Article(id=1209816726984847758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405637, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721923200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-26, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766372385021, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766372385021, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766372385021, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766372385021, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8187, endPage=8197, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209816727626576280, articleId=1209816726984847758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Rigid Composite Pile in Complex Soft Soil-sandy Soil Foundations, columnId=1209816723763630312, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stiffly-expanded composite pile is a new type of composite pile formed by sinking rigid pile in cement soil mixing pile. In order to study its bearing characteristics in complex soft soil-sandy soil foundation, a numerical analysis model of rigid composite pile was established based on finite element software ABAQUS, with the effect of core pile length and diameter, soil-cement pile length, diameter and elastic modulus, as well as soil-cement and pre-stressed high-strength concrete(PHC) pile interface and soil-soil interface shear strength on the bearing performance was analyzed. The results show that the bearing capacity and economic advantages of the stiffened composite pile are obvious. The bearing capacity of composite pile increases with the increase of research parameters, but the improvement is limited by changing the research parameters beyond a certain range. With the increase of load, the slope of axial force distribution curve of composite pile increases, and the load proportion of PHC core pile is about 93.32%~95.40%. When the load exceeds 4 000 kN, the axial force of soil-cement pile increases sharply within the depth range of 10~16 m, and the axial stress ratio of core pile/soil-cement pile changes significantly near the depth of about 10 m. The research outcomes could provide references for the engineering design and application of the stiffly-expanded composite piles.

, correspAuthors=Biao LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=You-fei ZHOU, Cheng-long LIU, Hai-liang LÜ, Hai-long CHEN, Ji LIU, Sheng CHEN, Jin ZHANG, Biao LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209816730210267696, articleId=1209816726984847758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=复杂软弱土-砂土地基中劲性复合桩承载性能数值分析, columnId=1209816724011094258, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=劲性复合桩是在水泥土搅拌桩中沉入刚性桩形成的一种新型复合桩型。