Article(id=1209816726510891402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766372384907, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766372384907, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766372384907, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766372384907, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8108, endPage=8116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209816728511574467, articleId=1209816726510891402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Optimal Scheduling of Cooling Heating and Power Microgrid Based on Improved Sparrow Algorithm, columnId=1209811343444677551, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to make rational and efficient use of biomass resources, considering the operating cost and environmental cost of each microsource unit, an economic dispatching model of combined cooling heating and power microgrid based on improved biomass gasification was designed. In order to solve the problem that the sparrow search algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, an improved sparrow search algorithm(ISSA) was proposed to solve the proposed model. First, a sine chaos map was used to generate spatially evenly distributed early sparrow populations. Secondly, a mutually beneficial learning mechanism was added and a mutation strategy was introduced to enhance the information sharing and global search ability among individuals in this field. Finally, by comparing the iterative results of ISSA, SSA, gray wolf algorithm, whale algorithm and marine predator algorithm, it is proved that ISSA has good optimization effect and stability. Through the analysis of typical simulation cases, the effectiveness of the ISSA algorithm in solving the economic dispatching problem of combined cooling, heating and power microgrid is verified.

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为合理高效利用生物质资源,考虑各微源单元的运行成本和环境成本,设计了一种基于改进生物质气化的冷热电联供微电网经济调度模型。针对麻雀搜索算法易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种改进的麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)对所提出的模型进行求解。首先,使用正弦混沌图生成空间上均匀分布的早期麻雀种群。其次,加入互利学习机制并引入变异策略,以增强该领域个体之间的信息共享和全局搜索能力。最后通过对比ISSA、SSA、灰狼算法、鲸鱼算法和海洋捕食者算法的迭代结果,证明ISSA具有良好的寻优效果和稳定性。并通过典型仿真案例分析,验证了ISSA算法解决冷热电联供微电网经济调度问题的有效性。

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匡洪海(1972—),女,汉族,湖南双峰人,博士,教授。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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匡洪海(1972—),女,汉族,湖南双峰人,博士,教授。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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匡洪海(1972—),女,汉族,湖南双峰人,博士,教授。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

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Electrical Measurement & Instrumentation, 2022, 59(6): 12-19, 52., articleTitle=Optimization of CCHP micro-grid operation based on improved multi-objective grey wolf algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209929311566565921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=66, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=王来增, 冯璐, 张新敬, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王来增, 冯璐, 张新敬. 考虑分时电价的风光储系统技术经济性研究[J]. 热力发电, 2024, 53(10): 66-71., articleTitle=考虑分时电价的风光储系统技术经济性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1209929311633674787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=10, pageStart=66, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wang Laizeng, Feng Lu, Zhang Xinjing, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Laizeng, Feng Lu, Zhang Xinjing. Research on technical and economic development of wind-solar storage system considering time-of-use electricity price[J]. 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Benchmark function

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函数 表达式 维度 区间
Sphere Function F 1 ( x ) = i = 1 n x i 2 30 [-100,100]
Generalized Rosenbrock's
Function
$F_{2}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30]
Generalized Schwefel's
Problem 2.26
F 3 ( x ) = - i = 1 n ( x i s i n x i ) 30 [-500,500]
Ackley's Function F 4 ( x ) = - 20 e x p - 0.3 1 n i = 1 n x i 2 - e x p 1 d i = 1 n c o s ( 2 π x i ) + 20 + e 30 [-32,32]
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306550178212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准测试函数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数 表达式 维度 区间
Sphere Function F 1 ( x ) = i = 1 n x i 2 30 [-100,100]
Generalized Rosenbrock's
Function
$F_{2}(x)=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}\left[100\left(x_{i+1}-x_{i}^{2}\right)^{2}+\left(x_{i}-1\right)^{2}\right]$ 30 [-30,30]
Generalized Schwefel's
Problem 2.26
F 3 ( x ) = - i = 1 n ( x i s i n x i ) 30 [-500,500]
Ackley's Function F 4 ( x ) = - 20 e x p - 0.3 1 n i = 1 n x i 2 - e x p 1 d i = 1 n c o s ( 2 π x i ) + 20 + e 30 [-32,32]
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306629869990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of benchmark function optimization results

