Article(id=1209811349371220550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406811, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371102897, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371102897, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371102897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371102897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8013, endPage=8024, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811350398825069, articleId=1209811349371220550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Strain Rate Effect on Failure Characteristic and Crack Propagation Law of Sandstone, columnId=1209811348519784568, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the influence of strain rates on the macroscopic failure characteristics and microscopic crack propagation laws of rock, sandstone was taken as the research object, and the uniaxial compression tests and real-time monitoring of acoustic emission information were carried out under different loading rates. The influence of loading rates on the macroscopic mechanical response and microscopic fracture morphology of sandstone specimens, such as strength and deformation characteristics, failure mode and fracture characteristics, was analyzed. Based on the evolution of acoustic emission b value with the loading process, the internal crack propagation laws of sandstone specimens under different loading rates were explored. The research results show that within the loading rate range of 1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone samples were positively correlated with loading rates. For every 10 times increase in loading rate, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus increased by 2.66 MPa and 0.087 GPa, respectively, while the peak strain decreases by 0.213‰. As the loading rate increased, the failure characteristics showed a trend of gradually transitioning from a single inclined through fracture surface to a cross distribution of multiple fracture surfaces, and the average size of the fragments decreased, indicating an increase in the failure of the sandstone sample. At low loading rates, the microstructure of the fracture surface was mainly characterized by intergranular cracks, while as the loading rate increased, transgranular cracks and intergranular cracks alternated, and the fracture characteristics at the intersection of the cracks were obvious, resulting in large-scale grain peeling. As the loading rate increased, the ratio of stress to peak stress corresponding to the turning point where the acoustic emission b value changes from increasing to decreasing decreased. This indicated that the higher the loading rate, the more likely cracks were to propagate inside the specimen and form more obvious large cracks, leading to more severe damage characteristics and complex crack propagation patterns in the specimen. The research results have important guiding significance for understanding the failure characteristics of engineering surrounding rock under complex stress conditions, as well as predicting the damage deterioration law of the internal structure of surrounding rock based on acoustic emission monitoring information.

, correspAuthors=Hai-long WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dong-yi LIU, Zhen-hua ZHAO, Hai-jiao WANG, Nian-chun LI, Shu-ming QI, Hai-long WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811354618295108, articleId=1209811349371220550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=砂岩破坏特征及裂纹扩展规律的应变率效应, columnId=1209811350482711154, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示应变率对岩石宏观破坏特征及微观裂纹扩展规律的影响,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验与声发射信息实时监测,分析了加载速率对砂岩试样强度和变形特性、破坏模式、破碎特征等宏观力学响应及微观断口形貌的影响,并基于声发射b值随加载过程的演化,探讨了不同加载速率条件下的砂岩试样内部裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:在1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1的加载速率范围内,砂岩试样的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与加载速率呈正相关关系,加载速率每增大10倍,单轴抗压强度与弹性模量分别增大2.66 MPa和0.087 GPa,而峰值应变减小0.213‰;随加载速率增大,破坏特征呈现从单一倾斜的贯穿断裂面,逐渐向多断裂面交叉分布形式转变的趋势,且碎块平均尺寸减小,表明砂岩试样的破坏程度增大;低加载速率下的微观断口形貌以沿晶裂纹为主,而随加载速率增大,穿晶裂纹与沿晶裂纹交替出现,且裂纹相交位置破碎特征明显,出现晶粒的大面积剥离;随加载速率增大,声发射b值从增大变减小的转折点所对应的应力与峰值应力的比值降低,表明加载速率越大,试样内部越易出现裂纹的扩展,并贯通形成较为明显的大裂纹,导致试样呈现出更为严重的破坏特征和复杂的裂纹扩展规律。研究结果对认识复杂应力条件下工程围岩的破坏特征,以及基于声发射监测信息预测围岩内部结构的损伤劣化规律具有重要指导意义。

