Article(id=1209816719602880702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405387, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766372383260, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766372383260, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766372383260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766372383260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8099, endPage=8107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209816721729392835, articleId=1209816719602880702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Simultaneous Prediction for Multiple Load Using Singular Spectrum Analysis and BiLSTM, columnId=1209811343444677551, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It is of great significance for accurate forecasting of multi-load to be carried out to improve the consumption of new energy, realize energy saving and emission reduction, and ensure the safe and reliable operation of the power grid. To enhance the accuracy of simultaneous multi-load forecasting,a model which singular spectrum analysis and bi-directional long short-term memory networks SSA-BiLSTM (singular spectrum analysis-bidirectional long short-term memory) was proposed. First, A approach Pearson correlation coefficients for coupled feature extraction was proposed to identify correlations and dependencies within multivariate load data. Then, SSA was employed for feature extraction to capture dynamic characteristics and reduced forecasting complexity. Finally, a multi-ask learning framework was introduced to leverage shared information among multiple forecasting tasks, improving prediction accuracy. Experimental using datasets from multi-area electricity, heat, cold multivariate loads, flexible and wind-solar power generation, the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the proposed model average improves in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the prediction of electrical, heating, and cooling loads in multiple regions is 0.41%, with an average root mean square error (RMSE) increase of 0.02 MW.

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开展多元负荷的准确预测对提高新能源消纳、实现节能减排、确保电网安全可靠运行具有重要意义。为了提高多元负荷同时预测的精度,构建了奇异谱分析与双向长短期记忆网络相结合的多元负荷同时预测模型。首先,利用皮尔逊相关系数进行耦合特征提取,以识别多元负荷数据中的内在关联和依赖关系;其次,使用奇异谱分析进行特征提取,以便更全面地捕捉多元负荷数据的动态特性,降低预测难度。最后,针对所提模型引入多任务学习,利用多个负荷预测任务之间的共享信息,相互辅助进行预测,提升预测精度。实验分别通过多区域多元负荷和柔性负荷及风光发电数据进行仿真分析,结果表明,在多区域中电、热、冷负荷预测平均绝对百分比误差平均提高0.41%,均方根误差平均提高0.02 MW。

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刘永福(1977—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新能源发电技术及人工智能在电网中的应用。E-mail:

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刘永福(1977—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新能源发电技术及人工智能在电网中的应用。E-mail:

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刘永福(1977—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新能源发电技术及人工智能在电网中的应用。E-mail:

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Modern Architecture Electric, 2024, 61(9): 23-31., articleTitle=Research on optimal configuration of integrated energy stations considering low-carbon operation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1209937379054457039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, awardId=JLW51202100757, language=CN, fundingSource=中国电力科学研究院项目(JLW51202100757), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1209937379125760208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, awardId=203227307D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省重点研发计划(203227307D), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209937373920628867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209937373929017476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, companyId=1209937373920628867, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209937373933211781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, companyId=1209937373920628867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河北农业大学信息科学与技术学院, 保定 071000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1209937374000320646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209937374008709255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, companyId=1209937374000320646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209937374012903560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, companyId=1209937374000320646, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河北农业大学, 河北省农业大数据重点实验室, 保定 071000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209937376785338541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flow chart of SSA, figureFileSmall=fCM5l01w6ih+i6IXzycwsg==, figureFileBig=XYUazeEeL98FwHMfQM5Ibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209937376852447406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=CN, label=图1, caption=奇异谱分析流程图, figureFileSmall=fCM5l01w6ih+i6IXzycwsg==, figureFileBig=XYUazeEeL98FwHMfQM5Ibg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209937376932139183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparison of the processing before and after SSA, figureFileSmall=WykpbDL7PtmMjYRwciZGyQ==, figureFileBig=0iYqynVUqTFkLoywWi9StQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209937376982470832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=CN, label=图2, caption=奇异谱分析前后处理对比, figureFileSmall=WykpbDL7PtmMjYRwciZGyQ==, figureFileBig=0iYqynVUqTFkLoywWi9StQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209937377053774001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=MTL-BiLSTM electrothermal cooling load prediction model, figureFileSmall=1Na8PPxFtTOGG4QSCQMXeQ==, figureFileBig=o5Apo22YYNZwb9DYTT4zNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209937377112494258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209816719602880702, language=CN, label=图3, caption=MTL-BiLSTM电热冷负荷预测模型

