Article(id=1209819472232322047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405805, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722528000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-02, revisedDate=1737648000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766373039538, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766373039538, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766373039538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373039538, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8307, endPage=8315, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209819472626585613, articleId=1209819472232322047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Foam Stability of Three-phase Class A Foam Extinguishing Agents and Fire Extinguishing Efficacy in Woodpile Fires, columnId=1209819472542699530, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of forest fires and reduce the damage to forest resources and ecological environment, a three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent consisting of class A foam extinguishing agent with nano-SiO2 particles was prepared. The effects of nano-SiO2 mass fraction on foam stability and fire extinguishing efficacy were investigated by using the double injector method and the wood stack fire extinguishing test platform. The results show that the nano-SiO2 significantly enhanced the foam stability and delaye the foam precipitation and foam coarsening; the three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent extinguishe the flame more quickly and efficiently under the same driving pressure without rekindling and at a lower dosage than the traditional class A foam extinguishing agent; and the three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent with 1.5% SiO2 show the best extinguishing efficacy. The three-phase A-type foam extinguishing agent significantly improves the fire extinguishing efficiency, reduces the consumption of extinguishing agent, and has low cost, which makes it suitable for large-scale forest fires. The study provides a new solution for the efficient extinguishing of forest fires and has a wide range of practical applications.

, correspAuthors=Zhang-yin DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=You-cheng CHEN, Zhang-yin DAI, Cong-bao HUANG, Man-yin ZHONG, Ze-biao JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209819475726176370, articleId=1209819472232322047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=三相A类泡沫灭火剂的泡沫稳定性及木垛火灭火效能, columnId=1209819472702083086, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提高森林火灾灭火效率,减少对森林资源和生态环境的损害,制备了一种由A类泡沫灭火剂与纳米SiO2颗粒组成的三相A类泡沫灭火剂。采用双注射器法和木垛灭火试验平台,研究了纳米SiO2质量分数对泡沫稳定性和灭火效能的影响。研究结果表明:纳米SiO2显著增强泡沫稳定性,延缓泡沫析液与泡沫粗化;与传统A类泡沫灭火剂相比,三相A类泡沫灭火剂在相同驱动压力下更快速、高效地熄灭火焰,无复燃且用量更少;1.5% SiO2的三相A类泡沫灭火剂表现出最佳灭火效能。三相A类泡沫灭火剂显著提升灭火效率,减少灭火剂消耗,且成本低,适用于大规模森林火灾。研究为森林火灾的高效灭火提供了新方案,具有广泛的实际应用前景。

, correspAuthors=代张音, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*代张音(1981—),女,土家族,贵州贵阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:森林火灾防治、矿山灾害预测理论及控制。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i+X4VSuR3FTimmbqjcLi2w==, magXml=hMEjH6e6J8RiZNmkHIXUmA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ajkDPHnYO3+KoQvlJ2De0w==, pdfFileSize=15336472, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UmxiWMiBIhkFPYoKfIvj1Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=yzk2OKeHKChkdSD7456JAA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈有成(1999—),男,苗族,贵州六盘水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:森林火灾防灭火。E-mail:

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陈有成(1999—),男,苗族,贵州六盘水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:森林火灾防灭火。E-mail:

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陈有成(1999—),男,苗族,贵州六盘水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:森林火灾防灭火。E-mail:

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Physicochemical parameters of nano-SiO2

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产品
型号
吸附比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
悬浮液
pH
灼烧减量/
%
振实密度/
(g·L-1)
SiO2
含量/%
HL-200 200±20 3.9~4.5 ≤2.0 40~60 ≥99.8
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643509994486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米SiO2理化参数

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产品
型号
吸附比表面积/
(m2·g-1)
悬浮液
pH
灼烧减量/
%
振实密度/
(g·L-1)
SiO2
含量/%
HL-200 200±20 3.9~4.5 ≤2.0 40~60 ≥99.8
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643593880569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sample numbering setup