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函数 算法 最优值 平均值 标准差
F1 ISSA 0 7.99×10-67 1.787×10-67
SSA 0 3.156×1 0 - 54 7.057×10-54
GWO 4.774×10-28 1.881×10-27 1.173×10-27
MPA 1.555×10-23 4.762×10-23 3.013×10-23
WOA 5.538×10-83 2.927×10-78 4.511×10-78
F2 ISSA 2.635×10-9 1.106×10-5 2.429×10-5
SSA 1.165×10-7 4.032×10-5 5.621×10-5
GWO 26.165 26.905 0.741
MPA 24.719 25.072 0.354
WOA 27.555 27.895 0.414
F3 ISSA -4 528.110 -4 022.311 464.656
SSA -12 569.483 -9 038.921 3 114.491
GWO -7 398.198 -6 902.707 313.335
MPA -9 644.897 -9 099.492 483.701
WOA -12 569.176 -1 0241.184 2 023.446
F4 ISSA 4.441×10-18 5.151×10-18 1.588×10-18
SSA 8.881×10-16 8.881×1 0 - 16 0
GWO 7.904×10-14 1.018×10-13 1.389×10-14
MPA 6.261×10-13 1.373×10-12 8.012×10-13
WOA 8.881×10-16 8.881×10-16 0
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306705367465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基准函数优化结果比较

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函数 算法 最优值 平均值 标准差
F1 ISSA 0 7.99×10-67 1.787×10-67
SSA 0 3.156×1 0 - 54 7.057×10-54
GWO 4.774×10-28 1.881×10-27 1.173×10-27
MPA 1.555×10-23 4.762×10-23 3.013×10-23
WOA 5.538×10-83 2.927×10-78 4.511×10-78
F2 ISSA 2.635×10-9 1.106×10-5 2.429×10-5
SSA 1.165×10-7 4.032×10-5 5.621×10-5
GWO 26.165 26.905 0.741
MPA 24.719 25.072 0.354
WOA 27.555 27.895 0.414
F3 ISSA -4 528.110 -4 022.311 464.656
SSA -12 569.483 -9 038.921 3 114.491
GWO -7 398.198 -6 902.707 313.335
MPA -9 644.897 -9 099.492 483.701
WOA -12 569.176 -1 0241.184 2 023.446
F4 ISSA 4.441×10-18 5.151×10-18 1.588×10-18
SSA 8.881×10-16 8.881×1 0 - 16 0
GWO 7.904×10-14 1.018×10-13 1.389×10-14
MPA 6.261×10-13 1.373×10-12 8.012×10-13
WOA 8.881×10-16 8.881×10-16 0
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306797642156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of each micro power supply

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电源
类型
维护成本/
[元·(kW·h) -1]
电源类型 维护成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
PV 0.025 AR 0.015 6
WT 0.043 WH 0.002 3
MT 0.169 EH 0.02
ESD 0.042 ER 0.03
GB 0.001 8
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各微电源参数

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电源
类型
维护成本/
[元·(kW·h) -1]
电源类型 维护成本/
[元·(kW·h)-1]
PV 0.025 AR 0.015 6
WT 0.043 WH 0.002 3
MT 0.169 EH 0.02
ESD 0.042 ER 0.03
GB 0.001 8
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306965414321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The price of electricity at different times

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分时电价时段划分 具体时段 电价/[元·(kW·h)]-1
用电谷时段 00:00—08:00 0.43
用电峰时段 10:00—14:00 0.98
18:00—22:00
用电平时段 剩余时段 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1209929307015745971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

分时电价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分时电价时段划分 具体时段 电价/[元·(kW·h)]-1
用电谷时段 00:00—08:00 0.43
用电峰时段 10:00—14:00 0.98
18:00—22:00
用电平时段 剩余时段 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1209929307074466230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Cloud county daily optimization cost

