Article(id=1209811348465250860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406477, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371102682, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371102682, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371102682, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371102682, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8049, endPage=8057, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811348825961025, articleId=1209811348465250860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Reliability of Competing Failure of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Two Interdependencies, columnId=1209811348192621072, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Complex equipment such as wind turbine blades faces both performance degradation and random shocks. There are two interdependent relationships between these two failure modes: the interdependence between internal factors in the degradation process and the interdependence between degradation and shock processes. These characteristics pose challenges to reliability analysis. To solve this problem, a new mutually dependent competing failure processes (MDCFPs) model was proposed based on two MDCFPs models. This new model integrated two interdependencies. Taking the wind turbine blade stiffness degradation model based on Gamma process and the extreme shock model based on homogeneous Poisson process as examples, the accuracy and differences of three models were analyzed using the control variate method, and the influence of key parameters was studied. The results show that, under the same conditions, the new model's reliability is closest to the observed empirical reliability, with an absolute error of no more than 0.12. At the same time, the new model's reliability is lower than that of the two base models, with maximum absolute errors of 0.26 and 0.40, respectively. After adjusting the parameters of the new model, the absolute errors in reliability compared to the base models are limited to 0.03 and 0.02. These findings suggest that the new model effectively accounts for interdependencies among factors, prevents overestimation of reliability, and can replace base models, demonstrating broader applicability.

, correspAuthors=Jun-xi BI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao QI, Jun-xi BI, Si WANG, Jin-feng LI, Yan ZHOU, Fei LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811354815427411, articleId=1209811348465250860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于双互依关系的风力机叶片竞争失效可靠性, columnId=1209811349945840200, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风力机叶片等复杂装备面临着性能退化和随机冲击的双重影响,且这两种损伤模式之间存在两对互依关系:退化过程内在因素之间的相互依赖,以及退化过程与冲击过程之间的相互依赖。这些特性给装备的可靠性分析带来挑战。为解决此问题,基于两种相互依赖竞争失效过程(mutually dependent competing failure processes, MDCFPs)模型,建立了新MDCFPs模型,该模型整合了两对互依关系。以基于Gamma过程的风力机叶片刚度退化模型和基于齐次泊松过程的极端冲击模型为例,采用控制变量法对3种模型的精度与差异进行分析,并研究了关键参数的影响。结果显示,相同条件下,新模型的可靠度与实际观测的经验可靠度最接近,绝对误差不超过0.12;同时,新模型的可靠度低于两种基础模型,最大绝对误差分别为0.26和0.40。通过调整新模型参数,新模型与基础模型的可靠度绝对误差均控制在0.03和0.02以内。这表明新模型综合考虑了各因素之间的互依关系,有效避免了高估可靠度的风险,并且能够较好地代替基础模型,具有更广泛的适用性。

, correspAuthors=毕俊喜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*毕俊喜(1974—)男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂机电装备可靠性。E-mail:
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祁晓(2000—)男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风力机叶片可靠性评估与寿命预测。E-mail:

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祁晓(2000—)男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风力机叶片可靠性评估与寿命预测。E-mail:

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祁晓(2000—)男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风力机叶片可靠性评估与寿命预测。E-mail:

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Reliability model parameters

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参数名称 数值
退化失效阈值H/(kN·m-1) 22.54
初始冲击阈值D0/kJ 10
形状参数α/年-1 4.81
尺寸参数β/(mm·N-1) 4.26
冲击强度期望μW/kJ 6
冲击强度方差 σ W 2/kJ2 0.352
冲击到达率λ/(次·年-1) 0.85
比例系数ρ/m-2 1
放大函数参量k1/(mm·N-1) 0.3
阈值函数参量k2/m2 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305614848390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可靠度模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 数值
退化失效阈值H/(kN·m-1) 22.54
初始冲击阈值D0/kJ 10
形状参数α/年-1 4.81
尺寸参数β/(mm·N-1) 4.26
冲击强度期望μW/kJ 6
冲击强度方差 σ W 2/kJ2 0.352
冲击到达率λ/(次·年-1) 0.85
比例系数ρ/m-2 1
放大函数参量k1/(mm·N-1) 0.3
阈值函数参量k2/m2 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305698734472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Control variables

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ΔX W N(t) H/(kN·m-1)
Ga(4.81t,4.26) N(6,0.352,0,∞) Pois(0.85t) 22.54
D0/kJ ρ/m-2 k2/m2
10 1 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305799397772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

控制变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ΔX W N(t) H/(kN·m-1)
Ga(4.81t,4.26) N(6,0.352,0,∞) Pois(0.85t) 22.54
D0/kJ ρ/m-2 k2/m2
10 1 0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305895866766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Independent variables

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模型 g(·) ψ(·) η(·)
A 1Ai 1+0.3 S i ¯ 10-0.27S
B 1Ai 1+0.3X(ti) 10-0.27X
C 1Wi 1 10-0.27S
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305967169937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 g(·) ψ(·) η(·)
A 1Ai 1+0.3 S i ¯ 10-0.27S
B 1Ai 1+0.3X(ti) 10-0.27X
C 1Wi 1 10-0.27S
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306046861718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Wind turbine blade life