, correspAuthors=王海龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王海龙(1987—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:矿山岩石力学与采煤塌陷地治理。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rQr7i+ni9XsBaIAnouQ3ow==, magXml=Zhw9Dg/FODGNycQ2wjdtBQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=B0nr8UqCaTwFowb3BjH/uw==, pdfFileSize=19094115, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=L1nISl7uBeXtY7CO7f8I/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RjRvbboPRxCqrXnhfoDZAQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘东义(1986—),男,汉族,河北景县人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质矿产勘查。E-mail:

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刘东义(1986—),男,汉族,河北景县人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质矿产勘查。E-mail:

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刘东义(1986—),男,汉族,河北景县人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质矿产勘查。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932297315014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811349371220550, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Critical stress ratio of crack growth at different loading rates, figureFileSmall=Ja9PoIDWJSqBlRC8eyW+BQ==, figureFileBig=r1A5+BotilJwDfrF7UZzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932393784010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811349371220550, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同加载速率下裂纹扩展的临界应力比, figureFileSmall=Ja9PoIDWJSqBlRC8eyW+BQ==, figureFileBig=r1A5+BotilJwDfrF7UZzqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932519613135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811349371220550, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of sandstone samples at different strain rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样
编号
峰值强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 峰值应变/‰
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
A组 45.7 44.3 45.1 5.11 5.04 5.12 9.38 9.29 9.44
B组 46.2 47.3 45.9 5.21 5.16 5.11 9.15 9.11 9.10
C组 48.1 49.7 50.2 5.29 5.21 5.31 8.96 9.01 8.76
D组 52.9 53.6 52.3 5.31 5.29 5.36 8.65 8.79 8.75
), ArticleFig(id=1209888932620276435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811349371220550, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同应变率加载下砂岩试样的力学参数

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试样
编号
峰值强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 峰值应变/‰
S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3
A组 45.7 44.3 45.1 5.11 5.04 5.12 9.38 9.29 9.44
B组 46.2 47.3 45.9 5.21 5.16 5.11 9.15 9.11 9.10
C组 48.1 49.7 50.2 5.29 5.21 5.31 8.96 9.01 8.76
D组 52.9 53.6 52.3 5.31 5.29 5.36 8.65 8.79 8.75
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Size statistics of sandstone fragments

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加载
速率/s-1
试样编号 不同尺寸(mm)岩块和岩屑的质量/g
<0.15 0.15~0.6 0.6~2.36 2.36~9.5 9.5~13.2 13.2~37.5 37.5~72
1×10-5 A组 S1 6.17 13.71 21.63 20.65 45.07 110.97 356.78
S2 5.63 9.32 10.17 15.89 55.76 87.76 402.57
S3 9.32 8.21 17.69 29.07 69.67 126.27 383.19
1×10-4 B组 S1 15.32 27.53 58.78 51.47 66.39 91.52 306.93
S2 16.27 19.19 37.28 75.15 85.02 158.87 216.81
S3 10.21 33.47 67.36 54.09 83.27 106.09 277.76
1×10-3 C组 S1 21.51 56.63 54.97 92.01 73.58 154.49 179.76
S2 26.86 39.49 63.81 92.98 108.67 121.43 181.78
S3 19.13 38.72 88.13 73.93 9.663 158.96 216.38
1×10-2 D组 S1 28.62 54.31 78.17 112.56 100.63 102.56 143.01
S2 31.07 57.17 85.56 72.13 94.57 135.13 174.32
S3 27.91 35.99 66.62 86.95 129.31 92.75 157.28
), ArticleFig(id=1209888932792242905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811349371220550, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

砂岩碎块的尺寸统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
加载
速率/s-1
试样编号 不同尺寸(mm)岩块和岩屑的质量/g
<0.15 0.15~0.6 0.6~2.36 2.36~9.5 9.5~13.2 13.2~37.5 37.5~72
1×10-5 A组 S1 6.17 13.71 21.63 20.65 45.07 110.97 356.78
S2 5.63 9.32 10.17 15.89 55.76 87.76 402.57
S3 9.32 8.21 17.69 29.07 69.67 126.27 383.19
1×10-4 B组 S1 15.32 27.53 58.78 51.47 66.39 91.52 306.93
S2 16.27 19.19 37.28 75.15 85.02 158.87 216.81
S3 10.21 33.47 67.36 54.09 83.27 106.09 277.76
1×10-3 C组 S1 21.51 56.63 54.97 92.01 73.58 154.49 179.76
S2 26.86 39.49 63.81 92.98 108.67 121.43 181.78
S3 19.13 38.72 88.13 73.93 9.663 158.96 216.38
1×10-2 D组 S1 28.62 54.31 78.17 112.56 100.63 102.56 143.01
S2 31.07 57.17 85.56 72.13 94.57 135.13 174.32
S3 27.91 35.99 66.62 86.95 129.31 92.75 157.28
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砂岩破坏特征及裂纹扩展规律的应变率效应
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刘东义 1, 2 , 赵振华 1, 2 , 王海焦 1, 2 , 李念春 1, 2 , 齐树明 1, 2 , 王海龙 1, 2, 3, 4, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙矿冶工程 2025,25(19): 8013-8024
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙矿冶工程 2025, 25(19): 8013-8024
