段,高收入使其可在上班单位临近区域就近购房,而中低薪岗位更要求准时上下班,通勤距离也较长;税前年收入在出行偏好对感知风险中存在调节作用(H22),高收入组、中低收入组标准化路径系数分别为0.50、0.40,随着出行者对安全性等重视程度的增加,高收入群体更加认为低空飞行器在技术成熟度、事故严重程度等方面存在风险,这可能与高收入群体对自身出行安全的重视程度更高有关。
SEM模型能分析单一影响因素间的因果关系,但对多个变量间相互影响的复杂关系解释程度不足,因此大量研究学者通过定性比较分析方法(qualitative comparative analysis, QCA)来进一步分析不同变量间的影响关系。采用QCA方法中的模糊集定性比较分析(fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, fsQCA)方法,运用fsQCA 41软件,进一步研究感知风险、感知价值等因素对低空出行意愿影响,fsQCA框架模型如图5所示,并提出以下假设:H3: 低空出行意愿是多个影响因素共同作用的结果,并存在多条不同的组合路径[29]
结合前文理论框架模型,选取出行特征、出行偏好、感知价值、感知风险为条件变量,出行意愿为结果变量,首先将各变量的问卷分值的均值作为该变量的反映值,Ragin等[30]研究了3各固定值锚点,即完全隶属点、交叉点和完全非隶属点,本文中数据为量表数据,参考谢斌等[31]做法,以均值作为交叉点,最大值和最小值分别作为完全隶属点、完全非隶属点,各变量校准结果如表10所示,除出行特征、出行意愿外,其余变量完全非隶属点数值为1、完全隶属点数值为5、交叉点数值近似为4,结果与马潇宇[32]等采用李克特量表数据的校准点类似。
fsQCA的必要性分析是为了分析某一单独条件变量是否为结果变量的必要条件,当条件变量一致性分数和覆盖性分数超过0.9时,则认为该条件变量为结果变量的必要条件[33]。从表11可知,出行特征、非出行特征、出行偏好、非出行偏好、感知价值、非感知价值、感知风险、非感知风险的一致性和覆盖性数值均低于0.9,表明所列全部的条件变量无法构成结果变量的必要条件,进一步表明低空出行意愿是多个影响因素的共同作用,而不是单一变量所决定的,因此需要开展多个条件变量的组合分析。
fsQCA的组态分析采用真值表算法,可以分析多个条件变量对结果变量的充分性,并验证每一个组态集合中各条件变量是否为核心条件或边缘条件。Ragin等[33]认为模型频率阈值的数值应保证能保留75%的样本数,本文中频率阈值确定为4,一致性最小值为0.8,PRI的数值为0.7,满足模型建模要求[34]
组态分析结果分包含复杂解、中间解和简约解3类,通常以中间解开展组态分析,以简约解确定核心条件和辅助条件。模型运行结果如表12所示,本文中共有5类组态形式,总体一致性为0.862,高于临界值0.75,总体覆盖率为0.675,高于临界值0.5,表明在所列3类组态形式下,能解释67.5%的样本案例,模型具有良好的可解释性,也证明了假设H3成立,即低空出行意愿是多个影响因素共同作用的结果,并存在多条不同的组合路径。
具体来看,3类组态模式具有以下特点。
(1)组态1(出行特征、感知风险型),该模式基本前因构型可提炼为“出行特征+感知风险”,表明当主要集中在早晚高峰时段等必要出行,出行者出行距离较远且认为低空出行风险较低时,会增加低空出行意愿,这为假设H14、H13提供了佐证,该组态的一致性为87.5%,能解释33.9%的样本案例,其中仅通过该组态解释的案例数为0.04%。
(2)组态2(感知价值、感知风险型),该模式基本前因构型可提炼为“感知价值+感知风险”,该类出行者认可了低空出行在舒适性、高效性及低碳环保方面的优势,且认为低空出行风险较小,进而更倾向于使用低空出行,进一步验证了H12假设。该组态一致性为88.2%,能解释36.3%的样本案例。
(3)组态3(出行特征、感知价值型),该模式基本前因构型可提炼为“出行特征+感知价值”,表明当出行者属于高峰时段必要出行,且对低空出行舒适度、私密性等存在正面认知时,会产生低空出行倾向,该组态一致性为90.5%,能解释48.9%的样本案例,仅通过该组态解释的案例数为12.2%,是样本覆盖率最高的组态路径,可解释性较强。