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样品编号 灭火剂混合比/% 纳米SiO2质量分数/%
#1 1.0 0
#2 1.0 0.5
#3 1.0 1.0
#4 1.0 1.5
#5 1.0 2.0
#6 1.0 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643715515387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样品编号设置

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样品编号 灭火剂混合比/% 纳米SiO2质量分数/%
#1 1.0 0
#2 1.0 0.5
#3 1.0 1.0
#4 1.0 1.5
#5 1.0 2.0
#6 1.0 2.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643774235646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fire extinguishing test results

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工况编号 纳米SiO2
质量分数/%
驱动压力/
MPa
明火熄灭
耗时/s
有无复燃
#1 0 0.5 64
#2 0.5 0.5 50
#4 1.5 0.5 31
#6 2.5 0.5 42
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643925229569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

灭火试验结果

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工况编号 纳米SiO2
质量分数/%
驱动压力/
MPa
明火熄灭
耗时/s
有无复燃
#1 0 0.5 64
#2 0.5 0.5 50
#4 1.5 0.5 31
#6 2.5 0.5 42
), ArticleFig(id=1209885643988144129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Foam extinguishing agent consumption and flow rate

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工况编号 纳米SiO2
质量分数/t%
驱动压力/
MPa
耗量/L 平均流量/
(L·min-1)
#1 0 0.5 24.75 21.9
#2 0.5 0.5 18.66 21.8
#4 1.5 0.5 12.50 21.5
#6 2.5 0.5 16.91 20.8
), ArticleFig(id=1209885644067835907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

泡沫灭火剂耗量与流量

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工况编号 纳米SiO2
质量分数/t%
驱动压力/
MPa
耗量/L 平均流量/
(L·min-1)
#1 0 0.5 24.75 21.9
#2 0.5 0.5 18.66 21.8
#4 1.5 0.5 12.50 21.5
#6 2.5 0.5 16.91 20.8
), ArticleFig(id=1209885644155916292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Average cooling rate

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工况编号 纳米SiO2质量分数/% 平均降温速率/(℃·s-1)
#1 0 2.11
#2 0.5 2.71
#4 1.5 2.85
#6 2.5 2.78
), ArticleFig(id=1209885644243996677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209819472232322047, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

平均降温速率

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工况编号 纳米SiO2质量分数/% 平均降温速率/(℃·s-1)
#1 0 2.11
#2 0.5 2.71
#4 1.5 2.85
#6 2.5 2.78
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三相A类泡沫灭火剂的泡沫稳定性及木垛火灭火效能
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陈有成 , 代张音 * , 黄淙葆 , 钟曼尹 , 江泽标
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(19): 8307-8315
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(19): 8307-8315
三相A类泡沫灭火剂的泡沫稳定性及木垛火灭火效能
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陈有成 , 代张音* , 黄淙葆, 钟曼尹, 江泽标
作者信息
  • 贵州大学矿业学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 陈有成(1999—),男,苗族,贵州六盘水人,硕士研究生。研究方向:森林火灾防灭火。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*代张音(1981—),女,土家族,贵州贵阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:森林火灾防治、矿山灾害预测理论及控制。E-mail:
Foam Stability of Three-phase Class A Foam Extinguishing Agents and Fire Extinguishing Efficacy in Woodpile Fires
You-cheng CHEN , Zhang-yin DAI* , Cong-bao HUANG, Man-yin ZHONG, Ze-biao JIANG
Affiliations
  • Mining College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405805
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为了提高森林火灾灭火效率,减少对森林资源和生态环境的损害,制备了一种由A类泡沫灭火剂与纳米SiO2颗粒组成的三相A类泡沫灭火剂。采用双注射器法和木垛灭火试验平台,研究了纳米SiO2质量分数对泡沫稳定性和灭火效能的影响。研究结果表明:纳米SiO2显著增强泡沫稳定性,延缓泡沫析液与泡沫粗化;与传统A类泡沫灭火剂相比,三相A类泡沫灭火剂在相同驱动压力下更快速、高效地熄灭火焰,无复燃且用量更少;1.5% SiO2的三相A类泡沫灭火剂表现出最佳灭火效能。三相A类泡沫灭火剂显著提升灭火效率,减少灭火剂消耗,且成本低,适用于大规模森林火灾。研究为森林火灾的高效灭火提供了新方案,具有广泛的实际应用前景。