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来源 MTBF/年 t0.5/年 t1/e/年
故障数据 2.575 2.394
模型A 2.345 1.989 2.538
模型B 3.056 2.835 3.304
模型C 3.902 3.650 4.225
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306134942103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

风力机叶片寿命

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
来源 MTBF/年 t0.5/年 t1/e/年
故障数据 2.575 2.394
模型A 2.345 1.989 2.538
模型B 3.056 2.835 3.304
模型C 3.902 3.650 4.225
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306235605402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Failure mode proportion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 退化失效 突发失效
A/% 85.85 14.15
B/% 99.99 0.01
C/% 8.91 91.09
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306319491485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

失效模式比例

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模型 退化失效 突发失效
A/% 85.85 14.15
B/% 99.99 0.01
C/% 8.91 91.09
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306403377570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Influence of λ value on model A life

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
λ/(次·年-1) MTBF/年 t0.5/年 t1/e/年
0.85 2.345 1.989 2.538
0.47 3.944 3.551 4.475
0.10 10.750 9.594 11.720
0 20.106 20.076 20.757
), ArticleFig(id=1209929306487263651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348465250860, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

λ值对模型A寿命的影响

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λ/(次·年-1) MTBF/年 t0.5/年 t1/e/年
0.85 2.345 1.989 2.538
0.47 3.944 3.551 4.475
0.10 10.750 9.594 11.720
0 20.106 20.076 20.757
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基于双互依关系的风力机叶片竞争失效可靠性
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祁晓 1 , 毕俊喜 2, * , 王思 3 , 李进峰 3 , 周燕 4 , 刘飞 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025,25(19): 8049-8057
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(19): 8049-8057
基于双互依关系的风力机叶片竞争失效可靠性
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祁晓1 , 毕俊喜2, * , 王思3, 李进峰3, 周燕4, 刘飞1
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古工业大学机械工程学院, 呼和浩特 010051
  • 2 内蒙古工业大学航空学院, 呼和浩特 010051
  • 3 内蒙古自治区计量测试研究院, 呼和浩特 010060
  • 4 内蒙古自治区特种设备检验研究院乌兰察布分院, 乌兰察布 012000
  • 祁晓(2000—)男,汉族,甘肃兰州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:风力机叶片可靠性评估与寿命预测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*毕俊喜(1974—)男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂机电装备可靠性。E-mail:
Reliability of Competing Failure of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Two Interdependencies
Xiao QI1 , Jun-xi BI2, * , Si WANG3, Jin-feng LI3, Yan ZHOU4, Fei LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
  • 2 School of Aeronautics, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
  • 3 Inner Mongolia Institute of Metrology Testing and Research, Hohhot 010060, China
  • 4 Ulanqab Branch of Inner Mongolia Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Ulanqab 012000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406477
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风力机叶片等复杂装备面临着性能退化和随机冲击的双重影响,且这两种损伤模式之间存在两对互依关系:退化过程内在因素之间的相互依赖,以及退化过程与冲击过程之间的相互依赖。这些特性给装备的可靠性分析带来挑战。为解决此问题,基于两种相互依赖竞争失效过程(mutually dependent competing failure processes, MDCFPs)模型,建立了新MDCFPs模型,该模型整合了两对互依关系。以基于Gamma过程的风力机叶片刚度退化模型和基于齐次泊松过程的极端冲击模型为例,采用控制变量法对3种模型的精度与差异进行分析,并研究了关键参数的影响。结果显示,相同条件下,新模型的可靠度与实际观测的经验可靠度最接近,绝对误差不超过0.12;同时,新模型的可靠度低于两种基础模型,最大绝对误差分别为0.26和0.40。通过调整新模型参数,新模型与基础模型的可靠度绝对误差均控制在0.03和0.02以内。这表明新模型综合考虑了各因素之间的互依关系,有效避免了高估可靠度的风险,并且能够较好地代替基础模型,具有更广泛的适用性。

可靠性  /  相互依赖竞争失效  /  退化过程  /  极端冲击  /  风力机叶片

Complex equipment such as wind turbine blades faces both performance degradation and random shocks. There are two interdependent relationships between these two failure modes: the interdependence between internal factors in the degradation process and the interdependence between degradation and shock processes. These characteristics pose challenges to reliability analysis. To solve this problem, a new mutually dependent competing failure processes (MDCFPs) model was proposed based on two MDCFPs models. This new model integrated two interdependencies. Taking the wind turbine blade stiffness degradation model based on Gamma process and the extreme shock model based on homogeneous Poisson process as examples, the accuracy and differences of three models were analyzed using the control variate method, and the influence of key parameters was studied. The results show that, under the same conditions, the new model's reliability is closest to the observed empirical reliability, with an absolute error of no more than 0.12. At the same time, the new model's reliability is lower than that of the two base models, with maximum absolute errors of 0.26 and 0.40, respectively. After adjusting the parameters of the new model, the absolute errors in reliability compared to the base models are limited to 0.03 and 0.02. These findings suggest that the new model effectively accounts for interdependencies among factors, prevents overestimation of reliability, and can replace base models, demonstrating broader applicability.