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算法 发电维护费用/元 污染治理费用/元 总成本/元
ISSA 1 857.23 813.45 2 670.68
SSA 1 896.78 849.08 2 745.86
WOA 1 962.72 875.68 2 838.40
MPA 2 013.24 866.08 2 879.32
GWO 2 060.78 843.06 2 903.84
), ArticleFig(id=1209929307170935226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816726510891402, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

云县日优化成本

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算法 发电维护费用/元 污染治理费用/元 总成本/元
ISSA 1 857.23 813.45 2 670.68
SSA 1 896.78 849.08 2 745.86
WOA 1 962.72 875.68 2 838.40
MPA 2 013.24 866.08 2 879.32
GWO 2 060.78 843.06 2 903.84
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基于改进麻雀算法的冷热电微电网优化调度
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匡洪海 1 , 李星宇 1 , 王凯 2 , 殷钰朋 1 , 李子龙 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙电工技术 2025,25(19): 8108-8116
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙电工技术 2025, 25(19): 8108-8116
基于改进麻雀算法的冷热电微电网优化调度
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匡洪海1 , 李星宇1, 王凯2, 殷钰朋1, 李子龙1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南工业大学电气与信息工程学院, 株洲 412007
  • 2 株洲天桥起重机股份有限公司, 株洲 412001
  • 匡洪海(1972—),女,汉族,湖南双峰人,博士,教授。研究方向:微电网优化调度。E-mail:

Optimal Scheduling of Cooling Heating and Power Microgrid Based on Improved Sparrow Algorithm
Hong-hai KUANG1 , Xing-yu LI1, Kai WANG2, Yu-peng YIN1, Zi-long LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China
  • 2 Zhuzhou Flyover Crane Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316
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为合理高效利用生物质资源,考虑各微源单元的运行成本和环境成本,设计了一种基于改进生物质气化的冷热电联供微电网经济调度模型。针对麻雀搜索算法易陷入局部最优的问题,提出一种改进的麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)对所提出的模型进行求解。首先,使用正弦混沌图生成空间上均匀分布的早期麻雀种群。其次,加入互利学习机制并引入变异策略,以增强该领域个体之间的信息共享和全局搜索能力。最后通过对比ISSA、SSA、灰狼算法、鲸鱼算法和海洋捕食者算法的迭代结果,证明ISSA具有良好的寻优效果和稳定性。并通过典型仿真案例分析,验证了ISSA算法解决冷热电联供微电网经济调度问题的有效性。

微电网  /  改进麻雀算法  /  生物质气化  /  混沌映射  /  互利学习

In order to make rational and efficient use of biomass resources, considering the operating cost and environmental cost of each microsource unit, an economic dispatching model of combined cooling heating and power microgrid based on improved biomass gasification was designed. In order to solve the problem that the sparrow search algorithm is easy to fall into the local optimum, an improved sparrow search algorithm(ISSA) was proposed to solve the proposed model. First, a sine chaos map was used to generate spatially evenly distributed early sparrow populations. Secondly, a mutually beneficial learning mechanism was added and a mutation strategy was introduced to enhance the information sharing and global search ability among individuals in this field. Finally, by comparing the iterative results of ISSA, SSA, gray wolf algorithm, whale algorithm and marine predator algorithm, it is proved that ISSA has good optimization effect and stability. Through the analysis of typical simulation cases, the effectiveness of the ISSA algorithm in solving the economic dispatching problem of combined cooling, heating and power microgrid is verified.