森林火灾  /  三相  /  A类泡沫灭火剂  /  纳米SiO2  /  泡沫稳定性  /  灭火效能

In order to improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of forest fires and reduce the damage to forest resources and ecological environment, a three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent consisting of class A foam extinguishing agent with nano-SiO2 particles was prepared. The effects of nano-SiO2 mass fraction on foam stability and fire extinguishing efficacy were investigated by using the double injector method and the wood stack fire extinguishing test platform. The results show that the nano-SiO2 significantly enhanced the foam stability and delaye the foam precipitation and foam coarsening; the three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent extinguishe the flame more quickly and efficiently under the same driving pressure without rekindling and at a lower dosage than the traditional class A foam extinguishing agent; and the three-phase class A foam extinguishing agent with 1.5% SiO2 show the best extinguishing efficacy. The three-phase A-type foam extinguishing agent significantly improves the fire extinguishing efficiency, reduces the consumption of extinguishing agent, and has low cost, which makes it suitable for large-scale forest fires. The study provides a new solution for the efficient extinguishing of forest fires and has a wide range of practical applications.

forest fire  /  three-phase  /  class A foam extinguishing agent  /  nano-SiO2  /  foam stability  /  fire extinguishing efficiency
陈有成, 代张音, 黄淙葆, 钟曼尹, 江泽标. 三相A类泡沫灭火剂的泡沫稳定性及木垛火灭火效能. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8307 -8315 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405805