为研究其在复杂软弱土-砂土地基中的承载特性,基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立劲性复合桩数值分析模型,分析芯桩长度和直径、水泥土桩长、直径和弹性模量、水泥土-预应力高强混凝土桩界面以及水泥土-土体界面剪切强度对其承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:劲性复合桩承载性能和经济优势显著;复合桩承载力随各研究参数增大而不断增大,但超过一定范围后,改变研究参数对承载力的提升有限;随着荷载增加,复合桩轴力分布曲线的斜率不断增大,PHC(pre-stressed high-stength concrete)芯桩承担的荷载比例为93.32%~95.40%;当荷载超过4 000 kN后,水泥土桩在深度10~16 m范围内轴力急剧增大,芯桩/水泥土桩轴向应力比在深度约10 m附近发生明显突变;研究成果可为劲性复合桩的工程设计及应用提供参考。, correspAuthors=李彪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李彪(1990—),男,汉族,河南桐柏人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:混凝土材料与结构。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=lwVM+6OumbQWKwDILj025Q==, magXml=aaz0GbM/A1cvLUgMrQVixg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MAsuL9wAkF3C91i+M+qOrg==, pdfFileSize=12827607, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2ZE5oth7GJK740zDfXeIDA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=msNXLsHDcddzVoQjxndx3A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周友飞(1981—),男,汉族,江苏滨海人,高级工程师。研究方向:建筑工程管理。E-mail:

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Physical and mechanical parameters of soils

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层号 土层 层厚/m 重度γ/
(kN·m-3)
黏聚力
c/kPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
压缩模量
Es/MPa
泊松比
ν
承载力特征值
fak/kPa
静探比贯入
阻力值/MPa
1 杂填土 2.4 18.0 16.8 10.5 3.2 0.35 70 1.101
2 淤泥质粉质黏土 5.8 17.8 13.8 6.3 3.1 0.42 60 0.524
3 粉质黏土夹粉砂 1.6 18.1 19.1 12.3 3.5 0.40 80 1.438
4 粉砂夹粉质黏土 1.5 18.4 6.1 27.6 7.5 0.40 130 4.579
5-a 粉土夹粉质黏土 1.7 18.2 13.5 20.3 6.5 0.40 110 3.386
5 粉砂夹粉土 4.2 18.5 4.5 30.5 10.5 0.40 170 7.234
6 粉砂 8.4 18.2 3.1 32.5 13.5 0.30 200 10.076
7 粉细砂 11.3 18.2 1.5 35.2 14.0 0.30 210 10.727
8 粉细砂 未击穿 18.3 1.4 36.8 16.0 0.30 220 15.053
), ArticleFig(id=1209885589764174168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土层物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层号 土层 层厚/m 重度γ/
(kN·m-3)
黏聚力
c/kPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
压缩模量
Es/MPa
泊松比
ν
承载力特征值
fak/kPa
静探比贯入
阻力值/MPa
1 杂填土 2.4 18.0 16.8 10.5 3.2 0.35 70 1.101
2 淤泥质粉质黏土 5.8 17.8 13.8 6.3 3.1 0.42 60 0.524
3 粉质黏土夹粉砂 1.6 18.1 19.1 12.3 3.5 0.40 80 1.438
4 粉砂夹粉质黏土 1.5 18.4 6.1 27.6 7.5 0.40 130 4.579
5-a 粉土夹粉质黏土 1.7 18.2 13.5 20.3 6.5 0.40 110 3.386
5 粉砂夹粉土 4.2 18.5 4.5 30.5 10.5 0.40 170 7.234
6 粉砂 8.4 18.2 3.1 32.5 13.5 0.30 200 10.076
7 粉细砂 11.3 18.2 1.5 35.2 14.0 0.30 210 10.727
8 粉细砂 未击穿 18.3 1.4 36.8 16.0 0.30 220 15.053
), ArticleFig(id=1209885589877420378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters of models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 密度γ/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量
E/MPa
泊松比
ν
黏聚力
c/kPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
PHC桩身混凝土
(C80)
2 500 38 000 0.2
PHC桩钢筋 7 800 200 000 0.3
水泥土桩 2 000 500 0.3 400 30
荷载板 7 800 200 000 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1209885589986472283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 密度γ/