砂岩破坏特征及裂纹扩展规律的应变率效应
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刘东义1, 2 , 赵振华1, 2, 王海焦1, 2, 李念春1, 2, 齐树明1, 2, 王海龙1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东省地矿工程勘察院(山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八○一水文地质工程地质大队), 济南 250014
  • 2 山东省地下水环境保护与修复工程技术研究中心, 济南 250014
  • 3 临沂大学土木工程与建筑学院, 临沂 276000
  • 4 中国矿业大学(北京) 深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
  • 刘东义(1986—),男,汉族,河北景县人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:地质矿产勘查。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王海龙(1987—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:矿山岩石力学与采煤塌陷地治理。E-mail:
Strain Rate Effect on Failure Characteristic and Crack Propagation Law of Sandstone
Dong-yi LIU1, 2 , Zhen-hua ZHAO1, 2, Hai-jiao WANG1, 2, Nian-chun LI1, 2, Shu-ming QI1, 2, Hai-long WANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong Provincial Geo-mineral Engineering Exploration Institute (801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources), Jinan 250014, China
  • 2 Shandong Provincial Groundwater Environmental Protection and Remediation Engineering Technology Research Center, Jinan 250014, China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
  • 4 State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406811
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为揭示应变率对岩石宏观破坏特征及微观裂纹扩展规律的影响,以砂岩为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验与声发射信息实时监测,分析了加载速率对砂岩试样强度和变形特性、破坏模式、破碎特征等宏观力学响应及微观断口形貌的影响,并基于声发射b值随加载过程的演化,探讨了不同加载速率条件下的砂岩试样内部裂纹扩展规律。研究结果表明:在1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1的加载速率范围内,砂岩试样的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量与加载速率呈正相关关系,加载速率每增大10倍,单轴抗压强度与弹性模量分别增大2.66 MPa和0.087 GPa,而峰值应变减小0.213‰;随加载速率增大,破坏特征呈现从单一倾斜的贯穿断裂面,逐渐向多断裂面交叉分布形式转变的趋势,且碎块平均尺寸减小,表明砂岩试样的破坏程度增大;低加载速率下的微观断口形貌以沿晶裂纹为主,而随加载速率增大,穿晶裂纹与沿晶裂纹交替出现,且裂纹相交位置破碎特征明显,出现晶粒的大面积剥离;随加载速率增大,声发射b值从增大变减小的转折点所对应的应力与峰值应力的比值降低,表明加载速率越大,试样内部越易出现裂纹的扩展,并贯通形成较为明显的大裂纹,导致试样呈现出更为严重的破坏特征和复杂的裂纹扩展规律。研究结果对认识复杂应力条件下工程围岩的破坏特征,以及基于声发射监测信息预测围岩内部结构的损伤劣化规律具有重要指导意义。

加载速率  /  沉积砂岩  /  破坏特征  /  裂纹扩展  /  声发射

In order to reveal the influence of strain rates on the macroscopic failure characteristics and microscopic crack propagation laws of rock, sandstone was taken as the research object, and the uniaxial compression tests and real-time monitoring of acoustic emission information were carried out under different loading rates. The influence of loading rates on the macroscopic mechanical response and microscopic fracture morphology of sandstone specimens, such as strength and deformation characteristics, failure mode and fracture characteristics, was analyzed. Based on the evolution of acoustic emission b value with the loading process, the internal crack propagation laws of sandstone specimens under different loading rates were explored. The research results show that within the loading rate range of 1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of sandstone samples were positively correlated with loading rates. For every 10 times increase in loading rate, the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus increased by 2.66 MPa and 0.087 GPa, respectively, while the peak strain decreases by 0.213‰. As the loading rate increased, the failure characteristics showed a trend of gradually transitioning from a single inclined through fracture surface to a cross distribution of multiple fracture surfaces, and the average size of the fragments decreased, indicating an increase in the failure of the sandstone sample. At low loading rates, the microstructure of the fracture surface was mainly characterized by intergranular cracks, while as the loading rate increased, transgranular cracks and intergranular cracks alternated, and the fracture characteristics at the intersection of the cracks were obvious, resulting in large-scale grain peeling. As the loading rate increased, the ratio of stress to peak stress corresponding to the turning point where the acoustic emission b value changes from increasing to decreasing decreased. This indicated that the higher the loading rate, the more likely cracks were to propagate inside the specimen and form more obvious large cracks, leading to more severe damage characteristics and complex crack propagation patterns in the specimen. The research results have important guiding significance for understanding the failure characteristics of engineering surrounding rock under complex stress conditions, as well as predicting the damage deterioration law of the internal structure of surrounding rock based on acoustic emission monitoring information.