You-cheng CHEN, Zhang-yin DAI, Cong-bao HUANG, Man-yin ZHONG, Ze-biao JIANG. Foam Stability of Three-phase Class A Foam Extinguishing Agents and Fire Extinguishing Efficacy in Woodpile Fires[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8307 -8315 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405805
随着全球厄尔尼诺事件频发和林间可燃物载量持续增多,云贵川等西南地区在气温高、湿度低、风度大的气候条件下,森林火灾频频发生[1]。2024年贵州省2月份发生森林火灾221起,四川省雅江县3月15日遭受山火侵袭,云南省临沧市3月16日发生山火。森林火灾具有突发性强,破坏性大,处置困难等特点,一旦发生森林火灾,将会给生态系统造成难以估量的损害,同时对社会经济和人类生活安全也造成严重影响[2]。因此,在当前森林火灾频发的背景下,研发高效、环保、价廉的灭火介质对于有效控制火势和降低火灾造成的损失至关重要。
A类泡沫灭火剂被广泛用于森林火灾[3],A类泡沫灭火剂由多种成分组成(如氟碳表面活性剂、碳氢表面活性剂、聚合物等),然而泡沫灭火剂混合比大于1%时,表面活性剂浓度已超过临界胶束浓度(critical micelle concentration,CMC),因此进一步提高灭火剂浓度不会显著增强泡沫的稳定性[4]。纳米颗粒由于其巨大的比表面积,能与表面活性剂之间存在分子间的相互作用[5],有助于增强泡沫的稳定性,可作为泡沫灭火剂的稳泡剂。
泡沫是一种热力学不稳定的系统,重力引起的泡沫析液和泡间薄膜破裂导致的泡沫粗化是泡沫破坏的两个主要过程[6]。纳米颗粒与泡沫液和空气相结合,形成固、液、气三相泡沫[7]。由于纳米颗粒的存在,三相泡沫展现出骨架状结构。即使表层泡沫破裂,整个结构仍然保持完整,从而为内部泡沫提供了有效的保护,显著延缓了其破裂速度[8-10]。此外,由于纳米颗粒包覆气泡,增加了气泡的机械强度,使得在外部干扰和机械振动下气泡更不易破裂,从而进一步提高了三相泡沫的稳定性[11]
Zhang等[12]研究了Al(OH)3对无氟泡沫灭火剂的影响,结果表明纳米颗粒的存在增强了混合分散体的流变性能和泡沫稳定性;周日峰[13]使用两性离子型水成膜泡沫灭火剂与纳米SiO2制得新型水成膜三相泡沫,在泡沫层抗烧性实验中发现三相泡沫层的抗烧时间较气液两相泡沫有明显提升;曹海珍等[14]将疏水改性纳米SiO2添加到无氟泡沫灭火剂中,泡沫体系的理化性能和灭火抗烧性能都得到了提升,上述研究成果表明,纳米颗粒对泡沫灭火剂具有一定的促进作用,但现有研究与实际应用大多针对于液体火灾,对于木垛火的研究几乎没有,增加SiO2的A类泡沫灭火剂扑灭木垛火是否具有更好的灭火效能尚不清楚。因此,有必要深入研究三相A类泡沫灭火剂扑灭木垛火的效能研究。
将A类泡沫灭火剂与纳米SiO2颗粒结合,制备新型三相A类泡沫灭火剂,运用双注射器法系统研究纳米SiO2质量分数对泡沫析液和粗化过程的影响。同时,搭建木垛灭火试验平台,通过灭火时间、灭火剂耗量、流量、降温速率、复燃情况及热辐射强度等参数,分析纳米SiO2质量分数对灭火效能的影响。
A类泡沫灭火剂表面张力为20.8 mN/m,灭火剂的凝固点≤-30 ℃,并且在抗冻结和融化过程中无明显分层或非均相现象,毒性极低,接近0,且pH为7.5。根据GB 27897—2011《A类泡沫灭火剂》的规范[15],符合标准要求。