通过增加频率阈值和提高一致性数值的方法进行对低空出行意愿的前因条件开展稳健性分析,将频率阈值从4增加至6,一致性由0.80增加至0.85,最终组态构成与原组态相同,模型的一致性和覆盖度未出现变化,模型通过稳健性检验。
由于感知风险对出行者低空出行意愿有负向影响,因此在低空出行宣传中,应着重解释如无人机、eVTOL等低空飞行器安全保障措施,如防坠落、空中临停措施等,通过现场宣传等多种形式,减少社会大众对低空出行的疑虑。同时由于感知价值对出行意愿的正向作用,要加大宣传低空飞行器在出行经济性、高效性、舒适性、私密性等方面优势,提高市民对低空出行的正向认知。
由于税前年收入的调节作用,因此对于不同收入群体,应出台针对性地鼓励措施。如对于高收入群体,要着重阐述低空飞行器的安全措施,最大化消除高收入群体对低空出行的安全顾虑,针对中低收入群体,要重点对其展示低空出行在准时准点性等方面优势,提高中低收入群体的出行意愿,推动低空出行在全社会的接受度。
研究了出行者出行偏好、出行特征、感知价值、感知风险对其低空出行意愿的影响,基于现有研究基础建立了SEM理论框架模型及7条假设,通过网络、现场问卷等方式收集了市民低空出行意愿样本数据集,利用KMO、Bartlett球形检验等方法验证了数据集的信度和效度,通过未加权最小二乘法计算SEM模型路径系数并开展了相应分析。得到如下结论。
(1)感知价值、出行特征对出行意愿有显著正向直接影响,感知风险对出行意愿有显著负向直接影响,且感知价值是出行意愿的最重要影响因素,其中运输高效对感知价值贡献度最大,标准化的总效应为0.31,但出行偏好对出行意愿无显著直接影响。
(2)出行偏好对出行意愿呈现负效应,其中出行特征、感知价值对出行偏好发挥了遮掩效应,感知风险则发挥了中介效应,低空飞行器私密性、舒适性、效率更高等特点,与出行者对安全性、准时性等偏好相吻合,提高了出行者使用低空飞行器的出行意愿,一定程度上“遮掩”了出行偏好的负向影响。
(3)税前年收入在出行特征与出行意愿、出行偏好与出行特征、出行偏好与感知风险中具有调节作用,出行者在高峰时段出行距离变长时,高收入群体使用低空飞行器意愿会增加,与此同时,高收入群体对低空飞行器感知风险更为敏感。
未来可进一步增加影响因素,如分析低空出行补贴、城市建成环境特征等其他因素对出行意愿的影响,同时本文样本数据和范围相对有限,对其他城市代表性有待提高。
  • 重庆设计集团2023年度科研项目(2023-A2)
  • 国家社会科学基金一般项目(21BJY038)
  • 教育部人文社会科学基金青年科学基金(20XJCZH011)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405474
  • 接收时间:2024-07-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-21
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
重庆设计集团2023年度科研项目(2023-A2)
国家社会科学基金一般项目(21BJY038)
教育部人文社会科学基金青年科学基金(20XJCZH011)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学交通运输学院, 重庆 400074
    2 重庆设计集团有限公司, 重庆 400050

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*任其亮(1978—),男,汉族,山东莱芜人,博士,教授,博士研究生导师。研究方向:交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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