loading rate  /  sedimentary sandstone  /  failure characteristic  /  crack propagation  /  acoustic emission
刘东义, 赵振华, 王海焦, 李念春, 齐树明, 王海龙. 砂岩破坏特征及裂纹扩展规律的应变率效应. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8013 -8024 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406811
Dong-yi LIU, Zhen-hua ZHAO, Hai-jiao WANG, Nian-chun LI, Shu-ming QI, Hai-long WANG. Strain Rate Effect on Failure Characteristic and Crack Propagation Law of Sandstone[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8013 -8024 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406811
矿产能源是保障中国经济社会高速发展的重要物质支撑[1],随着浅部能源开采殆尽,为稳定中国能源持续供应,能源开采活动不断向深部发展,并逐渐步入常态化[2-3]。然而,由于高地应力、强开采扰动等复杂条件影响,深部围岩体呈现出多样化的力学行为和响应特性[4]。研究表明,岩体的强度、变形、破坏等力学行为与应力加载过程密切相关,最直接的表现就是岩体的力学响应特性会随加载路径[5-6]、加载速率[7-9]等的改变而呈现差异性。如岩体内部弹性应变能不断累积并瞬间释放导致的岩爆现象[10]、长时加载下的岩石蠕变现象[11],涉及应变对时间的不同响应速率。由此可见,应变率作为一个与时间相关的参数,会直接影响到岩石的力学行为[12],即岩石的力学响应特性呈现出明显的应变率效应。
考虑应变率加载条件对岩石物理力学特性的影响,中外学者从室内试验、数值模拟和理论分析等方面开展了广泛研究,并取得了非凡的成果。在岩石的强度和变形等基本力学特性对应变率的响应方面,刘汉香等[13]借助颗粒流程序(particle flow code,PFC)模拟了不同加载速率下白云岩试样的单轴压缩实验,从应力-应变关系、宏观破裂形态、裂纹扩展规律等方面分析了加载速率的影响;岳少飞等[14]从煤岩蠕变特性出发,通过开展不同加载速率条件下分级加卸载试验,分析了弹性模量等随蠕变速率演化的特征;杨文君等[15]利用岩石加载试验机及声发射监测仪分析了加载速率影响下的砂岩单轴压缩破坏形态和声发射演化规律;谢晶等[16]开展了不同加载速率下煤岩三轴力学试验,并借助声发射监测技术研究了损伤破断行为及能量演化特征;周尔康等[17]利用离散单元分析方法建立了砂岩三维颗粒流模型,从峰值强度、弹性模量、泊松比、内摩擦角及裂纹扩展过程等方面研究了加载速率对试验模型宏细观力学性质的影响。Hashiba等[18]结合理论分析和单轴压缩试验,分析了不同含水饱和度条件下安山岩强度对加载速率的依赖性。在应变率效应影响下的岩石损伤过程及失稳机制方面,涂敏等[19]采用高频振动采集及孔内成像三轴动静载试验系统,开展了不同加载速率下煤岩真三轴压缩实验,揭示了加载速率对煤岩动力破坏的影响机制;陈光波等[20]以煤岩组合体为研究对象,开展了不同加载速率下的碎块分布、分形特征,并基于能量传递过程探讨了其破坏失稳机制;Mohammad等[21]通过数值方法还原了分体式霍普金森压力杆作用下的巴西拉伸试验,从细观角度研究了高应变率加载下的岩石破坏行为。冯小静等[22]通过分析砂岩和花岗岩在不同加载速率下声发射事件的分布特征,并借助扫描电镜从微观形貌分析了加载速率对声发射事件形成机制的影响;周永强等[23]通过统计试验获得的不同岩石材料强度和模量与应变率之间关系,划分了中低应变率和高应变率下岩石材料强度和模量动态增强因子模型的基本类型,并提出了从标准差、拟合优度、试验规律和平滑度等方面综合评价岩石应变率效应的方法。上述研究对认识加载速率对岩石力学特性的影响发挥了重要作用,然而,由于岩石内部结构及外部加载条件的复杂性,针对岩石的应变率效应问题,仍需从宏观变形破坏与微观裂纹扩展等方面开展相关试验研究。
综上分析,为进一步认识岩石力学行为对应变率的响应规律,以砂岩为研究对象,在准静态应变范围内设计1×10-5 、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-14组不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验,从峰值强度、变形特性和破坏模式三方面分析加载速率对砂岩力学行为的影响,并通过观察微观断口形貌,结合声发射b值随加载过程的演化,探讨准静态加载条件下砂岩破坏特征及裂纹扩展规律的应变率效应。