microgrids  /  ISSA  /  biomass gasification  /  chaos mapping  /  mutually beneficial learning
匡洪海, 李星宇, 王凯, 殷钰朋, 李子龙. 基于改进麻雀算法的冷热电微电网优化调度. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8108 -8116 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316
Hong-hai KUANG, Xing-yu LI, Kai WANG, Yu-peng YIN, Zi-long LI. Optimal Scheduling of Cooling Heating and Power Microgrid Based on Improved Sparrow Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8108 -8116 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316
近年来,在全球能源危机和环境污染等问题日益严重的大背景下,光伏、风电等分布式发电技术发展前景广阔,微电网已经成为处理可再生能源和负载集成问题的未来可期的一种方案[1-3]
传统麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm,SSA)算法用于解决复杂工程优化问题时,易陷入区域最优,且搜索结果不稳定。因此,学者们陆续提出了一系列改进措施来克服上述缺点,提高算法的性能。文献[4]提出了一种小众多目标SSA算法,引入莱维飞行干扰策略来提升SSA算法跳离区域最优的能力,并利用该算法优化分布式电源容量配置。文献[5]提出一种基于混沌映射的遗传算法,利用非线性权重、变异策略及混沌搜索等策略对群体进行动态调整,以改善算法性能,提升其在局部优化中的搜索能力。文献[6]将改进的SSA引入到无人机路径规划问题中,并利用算法的全局和局部探测和开发能力来提高路径规划的速度和精度。文献[7]构建了一种基于重心反向学习机制、学习系数和变异算子的改进SSA算法,并用它来优化分布式最大功率点跟踪问题。文献[8]使用混沌麻雀算法来优化无线传感器,使用随机参数选择,以提高网络覆盖率,减少传感节点冗杂。文献[9]提出了一种自适应麻雀搜索算法,用于改进聚合物电解质燃料电池电堆的识别变量,有效降低电池的电压误差水平并提高功率转换效率。一些学者将改进的SSA应用于故障诊断[10]、脑肿瘤检测[11]以及机器学习算法的参数优化[12]等问题,并取得了良好的效果。
在以上研究背景下,将生物质能与传统的冷热电(cooling heating and power, CHP)系统相结合,设计了一种基于改进生物质气化的CHP联供微电网经济调度模型。考虑冷热电负荷和各设备出力的约束,以微能源网运行成本和环境治理成本为优化目标函数,采用改进的麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)来解决问题。最后,对ISSA和SSA的优化结果进行了对比,验证了ISSA的有效性和实用性。
建立如图1所示的冷热电微电网模型,主要包括冷负荷、热负荷和电负荷。风力发电机(wind turbine, WT)、光伏阵列(photo voltaic, PV)、储能设备(energy storage device, ESD)[包含蓄电池(battery, BAT)和蓄热槽(hest storage tank, HST)]、电网等承担电力负荷;燃气锅炉(gas boiler, GB)、微型燃气轮机(micro turbine, MT)、余热锅炉(worst heat boiler, WH)承担热负荷;吸收式制冷机(absorption refrigerator, AR)和电制冷机(electric refrigerator, ER)承担冷负荷。
在传统的生物质气化工艺中添加电加热装置。设计的生物质气化装置由气化炉和电加热(electrical heater, EH)装置组成。电加热装置有两个实质性功能。一方面为生物质气化炉提供外部热源,替代常规生物质气化过程中的氧化燃烧反应,降低生物质的燃烧消耗,减少生物质燃烧过程中大量CO2的释放。另一方面,电加热装置吸收多余的供能,并将多余的供能转化为化学能储存到储气罐内。
生物质气化装置将电能转化为化学能,并通过气化的合成气来储存它。电加热器需要用电来提供生物质气化所需的温度。气化设备产生的气体流量表示为
F g a s , t = φ g a s P g a s , t / L H V