纳米SiO2为气相亲水性,价格低廉,易于获得。通过氯硅烷与氧气以及氢气高温水解制备而成,反应式为
S i C l 4 + 2 H 2 + O 2 = = S i O 2 + 4 H C l
硅羟基在SiO2表面形成了一层活性的羟基,使得纳米SiO2表面具有良好的亲水性和可溶性,其理化性质如表1所示。
纳米SiO2粒径为14 nm左右,形状为近球形,具有多孔性,无污染耐高温等特性,其扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)表面形貌特征如图1所示。
采用双注射器技术制备泡沫如图2所示。该技术可以制备出初始体积相同、气泡分布高度可重复的泡沫。首先利用两个体积为60 mL的注射器,每个试验气相和液相体积分别为40 mL和20 mL。反复推动用胶管连接的注射器30次后,将含有泡沫的注射器倒置,用摄像机记录泡沫析液过程,得到不同样品的泡沫析液量。
灭火试验在一块由警戒线围成的室外空旷场地内进行。试验设备有:泡沫罐、空气压缩机、压力计、泡沫喷嘴、K型热电偶、热辐射通量计、高清摄像机、尺寸为53 cm ×53 cm×10 cm的油盘、支架、木垛和计时器等。数据采集器每5 s记录一次温度,K型热电偶按0.2 m的高度间隔排列,从下至上依次编号为T1~T6,热辐射通量计与木垛中心处同一高度,水平距离为2.0、2.5、3.0 m,编号为W1~W3,平台如图3所示[16]
研究显示,西南地区森林火灾多发生于地理条件较干旱的云南松、马尾松等林区[17-19]。因此,为了使本试验结果更具代表性和实际应用价值,决定选用松木条作为燃烧原料。所用木垛是由72根松木构成的方形木堆,每根尺寸为4 cm×4 cm×50 cm,共12层,每层摆放6根,经高温干燥处理,以确保火灾模拟环境的真实性。
泡沫析液时间是评估泡沫灭火剂性能的一个重要指标之一,中国现行的《泡沫灭火剂》(GB 15308—2006)标准用25%质量和50%质量析液时间来评估[20],本研究用T25%(25%质量析液时间)与泡沫粗化来检验三相A类泡沫灭火剂泡沫的稳定性,样品编号设置如表2所示。
本次试验使用A类泡沫原液作为原料,制得厂商提供最佳配比为1%的A类泡沫溶液。调节纳米SiO2在泡沫溶液中的质量分数,选取5个不同质量分数进行试验,分别为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%。试验中将A类泡沫原液与蒸馏水按照99∶1的比例混合倒入烧杯中,搅拌5 min,使二者完全混合,得到浓度为1%的A类泡沫溶液。称取溶液质量,将相应质量分数的纳米SiO2加入溶液,使用磁力搅拌器搅拌均匀,呈悬浊液状态。双注射器生成均匀泡沫,将含有泡沫的注射器倒置,用摄像机每30 s记录一次泡沫析液过程,得到不同样品的析液量。在长为20 mm宽为10 mm的载破片上滴入一定量的泡沫。在光学显微镜下观察泡沫尺寸分布和泡沫粗化过程,通过比较不同样本在上述两方面的表现,评价其泡沫稳定性。
每次试验开始前先向油盘内倒入清水和无铅汽油作为燃料,同时将按照比例混合好的灭火剂溶液倒入泡沫罐中。1%A类泡沫灭火剂溶液密度为0.98 g/mL,用灭火剂溶液密度计算溶液质量,去皮水的质量,将纳米SiO2溶于水称量加入泡沫罐。在完成所有仪器的组装并确保它们正常工作之后,使用点火装置点燃油盘,并通过摄像机记录木垛的整个燃烧过程。随着汽油完全燃尽,木垛继续自行燃烧5~9 min,木垛的燃烧达到了一个稳定的热释放速率,最高温度不再上升,预燃结束。将压缩机输出的气压调整至0.5 MPa,并开启泡沫罐的阀门,确保泡沫灭火剂以均匀的速率喷出。首先,在木垛的前方开始喷洒灭火剂,随后调整喷射方向,针对木垛上仍然燃烧的余火进行喷洒,这包括木垛的上方、下方以及侧面,但不对木垛背面进行喷射,直到火势被完全扑灭。记下所消耗的灭火剂总量。如果在火被熄灭后的10 min内未出现复燃现象,则将此次灭火视为成功。