A为sigmoid激活函数全连接;xtt时刻输入值; ft为保留上一时刻记忆单元的信息比例,取值范围[0,1];ht-1t-1时刻隐藏层输出值; Wfbf分别为遗忘门的权重矩阵和偏置项;it为添加到记忆单元中的信息比例,取值范围为[0,1];Wibi分别为输入门偏移向量和权重矩阵;Wcbc分别为记忆单元偏移向量和权重矩阵;Ot为输出的信息比例,取值范围[0,1];Wobo分别为输出门权重矩阵和偏移向量

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Multivariate load correlation coefficient

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影响系数 电负荷 热负荷 冷负荷
电负荷 1.000 0 0.944 0 0.703 8
热负荷 0.944 0 1.000 0 0.898 8
冷负荷 0.703 8 0.898 8 1.000 0
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多元负荷相关系数

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影响系数 电负荷 热负荷 冷负荷
电负荷 1.000 0 0.944 0 0.703 8
热负荷 0.944 0 1.000 0 0.898 8
冷负荷 0.703 8 0.898 8 1.000 0
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Evaluation indexes of SSA window

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指标 窗口12 窗口10 窗口8
MAPE/% 1.42 0.87 1.76
RMSE/MW 0.027 0.001 0.023
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SSA窗口评价指标

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指标 窗口12 窗口10 窗口8
MAPE/% 1.42 0.87 1.76
RMSE/MW 0.027 0.001 0.023
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Evaluation indexes of different data quantities

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指标 时间/d
10 20 30
MAPE/% 2.16 0.73 0.60
RMSE/MW 0.034 0.015 0.015
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不同数据量评价指标

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指标 时间/d
10 20 30
MAPE/% 2.16 0.73 0.60
RMSE/MW 0.034 0.015 0.015
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Multitasking versus single-tasking

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模型 电\热\冷 时间/s
MAPE\% RMSE\kW
多任务 0.22\0.11\0.45 4.427\17.16\2.10 242
单一 0.62\0.14\0.70 8.336\11.56\2.77 690
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多任务与单一任务对比

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模型 电\热\冷 时间/s
MAPE\% RMSE\kW
多任务 0.22\0.11\0.45 4.427\17.16\2.10 242
单一 0.62\0.14\0.70 8.336\11.56\2.77 690
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Each region precision comparison

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区域 预测
模型
电/热/冷
MAPE/% RMSE/MW
区域一 LSTM 1.640/2.628/4.665 0.028/0.208/0.010
BiLSTM 1.062/1.892/1.500 0.018/0.142/0.003
SSABiLSTM 0.952/0.391/0.489 0.014/0.029/0.001
区域二 LSTM 5.917/5.567/7.604 0.078/0.441/0.016
BiLSTM 0.413/1.768/0.740 0.006/0.149/0.002
SSABiLSTM 0.404/0.603/0.512 0.006/0.149/0.002
区域三 LSTM 7.577/7.261/11.410 0.110/0.562/0.027
BiLSTM 3.086/0.508/0.580 0.049/0.039/0.002
SSABiLSTM 3.503/0.469/0.530 0.046/0.036/0.001
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各区域精度对比

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区域 预测
模型
电/热/冷
MAPE/% RMSE/MW
区域一 LSTM 1.640/2.628/4.665 0.028/0.208/0.010
BiLSTM 1.062/1.892/1.500 0.018/0.142/0.003
SSABiLSTM 0.952/0.391/0.489 0.014/0.029/0.001
区域二 LSTM 5.917/5.567/7.604 0.078/0.441/0.016
BiLSTM 0.413/1.768/0.740 0.006/0.149/0.002
SSABiLSTM 0.404/0.603/0.512 0.006/0.149/0.002
区域三 LSTM 7.577/7.261/11.410 0.110/0.562/0.027
BiLSTM 3.086/0.508/0.580 0.049/0.039/0.002
SSABiLSTM 3.503/0.469/0.530 0.046/0.036/0.001
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Comparison of flexible load accuracy