式(1)中: F g a s , tt时刻的气体流量; P g a s , t为气化实际出力; φ g a s为气化效率;LHV为每立方米气体燃料燃烧释放的能量,这里取 L H V = 17.4 × 10 6 J / m 3
以Capstone的C65型为基准。搭建热电关系、建立数学模型[13],忽略外部环境及燃烧效率影响,其排气余热功率表达式为
Q M T ( t ) = P M T ( t ) [ 1 - α M T ( t ) - α ] α M T ( t )
式(2)中: P M T ( t ) α M T ( t )为时段t内MT的发电功率和发电效率; α为散热损耗系数。
MT排出余热经热交换机满足气热能需求,其公式为
P M T _ h ( t ) = Q M T ( t ) K c o p η r e c
式(3)中: P M T _ h ( t )为时段t内热交换机的制热功率; K c o p η r e c分别为热交换机的制热系数和烟气回收率系数。
制冷设备通过将外模块出力转化为冷能,数学模型为
P x ( t ) = Q x ( t ) η x
式(4)中:对于吸收式制冷机, P x ( t ) Q x ( t )代表输出冷功率和吸收的热量;对于电制冷机, P x ( t ) Q x ( t )代表输出冷功率和消耗的电量; η均为制冷效率。
当无法满足用户电热负荷需求或为降低综合成本时,可由燃气锅炉提供不足的部分。其运行约束和爬坡功率约束为
Q G B _ m i n Q G B ( t ) Q G B _ m a x Q G B _ l o w Q G B ( t ) - Q G B ( t - 1 ) Q G B _ t o p
式(5)中: Q G B _ t o p/ Q G B _ l o w Q G B _ m i n/ Q G B _ m a x分别为GB的爬坡功率上/下限和最小/最大输出功率。
通过储能设备解耦热电联系,突破了单一热量供应或单一电力供应的限制,并通过能量转换装置,实现CHP系统供给侧的多能协调运行,从而实现各阶段低成本的能量供应,降低系统的运营成本[14-16]
BAT是一种高效的电能量存储方式[17],BAT通过“削峰填谷”提高微网运行的经济性,BAT的数学模型及运行约束和爬坡功率约束为
P ( t ) = P ( t - 1 ) + [ P c h t α c h - P d i s ( t ) / α d i s ] P c h _ m i n P c h ( t ) P c h _ m a x P d i s _ m i n P d i s ( t ) P d i s _ m a x 0.2 P m a x P ( t ) 0.8 P m a x P c h _ l o w P c h ( t ) - P c h ( t - 1 ) P c h _ t o p P d i s _ l o w P d i s ( t ) - P d i s ( t - 1 ) P d i s _ t o p
式(6)中: P c h ( t ) P d i s ( t )为蓄电池在t时刻的充放电量; P c h _ m a x为BAT最大充电功率; P d i s _ m a x为BAT最大放电功率; P c h _ m i n为BAT最小充电功率; P d i s _ m i n为BAT最小放电功率; P c h _ m a x P d i s _ m a x分别为BAT充、放电最大放爬坡功率; P c h _ m i n P d i s _ m i n分别为BAT充、放电最小爬坡功率; α c h α d i s分别为BAT的充、放电系数。
用电高峰通常具有时态性,为此本文中引入一种能量储存方式——HST,以此实现电热能量的统一协调管理。HST的数学模型及运行约束和爬坡功率约束为
Q ( t ) = Q ( t - 1 ) + [ Q c h t β c h - Q d i s ( t ) / β d i s ] s . t .     Q c h _ m i n Q c h ( t ) Q c h _ m a x       Q d i s _ m i n Q d i s ( t ) Q d i s _ m a x       0.2 Q m a x Q ( t ) 0.8 Q m a x       Q c h _ l o w Q c h ( t ) - Q c h ( t - 1 ) Q c h _ t o p       Q d i s _ l o w Q d i s ( t ) - Q d i s ( t - 1 ) Q d i s _ t o p