图4所示为25%质量析液时间T25%。由图4可知,随着纳米SiO2质量分数的增加,三相泡沫的T25%呈逐渐上升的态势,尤其是纳米SiO2质量分数大于1.0%时,T25%增长更为明显,随着质量分数超过1.5%,T25%反映出一种下降趋势。当纳米SiO2质量分数为1.5%时,三相泡沫的稳定时长大约是气-液两相泡沫的4倍。纳米SiO2主要呈现层状结构,散布在液体相中,这种分布方式显著增加了液体的黏度,从而延缓了液体的析液速率,并有效阻止了气泡的合并及歧化作用。此外,纳米SiO2吸附在液膜上,不仅可以增加液膜厚度,还可以减小气液膜接触面积,延缓内部气泡的破裂速度。颗粒在气液交界面及泡沫内部形成支撑结构,进一步增强了泡沫的结构稳定性。
图5为典型泡沫分散体#1、#2、#4、#6通过双注射器法发泡后的泡沫析液过程。在初始时刻,4组泡沫分散体在注射器内体积为60 mL。随着时间的推移,泡沫在自身重力作用下自上而下逐渐析出液体。由图5可知未加入纳米SiO2的#1在不同时刻的泡沫析液量均大于#2、#4、#6。三相A类泡沫灭火剂泡沫析液量随着纳米SiO2质量分数的升高先上升后下降,表明低于1.5%的灭火剂泡沫随纳米SiO2增多会增加析液,而高于1.5%的灭火剂泡沫因纳米SiO2增多会减少析液。
利用光学显微镜观察#1、#2、#4和#6四组样品的泡沫形态变化,如图6所示。未加入纳米SiO2的#1泡沫尺寸较大,且分布不均匀。加入纳米SiO2的#2、#4泡沫尺寸均匀,大小更为统一,而#6的泡沫尺寸较#2、#4显得更大。随着时间的推移,泡沫尺寸增大,液体泡沫在重力作用下分离水,导致液膜变薄易碎。泡沫间的不同尺寸导致了压力差的存在,这使得泡沫体积随时间推移而增大,并发生凝聚,导致泡沫数量减少[21]
在三相泡沫体系中,纳米SiO2的加入对于液膜与泡沫界面的作用显著,主要通过降低界面压力差而减慢液体流失的速度,这一机制显著地减少了泡沫的聚集和裂解现象。#4样本的泡沫稳定性最为突出,析液速度较慢,泡沫形态和尺寸变化最小,且尺寸分布最为均匀。相比之下,#6样本由于纳米SiO2过量聚集形成较大的颗粒团,这些团块作为泡沫的不稳定因素,导致泡沫尺寸增大[22]
T25%增加或减少趋势相同的纳米SiO2质量分数中选取了代表性的试验工况,表3展示了在不同工况下进行的灭火试验结果。在相同的驱动压力下,A类泡沫灭火剂与三相A类泡沫灭火剂都能在喷射过程中有效扑灭火源,最长的明火熄灭时长为64 s。随着纳米SiO2含量由0依次增加到0.5%、1.5%及2.5%,明火熄灭时间相应地缩短了14、33、22 s,三相A类泡沫的熄灭时间普遍低于普通A类泡沫。当纳米SiO2质量比例达到1.5%时,三相A类泡沫显示出显著的优势,熄灭火焰的速度更快,表现出更出色的灭火性能。三相A类泡沫灭火剂中,纳米SiO2的适量添加能够有效缩短火焰熄灭时间,优化灭火效果。
分析发现工况#1的灭火过程最终出现复燃现象,工况#2、#4、#6没有出现复燃。对工况#1、#4灭火过程行分析。整个灭火过程分为:预燃烧阶段(Ⅰ)、火焰熄灭阶段(Ⅱ)、阴燃阶段(Ⅲ),如图7所示。
Ⅰ阶段:云南松木含有高浓度松节油,具备低燃点和轻质特性,易于在明火作用下迅速蔓延。从点火开始到120 s,油盘引燃木垛后,木材内部的水分会快速蒸发,导致产生水蒸气和二氧化碳等分解产物。随着油盘燃尽燃料,木材进入稳定燃烧阶段,此时松木条开始炭化,释放出少量的一氧化碳、氢气和甲烷等气体,随后火势剧烈并稳定地持续进行有焰燃烧过程,温度稳定逐步上升,木垛进入完全燃烧状态。410 s工况#1木垛达到最高温度,温度不再上升,燃烧达到衰减节点。工况#4木垛在450 s达到最高温度,燃烧开始衰减。