(kg·m-3)
弹性模量
E/MPa
泊松比
ν
黏聚力
c/kPa
内摩擦角
φ/(°)
PHC桩身混凝土
(C80)
2 500 38 000 0.2
PHC桩钢筋 7 800 200 000 0.3
水泥土桩 2 000 500 0.3 400 30
荷载板 7 800 200 000 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1209885590074552670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Analysis working case and ultimate bearing capacity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 PHC桩直径
(壁厚)/mm
PHC桩
长度/m
水泥土桩
直径/mm
水泥土桩
长度/m
水泥土弹模/
MPa
水泥土-土黏聚力/
kPa
水泥土-混凝土
黏聚力/kPa
极限承
载力/kN
1 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 914
2 900 18 500 40 200 1 735
3 500(125) 18 40 200 2 256
4 800(130) 18 40 200 3 669
5 1 000(130) 18 40 200 4 601
6 500(125) 28 40 200 3 289
7 500(125) 38 40 200 4 249
8 300(70) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 048
9 400(95) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 509
10 600(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 228
11 700(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 420
12 800(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 609
13 500(125) 12 900 18 500 40 200 3 506
14 500(125) 14 900 18 500 40 200 4 006
15 500(125) 16 900 18 500 40 200 4 528
16 500(125) 20 900 18 500 40 200 5 224
17 500(125) 22 900 18 500 40 200 5 379
18 500(125) 24 900 18 500 40 200 5 577
19 500(125) 18 600 18 500 40 200 3 710
20 500(125) 18 700 18 500 40 200 4 145
21 500(125) 18 800 18 500 40 200 4 547
22 500(125) 18 1 000 18 500 40 200 5 210
23 500(125) 18 1 100 18 500 40 200 5 543
24 500(125) 18 900 12 500 40 200 4 245
25 500(125) 18 900 14 500 40 200 4 401
26 500(125) 18 900 16 500 40 200 4 773
27 500(125) 18 900 20 500 40 200 5 023
28 500(125) 18 900 22 500 40 200 5 070
29 500(125) 18 900 24 500 40 200 5 080
30 500(125) 18 900 18 300 40 200 4 777
31 500(125) 18 900 18 400 40 200 4 836
32 500(125) 18 900 18 600 40 200 4 957
33 500(125) 18 900 18 700 40 200 5 000
34 500(125) 18 900 18 500 0 200 3 412
35 500(125) 18 900 18 500 10 200 3 997
36 500(125) 18 900 18 500 20 200 4 512
37 500(125) 18 900 18 500 30 200 4 723
38 500(125) 18 900 18 500 50 200 5 111
39 500(125) 18 900 18 500 60 200 5 295
40 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 50 4 440
41 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 100 4 542
42 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 300 5 072
43 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 400 5 147
44 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 500 5 192
), ArticleFig(id=1209885590158438751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分析工况及极限承载力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 PHC桩直径
(壁厚)/mm
PHC桩
长度/m
水泥土桩
直径/mm
水泥土桩
长度/m
水泥土弹模/
MPa
水泥土-土黏聚力/
kPa
水泥土-混凝土
黏聚力/kPa
极限承
载力/kN
1 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 914
2 900 18 500 40 200 1 735