式(7)中: Q c h ( t ) Q d i s ( t )为蓄热池在t时刻的蓄放热量; Q c h _ m a x为HST最大蓄热功率; Q d i s _ m i n为HST最小蓄热功率; Q d i s _ m a x为HST最大放热功率; Q d i s _ m i n为HST最小放热功率; Q c h _ m a x Q d i s _ m a x分别为HST蓄、放热最大爬坡功率; Q c h _ m i n Q d i s _ m i n分别为HST蓄、放热最小爬坡功率; β c h β d i s分别为HST的蓄、放热系数。
本节建立的CHP微电网优化调度模型的目标函数由两部分组成:微电网的运行成本和环境成本。在各微源和微电网运行约束下,通过合理安排微源出力,使系统目标函数最小化。
CHP系统中所有设备的运行成本可表示为
C F = C e x + C o m + C c g
式(8)中: C e x为购售电成本; C o m为所有微源设备维护成本; C c g为生物质气化成本。
各成本具体模型为
C e x = 1 2 ( C b u y + C s e l l ) P e x + 1 2 ( C b u y - C s e l l ) | P e x | C o m = t = 1 T k = 1 N C o m , k [ P k ( t ) ] C c g = k = 1 N C g a s F g a s , k , t
式(9)中: P b u y ( t ) P s e l l ( t )分别为系统在t时刻的购电、售电功率; C b u y C s e l l分别为系统在t时刻的购电、售电价格;k为系统微电源的个数; P k ( t )为第k个微电源在 t时刻发出的功率。
环境成本中主要考虑机组 C O 2 S O 2以及 N O x的排放处理成本。以环境成本最小为目标函数,其表达式为
m i n C E = t = 1 T j = 1 K α j i = 1 N β i j P i ( t )
式(10)中: C E为环境成本;K为污染物排放类型 C O 2 S O 2、和 N O x); α j为处理第j种污染物的单位费用; β i j为不同电能生产方式下,输出 P i ( t )电能时所排放第j种污染物的排放系数。
考虑到本文目标是最大限度地降低CHP微电网的运行和环境成本,系统整体优化函数 C W
C W = m i n ( C F + C E )
微电源出力约束及爬坡功率约束为
P k _ m i n P k ( t ) P k _ m a x P k _ l o w P k ( t ) - P k ( t - 1 ) P k _ t o p
式(12)中: P k _ m a x为第k个微电源发出功率的最大值; P k _ m i n为第k个微电源发出功率的最小值; P k ( t ) P k ( t - 1 )分别为第 t时刻与 t - 1时刻的第k种微电源发出的功率。
微电网与大电网的交换功率约束为
U b u y ( t ) + U s e l l ( t ) 1 0 P b u y ( t ) U b u y ( t ) P b u y _ m a x 0 P s e l l ( t ) U s e l l ( t ) P s e l l _ m a x
式(13)中: U b u y ( t ) U s e l l ( t )分别为系统在t时刻的购售电状态(非0即1); P b u y ( t ) P s e l l ( t )分别为微电网在t时刻向大电网的购售电功率; P b u y _ m a x P s e l l _ m a x分别表示微电网系统与大电网进行功率换时的最大购售电功率。
微电网在运行时,其输出电能应等于各负载消耗电能。主要包括电平衡、热平衡和冷平衡3个方面。功率平衡约束为
i = 1 k P i ( t ) + P b u y ( t ) + P B A T _ d i s ( t ) = P l o a d ( t ) +     P B A T _ c h ( t ) + P s e l l ( t ) Q M T ( t ) + Q G B ( t ) + Q e h ( t ) = Q l o a d _ h ( t ) Q a c ( t ) + Q e c ( t ) = Q l o a d _ c ( t )
式(14)中: P B A T _ d i s ( t ) P B A T _ c h ( t )分别为蓄电池充、放电功率; P l o a d ( t )为在第t时刻微电网中的电负荷; P l o a d ( t )为在第t时刻微电网中的热负荷; P l o a d ( t )为在第t时刻微电网中的冷负荷; Q a c ( t ) Q e c ( t )分别为电制冷机和吸收式制冷机的输出功率。
传统的SSA在最优解接近原点时具有优异的探索性能。然而,当最优解远离原点时,其搜索性能迅速下降。同时,传统麻雀搜索算法通过直接跳转到最优解附近来收敛当前最优解,导致麻雀算法容易陷入区域最优,全局搜索能力较差。在此基础上,提出了改进SSA,提高算法的速度以及在最优位置的局部搜索能力。