Ⅱ阶段:开始对木垛施加A类泡沫灭火剂,水分蒸发产生大量烟雾,泡沫附着木垛,火势开始减小,木垛外的明火基本消失。
Ⅲ阶段:持续喷射A类泡沫灭火剂64 s后木垛整体明火熄灭,木垛内部发生阴燃,950 s发生复燃,复燃的起始部位为泡沫灭火剂最难作用到的木垛最里角。与A类泡沫灭火剂实验现象不同,三相A类泡沫灭火剂起泡性能更佳,大量泡沫附着在木垛上,具有更优越的灭火效能,持续喷射31 s后明火就已熄灭,且10 min内无复燃。
在扑灭森林火灾时,灭火剂耗量和喷洒流速是评估其灭火效率的关键参数。纳米SiO2的添加使得泡沫灭火剂的物理性质发生变化,从液态溶液转变为具有更高黏度的悬浊液,这一变化使得灭火剂的喷洒速率受到影响。纳米SiO2的质量分数影响着灭火剂喷洒快慢。表4列出了不同工况下泡沫灭火剂耗量和平均流量。
表4可得,在相同的驱动压力下,工况#2、#4、#6的灭火剂耗量较工况#1分别减少6.09、12.25、7.84 L,且工况#1的耗量是工况#4的两倍,加入纳米SiO2的三相A类泡沫灭火剂拥有更出色的灭火效能,使耗量减少。三相A类泡沫灭火剂耗量随着纳米SiO2质量分数的增加先减少后增加,表明灭火效能随质量分数先增加后减少,与前文T25%所得结论相一致。三相A类泡沫灭火剂的平均流速随着质量分数的增加而减少,且都低于A类泡沫灭火剂。
假设流体从管道出口处以一个恒定的流速水平喷射出去,计算两种泡沫灭火剂的喷射距离d,公式为
d = v 2 2 g
式(2)中: d为喷射距离,m; v为流体的初速度,m/s; g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2
流体的初速度v
v = Q A
式(3)中: v为流体的初速度m/s; Q为流体的流量,L/min; A为喷头孔的面积,0.000 200 96 m2
在一次木垛火灾扑救中,工况#4三相A类泡沫灭火剂平均流量为21.5 L/min,而工况#1消耗A类泡沫灭火剂的平均流量为21.9 L/min,由式(1)推出喷射距离为d三相≈0.161 m, d A ≈0.169 m。两者喷射距离比值为0.952,流动性差异小,相同的驱动压力下可喷射范围相近。
灭火试验工况#1、#2、#4、#6中T1~T6温度变化,如图8所示。从图8中可以看出,在预燃烧阶段,汽油在油盘内完全着火,释放出大量的热能,使得木质材料开始分解。随温度的逐渐上升,其炭化过程开始,引发了木材的剧烈分解,导致一氧化碳、甲烷等多种气体的大量生成,并伴随着持续的稳定火焰。位于木材中心的T2温度监测点记录到的温度最高,最高温度达到900 ℃以上。处于木垛上方的T4~T6随距离的上升,温度逐渐降低。
灭火剂的使用使温度急剧下降,然后逐渐减缓,呈现出反比例曲线的冷却趋势。T3热电偶布置在木垛正上方,灭火剂最先接触,降温速率最快。冷却初期,A类泡沫灭火剂和三相A类泡沫灭火剂的液滴蒸发吸收大量热量,导致温度下降,工况#2、#4、#6较工况#1下降迅速。停止喷洒灭火剂后,热量主要通过空气对流和辐射散失,工况1#下降较其他工况减弱缓慢,且在950 s时产生复燃温度又再次升高。工况#2、#4、#6阴燃阶段温度稳定下降,无升高趋势。明火消失后,工况#1的木垛内部由于热辐射作用,T1和T2的温度下降趋势变缓。喷洒灭火剂的位置在木垛燃烧过程中是可变的,一旦火焰的某个区域被成功扑灭,即会调节喷射角度,以针对剩余的火焰进行灭火,被扑灭区域的灭火剂未能完全渗透到木垛内部,导致部分区域仍然含有可燃成分和可燃性气体。当室外环境风突变时,充足的氧气涌入木垛内部,与残留的可燃物混合,进一步引发二次甚至三次燃烧。
泡沫灭火剂通过水分吸收大量热能,并在燃烧物表面形成泡沫或水层,提供有效的隔热保护,阻隔氧气。通过T2热电偶测量火焰中心的温度变化曲线,并分析0~300 s内的温度数据,计算得到的平均降温速率用于评估泡沫灭火剂的冷却效果。表5列出了不同工况下的平均降温速率。