3 500(125) 18 40 200 2 256
4 800(130) 18 40 200 3 669
5 1 000(130) 18 40 200 4 601
6 500(125) 28 40 200 3 289
7 500(125) 38 40 200 4 249
8 300(70) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 048
9 400(95) 18 900 18 500 40 200 4 509
10 600(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 228
11 700(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 420
12 800(130) 18 900 18 500 40 200 5 609
13 500(125) 12 900 18 500 40 200 3 506
14 500(125) 14 900 18 500 40 200 4 006
15 500(125) 16 900 18 500 40 200 4 528
16 500(125) 20 900 18 500 40 200 5 224
17 500(125) 22 900 18 500 40 200 5 379
18 500(125) 24 900 18 500 40 200 5 577
19 500(125) 18 600 18 500 40 200 3 710
20 500(125) 18 700 18 500 40 200 4 145
21 500(125) 18 800 18 500 40 200 4 547
22 500(125) 18 1 000 18 500 40 200 5 210
23 500(125) 18 1 100 18 500 40 200 5 543
24 500(125) 18 900 12 500 40 200 4 245
25 500(125) 18 900 14 500 40 200 4 401
26 500(125) 18 900 16 500 40 200 4 773
27 500(125) 18 900 20 500 40 200 5 023
28 500(125) 18 900 22 500 40 200 5 070
29 500(125) 18 900 24 500 40 200 5 080
30 500(125) 18 900 18 300 40 200 4 777
31 500(125) 18 900 18 400 40 200 4 836
32 500(125) 18 900 18 600 40 200 4 957
33 500(125) 18 900 18 700 40 200 5 000
34 500(125) 18 900 18 500 0 200 3 412
35 500(125) 18 900 18 500 10 200 3 997
36 500(125) 18 900 18 500 20 200 4 512
37 500(125) 18 900 18 500 30 200 4 723
38 500(125) 18 900 18 500 50 200 5 111
39 500(125) 18 900 18 500 60 200 5 295
40 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 50 4 440
41 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 100 4 542
42 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 300 5 072
43 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 400 5 147
44 500(125) 18 900 18 500 40 500 5 192
), ArticleFig(id=1209885590250713442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Load taking ratio of PHC pile and cement-soil pile

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 各级荷载(kN)分担比/%
500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000
PHC桩 94.32 94.32 94.66 94.93 95.11 95.23 95.32 95.35 95.37 95.40
水泥土桩 5.68 5.68 5.34 5.07 4.89 4.77 4.68 4.65 4.63 4.60
), ArticleFig(id=1209885590317822309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726984847758, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

管桩、水泥土荷载分担比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 各级荷载(kN)分担比/%
500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000
PHC桩 94.32 94.32 94.66 94.93 95.11 95.23 95.32 95.35 95.37 95.40
水泥土桩 5.68 5.68 5.34 5.07 4.89 4.77 4.68 4.65 4.63 4.60
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复杂软弱土-砂土地基中劲性复合桩承载性能数值分析
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周友飞 1 , 刘成龙 2 , 吕海亮 1 , 陈海龙 2 , 刘佶 1 , 陈胜 3 , 张晋 4 , 李彪 4, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙建筑科学 2025,25(19): 8187-8197