该算法模拟麻雀狩猎,在SSA中,选择适应度较好的个体作为发现者,其他人作为参与者。参与者的位置更新方程为
X i , j t + 1 = X i , j t e x p - i α i t e r m a x , R 2 S s a f e X i , j t + Q L , R 2 S s a f e
式(15)中: X i , j t + 1为第i只麻雀的位置; i t e r m a x为最大迭代次数; R 2表示警戒值,取值范围为(0,1]; S s a f e为安全值,取值范围为[0.5,1];Q为随机数; α为(0,1]的随机常量;Ld维单位列向量。当捕食环境安全,即 R 2 S s a f e时,发现者可在此捕食;反之会立即报警并通知发现者转移位置。
混沌运动是遍历的、随机的和规则的。本文中使用混沌变量来优化搜索,与Logistic、Circle等混沌映射改进的优化算法相比,基于正弦混沌的改进算法表现出更好的优化性能。因此,在本文中,使用正弦混沌来初始化SSA算法的种群。表达式为
x k + 1 = a x k 2 s i n π x k
式(16)中:a取2.4;x的取值范围为(0,1); x k代表第k个混沌值。
取初始点x0=0.7,正弦映射的200次迭代的分布如图2所示。可以看出,与随机初始化类似,正弦映射产生的数分布在(0,1)之间,但其空间分布更加均匀。使用混沌而不是随机来生成初始种群可以使人群在搜索空间中分布更加均匀,显着提高算法的运行速度。
为了提升算法对于不同阶段的平衡能力,提出一种能够小幅度波动的自适应权重,并将其引入ISSA的位置更新公式中,即
w = w m a x - ( w m i n + 0.2 ξ r ) T m a x - t T m a x 1 t
式(17)中:w为学习因子; w m a x w m i n分别取0.9和0.4; ξ r为随机数; T m a x为指算法的最大迭代次数,而t则为指当前迭代次数。
因此,本次ISSA优化算法的权重变化幅度也被控制在这一范围内,可靠性增强。随着不断迭代,惯性权重也在逐渐减小,并且在早期阶段,w会保持较大的值以确保算法具有良好的全局寻优能力。随着时间的推移,w会不断减小并逐渐趋于稳定,有利于算法进行局部优化并持续收敛。另外,由于 ξ r的存在,w在变化过程中会不断振荡,这将增强算法的多样性。
提出一种学习机制,通过与较优个体交换位置和信息,从而实现位置更新。如图3所示,将麻雀个体与当前随机个体进行信息共享和互利学习,如果得到的适应值大小和所处位置信息优于当前适应值和位置信息,则当前个体向其靠近。
麻雀种群中随机个体由学习因子决定,表达式为
X r = w X i , j t e x p - i α i t e r m a x
式(18)中: X r为随机个体。
将筛选出来的麻雀个体与当前随机个体进行信息共享,如果 X r所在位置优于 X i , j t,则 X i , j t X r靠近,反之则 X r X i , j t靠近。移动公式为
X i , j t = X i , j t + r a n d ( X i , j t - X r ) X r = X r + r a n d ( X r - X i , j t )
因此,个体进行互利学习位置更新公式可表示为
X i , j t = X i , j t + r a n d ( X b e s t t - ϑ G F 1 ) X r = X r + r a n d ( X b e s t t - ϑ G F 2 )
式(20)中: r a n d为[0,1]间的随机数; ϑ为互利因子,表示麻雀个体间的互利特征;GF1和GF2为获利因子,随机选择1或者2。
所提ISSA算法的流程图如图4所示。
为了证实所提出的ISSA算法的有效性,使用ISSA、SSA、灰狼算法(grey wolf optimizer, GWO)、海洋捕食者算法(marine predators algorithm, MPA)鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm, WOA),对4个基准函数进行了测试和比较。实验在Intel Core i5 CPU、2.20 GHz、4 GB RAM、Windows10 64位测试环境中进行,并使用Matlab软件编写。实验过程中,各算法的种群数设定为30,最大迭代次数为500。
选取4个经典的基准测试函数进行实验,基准测试函数信息如表1所示,其中F1~F3为单峰测试函数,F4为多峰测试函数。
从函数测试(图5)及表2中可以看出,对于单峰测试函数F1~F3,ISSA算法得到的平均值和最优值更接近于函数的最优值0,这表明ISSA算法在求解单峰时具有更高的速度和精度-功能问题。ISSA算法的标准方差较低,表明数据波动较小,算法在优化过程中具有鲁棒性。同时,也表明ISSA算法具有优越的全局可搜索性和避免早熟收敛的能力。