表5可知,纳米SiO2的添加显著提高了A类泡沫灭火剂的降温速率,且随着纳米SiO2质量分数的增加,降温速率呈现先增大后减小的趋势。工况#4表现出最高的降温速率,而工况#6则出现下降。这一现象可归因于过量纳米SiO2对泡沫结构的负面影响。适量的纳米SiO2有助于增强泡沫的稳定性和热量吸收能力,而过量添加则抑制泡沫的发泡能力,导致泡沫膜过厚且脆弱,在高温下容易破裂,从而降低其隔热和降温效果。
在假定木垛燃烧产生的整体火焰辐射能是源自中心点火源的条件下,通过在木垛中心2、2.5、3 m的不同距离处测定接收到的热辐射通量,得到的热辐射变化情况如图9所示。图9展示了在灭火实验过程中,从点火初始阶段起,热辐射通量逐步上升,并在400 s左右开始灭火的时刻达到顶峰。在喷射灭火剂之后,工况#2、#4、#6灭火后热辐射降低幅度明显,呈急剧下降趋势。而工况#1热辐射下降呈阶梯状,更为延缓。图9(a)中,工况#1在575 s时处于155 W/m2附近,工况#4在575 s时热辐射通量就已降至100 W/m2附近,而三相A类泡沫灭火剂降温效果更好,阻断传热能力更强。工况#1热辐射在800~1 000 s呈波浪状的不稳定状态,在930 s时上升较为明显,980 s时达到峰值,这是因为木垛复燃而产生的热辐射变化。工况#2、#4、#6无复燃状况,在800~1 000 s热辐射起伏平缓。由图9(b)图9(c)所知,距离的增加导致热辐射减少,使用三相A类泡沫灭火剂灭火的木垛随着距离的增加向外散发的热辐射能量越来越小,逐渐为0,而A类泡沫灭火剂灭火的木垛随着距离的增加依旧有明显的热辐射数值。由于三相A类泡沫灭火剂的阻断传热性能更好,在实际应用过程可以有效地控制和扑灭火灾。
(1)添加纳米SiO2可显著减缓A类泡沫灭火剂泡沫析液和泡沫粗化,随着纳米SiO2质量分数的增加,三相A类泡沫灭火剂T25%先增加后减少。样品4#的三相泡沫灭火剂T25%约为A类泡沫灭火剂的4倍,其泡沫形态在显微镜下与其他样品相比,分布最均匀,稳定性最佳。
(2)三相A类泡沫灭火剂和A类泡沫灭火剂均能有效扑灭明火,1.5%的三相A类泡沫灭火剂灭火效果最好。三相A类泡沫灭火剂在木垛实验中未出现复燃现象,而A类泡沫灭火剂出现复燃。
(3)相同驱动压力下,纳米SiO2对A类泡沫灭火剂喷洒流速影响较小,喷射距离相近。三相A类泡沫灭火剂流速略小于A类泡沫灭火剂,耗量远低于A类泡沫灭火剂,显示出其更高的经济性和应用价值。
(4)三相A类泡沫灭火剂在降温速率及隔热能力方面均优于A类泡沫灭火,在实际应用中,三相A类泡沫灭火剂能够更迅速有效地降低火场温度,同时提供更强的隔热保护。
  • 贵州省科技计划(黔科合支撑[2022]一般250黔科合支撑[2021]一般520)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405805
  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
  • 修回日期:2025-01-24
基金
贵州省科技计划(黔科合支撑[2022]一般250黔科合支撑[2021]一般520)
作者信息
    贵州大学矿业学院, 贵阳 550025

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*代张音(1981—),女,土家族,贵州贵阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:森林火灾防治、矿山灾害预测理论及控制。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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