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙建筑科学 2025, 25(19): 8187-8197
复杂软弱土-砂土地基中劲性复合桩承载性能数值分析
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周友飞1 , 刘成龙2, 吕海亮1, 陈海龙2, 刘佶1, 陈胜3, 张晋4, 李彪4, *
作者信息
  • 1 中交一公局海威工程建设有限公司, 北京 110112
  • 2 中交一公局集团有限公司, 北京 110105
  • 3 淮安市博彦土木工程科学研究院有限公司, 淮安 320800
  • 4 湖北工业大学土木建筑与环境学院, 武汉 430068
  • 周友飞(1981—),男,汉族,江苏滨海人,高级工程师。研究方向:建筑工程管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李彪(1990—),男,汉族,河南桐柏人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:混凝土材料与结构。E-mail:
Numerical Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Rigid Composite Pile in Complex Soft Soil-sandy Soil Foundations
You-fei ZHOU1 , Cheng-long LIU2, Hai-liang LÜ1, Hai-long CHEN2, Ji LIU1, Sheng CHEN3, Jin ZHANG4, Biao LI4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Haiwei Engineering Construction Co., Ltd., of FHEC of CCCC, Beijing 110112, China
  • 2 China First Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 110105, China
  • 3 Huai'an Boyan Research Institute of Civil Engineering Co., Ltd., Huai'an 320800, China
  • 4 School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405637
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劲性复合桩是在水泥土搅拌桩中沉入刚性桩形成的一种新型复合桩型。为研究其在复杂软弱土-砂土地基中的承载特性,基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立劲性复合桩数值分析模型,分析芯桩长度和直径、水泥土桩长、直径和弹性模量、水泥土-预应力高强混凝土桩界面以及水泥土-土体界面剪切强度对其承载性能的影响规律。结果表明:劲性复合桩承载性能和经济优势显著;复合桩承载力随各研究参数增大而不断增大,但超过一定范围后,改变研究参数对承载力的提升有限;随着荷载增加,复合桩轴力分布曲线的斜率不断增大,PHC(pre-stressed high-stength concrete)芯桩承担的荷载比例为93.32%~95.40%;当荷载超过4 000 kN后,水泥土桩在深度10~16 m范围内轴力急剧增大,芯桩/水泥土桩轴向应力比在深度约10 m附近发生明显突变;研究成果可为劲性复合桩的工程设计及应用提供参考。
劲性复合桩  /  软土地基  /  数值分析  /  承载力  /  传力机制

The stiffly-expanded composite pile is a new type of composite pile formed by sinking rigid pile in cement soil mixing pile. In order to study its bearing characteristics in complex soft soil-sandy soil foundation, a numerical analysis model of rigid composite pile was established based on finite element software ABAQUS, with the effect of core pile length and diameter, soil-cement pile length, diameter and elastic modulus, as well as soil-cement and pre-stressed high-strength concrete(PHC) pile interface and soil-soil interface shear strength on the bearing performance was analyzed. The results show that the bearing capacity and economic advantages of the stiffened composite pile are obvious. The bearing capacity of composite pile increases with the increase of research parameters, but the improvement is limited by changing the research parameters beyond a certain range. With the increase of load, the slope of axial force distribution curve of composite pile increases, and the load proportion of PHC core pile is about 93.32%~95.40%. When the load exceeds 4 000 kN, the axial force of soil-cement pile increases sharply within the depth range of 10~16 m, and the axial stress ratio of core pile/soil-cement pile changes significantly near the depth of about 10 m. The research outcomes could provide references for the engineering design and application of the stiffly-expanded composite piles.