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预测模型 电动汽车/空调/光伏/风电
MAPE/% RMSE/MW
LSTM 2.433/3.42/Inf/3.26 88.51/22.37/9.61/21.79
BiLSTM 0.673/3.52/Inf/1.06 21.98/18.03/7.53/4.21
SSABiLSTM 0.502/1.53/Inf/1.04 16.39/8.05/3.94/4.93
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柔性及风光源荷精度对比

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预测模型 电动汽车/空调/光伏/风电
MAPE/% RMSE/MW
LSTM 2.433/3.42/Inf/3.26 88.51/22.37/9.61/21.79
BiLSTM 0.673/3.52/Inf/1.06 21.98/18.03/7.53/4.21
SSABiLSTM 0.502/1.53/Inf/1.04 16.39/8.05/3.94/4.93
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基于奇异谱分析和双向LSTM的多元负荷同时预测
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刘永福 1, 2 , 张天颖 1, 2 , 霍殿阳 1, 2 , 张立梅 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙电工技术 2025,25(19): 8099-8107
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙电工技术 2025, 25(19): 8099-8107
基于奇异谱分析和双向LSTM的多元负荷同时预测
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刘永福1, 2 , 张天颖1, 2, 霍殿阳1, 2, 张立梅1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河北农业大学信息科学与技术学院, 保定 071000
  • 2 河北农业大学, 河北省农业大数据重点实验室, 保定 071000
  • 刘永福(1977—),男,汉族,河北保定人,硕士,教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:新能源发电技术及人工智能在电网中的应用。E-mail:

Simultaneous Prediction for Multiple Load Using Singular Spectrum Analysis and BiLSTM
Yong-fu LIU1, 2 , Tian-ying ZHANG1, 2, Dian-yang HUO1, 2, Li-mei ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
  • 2 Hebei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405387
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开展多元负荷的准确预测对提高新能源消纳、实现节能减排、确保电网安全可靠运行具有重要意义。为了提高多元负荷同时预测的精度,构建了奇异谱分析与双向长短期记忆网络相结合的多元负荷同时预测模型。首先,利用皮尔逊相关系数进行耦合特征提取,以识别多元负荷数据中的内在关联和依赖关系;其次,使用奇异谱分析进行特征提取,以便更全面地捕捉多元负荷数据的动态特性,降低预测难度。最后,针对所提模型引入多任务学习,利用多个负荷预测任务之间的共享信息,相互辅助进行预测,提升预测精度。实验分别通过多区域多元负荷和柔性负荷及风光发电数据进行仿真分析,结果表明,在多区域中电、热、冷负荷预测平均绝对百分比误差平均提高0.41%,均方根误差平均提高0.02 MW。

多元负荷同时预测  /  奇异谱分析  /  双向长短期记忆网络  /  多任务学习模型  /  皮尔逊相关系数

It is of great significance for accurate forecasting of multi-load to be carried out to improve the consumption of new energy, realize energy saving and emission reduction, and ensure the safe and reliable operation of the power grid. To enhance the accuracy of simultaneous multi-load forecasting,a model which singular spectrum analysis and bi-directional long short-term memory networks SSA-BiLSTM (singular spectrum analysis-bidirectional long short-term memory) was proposed. First, A approach Pearson correlation coefficients for coupled feature extraction was proposed to identify correlations and dependencies within multivariate load data. Then, SSA was employed for feature extraction to capture dynamic characteristics and reduced forecasting complexity. Finally, a multi-ask learning framework was introduced to leverage shared information among multiple forecasting tasks, improving prediction accuracy. Experimental using datasets from multi-area electricity, heat, cold multivariate loads, flexible and wind-solar power generation, the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the proposed model average improves in mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the prediction of electrical, heating, and cooling loads in multiple regions is 0.41%, with an average root mean square error (RMSE) increase of 0.02 MW.