reliability  /  mutually dependent competing failure processes (MDCFPs)  /  degradation process  /  extreme shock  /  wind turbine blade
祁晓, 毕俊喜, 王思, 李进峰, 周燕, 刘飞. 基于双互依关系的风力机叶片竞争失效可靠性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8049 -8057 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406477
Xiao QI, Jun-xi BI, Si WANG, Jin-feng LI, Yan ZHOU, Fei LIU. Reliability of Competing Failure of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Two Interdependencies[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8049 -8057 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406477
风力机叶片在恶劣的自然环境中工作,其健康状况面临着双重挑战。一方面,叶片会经历疲劳损伤[1-2]、雨水侵蚀[3]、砂砾磨损[4]等性能退化。另一方面,叶片还可能遭受大气粒子(如冰雹)或野生动物(如鸟类和蝙蝠)撞击,从而承受随机冲击载荷[5]。这些冲击不仅会加速叶片的退化失效,还可能直接损毁叶片,从而对风电场的运行安全和经济效益构成严重威胁。然而,目前叶片设计尚未充分考虑冲击载荷的影响,导致叶片可靠性不足。随着市场对大尺寸、高强度风力机叶片的需求持续增加,以及监测系统性能提升,设计理念已转向从概率统计学角度考虑冲击载荷对可靠性的影响,以提高叶片的经济实用性[5]。因此,有必要引入竞争失效模型来研究叶片可靠性。
纤维增强复合材料由于其优良的耐腐蚀性、高比强度和比刚度以及简单的成型工艺[6],被广泛应用于大型风力机叶片的制造[7]。然而,这也给可靠性分析带来了一个难题:复合材料失效机理复杂,需要考虑各影响因素间的互依关系。对于面临退化与极端冲击竞争失效的风力机叶片,非致命冲击会导致退化量突然增加(称为冲击损伤),而随着退化量增加,叶片抵抗突发失效的能力减弱[8]。此外,对于退化程度严重的叶片,恒定强度非致命冲击会造成更大损伤[9]
针对上述问题,引入相互依赖竞争失效过程(mutually dependent competing failure processes, MDCFPs)模型是必要的,该模型的基本假设是退化过程与冲击过程之间存在互依关系。研究概况如下:Yousefi等[10]建立了一种MDCFPs模型,其特征在于非致命冲击会导致退化量的快速增加,且随着退化量的积累,冲击到达率也会相应增加。Sun等[11]建立了一种包含多个退化过程和单一冲击过程的MDCFPs模型,该模型通过时变Copula函数刻画了多个退化过程之间的依赖关系。具体而言,当非致命冲击发生时,所有退化过程的速率均会增加,这反映了冲击过程对退化过程的影响。进一步地,模型还假定退化量与致命冲击发生的概率随时间递增,这意味着退化量的累积会导致系统抗冲击能力的减弱,即冲击阈值的降低,从而反映了退化过程对冲击过程的反作用。王嘉等[12]建立了考虑退化过程内在因素影响的MDCFPs模型。该模型假设等幅非致命冲击造成的损伤会随着连续退化的加剧而增大,且总退化量(连续退化量与所有冲击损伤之和)会随着冲击损伤的增大而增加。然而,该模型的局限性在于其冲击阈值仅受连续退化量的影响。Bian等[13]建立了冲击阈值随总退化量增加而降低的MDCFPs模型,尽管该模型弥补了文献[12]的不足,但未能考虑退化过程内在因素的影响。
综上,现有MDCFPs研究存在一些问题。其一,绝大多数研究对于互依关系的考虑不全面;其二,推导过程通常独立计算退化失效和突发失效的可靠度,再将两者相乘到系统的可靠度,这削弱了两种失效过程之间的互依性[13];其三,推导出的数学模型不能更换退化模型或冲击强度分布,使通用性受到限制。因此,现有的MDCFPs模型难以解决复合材料风力机叶片竞争失效问题。
本文旨在创建一种基于退化和极端冲击的MDCFPs模型,以满足如下条件:第一,随着总退化量增加,冲击阈值减小,而恒定强度非致命冲击带来的冲击损伤增大;第二,推导方法不受限于特定退化模型或冲击强度分布,以增强通用性;第三,通过联合概率计算退化和冲击过程的可靠度,避免削弱两者之间的依赖性;这些条件确保了模型的合理性和通用性,为复合材料风力机叶片和其他复杂装备可靠性建模提供了新思路。
针对风力机叶片系统(简称“系统”)竞争失效的特征,本文中将建立基于双互依关系的MDCFPPs模型。为准确界定模型的适用范围,设定系统假设如下:
(1) 系统只存在两种失效模式,极端冲击型突发失效和连续退化失效。
(2) 随机冲击的到达次数N(t)服从参数为λ>0的齐次泊松过程{N(t),t≥0}。依冲击强度将冲击类型分成致命冲击和非致命冲击:当冲击强度W大于或等于冲击阈值D时为致命冲击,系统发生突发失效;否则为非致命冲击,系统受到冲击损伤。
(3) 系统总退化量S(t)由连续退化量X(t)与冲击损伤量之和 i = 1 n Yi构成,当S(t)大于或等于退化阈值H时,系统发生退化失效。其中,X(t)具有独立增量特性,且在任意时段[t1,t2]上的非负增量ΔX服从参数为Θ(t2)-Θ(t1)的分布FXx;Θ(t2)-Θ(t1)]。
(4) 冲击损伤Y与冲击强度W相互独立,即P{Yy,Ww}=P{Yy}P{Ww};且Y正比于冲击损伤函数g(A)(A≥0),其中A是与W独立同分布的随机变量,记作A,W~FW(FW表示分布函数)。规定g(A)单调递增,g(0)=0,且反函数g-1(A)存在。在本文中g(A)=ρA(ρ为比例系数)。
(5) 冲击损伤与总退化量之间存在互依关系。总退化量依冲击损伤增大而增大;随着系统性能退化加剧,系统对冲击更加敏感[9]。在数学上表现为Y=g(A)ψ(S)(S≥0),称ψ(S)为放大函数,它随总退化量单调增加,规定ψ(0)=1。该数学模型反映了总退化量会放大冲击损伤[12]
(6) 退化过程与冲击过程之间存在互依关系。非致命冲击为总退化量带来瞬时增量;随着系统总体退化加剧,系统抵抗突发失效的能力减弱[13]。因此冲击阈值是总退化量的函数,即D=η(S)(S≥0)。称η(S)是阈值函数,它随总退化量单调减小,规定η(0)=D0,D0的含义是没有退化的新系统所能抵抗的最强冲击。若η(S)存在零点s*,规定s*H
本文中建立的MDCFPs模型如图1所示。
图2所示为退化过程相关变量之间的数学关系。总退化量S(t)是左连续函数,第i个冲击到达时间$\mathcal{T}$i的取值为ti,定义Si= l i m t t i +S(t)为 t i +时刻的退化量, S ¯ i= l i m t t i -S(t)为 t i -时刻的退化量,则有 S ¯ i=Si-Yi。定义ΔXi=X(ti)-X(ti-1)为第i-1次与第i次冲击之间的连续退化增量,规定 S ¯ 1X1=X(t1),则有Si= j = 1 i Xj+Yj), S ¯ i= j = 1 i ΔXj+ j = 1 i - 1 Yjt时刻到它之前最后一次冲击到达时取值ti之间的连续退化增量为Δ X ¯ i=X(t)-X(ti)。