rigid composite pile  /  soft foundation  /  numerical analysis  /  bearing capacity  /  load transfer mechanism
周友飞, 刘成龙, 吕海亮, 陈海龙, 刘佶, 陈胜, 张晋, 李彪. 复杂软弱土-砂土地基中劲性复合桩承载性能数值分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8187 -8197 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405637
You-fei ZHOU, Cheng-long LIU, Hai-liang LÜ, Hai-long CHEN, Ji LIU, Sheng CHEN, Jin ZHANG, Biao LI. Numerical Analysis on Bearing Capacity of Rigid Composite Pile in Complex Soft Soil-sandy Soil Foundations[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8187 -8197 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405637
在中国沿江沿海地区广泛分布着由淤泥、杂填土或其他高压缩性土层构成的软土地基,具有强度低、压缩性髙、承载力低、沉降量大等不良工程特性,对建筑安全造成不利影响[1]。水泥土搅拌桩是一种较为常用的地基处理手段,但其桩身强度受土质和施工工艺影响较大,当承载力或沉降要求较高时难以适用。预应力高强混凝土(pre-stressed high-strength concrete,PHC)管桩具有工效高、强度和刚度大等优点,但施工时的挤土效应会对工程自身及周边建筑物产生影响,有时还需要进行引孔作业,降低了施工效率。此外,由于软土条件下桩侧摩阻力较小,PHC桩身强度未能充分发挥,经济性不理想,而其他刚性桩也存在类似问题[2]。因此,对于软弱土地基,单一桩型具有明显局限性。劲性复合桩是在水泥土搅拌桩初凝之前插入预制混凝土桩,形成芯桩与水泥土共同工作、承受荷载的新桩型[3],可以充分发挥预制混凝土桩的高承载特性,降低工程成本[4],受到广泛关注。
近年来,国内外学者采用试验研究、数值模拟和理论分析等对劲性复合桩承载特性等开展了系列研究工作,取得了较为丰富的研究成果。在试验研究方面,李俊才等[5-6]采用现场荷载试验和数值模拟研究了管桩水泥土复合桩的荷载演变机制,结果表明:管桩是上部荷载的主要承担者,复合桩表现出摩擦桩的工作特性。宦雯等[7]采用现场静载和管桩-水泥土黏结强度试验,研究了复合桩在粉土粉砂地层中的极限承载力,并提出了管桩水泥土复合基桩承载力计算公式。周威等[8]通过同直径多桩型现场单桩载荷试验,发现劲性复合桩的极限承载力是同直径灌注桩的1.39~1.69倍,水泥土的重组固化效应和扩散层效应是劲性复合桩具有优异力学性能的主要原因[9]。朱锐等[10]通过劲性复合桩挤土效应和静力触探试验,研究了复合桩成桩过程中桩周土孔隙水压力和有效应力的变化规律。结果表明:劲性复合桩挤土效应沿桩径方向逐渐减小,沿桩长方向逐渐增大;在成桩过程中,周围土层的有效应力增长了12%~63%,桩侧摩阻力显著提升。
在数值模拟研究方面,曹战峰等[11]建立了等芯长柔刚复合桩及PHC管桩ABAQUS有限元模型并进行数值模拟,发现等芯长柔刚复合桩的极限承载力相比于PHC管桩提高了约30%。鲍鹏等[12]基于ANSYS软件建立三维有限元模型,研究了劲性搅拌桩复合静动力承载性能,发现劲性搅拌桩所承担的荷载主要由侧摩阻力分担,且存在最佳内外芯桩长度比和最优截面含芯率。王建等[13]对黏土地基中劲性复合桩水平承载性能进行了数值模拟分析,基于计算结果,提出了水平极限承载力计算方法。朱庆华等[14]基于ABAQUS有限元模型研究了劲性搅拌桩复合地基的承载特性,发现复合地基的桩土应力比随着垫层厚度增加而减小。此外,李立业等[15]结合工程实例基于代表性规范中承载力的计算方法提出了改进的计算公式。
综上可知,关于劲性复合桩承载性能的研究已取得了一定成果,但研究多聚集在单一土层或多种土层,针对复杂软弱土-砂土地基环境中的研究较少,复合桩的承载性能演变规律以及荷载传递机理不清楚。鉴于此,结合实际工程,采用ABAQUS有限元软件对劲性复合桩进行有限元建模和分析,研究复杂软弱土+砂土地质条件下劲性复合桩的承载性能,揭示其荷载传递机理以及承载力形成机制,可为同类工程设计和应用提供参考。
拟建工程位于江苏泰州高港区永安洲镇,总用地面积为129 940 m2,总建筑面积为349 937 m2,由20栋住宅楼、12栋商业楼及机动车地库组成。拟建场地在垂深50.0 m深度范围内的地基土为第四系全新统冲积相沉积层,主要由黏性土、粉性土、砂性土组成,共计八个地质层组,地质条件复杂,地表以下10 m 范围内有较厚软土层,稳定性较差,为抗震不利地段,10 m深度以下开始为砂土层,地基土物理力学参数见表1
拟建工程所处场地的软土层厚度较大、压缩性高、承载力低,基础需采用桩基础,要求单桩承载力特征值在2 000 kN以上。根据勘察资料,如采用PHC管桩,由于桩侧阻较小,单根预制桩长度较长,穿越砂层具有较大难度,可能需要引孔作业,将大大延长桩基施工时间。考虑到单桩承载力、施工工期与成本等因素,工程拟采用劲性复合桩作为建筑物基础,所选用的劲性复合桩为水泥土搅拌桩内插PHC500AB(125)型预制管桩,其中水泥土搅拌桩直径为900 mm,预制管桩直径为500 mm,两桩桩长均为18 m。