考虑到沉积岩分布的广泛性,选择砂岩作为研究对象,通过扫描电子显微技术(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和X射线全衍射分析技术(X-ray diffraction,XRD)得到该砂岩的微观晶粒分布和主要矿物成分,如图1所示。由此可知,微观矿物晶粒主要集中在0.05~0.25 mm的尺寸范围内,矿物成分主要包括石英、长石、白云母、绿泥石等。
在工程现场的同一区域,取表面无明显缺陷的岩块若干,在实验室首先加工成边长150 mm的立方体岩块,然后通过取芯、切割、打磨等工序得到直径50 mm、高度100 mm的圆柱形试样,如图2所示。为提高试验结果的可靠性,依据《岩石物理力学性质试验规程》(DZ/T 0276—2015)[24],按照柱形试样两端面不平行度误差小于0.05 mm,且端面不平整度误差小于0.02 mm的要求,开展岩样的加工和选取。
细观层面上,岩石可以看作是由多种矿物晶粒胶结而成的介质体,并在物理性质上呈现出离散性。考虑到岩石的密度和波速作为能够间接反映岩石内部结构特征的两个基本物理参数,据此为了减小试验误差,利用试样的干密度和纵波波速来筛选物理性质相近的砂岩试样开展力学加载试验。首先用烘干机将试样烘至质量恒定状态后,利用波速测试仪测试其轴向纵波波速,以此获得试样的干密度和纵波波速,测试完成后用保鲜膜包裹试样,防止二次吸水。参与测试的试样有36块,由图3所示的测试结果,知纵波波速和干密度的平均值分别为5.18 km/s和2.93 g/cm3,由此筛选出纵波波速和干密度均在5.13~5.23 km/s和2.87~2.99 g/cm3范围内的试样12块,为开展不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验做准备。
在开展室内岩石力学实验时,按照应变率大小,主要划分为蠕变加载、准静态加载和动态加载3种类型[25],如图4所示。因此,按照该应变率分类标准,在1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1范围内,以10倍的递增关系设计应变率1×10-5、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1的4组单轴压缩试验。在实际加载过程中,对应于砂岩试样的轴向尺寸,试验机的位移加载速率分别为0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0 mm/s。据此按照加载速率由小到大的4组试样方案,将12块试样随机分成4组,每组3块试样,分别编号为A组(S1、S2、S3)、B组(S1、S2、S3)、C组(S1、S2、S3)、D组(S1、S2、S3)。
试验过程主要包括力学加载和声发射监测两部分,如图5所示,其中利用岩石力学试验系统完成不同加载速率的单轴压缩试验,加载方式为位移控制,以此获得砂岩试样的强度、变形和破坏模式的力学响应特性。同时,在加载过程中,借助声发射监测系统实时监测砂岩试样变形破坏过程的声发射信息,用以反演试样内部损伤裂纹的扩展规律。
在声发射信息监测过程中,为提高信息采集的可靠性,在试样表面共布置4个传感器,且前置放大器增益值设置为40 dB,阈值设置为45 dB,采样频率设置为1 MHz。此外,在传感器和岩石试样表面之间涂抹适量的凡士林,以确保其充分接触,并使用透明胶带固定传感器,在实验开始前通过断铅测试,以确保各通道信号采集良好。
在试验完成后,获得砂岩试样的峰值强度、弹性模量和峰值应变,以此分析不同应变率加载条件下的强度和变形特性。如表1所示,对应1×10-5、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1的加载速率,单轴抗压强度的平均值依次为45.03、46.47、49.33、52.93 MPa,弹性模量的平均值依次为5.09、5.16、5.27、5.32 GPa,峰值应变的平均值依次为9.37‰、9.12‰、8.91‰、8.73‰。由此可知,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量随加载速率的增大而增大,而峰值应变随加载速率的增大呈减小的特点。
为了进一步确定单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、峰值应变与应变率的关系,对其进行拟合分析。如图6所示,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量与应变率对数呈正相关线性关系,而峰值应变与应变率对数呈负相关线性关系,表达式为