由系统假设,ΔX1服从随机分布FXx1;Θ(t1)-Θ(0)],简记为ΔX1~FXx1,t1);ΔXi服从随机分布FXxi;Θ(ti)-Θ(ti-1)],简记为ΔXi~FXxi,ti,ti-1);Δ X ¯ i服从随机分布FX x ¯ i;Θ(t)-Θ(ti)],简记为Δ X ¯ i~FX x ¯ i,t,ti)。当[0,t]时段内到达n次冲击时,总退化量S(t)和冲击阈值D计算公式分别为
$ \begin{aligned}S(t) & =X(t)+\sum_{i=1}^{n} Y_{i} \\& =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \Delta X_{i}+\Delta \bar{X}_{n}+\sum_{i=1}^{n} Y_{i} \\& =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \Delta X_{i}+\sum_{i=1}^{n-1} Y_{i}+Y_{n}+\Delta \bar{X}_{n} \\& =\bar{S}_{n}+g\left(A_{n}\right) \psi\left(\bar{S}_{n}\right)+\Delta \bar{X}_{n}\end{aligned}$
$ D=\eta\left[\bar{S}_{n}+g\left(A_{n}\right) \psi\left(\bar{S}_{n}\right)+\Delta \bar{X}_{n}\right]$
式中: S ¯ n为ΔX1X2,…,ΔXnA1,A2,…,An-1(n≥2)的函数,其计算公式为
$\begin{aligned}\bar{S}_{n}= & \sum_{n_{1}=1}^{n} \Delta X_{n_{1}}+\sum_{n_{1}=1}^{n-1} g\left(A_{n_{1}}\right) \psi\left(\sum_{n_{2}=1}^{n_{1}} \Delta X_{n_{2}}+\right. \\& \sum_{n_{2}=1}^{n_{1}-1} g\left(A_{n_{2}}\right) \psi\left\{\cdots \left[\sum_{n_{n-1}=1}^{n_{n-2}} \Delta X_{n_{n-1}}+\right.\right. \\& \left.\left.\left.\sum_{n_{n-1}=1}^{n_{n-2}-1} g\left(A_{n_{n-1}}\right) \psi\left(\Delta X_{n_{n-1}}\right)\right] \cdots\right\}\right)\end{aligned} $
规定对于任意 n i - 1 = 1 n i - 1 ,若ni-1<1,则此求和项不存在。
n个冲击的到达时间$\mathcal{T}$1,$\mathcal{T}$2,…,$\mathcal{T}$n(0<$\mathcal{T}$1<$\mathcal{T}$2<…<$\mathcal{T}$nt)都是随机变量,在N(t)=n(n≥1)前提下$\mathcal{T}$1,$\mathcal{T}$2,…,$\mathcal{T}$n的条件联合概率密度[14]
$f_{T_{1} T_{2} \cdots T_{n}} \mid N\left(t_{1}, t_{2}, \cdots, t_{n} \mid n\right)=\frac{n!}{t^{n}} $
定义事件In为(0,t)时段内N(t)=n(n≥1)且n维随机变量($\mathcal{T}$1,$\mathcal{T}$2,…,Tn)在点(t1,t2,…,tn)的δ邻域内(δ→0)。由条件概率公式,In发生的概率密度 f I n(t,n)为
$\begin{aligned}f_{I_{n}}(t, n) & =f_{\mathcal{T}_{1 T 2} \cdots \mathcal{T}_{n}} \mid N\left(t_{1}, t_{2}, \cdots, t_{n} \mid n\right) P\{N(t)=n\} \\& =\frac{n!}{t^{n}} \frac{(\lambda t)^{n}}{n!} \exp (-\lambda t) \\& =\lambda^{n} \exp (-\lambda t)\end{aligned} $
In条件下,就能对冲击次数不为零的情况建立数学模型了。定义事件Jnn次冲击都为非致命冲击。JnIn条件下的数学模型为 i = 1 n {Wi<η ( S i ¯)}。
定义事件Knn次冲击到达后,系统在t时刻的总退化量小于HKnIn条件下的数学模型为S(t)= S ¯ n+g(An)ψ S ¯ n)+Δ X ¯ n<H
定义事件Ln为(0,t)时段内到达n次非致命冲击,且总退化量小于H。不难发现Ln等价于JnKn同时发生。由条件概率的性质,事件InJnKn同时发生的概率密度为
$f_{I_{n} J_{n} K_{n}}\left(t_{1}, \cdots, t_{n-1}, t_{n}, t, n\right)=f_{I_{n}}(t, n) P\left(J_{n} K_{n} \mid I_{n}\right) $
Ln发生的概率Rn(n≥1)是联合概率密度 f I n J n K n关于n个冲击到达时间的边缘分布。因为任意满足0<$\mathcal{T}$1<$\mathcal{T}$2<…<$\mathcal{T}$n<t的时间序列都能使Ln成立,所以需要通过积分消除随机变量$\mathcal{T}$1,$\mathcal{T}$2,…, $\mathcal{T}$n的约束。故有
$R_{n}=\underbrace{\int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{t_{n}} \cdots \int_{0}^{t_{2}} f_{I_{n} J_{n} K_{n}}}_{n}\left(t_{1}, t_{2}, \cdots, t_{n-1}, t_{n}, t, n\right) \underbrace{\mathrm{d} t_{1} \mathrm{~d} t_{2} \cdots \mathrm{~d} t_{n}}_{n} $
Rn是当N(t)=n时系统可靠的概率。由于N(t)取任意自然数均满足系统可靠的定义,故对所有情况的概率进行求和得到系统可靠度为
$\begin{aligned}R(t)= & P\{N(t)=0\} P\{S(t)<H \mid N(t)=0\}+ \\& \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} R_{n}\end{aligned} $
下文将推导系统在不同冲击次数下的可靠度。无冲击时,系统总退化量S与连续退化量X相等。即
$\begin{array}{l}P\{N(t)=0\} P\{S(t)<H \mid N(t)=0\} \\\quad=\frac{(\lambda t)^{0}}{0!} \exp (-\lambda t) P\{X(t)<H\} \\\quad=\exp (-\lambda t) F_{X}(H, t)\end{array} $