采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立劲性复合桩-土体三维弹塑性分析模型,如图1所示。考虑到计算效率,根据对称性,选取1/4复合桩进行建模。模型主要包含水泥土桩、管桩、土体和刚性荷载板,其中,土体模型采用圆柱形,为尽量减小边界效应的影响,土体水平方向尺寸取20倍水泥土桩半径,为9 m,深度方向尺寸按桩端距离模型底部10倍桩径确定,为22 m。水泥土桩、PHC桩、土体和荷载板均采用C3D8R单元。模型共包含91 386个节点,83 292个单元。
材料本构模型的正确选取是模型计算结果可靠的前提。根据场地环境,土体采用Mohr-Coulomb弹塑性模型,材料参数取值见表1,其中土体弹性模量取为3~5倍压缩模量[16]。参考已有研究工作,PHC桩在承受竖向荷载时,桩身通常不会进入塑性状态,可采用线弹性模型;当承受水平荷载时,可采用混凝土塑性损伤(concrete damaged plasticity model,CDP)模型模拟混凝土开裂后的非线性行为,而钢筋可采用理想弹塑性模型[17]。初步计算结果表明,在加载过程中PHC桩身混凝土和钢筋均未进入塑性状态,因此混凝土和钢筋均采用线弹性模型。对于水泥土,其力学性能介于土体和素混凝土之间,其本构模型主要有Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)模型[5,18]和CDP模型[14]两种。考虑到M-C模型参数相对容易确定,本文采用M-C模型,其材料参数取值参考文献[19]。荷载板采用线弹性模型。除土体外,各材料参数取值见表2
考虑复合桩实际工作状态,在土体模型底部施加固定约束,外侧施加径向约束,对称面施加对称约束,模型顶部为自由边界。荷载主要包括桩身自重和竖向荷载,其中自重通过设置重力加速度施加,竖向荷载则通过在刚性荷载板中心施加集中力进行加载,最大竖向载荷为5 500 kN,共分22级施加,每级增加250 kN。
模型中共有两个接触面:水泥土桩-土体接触面和水泥土桩-PHC桩接触面。对于前者,当前主要采用绑定接触[18,20]和库伦摩擦模型[14]两种方式,但均存在一定局限性。其中,绑定接触忽略了桩-土接触面的相对运动,而库伦摩擦模型则忽略了接触面的黏聚力。文献[21]表明,水泥土-土体的界面抗剪强度基本符合关系式
τ = c + μ p
式(1)中:τ为切向力;μ为摩擦系数;p为法向压力;c为黏聚力,其取值为10~40 kPa。可以看出,水泥土桩-土体接触面性能介于绑定接触和库伦摩擦模型之间。然而,ABAQUS软件中的摩擦模型未能涵盖式(1)所示有黏聚力的摩擦行为,但提供了针对不同法向压力设置不同摩擦系数的功能。为此,可通过引入不同法向压力下的等效摩擦系数( μ ')来解决,即
τ = c + μ p = c p + μ p = μ ' p
文献[22]表明,水泥土桩-PHC桩的接触面存在明显的黏结-滑移特性。参考文献[16,23],选用黏结-滑移摩擦模型,摩擦系数取0.4。对于Cohesive和损伤演化行为,参考文献[22],水泥土和混凝土界面黏结强度取为200 kPa,达到黏结强度时切向位移取为1.6 mm,最大切向位移取为2 mm。
图2为常规桩-土接触分析流程,主要包含地应力平衡、建立桩-土接触和施加荷载两个分析步。然而,应用上述分析流程计算时发现,当桩长较长、桩底土质较弱时,多次出现桩底土发生向上竖向位移,周围土体产生塑性变形,当塑性变形较大时导致计算不收敛[图2(c)]。其原因主要在于,当激活桩并撤去桩底临时土压力时,桩底土体会有向上的运动趋势,由于桩侧摩阻力的作用,传递到桩底的竖向力较为有限,不足以抵消桩底土的上拱运动,当土体较软弱时,可能会引起桩底周围土体较大的塑性变形。即:撤去的桩底临时土压力没有得到及时平衡而导致计算失败。
在劲性复合桩施工时,水泥土未凝固处于流体状态,此时桩底土压力已得到平衡,而桩侧没有摩阻力;待水泥土凝固后,才开始建立桩侧接触关系。基于以上分析,本文提出两阶段接触分析流程,可有效解决劲性复合桩分析中的收敛困难问题,如图3所示。具体为:首先按照如图2(a)所示进行地应力平衡,再按如图3(a)所示建立桩底接触,激活桩后,维持桩侧临时约束,只撤去桩底临时土压力,并建立桩底接触,此时由于桩侧没有摩阻力,桩底的上拱趋势会由自身重量进行有效抑制;随后,建立如图3(b)所示桩侧接触,解除桩侧临时约束,建立桩侧接触关系;最后如图3(c)所示施加荷载。
为验证所提有限元建模分析方法的准确性,对文献[5]中试验测试结果进行对比分析。所选用劲性复合桩为PHC 500AB(125)-15 m 管桩,压入直径为900 mm、长度为18 m的水泥土桩。模型计算与试验数据对比结果见图4。由图4可知,有限元模拟得到的荷载-沉降(Q-s)曲线与试验结果吻合良好,可用于劲性复合桩承载性能的分析。
为研究劲性复合桩承载力的影响因素,考虑桩型、PHC桩长和桩径、水泥土桩长和桩径、水泥土弹模和强度、水泥土-土黏聚力、水泥土-混凝土黏聚力等因素,共设置44种分析工况,运用上述有限元方法依次得到各工况的Q-s曲线以及极限承载力,结果列于表3。为方便对比,在确定极限承载力时,统一按照桩顶位移40 mm进行计算。
图5(a)为PHC芯桩直径对劲性复合桩极限承载力的影响,PHC桩直径范围为300~800 mm,水泥土桩外径和桩长分别为900 mm和18 m。从图中可以看出,随着PHC桩径增大,复合桩承载力不断增大;当桩径小于500 mm时,增大桩径对复合桩承载力的提升较为明显;当PHC桩径超过600 mm后,进一步提升桩径对复合桩承载力的提升程度有限。图5(b)为PHC芯桩长度对劲性复合桩极限承载力的影响,桩长变化范围为12~24 m。由图可知,随着桩长度增大,复合桩承载力逐步上升。当PHC桩长小于20 m时,增大桩长对复合桩承载性能的提升较为明显,而桩长超过20 m后则极限承载力的变化不大。
图6所示为水泥土桩直径、桩长和水泥土力学性能对劲性复合桩极限承载性能的影响。由图6可知,复合桩承载力随着水泥土桩径增加大致呈线性增长趋势,随着水泥土桩长增大也不断增大,当桩长小于16 m时,增加水泥土桩长对复合桩承载性能提升较为明显;而水泥土桩长超过18 m后,增加桩长对复合桩承载性能的提升有限。此外,当水泥土的弹性模量达到300 MPa以后,水泥土力学性能指标对复合桩极限承载力的影响不明显。
图7所示为水泥土桩-土体接触面强度以及水泥土桩-PHC桩接触面强度对劲性复合桩极限承载力的影响。可以看出,桩-土接触面的黏聚力对复合桩承载性能的影响较为明显,尤其是当黏聚力低于20 kPa时,承载力下降显著;当黏聚力高于20 kPa后,黏聚力的增大与承载力的提升大致呈线性关系。此外,水泥土桩-PHC桩接触面强度对复合桩极限承载力也有显著的影响,当黏聚力低于100 kPa时对承载力的影响较为明显;而当黏聚力超过200 kPa后,进一步提升黏聚力对复合桩承载力的影响不大。