σ c = 57.74 + 2.66 l g ν ε ,   R 2 = 0.951
E = 5.49 + 0.087 l g ν ε ,   R 2 = 0.972
ε c = 8.29 - 0.213 l g ν ε ,   R 2 = 0.992
式中:σc为单轴抗压强度,MPa;E为弹性模量,GPa;εc为峰值应变,‰;νε为加载速率,s-1
依据式(1)~式(3),应变率每增大10倍,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别增大2.66 MPa和0.087 GPa,对应于1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1应变率加载条件下的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量,相比于上一级应变率加载下的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量,单轴抗压强度的增大比例依次为5.99%、5.65%、5.35%,弹性模量的增大比例依次为1.72%、1.69%、1.66%。然而,就峰值应变而言,应变率每增大10倍,峰值应变降低0.213‰,对应于1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1应变率加载条件下的峰值应变,相比于上一级应变率加载下的峰值应变,降低比例依次为2.28%、2.33%、2.39%。由此可知,在应变率对砂岩强度和变形特性影响方面,相比于弹性模量和峰值应变,单轴抗压强度对应变率的响应程度更为显著。
图7所示为不同应变率加载条件下砂岩试样的破坏模式。由此可知,当应变率为1×10-5 s-1时,以单一断裂面为主,且呈约60°贯穿试样;当应变率为1×10-4 s-1时,在主断裂面倾斜贯穿试样的同时,主断裂面的左上角衍生出近似沿轴向扩展的次生裂纹;当应变率为1×10-3 s-1时,出现两条交叉断裂面,交叉点在试样中上部位置,其中,主断裂面角度在70°左右,次生断裂面大体沿轴向扩展,两条断裂面夹角约为30°;当应变率为1×10-2 s-1时,次生断裂面的分布发生倾斜,两条断裂面夹角约为60°,交叉位置出现在试样的中部,且在主断面的左上角衍生更多的次生裂纹。
综上分析,尽管应变率会影响砂岩的破坏模式,但是仍呈现出典型的弹脆性岩石在单轴压缩作用下,以倾斜主断裂面为主的压剪破坏特征。此外,随加载速率增大,试样断裂面的分布越来越复杂,在保持主断裂面不变的前提下,会沿着主断裂面衍生出更多的次生裂纹,破坏模式从单一的倾斜主断裂面向交叉型断裂面转变,增加了砂岩试样的破坏程度。分析原因是,低加载速率下,试样破坏从微观裂纹萌生、扩展到贯通的过程较缓慢,并且沿着最容易发生起裂的位置破断;而高加载速率下,由于荷载作用时间较短,试样内部微裂纹不能充分萌生,但是宏观断裂面从多个位置起裂和扩展,导致试样呈现出更复杂的断裂面分布形式。
从砂岩试样破坏模式可知,随加载速率的增大,岩样的破坏程度越严重,为进一步分析加载速率对破碎特征的影响,对岩样破坏后的碎块按照不同的尺寸区间进行分类,并统计各尺寸区间内的碎块质量。关于碎块的分类过程,主要采用多级筛孔的筛子对破坏后的岩样震动筛选,分别获得0~0.15 mm、0.15~0.6 mm、0.6~2.36 mm、2.36~9.5 mm、9.5~13.2 mm、13.2~37.5 mm、37.5~72 mm共7个尺寸等级区间内的碎块质量,见表2
依据表2中的统计结果,不同应变率加载下试样碎块在不同尺寸区间的质量分布如图8所示,由此可知,在同一加载速率下,碎块随尺寸分布区间增大,其质量占比增大,而累计占比随碎块尺寸的增大整体呈现出由缓慢增大、向快速增大转变的趋势,累计质量占比超过50%的碎块主要集中在大于13.2 mm的尺寸区间。但是受加载速率的影响,碎块尺寸分布区间的质量占比也有明显差异,随加载速率增大,呈现出较大尺寸的碎块占比减小、小尺寸碎块占比增大的特点。当加载速率为1×10-5 s-1时,大于37.5 mm碎块的区间质量占比超过60%,大于13.2 mm碎块的质量占比甚至达到了80%;当加载速率为1×10-4 s-1时,大于37.5 mm碎块的区间质量占比降到了50%左右;当加载速率为1×10-3 s-1时,各个尺寸区间内的碎块质量占比均小于30%,小于13.2 mm与大于13.2 mm尺寸的碎块质量基本上各占到了50%;当加载速率为1×10-2 s-1时,各尺寸区间碎块质量占比的差距越来越小。总体上,随加载速率增大,累计质量曲线从下凹型向直线型转变,这说明碎块在各尺寸区间内的质量分布趋向于均匀化。