n=1时,事件J1I1条件下的数学模型是W1<ηX1),以指数型冲击阈值函数为例,其概率等于ΔX1W1的联合概率密度函数在图3所示区域上的积分。
I1条件下事件K1的数学模型是S(t)=Δ X ¯ 1X1+g(A1)ψX1)<H。当Δ X ¯ 1=0且ΔX1=0时,A1<g-1(H);当Δ X ¯ 1=0且A1=0时,ΔX1<H;当ΔX1=0且A1=0时,Δ X ¯ 1<H。此外,由于ψX1)≥1,故将不等式改写为
$A_{1}<g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{X}_{1}-\Delta X_{1}}{\psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)}\right] $
综上所述,P ( K 1I1)等于Δ X ¯ 1、ΔX1A1的联合概率密度函数在图4所示空间区域Ω[式(11)]上的三重积分。P(J1K1 I 1)则等于Δ X ¯ 1、ΔX1A1W1的联合概率密度函数在区域Q[式(12)]上的四重积分。由于这4个随机变量相互独立,可以推导出P(J1K1 I 1)的表达式如式(13)所示。依据式(13),进一步推导出事件L1发生的概率R1如式(14)所示。
$\begin{aligned}\Omega= & \left\{\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, \Delta x_{1}, a_{1}\right) \in \mathbf{R}^{3} \mid \Delta \bar{x}_{1}+\Delta x_{1}+\right. \\& \left.g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)<H ; \Delta \bar{x}_{1}, \Delta x_{1}, a_{1} \geqslant 0\right\}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}\mathbb{Q}= & \left\{\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, \Delta x_{1}, a_{1}, w_{1}\right) \in \mathbf{R}^{4} \mid \Delta \bar{x}_{1}+\Delta x_{1}+\right. \\& g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)<H ; w_{1}<\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right) ; \\& \left.\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, \Delta x_{1}, a_{1}, w_{1} \geqslant 0\right\}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}P\left(J_{1} K_{1} \mid I_{1}\right)= & \iiint \int_{Q} f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, t, t_{1}\right) f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) \times \\& f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) f_{W}\left(w_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} w_{1} \mathrm{~d} a_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{1} \\= & \iiint_{\Omega} f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, t, t_{1}\right) f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) \times \\& f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) \int_{0}^{\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)} f_{W}\left(w_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} w_{1} \mathrm{~d} a_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{1} \\= & \int_{0}^{H} f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, t, t_{1}\right) \int_{0}^{H \Delta \bar{x}_{1}} f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) \times \\& \int_{0}^{g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{1}-\Delta x_{1}}{\psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)}\right]} f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) \times \\& \int_{0}^{\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)} f_{W}\left(w_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} w_{1} \mathrm{~d} a_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{1}\end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}R_{1}= & \int_{0}^{t} f_{I_{1}}(t, 1) P\left(J_{1} K_{1} \mid I_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} t_{1} \\= & \lambda \exp (-\lambda