对于多峰测试函数F4,ISSA稳定性较大部分函数更高,收敛速度更快,标准差更低。收敛曲线表明ISSA无论面对单峰还是多峰函数都具有很强的收敛性。与其他4种算法相比,收敛曲线始终较低,表明ISSA算法具有更快的收敛速度和优越的求解精度。
选择并网运行的CHP微电网作为研究对象。以云南省临沧市云县所测得的风光出力和负荷为基础[18-19]。在本例中,ISSA算法用于优化解决方案。各参数取值如下:种群数量为30,迭代次数为500。本文中设置调度周期T=24 h,调度间隔Δt=1 h。
负荷功率曲线如图6所示,各微源参数如表3所示,分时电价如表4所示。
利用ISSA算法对CHP微电网进行优化调度。微电网中每个设备的最佳输出如图7所示。00:00—05:00时段,风电、微型燃气轮机、燃料电池首先满足微电网的电力负担要求,但各设备总出力大于电力负荷需求,导致供电过剩。此时,增加生物质气化装置的产量同时通过电锅炉、电制冷和向蓄电池充电来吸收多余的电力,进行生物质气化过程。气化过程中产生的合成气储存在储气罐中,电价为谷时电价,此时从电网买电驱动电冰箱和电暖气来满足用户的需求。
06:00后,用电负荷需求逐渐增加,系统开始停止蓄电池充电,储气罐开始排气,燃气轮机燃烧合成气发电供应部分电力负荷。12:00—15:00和19:00—21:00,系统电力负荷达到高峰,需要通过蓄电池放电来弥补用电负荷的不足。07:00后,冷热负荷需求逐渐增加,吸收式冷水机组和余热锅炉开始工作,吸收燃气轮机发电机产生的高温烟气,产生冷热能,满足微电网冷热负荷需求。21:00—24:00,微电网有多余电能,生物质气化装置开始消纳多余的电能。此时,电网电价相对较低。从公共电网获取电力,驱动电制冷和电加热,满足微电网的冷热负荷需求。
热能运行结果分别如图8所示。在22:00—06:00电价谷时段,热负荷主要由燃气锅炉、电锅炉、余热锅炉和蓄热池放热承担;在06:00—12:00时段,用户对热量的需求量逐渐减小,气热负荷功率有所增加,因此GB的功率有所增加;在12:00—18:00时段,热负荷需求降到峰谷此时,蓄热池蓄热;在18:00—22:00时段是电价第2个峰时段,燃气锅炉和余热锅炉加大输出功率,吸收燃气轮机发电机产生的高温烟气,产生热能,满足微电网热负荷需求,因而气热负荷功率有所增加。
不同算法下成本数据对比如表5图9所示,可知本文算法相较于SSA、GWO、MPA、WOA在总成本上分别减少了2.81%、8.73%、7.81%、6.28%;在发电维护费用上分别减少了2.13%、10.96%、8.4%、5.68%;污染治理费用上分别减少了4.38%、3.64%、6.47%、7.65%。上述仿真结果表明ISSA算法具有更高的收敛精度,能够稳定求解CHP模型以获得微电网最优综合成本。
本文旨在实现CHP型微电网系统在特定地点并网模式下的经济运行。构建了运行成本和环境污染成本的研究模型。通过分析,可得出以下结论。
(1)通过带有生物质气化装置的CHP系统,实现了将多余风电以生物质合成气的形式储存起来,并在白天释放合成气用于燃气轮机发电,实现能源的梯级利用。
(2)本文提出的ISSA算法可获得调度周期内每个时刻每个微源的最优输出,并评估微电网运行的总成本。通过测试函数对比,结果表明ISSA具有更好的运算速度以及求解精确度。
(3)通过算法优化对比,ISSA相较于SSA、WOA、MPA、GWO算法,能有效降低调度总成本,最低2.13%,最高8.73%。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ50176)
  • 湖南省教育厅重点项目(23A0441)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
基金
湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ50176)
湖南省教育厅重点项目(23A0441)
作者信息
    1 湖南工业大学电气与信息工程学院, 株洲 412007
    2 株洲天桥起重机股份有限公司, 株洲 412001
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/kxjsygc/CN/10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407316
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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