为了定量描述不同加载速率影响下的岩样破碎程度,充分考虑各尺寸区间内的碎块分布,通过碎块平均尺寸确定加载速率与碎块分布的关系,并计算岩样破坏后的碎块平均尺寸。计算公式为
d m = i = 1 n d i M ( d i ) - M ( d i - 1 ) M
式(4)中:dm为所有碎块的平均尺寸,mm;i为尺寸等级,从1~n依次取值,在本文中n=7;di为第i尺寸等级的平均尺寸,取区间平均值,mm;M(di) 为第1~i尺寸等级的碎块累计质量,g;M为所有碎块的总质量,g。
不同加载速率下破坏试样的碎块平均尺寸如图9所示,碎块平均尺寸的平均值依次为40.59、30.62、24.99、21.45 mm,并且与加载速率的拟合符合二次函数关系。当加载速率由1×10-5 s-1增大到1×10-4 s-1时,平均尺寸减小24.6%;当加载速率由1×10-4 s-1增大到1×10-3 s-1时,平均尺寸减小18.4%;当加载速率由1×10-3 s-1增大到1×10-2 s-1时,平均尺寸减小14.2%。由此可知,随加载速率的增大,碎块的平均尺寸越来越小,但是减小趋势逐渐变缓,说明砂岩试样的破碎程度随加载速率的增大越来越严重,而受加载速率的影响逐渐减弱。
从微观角度,岩石由各种类型和尺寸的矿物晶粒胶结而成,尤其以砂岩最具代表性。而宏观力学行为的本质,是微观裂纹萌生、扩展并直至贯通的结果,故裂纹的扩展过程必然涉及到矿物晶粒及晶粒间胶结成分的损伤破裂。由此,沿宏观断裂面选取碎块,并对碎块表面进行喷金处理,以制备可用于微观扫描电镜下观察的样本,观察不同加载速率导致砂岩试样破坏而形成的断口微观形貌,每组加载速率方案给出两个微观形貌图,如图10所示。
由此可知,当加载速率为1×10-5 s-1时,断口处的微小裂纹较多,主要以沿晶裂纹为主,并且裂纹内填充的碎屑较少;当加载速率为1×10-4 s-1时,沿晶裂纹与穿晶裂纹交替出现,共同形成大裂纹,并且出现多裂纹的相交区域;当加载速率为1×10-3 s-1时,沿晶裂纹与穿晶裂纹交错出现,裂纹间的破碎程度较严重,且矿物晶粒间的挤压现象明显;当加载速率为1×10-2 s-1时,较大裂纹的穿晶现象显著,晶粒的破坏及裂纹间的破碎更为严重,碎屑广泛分布,且晶粒内部的穿晶裂纹扩展致使部分晶粒剥离,剥离面较为光滑。
综上分析,低加载速率下岩样的微观断口形貌以沿晶裂纹为主,随着加载速率的增大,穿晶裂纹与沿晶裂纹交替出现,并且穿晶现象越来越明显。此外,在低加载速率下,裂纹较光滑,而高加载速率下,不仅裂纹间呈现明显的破碎特征,裂纹相交位置的破碎也较为严重,且出现晶粒的大面积剥离。分析原因,主要是由于在低加载速率下,有充足的时间完成微小裂纹的萌生,且裂纹主要沿着晶粒间薄弱位置扩展,而高加载速率下,穿晶与沿晶裂纹交替出现,裂纹的扩展更为迅速,断口处没有足够的时间萌生更多的微小沿晶裂纹,裂纹以最小路径完成扩展和贯通。
声发射振幅是与岩石内部声发射活动的活跃程度密切相关的一类信息,且大量研究发现[26-27],声发射振幅与声发射事件数的关系可表示为
l g N = a - b ( A / 20 )
式(5)中:A为声发射振幅,dB;N为振幅大于A的声发射事件的累积次数;ab为拟合参数,其中b为lgNA拟合曲线的斜率,也被称为声发射b值。
由此可知,声发射b值主要反映岩石变形破坏过程中产生声发射事件的活跃程度,与岩石内部裂纹生成和扩展规模相关。为了揭示砂岩在不同加载速率影响下的损伤劣化规律,引入声发射b值来描述其变形破坏过程中内部损伤裂纹的扩展规律。根据声发射振幅的分布规律,利用式(5)给出的lgNA的拟合关系,获得不同加载速率影响下各应力阶段的声发射b值,如图11所示。
图11可知,声发射b值随加载过程的演化呈现先增大再减小的特点,而声发射b值表示大振幅声发射事件与小振幅声发射的相对比率,b值越小,说明大振幅声发射事件占比例越大,试样损伤程度越严重,故定义最大声发射b值对应的应力值为裂纹扩展规模发生转折的临界应力。在变形阶段初期,微小裂纹不断生成,声发射b值呈增大特点,意味着该阶段以小裂纹为主,试样损伤处于微小裂纹不断生成的裂纹萌生阶段;而随着声发射b值开始减小,大裂纹的占比逐渐增大,意味着该阶段以大裂纹为主,试样损伤进入微小裂纹扩展和贯通形成大裂纹占主导的裂纹扩展阶段。此外,当加载速率为1×10-5 s-1时,应力约达到峰值应力的20%~30%,声发射b值会有微小的波动,意味着微小裂纹的萌生,此时的声发射b值相比于最大的声发射b值,其差值在0.03左右;当加载速率为1×10-4 s-1时,声发射b值在加载初期虽有波动性,但是波动范围较小,其整体演化规律及声发射b值的大小与1×10-5 s-1加载速率的差异性不大;当加载速率为1×10-3 s-1时,加载初期的声发射b值为0.13左右,明显小于1×10-5 s-1和1×10-4 s-1加载速率下的声发射b值,说明该加载速率下,加载初期萌生的裂纹中有一定比例的大裂纹;当加载速率为1×10-2 s-1时,在加载初期,声发射b值就表现为较大值,并且较快达到峰值,与低加载速率下的声发射b值及演化规律呈现出明显的差别。