t) \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{H} f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{1}, t, t_{1}\right) \times \\& \int_{0}^{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{1}} f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) F_{W}\left[\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right] \times \\& F_{W}\left[g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{1}-\Delta x_{1}}{\psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)}\right]\right] \mathrm{d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{1} \mathrm{~d} t_{1}\end{aligned}$
n=2时,事件K2I2条件下的数学模型可以用不等式表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\Delta \bar{X}_{2}+\Delta X_{1}+\Delta X_{2}+g\left(A_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)+ \\\quad g\left(A_{2}\right) \psi\left[\Delta X_{1}+\Delta X_{2}+g\left(A_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)\right]<H\end{array}$
I2条件下,事件K2发生的概率等于Δ X ¯ 2、ΔX1、ΔX2A1A2的联合概率密度函数在区域P上的五重积分。积分次序应当是:A2A1、ΔX1、ΔX2、Δ X ¯ 2,由此将式(15)改写为式(16)。式(15)在A2=0和A2=A1=0条件下的形式分别为式(17)和式(18)。
$A_{2}<g^{-1}\left\{\frac{H-\Delta \bar{X}_{2}-\Delta X_{1}-\Delta X_{2}-g\left(A_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)}{\psi\left[\Delta X_{1}+\Delta X_{2}+g\left(A_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)\right]}\right\}$
$A_{1}<g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{X}_{2}-\Delta X_{1}-\Delta X_{2}}{\psi\left(\Delta X_{1}\right)}\right]$
$\Delta \bar{X}_{2}+\Delta X_{1}+\Delta X_{2}<H$
$\begin{aligned}\mathbb{P}= & \left\{\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{2}, \Delta x_{1}, \Delta x_{2}, a_{1}, a_{2}\right) \in \mathbf{R}^{5} \mid \Delta \bar{x}_{2}+\Delta x_{1}+\right. \\& \Delta x_{2}+g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)+g\left(a_{2}\right) \psi\left[\Delta x_{1}+\Delta x_{2}+\right. \\& \left.\left.g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right]<H ; \Delta \bar{x}_{2}, \Delta x_{1}, \Delta x_{2}, a_{1}, a_{2} \geqslant 0\right\}\end{aligned}$
根据式(7),事件L2发生的概率R2
$\begin{aligned}R_{2}= & \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{t_{2}} f_{I_{2}}(t, 2) \iiint \iint_{P} \int_{0}^{\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)} \int_{0}^{\eta\left[\Delta x_{1}+g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right]} \times \\& f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{2}, t, t_{2}\right) f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{2}, t_{2}, t_{1}\right) f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) \times \\& f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) f_{W}\left(a_{2}\right) f_{W}\left(w_{1}\right) f_{W}\left(w_{2}\right) \times \\& \mathrm{d} w_{2} \mathrm{~d} w_{1} \mathrm{~d} a_{2} \mathrm{~d} a_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{2} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{2} \mathrm{~d} t_{1} \mathrm{~d} t_{2} \\= & \lambda^{2} \exp (-\lambda t) \int_{0}^{t} \int_{0}^{t_{2}} \int_{0}^{H} f_{X}\left(\Delta \bar{x}_{2}, t, t_{2}\right) \times \\& \int_{0}^{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{2}} f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{2}, t_{2}, t_{1}\right) \int_{0}^{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{2}-\Delta