multiple load forecasting  /  singular spectrum analysis  /  bidirectional long short-term memory network  /  multi-task learning model  /  pearson correlation coefficient
刘永福, 张天颖, 霍殿阳, 张立梅. 基于奇异谱分析和双向LSTM的多元负荷同时预测. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8099 -8107 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405387
Yong-fu LIU, Tian-ying ZHANG, Dian-yang HUO, Li-mei ZHANG. Simultaneous Prediction for Multiple Load Using Singular Spectrum Analysis and BiLSTM[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8099 -8107 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405387
在“双碳”目标背景下,以新能源为主体的新型电力系统是完成现代电力系统低碳转型的必然趋势[1]。新型电力系统下,能源消费模式逐渐多样化,用户用电行为特征更加多元与复杂,加之新能源的不断渗透,使电力系统负荷同时准确预测面临挑战性问题[2]。准确的短期负荷预测对电力系统安全可靠运行极其重要[3],主要包括统计方法预测[4]、机器学习预测[5]和深度学习预测[6]等。
随着新能源的持续渗透和柔性负荷不断接入,配电网动态特性愈加明显,拓扑结构愈加复杂多样。基于深度学习方法开展短期负荷预测成为当前研究的主流。文献[7]提出多重滑动平均方法和卷积网络-长短期记忆网络(convolutional networks long short-term memory networks,CNN-LSTM)混合模型,并添加自注意力机制的预测方法。利用转移学习(transfer learning,TL)对目标域短期负荷进行预测可降低负传递的风险,但噪声、缺失值等因素会影响数据质量[8]。在时间卷积网络基础上,对负荷数据特征提取,并将特征输入到预测模型中[9-10]。文献[11]提出变分模态分解、LSTM、改进的粒子群算法和门控循环单元(gated recurrent unit,GRU)的混合预测模型提升预测精度,但存在特定数据集的依赖问题。
智能电力电子设备及储能、电动汽车等的兴起,增加了负荷的多样性。文献[12-13]使用相似性分析来提高负荷预测准确性,但存在数据依赖性较大的问题。通过引入Attention机制对CNN-GRU模型进行改进,模型在精确度上有了明显的提升,但存在模型复杂度高,计算效率低的问题[14]
多元负荷同时预测通过考虑多个负荷之间的相互影响关系,能够更好地捕捉负荷的变化趋势和波动特征[15],及时为电力系统运行提供指导,平衡电力供需。文献[16]模型基于ResNet-LSTM网络和注意力机制的多任务学习,挖掘多能负荷之间的空间和时间耦合关系,以提高预测准确度。
针对原始特征丢失问题,降低模型的复杂度,构建了奇异谱分析与双向长短期记忆网络(singular spectrum analysis-bidirectional long short-term memory,SSA-BiLSTM)多元负荷同时预测模型。首先,对负荷数据进行鲁棒性处理和无量纲标准化,然后利用皮尔逊相关系数(pearson correlation coefficient, pCCs)和奇异谱分析(singular spectrum analysis,SSA)进行特征提取。设置的多任务学习模型(multi-task learning,MTL)能同时处理多个负荷预测任务,通过共享底层参数和特征表示,实现负荷信息融合。最后,充分发挥双向长短期记忆网络(bidirectional long short-term memory, BiLSTM)处理长序列数据和捕捉非线性特征的优势。仿真算例通过一天96个节点进行分析,证明了该模型的有效性。
由于电力设备、网络通讯和外界天气影响等因素,往往会导致采集的原始数据存在异常值和缺失值等问题。在多元负荷同时预测过程中,需要处理的数据量可能非常大。通过对数据进行清洗、纠正错误、填补缺失值、删除重复项等处理,可以确保数据的完整性和准确性,为预测模型提供可靠的数据支持和处理效率。