为进一步明确劲性复合桩受力过程中荷载的传递机制,对典型试件(表3中工况1)为例,从桩身轴力分布、荷载分担比例、轴向应力比和界面剪应力分布等方面开展进一步分析。
图8所示为不同荷载等级下劲性复合桩、芯桩和水泥土桩的轴力分布图。从图8(a)中可以看出,随着荷载增加,复合桩轴力分布曲线的斜率不断增大,体现了荷载自上而下传递以及复合桩桩侧摩阻力自上而下逐渐发挥的特点。当荷载超过4 000 kN后,桩侧摩阻力发挥较为充分,继续增加荷载,轴力分布曲线呈平行式右移,桩端阻力逐渐发挥作用,其值约占总荷载的28%,这主要是因为上层土体较为软弱,提供的侧摩阻力有限,致使桩端土承载力较高。PHC 芯桩轴力分布规律与复合桩轴力分布曲线变化规律相似,其不同之处在于,当荷载超过4 000 kN后,继续增加荷载,其轴力分布曲线的斜率进一步增大;芯桩端承力约占总荷载的19.2%。此外,从图8(c)可以看出,当桩顶荷载低于4 000 kN时,水泥土桩部分轴力分布曲线随荷载呈类“C”形态,表现为桩顶和桩底轴力大、中间轴力偏小的特点;当桩顶荷载超过4 000 kN后,水泥土桩的轴力分布曲线随着荷载增大出现较为复杂的变化规律,深度10~16 m范围内轴力急剧增大,其原因主要在于10 m以上的土层较软弱,无法继续承担荷载,荷载主要由10 m以下土层承担。
500~5 000 kN各级荷载下管桩、水泥土桩顶荷载分担比例如表4所示。由表4可知,各级荷载下PHC芯桩承担的荷载比例为93.32%~95.40%,水泥土桩承担的荷载比例为4.60%~5.68%。这主要在于,在劲性复合桩体系中,外围水泥土桩主要负责提供侧摩阻力,其承载比例很小,大部分荷载由管桩承担;随着上部荷载增大,管桩承担的比例逐渐增大,但当荷载超过4 000 kN后,其增大幅度逐渐放缓。
图9所示为不同荷载下芯桩与水泥土桩轴向应力比沿深度的变化。从图9中可以看出,当土层分布较为复杂,土层材料性能存在较大差异时,芯桩与水泥土桩的轴向应力比随深度变化规律较为复杂,特别是在土体从软土变为砂土时(深度约10 m附近),轴向应力比出现较为明显的突变。当荷载超过2 000 kN后,0~8 m范围内的轴向应力比分布随荷载增加变化不大,但10 m以下范围的轴向应力比分布差异较大,尤其是当荷载超过4 000 kN后,此时上层软弱土体已无法提供足够承载力,新增荷载基本由10 m以下的砂土承担,轴向应力比随荷载增加呈明显降低趋势[24-25]
图10所示为不同荷载下水泥土桩-土体和水泥土桩-PHC桩两个界面的剪应力沿深度的分布图。由图10可知,在复杂土层条件下,桩侧土体提供的侧摩阻力沿深度的变化规律也较为复杂,在0~3 m和8~10 m范围内,桩侧摩阻力均呈现出先变大后变小的情况,当荷载超过3 000 kN后,该现象尤为明显,此时由于10 m以上软弱土层无法继续提供承载力,致使10 m以下的界面剪应力急剧增大。
图11所示为劲性复合桩与水泥土桩和PHC桩的承载性能对比结果。其中劲性复合桩为PHC500(125)-18管桩,和水泥土桩的直径为900 mm、长度为18 m。从图11中可以看出,在相同尺寸下,纯水泥土桩的承载力仅约为劲性复合桩的1/3,PHC500芯桩承载力不足劲性复合桩的1/2;当PHC500桩长增大至38 m,其承载力仍为劲性复合桩的86%左右,可见劲性复合桩的承载性能显著优于单一水泥土桩或PHC桩。此外,当桩长为18 m时,若达到相同承载能力,采用纯PHC桩需将桩径增大至1 000 mm,此时PHC管桩的造价约为15 840元,而劲性复合桩造价约为7 101元。由此可见,劲性复合桩具有更为显著的经济优势和承载性能。
(1)考虑水泥土桩-土体接触面的性能,通过引入不同法向压力下的等效摩擦系数定义界面本构模型,建立劲性复合桩三维有限元分析模型,并提出“建立桩底接触-建立桩侧解除-施加荷载”的两阶段接触分析流程。所建立的有限元模型及其分析方法能够较好预测劲性复合桩的承载性能。
(2)随着PHC桩径和桩长增大,复合桩承载力不断增大,但当桩径超过600 mm、桩长超过20 m后,改变桩径和桩长对复合桩承载力的提升程度有限;复合桩承载力亦随着水泥土桩径和桩长不断增大,但桩长超过18 m后,增加桩长对复合桩承载性能的提升有限,而水泥土弹性模量的影响不明显;当桩-土接触面黏聚力高于20 kPa时,黏聚力增大与承载力的提升大致呈线性关系;而水泥土桩-PHC桩接触面弹性模量超过200 kPa后,其对复合桩承载力的影响不大。
(3)随着荷载增加,复合桩轴力分布曲线斜率不断增大,当荷载超过4 000 kN后,桩侧摩阻力发挥较为充分,而水泥土桩在深度10~16 m范围内轴力急剧增大;各级荷载下PHC芯桩承担的荷载比例为93.32%~95.40%;在深度约10 m附近,芯桩与水泥土桩的轴向应力比发生明显突变。
(4)相同尺寸下,纯水泥土桩的承载力仅约为劲性复合桩的1/3,芯桩承载力不足劲性复合桩的1/2。相同承载能力下,劲性复合桩造价仅为PHC管桩造价的48%,体现出更为显著的经济优势和承载性能。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52308248)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405637
  • 接收时间:2024-07-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-26
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(52308248)
作者信息
    1 中交一公局海威工程建设有限公司, 北京 110112
    2 中交一公局集团有限公司, 北京 110105
    3 淮安市博彦土木工程科学研究院有限公司, 淮安 320800
    4 湖北工业大学土木建筑与环境学院, 武汉 430068

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*李彪(1990—),男,汉族,河南桐柏人,硕士,副教授。研究方向:混凝土材料与结构。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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