综上分析,由于加载速率的影响,声发射b值随加载过程的演化呈现出不同趋势,尤其声发射b值从增大变减小的转折点所对应的应力与峰值应力的比值不同,统计结果如图12所示。由此可知,随加载速率增大,试样内部大裂纹的生成量增多,大裂纹开始明显出现的应力水平变低,试样内部越易出现裂纹的扩展特征。在1×10-5、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1的加载速率下,试样进入大裂纹扩展和贯通占主导的临界应力与峰值应力的比值分别为78%~88%、65%~75%、47%~59%、38%~49%。由此,对应于砂岩试样的变形破坏过程,可归纳为随加载速率的增大,微小裂纹稳定生成阶段的占比越来越小,扩展和贯通形成大裂纹的临界应力水平降低,致使试样较早进入快速损伤阶段,说明高加载速率影响下的试样破坏过程更复杂,导致其破坏程度更加严重。
(1) 在1×10-5~1×10-2 s-1的加载速率范围内,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量与加载速率呈正相关关系,加载速率增大10倍,单轴抗压强度和弹性模量分别增大2.66 MPa和0.087 GPa,而峰值应变减小0.213‰,并且相比于弹性模量和峰值应变,应变率对单轴抗压强度的影响更为显著。
(2) 加载速率的增大会导致试样断裂面的分布愈发复杂,破坏程度增大。在1×10-5 s-1的加载速率下,以单一且呈约60°的贯穿断裂面为主;在1×10-4 s-1的加载速率下,在主断裂面贯穿的同时,衍生出近似沿轴向扩展的次生裂纹;在1×10-3 s-1的加载速率下,呈现两条交叉断裂面,且次生断裂面基本沿轴向扩展;在1×10-2 s-1的加载速率下,在多条断裂面交叉分布的同时,延伸出了更多次生裂纹。
(3) 砂岩试样的破碎程度随加载速率增大而越来越严重。随着加载速率的增大,呈现大尺寸碎块的质量占比减小、小尺寸碎块质量占比增大的特点,各尺寸区间碎块质量占比的差别越来越小,碎块在各尺寸区间内的分布趋向于均匀化。对应1×10-5、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1的加载速率,碎块的平均尺寸越来越小,平均值依次为40.59、30.62、24.99、21.45 mm。
(4) 由声发射b值的演化可知,试样变形破坏过程中的损伤劣化规律从微裂纹萌生,逐渐向以大裂纹为主转变,且随加载速率增大,试样进入大裂纹扩展和贯通占主导的应力水平降低,致使试样的破坏程度更加严重。在1×10-5、1×10-4、1×10-3、1×10-2 s-1的加载速率下,试样进入大裂纹扩展和贯通占主导的临界应力与峰值应力的比值分别为78%~88%、65%~75%、47%~59%、38%~49%。
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2022M711969)
  • 山东省高等学校青年创新团队项目(2022KJ112)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QD091)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406811
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
中国博士后科学基金(2022M711969)
山东省高等学校青年创新团队项目(2022KJ112)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QD091)
作者信息
    1 山东省地矿工程勘察院(山东省地质矿产勘查开发局八○一水文地质工程地质大队), 济南 250014
    2 山东省地下水环境保护与修复工程技术研究中心, 济南 250014
    3 临沂大学土木工程与建筑学院, 临沂 276000
    4 中国矿业大学(北京) 深部岩土力学与地下工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100083

通讯作者:

*王海龙(1987—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士(后),教授。研究方向:矿山岩石力学与采煤塌陷地治理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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