鲁棒性数据处理是将异常值周围30个数据的中位数来替代异常值,使用中位数是因为当数据远远大于或小于其他数据的异常值时,使用平均值替代容易出现误差;使用无量纲标准化处理多元负荷数据,能增强数据可比性,降低异常值影响。
数据处理流程如下:
(1)检查数据的有效性和一致性,清理缺失值,去除重复数据。
(2)将数据排序,找到数据的中位数M,相比原始负荷数据L>10ML<0则被记录为异常负荷数据,由异常负荷数据周围30个数据的中位数来替代异常负荷数据。
(3)使用无量纲的标准化处理多元负荷数据。
X s t d = ( X - μ ) / σ
式(1)中:X为原始数据;μ为数据的均值;σ为数据标准差。
多元负荷数据之间存在相互影响的关系,可以利用负荷之间的关系来提高预测的准确性。本文中使用PCCs计算出线性相关性较高的负荷组合,当作多元负荷的耦合特征,输入到预测模型中。PCCs的取值范围在-1~1,表示多元负荷之间的相关关系的强度。表达式为
r = e h - e h n e 2 - ( e ) 2 n h 2 - ( h ) 2 n
式(2)中:r为PCCs系数;n为负荷的数据;eh分别为电负荷和热负荷训练集数据。
表1所示为电、热、冷负荷之间的多元负荷相关系数,当绝对值大于0.7时说明两个变量之间的相关性较大,具有一定的预测能力。PCCs作为耦合特征,与负荷数据一并输入到多元负荷同时预测模型中。
多元负荷同时预测模型中的负荷数据存在着隐藏特征,如周期性、趋势性等特点。奇异谱分析是一种处理非线性时间序列数据的方法,对时间序列进行分析和预测。它是基于构造在时间序列上的特定矩阵的奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD),可以从一个时间序列中分解出趋势、振荡分量和噪声[17-18]。选取前2.5 d的数据进行奇异谱分析流程如图1所示,奇异谱分析处理后对比如图2所示。
奇异谱分析对多元负荷同时预测分为4个步骤:
(1)嵌入:将一维的时间序列数据转化为二维的轨迹矩阵,以便后续深度处理和操作。以电负荷为例,电负荷时间序列映射长度为K的电负荷多维序列获取轨迹矩阵E
$ \boldsymbol{E}=\left[\boldsymbol{E}_{1}, \boldsymbol{E}_{2}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{E}_{K}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccc}e_{1} & e_{2} & \cdots & e_{K} \\e_{2} & e_{3} & \cdots & e_{K+1} \\\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\e_{L} & e_{L+1} & \cdots & e_{N}\end{array}\right]$
式(3)中:2≤KN,N为负荷数据量。
(2)分解:对电负荷数据的E轨迹矩阵进行奇异值分解。即
E = E 1 * + E 2 * + + E d *
E i * = U i λ i V T i
式中: d = m a x ( i , λ i 0 ) = r a n k ( E ),为E的非零奇异值个数;UV 分别为左奇异向量矩阵和右奇异向量矩阵;λ为奇异值。
(3)分组:将轨迹矩阵的所有元素按照规则进行分组,实现数据的深度特征提取。即
E = E I 1 * + E I 2 * + + E I p *
将电负荷初等矩阵的下标分为p个不相交的子集合,为初等矩阵获取线性无关轨迹矩阵子集矩阵。
(4)重构:将矩阵 E I i *重构,令 Y = E I i *,设 L * = m i n ( L , K ), K * = m a x ( L , K ), N = L + K - 1 ,实现矩阵Y的对角平均化,转换为新的时间序列 y 1 , y 2 , , y N ,公式为
$y_{k}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{1}{k} \sum_{m=1}^{k} y_{m, k-m+1}, & 1 \leqslant k<L^{*} \\\frac{1}{L^{*}} \sum_{m=1}^{L^{*}} y_{m, k-m+1}, & L^{*} \leqslant k<L^{*} \\\frac{1}{N-k+1} \sum_{m=k-K^{*}+1}^{N-K^{*}+1} y_{m, k-m+1}, & K^{*}<k \leqslant N\end{array}\right. $