x_{2}} f_{X}\left(\Delta x_{1}, t_{1}\right) \times \\& F_{W}\left[\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right] \int_{0}^{g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{2}-\Delta x_{1}-\Delta x_{2}}{\psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)}\right]} f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) \times \\& F_{W}\left\{\eta\left[\Delta x_{1}+\Delta x_{2}+g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right]\right\} \times \\& F_{W}\left(g^{-1}\left\{\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{2}-\Delta x_{1}-\Delta x_{2}-g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)}{\psi\left[\Delta x_{1}+\Delta x_{2}+g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right]}\right\}\right) \\& \mathrm{d} a_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{2} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{2} \mathrm{~d} t_{1} \mathrm{~d} t_{2}\end{aligned}$
把上述推导过程推广到任意n次冲击,可以得到系统的可靠度为
$\begin{aligned}f_{X}(\Delta & \left.x_{1}, t_{1}\right) F_{W}\left[\eta\left(\Delta x_{1}\right)\right] \times \\& \quad \underbrace{g^{g^{-1}}\left(\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{n}-\sum_{i=2}^{n} \Delta x_{i}-z_{1}}{\psi\left(z_{1}\right)}\right)}_{0} f_{W}\left(a_{1}\right) F_{W}\left(\eta\left(z_{2}\right)\right) \int_{0}^{g^{-1}\left(\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{n}-\sum_{i=3}^{n} \Delta x_{i}-z_{2}}{\psi\left(z_{2}\right)}\right)} f_{W}\left(a_{2}\right) F_{W}\left[\eta\left(z_{3}\right)\right] \cdots \int_{0}^{g^{-1}\left(\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{n}-\Delta x_{n}-z_{n-1}}{\psi\left(z_{n-1}\right)}\right)} f_{W}\left(a_{n-1}\right) \times \\& \quad F_{W}\left[\eta\left(z_{n}\right)\right] F_{W}\left\{g^{-1}\left[\frac{H-\Delta \bar{x}_{n}-z_{n}}{\psi\left(z_{n}\right)}\right]\right\} \underbrace{\mathrm{d} a_{n-1} \cdots \mathrm{~d} a_{2} \mathrm{~d} a_{1}}_{n-1} \times\underbrace{\mathrm{d} \Delta x_{1} \cdots \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{n-2} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{n-1} \mathrm{~d} \Delta x_{n} \mathrm{~d} \Delta \bar{x}_{n}}_{n+1} \underbrace{\mathrm{~d} t_{1} \cdots \mathrm{~d} t_{n-1} \mathrm{~d} t_{n}}_{n}]\end{aligned}$
为了便于呈现可靠度函数,定义变量序列z1,z2,…,zn
$\left\{\begin{aligned}z_{1}= & \Delta x_{1} \\z_{2}= & \Delta x_{1}+\Delta x_{2}+g\left(a_{1}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{1}\right) \\\vdots & \\z_{n}= & \sum_{n_{1}=1}^{n} \Delta x_{n_{1}}+\sum_{n_{1}=1}^{n-1} g\left(a_{n_{1}}\right) \psi\left(\sum_{n_{2}=1}^{n_{1}} \Delta x_{n_{2}}+\right. \\& \sum_{n_{2}=1}^{n_{1}-1} g\left(a_{n_{2}}\right) \psi\left\{\cdots \left[\sum_{n_{n-1}=1}^{n_{n-2}} \Delta x_{n_{n-1}}+\right.\right. \\& \left.\left.\left.\sum_{n_{n-1}=1}^{n_{n-2}-1} g\left(a_{n_{n-1}}\right) \psi\left(\Delta x_{n_{n-1}}\right)\right] \cdots\right\}\right)\end{aligned}\right.$
第2节建立了风力机叶片的双互依关系竞争失效模型。其中,连续退化增量分布FX、冲击强度分布FW、冲击损伤函数g(·)、放大函数ψ(·)和阈值函数η(·)作为可更换模块。本节将通过控制变量法比较分析这些模块的一种组合,并研究关键参数对可靠度的影响。