多元负荷作为由电力、可再生能源(如太阳能、风能)、制冷、制热等多种不同类型能源和负荷构成的复杂网络的一部分,其复杂性和多样性导致了系统运行的高度不可预测性。双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM)是一种在LSTM基础上进行改进的深度学习模型,通过引入反向传播过程,使其能够同时捕捉输入负荷时间序列中的前后信息。
在多元负荷同时预测过程中,负荷之间存在复杂的关系,而单独的BiLSTM多元负荷同时预测模型,无法很好地处理这种关系。将多任务学习模型与BiLSTM相结合可以更好地适应复杂的环境和捕捉多元负荷预测多任务之间的联系,共享知识来提高任务的性能,减少模型对特定数据的依赖性[19-20]
构建MTL-BiLSTM电、热、冷负荷预测模型如图3所示,当多元负荷数据xt和上一个时刻的隐藏层输出值ht-1同时输入到遗忘门,计算遗忘门信息ft和输入门的输出it,并且计算出候选记忆单元Ct、更新记忆单元Ct,最后计算出输入门的输出Ot和当前时刻的隐藏层输出ht。表达式为
f t = s i g m o i d ( W f [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b f )
i t = s i g m o i d ( W i [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b i )
C t = t a n h ( W c [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b c )
C t = f t C t - 1 + i t C t
O t = s i g m o i d ( W o [ h t - 1 , x t ] + b o )
h t = o t t a n h ( C t )
图3中显示,电、热、冷数据被作为不同的任务输入到模型中。BiLSTM中包含两个方向的LSTM网络模型,分别为正向层和反向层。正向层捕捉正序列中的上下文信息和依赖关系,反向层则按照输入序列的逆序进行计算,获取序列反向的信息和依赖关系。BiLSTM模型的输出被用作多任务学习模型的共享层的输入,通过共享层对电、热、冷负荷进行特征提取和降维,实现知识的共享。
结合SSA和BiLSTM建立的多元负荷同时预测模型求解流程如图4所示,具体步骤如下。
(1)数据处理。对输入的负荷数据进行鲁棒性和无量纲处理,使用奇异谱分析进行特征提取降噪,PCCs耦合特征提取,将数据分为训练集和测试集。
(2)模型构建。构建一个MTL-BiLSTM模型,用于学习多元负荷数据之间的时序关系,同时预测不同时间的多元负荷。
(3)模型训练。将训练集输入到前面构建的MTL-BiLSTM模型中进行训练。
(4)模型评价。训练完成后,使用测试集来评估模型的性能。使用RMSE和MAPE指标来了解预测的准确性。
区域一为亚利桑那州州立大学坦佩校区(Tempe ASU)电、热、冷历史负荷数据[16],采样时间为2023年9月22日—10月21日,电、热、冷负荷数据步长为15 min,分别为2 880节点。
区域二和区域三的电、热、冷负荷以区域一数据为基础,使用了蒙特卡洛仿真方法。通过随机抽样和统计分析来模拟不同条件下的负荷变化,生成与区域一相似但具有随机性的负荷数据。针对柔性负荷[21-22](电动汽车负荷和空调负荷)及分布式电源[23](光伏发电、风力发电)的数据,使用二次插值法使数据由步长1 h变为15 min,1 d分为96个节点,使用蒙特卡洛数据仿真模拟出2 880个节点。
本文中采用平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)两种作为预测的评价标准。表达式为
M A P E = i = 1 n [ ( Y i - F i ) / Y i ] n × 100 %
R M S E = i = 1 n ( Y i - F i ) 2 n
式中:Yi为实际值;Fi为预测值;n为样本数据。
在BiLSTM负荷预测中主要的参数包括网络结构和网络训练,在网络结构中设置电、热、冷负荷的隐藏单元数量分别为200、100、100,dropout分别为0.15、0.15、0.15。在训练中使用Adam优化算法学习率为0.009,训练次数为500,训练集为80%,测试集为20%,分量数量为5。通过比较不同奇异谱分析窗口和多元负荷数据量,根据精确度和图形来进行分析。以下均以电负荷为例,将奇异谱分析(SSA)窗口分别设置为12、10和8分别进行对比,多元负荷数据分为10、20、30 d的数据量,选取一天的预测数据作为评价指标进行对比,步长为15 min,一共96个数据。结果如图5图6表2表3所示。
表2图5中可得知,窗口参数为10时相对于12和8时的负荷准确率有明显提升,因此选取奇异谱分析窗口参数为10。从表3图6可知,20 d和30 d的数据量预测精确度明显高于10 d的数据量,说明数据量大的负荷对预测精确度有明显的提升效果。
为验证多任务预测的优越性,多元负荷预测模型分别对区域一电、热、冷负荷进行单一任务预测和多任务预测,对比结果如表4所示。从表4可知,多任务保证准确率的前提下,误差更小,效率更高。
为了凸显SSA-BiLSTM多元负荷同时预测的优越性,将该模型与LSTM、BiLSTM模型分别进行对比。区域一、二、三进行多元负荷同时预测模型对比如表5所示,预测结果如图7所示。
表5可知,区域一、二和三中,SSA-BiLSTM效果最佳,LSTM效果最差。从区域一中电负荷RMSE指标来分析,BiLSTM相对于LSTM减少了0.01 MW误差,SSA-BiLSTM相对于BiLSTM减少了0.004 MW误差。从区域二中热负荷RMSE指标来分析,BiLSTM相对于LSTM模型减少了0.292 MW误差,SSA-BiLSTM相对于BiLSTM模型减少了0.103 MW误差。从区域三冷负荷RMSE指标来分析,BiLSTM相对于LSTM减少了0.025 MW误差,SSA-BiLSTM相对于BiLSTM减少了0.001 MW误差。
通过图7可知,区域二和区域三相对于区域一的数据波动性更大,再结合表5的精度对比,SSA-BiLSTM模型依旧优于其他模型,表明本文提出的预测方法具有通用性。
为了突显出本模型适应性强的特点,将柔性负荷(电动汽车、空调)和分布式电源(风电、光伏)同时进行预测,柔性负荷是指能够主动参与电网运行控制,与电网进行能量互动,具有可调性和多样性特点。分布式电源是分布在用户端,接入35 kV及以下电压等级电网,以就地消纳为主的电源,具有清洁性、能源波动较大和区域性等特征。
多元柔性负荷24 h预测结果如图8~图11所示,精度对比如表6所示。柔性负荷及风光发电的同时预测的模型为LSTM、BiLSTM、SSABiLSTM。
多元柔性负荷预测从图8~图11表6看出,SSA-BiLSTM相对于LSTM和BiLSTM,精度有很明显地提升。以电动汽车为例,SSA-BiLSTM相对于BiLSTM,MAPE从0.67%到0.50%,提升了0.17%,RMSE从0.022 MW到0.016 MW,减少了0.006 MW负荷误差,空调、光伏和风电同时负荷预测结果亦然。电动车充电需求负荷、空调负荷和光伏、风电发电量的变化等,都适应于SSA-BiLSTM。
针对多元负荷同时预测,提出了一种奇异谱分析优化的双向LSTM预测模型,分析结论如下。
(1)BiLSTM模型通过正向和反向数据信息,对处理时序依赖性强的多元负荷同时预测表现出了优越的性能。在模型中加入多任务学习,降低了模型复杂度,提高了运行速度。实验表明,该模型能够进一步提高预测性能。
(2)在BiLSTM模型的基础上加入SSA能够更好地捕捉数据中的复杂模式,提取数据特征,降低了预测的难度。在算例分析中提高了综合预测精度,并且在数据波动较大的区域二、三中该模型也优于其他模型。
(3)在柔性负荷和分布式电源中,SSA-BiLSTM模型也能有效地提高预测的准确性,说明该模型能有效地适应各种不确定性和可变性负荷(电动汽车充电负荷、空调负荷、风光的发电量)的影响。
后续工作进一步采用更先进的算法优化模型参数,可以获得更好的预测效果。
  • 中国电力科学研究院项目(JLW51202100757)
  • 河北省重点研发计划(203227307D)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405387
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
中国电力科学研究院项目(JLW51202100757)
河北省重点研发计划(203227307D)
作者信息
    1 河北农业大学信息科学与技术学院, 保定 071000
    2 河北农业大学, 河北省农业大数据重点实验室, 保定 071000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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