Kou等[15]以刚度为性能特征量,开展了全尺寸风力机叶片加速退化试验,研究结果表明,叶片刚度退化可以通过线性Gamma过程进行描述,相关参数为α=4.81 年-1β=4.26 mm/N,退化阈值为H=22.54 kN/m。根据文献[16],本文中采用定义在[0,+∞)上的截断正态分布对冲击强度进行建模。由系统假设,冲击损伤函数为正比例函数,即g(A)=ρA。假设放大函数和阈值函数都为线性函数,即ψ(S)=1+k1S,η(S)=D0-k2S。此外,Thaxter等[17]统计了全球平均每台风力机与鸟类的碰撞率为λ=0.85 次/年。本模型涉及到的参数如表1所示。
参与比较的模型包括本文建立的模型(模型A)、王嘉等[12]建立的模型(模型B)和Bian等[13]建立的模型(模型C)。这些模型均基于齐次泊松过程{N(t),t≥0}和极端冲击的MDCFPs模型,因此具有如式(8)所示的可靠度模型框架。式(23)~式(25)分别表示模型A、B、C在(0,t)时段内到达n个冲击时,总退化量和冲击阈值的模型。
$S(t)=X(t)+\sum_{i=1}^{n} g\left(A_{i}\right) \psi\left(\bar{S}_{i}\right), \quad D=\eta(S)$
$\begin{array}{c}S(t)=X(t)+\sum_{i=1}^{n} g\left(A_{i}\right) \psi\left[X\left(t_{i}\right)\right] \\D=\eta(X)\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}S(t)=X(t)+\sum_{i=1}^{n} g\left(W_{i}\right) \psi(0), \\D=\eta(S)\end{array}$
首先,将原模型B和C中的退化轨迹模型统一替换为Gamma过程模型,以消除不可控因素。随后,采用控制变量法对3种模型进行比较分析,其中可靠度为因变量,控制变量和自变量分别如表2表3所示。
内蒙古某风电企业提供了28台同型号风力机的163个故障间隔时间数据。从中筛选出54个与叶片直接相关的数据,将这些数据按升序排列,记为e1,e2,…,e54。在此基础上构造出故障间隔时间的离散型经验分布Fr
Fr(ej)= j 54, j=1,2,…,54
定义Rr为经验可靠度,则有Rr=1-Fr图5展示了Rr和模型A、B、C计算出的可靠度RARBRC图6展示了在t=e1,e2,…,e54时,模型A、B、C的可靠度与Rr之间的绝对误差。图7展示了模型A与模型B、C之间可靠度的绝对误差。
根据图5,模型C计算出的可靠度RC最高,其次是模型B,而模型A的可靠度RA最低。实际观测到的经验可靠度Rr基本位于RBRA之间。进一步分析图5还可以发现,模型A和模型B给出的叶片寿命上限约为8 年,十分接近观测到的最长无故障运行时间,而模型C给出的叶片寿命上限约为10 年,这表明模型A和模型B的预测更为准确。
根据图6,模型A、B、C的可靠度与实际观测到的经验可靠度Rr之间的最大绝对误差分别为0.12、0.18和0.33,平均绝对误差分别为0.06、0.11和0.23。因此,模型A对叶片可靠度的预测最准确。
图7显示,模型A与模型B可靠度的差异主要集中在前6 年,其中在第1.84 年时差异最大,绝对误差可达0.26,相对误差达到33%。然而,考虑到在第6 年时风力机叶片的可靠度已降至0.04,通常此时叶片已被更换,因此无差异部分的时间区间对实际应用意义有限。相比之下,模型A与模型C之间的可靠度差异几乎贯穿了风力机叶片的整个寿命范围,并且在第2.48 年时,最大绝对误差为0.40,相对误差超过50%。
从故障数据和3种模型计算出的风力机叶片平均故障间隔时间(mean time between failure, MTBF)、中位寿命t0.5和特征寿命t1/e表4所示。
根据表4,模型A与实测故障数据计算出的MTBF和中位寿命之间的绝对误差最小,表明模型A对叶片寿命的预测最准确。此外,相较于模型B和C,模型A对MTBF的预测误差分别降低了10%和43%,对中位寿命的预测误差分别降低了2%和36%。
综上所述,模型A对风力机叶片的可靠度和寿命的预测最准确,其预测结果均低于模型B和模型C。这表明,两种失效模式之间复杂的相互依赖关系加速了风力机叶片的失效。此外,3种模型的失效模式比例如表5所示。
表5可知,在不同模型假设下,导致叶片失效的原因差异非常大。在竞争失效过程中,模型A的退化失效具有强优势,模型C的突发失效具有显著优势,而模型B几乎只表现为单一退化失效。
放大函数参量k1和阈值函数参量k2是可调参数。图8展示了k1对模型A可靠度的影响。当k1减小至0.105时,模型A计算的可靠度与模型B计算的可靠度之间的绝对误差不超过0.03;进一步将k1减小至0时,模型A与模型C的可靠度之间的绝对误差不超过0.02。这表明,在一定范围内,模型A能够较好地近似代替模型B和模型C。
尽管k2对模型A与其他模型的近似精度没有显著影响,但它能改变可靠度曲线的陡峭程度。如图9所示,随着k2的增加,模型A的可靠度出现小幅下降。
由此可见,模型A具有较为广泛的适用性。技术人员可以依据风电场的历史故障数据绘制叶片的经验可靠度散点图,并通过调节参数k1k2使模型A充分接近工程实际。
此外,为了降低叶片遭受鸟类撞击的可能性,风电场可以采取一系列措施,如安装驱鸟器和为叶片上色等。这些措施有助于减小冲击到达率λ。随着λ不断减小,风力机叶片的可靠度和寿命将得到显著提升。这一结论得到了图10表6的支持。值得注意的是,如果λ=0,上述3种模型都会转化为纯退化失效模型。
在考虑冲击损伤放大效应的模型B和冲击阈值非连续变化的模型C的基础上,建立了风力机叶片的双互依关系竞争失效模型,即模型A。该模型能够根据实际情况灵活选择合适的退化模型、冲击强度分布及冲击损伤函数,并调整放大函数和阈值函数的模型及其参数。
以Gamma过程退化模型、截断正态冲击强度分布和正比例冲击损伤函数为例,进行实例分析后,得出以下结论。
(1) 相同条件下,模型A的预测精度最高,其可靠度与实测经验可靠度之间的绝对误差不超过0.12。同时,模型A的可靠度RA低于模型B的可靠度RB和模型C的可靠度RC,并且RARBRARC之间的最大绝对误差分别为0.26和0.40。这表明,模型B和模型C未充分考虑两种失效模式之间的相互依赖关系,导致它们高估了叶片的可靠度。
(2) 通过调节模型A的可调参数k2k1,可以改变其可靠度曲线的形状。随着k2的增加,可靠度曲线缓缓下降。随着k1减少,当k1=0.105时,RARB之间的绝对误差不超过0.03;当k1=0时,RARC之间的绝对误差不超过0.02。这表明,模型A的适用性较强,在一定程度上能够代表模型B和模型C。
(3) 通过安装驱鸟器等措施可以减小冲击到达率λ。当λ从0.85 次/年减小到0.10 次/年时,风力机叶片的MTBF从2.345 年提升至10.750 年,增幅超过350%。这表明,λ对风力机叶片的使用寿命有显著影响。
模型A尚未纳入由于相同型号叶片个体微小差异引起的退化失效阈值的随机性,未来将在此基础上进一步深入研究。此外,实例分析采用了简单的正比例冲击损伤函数,接下来将通过开展冲击试验,探索更为复杂且精确的冲击损伤函数。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52165019)
  • 内蒙古自治区重点研发和成果转化计划(2023KJHZ0008)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(ZTY2024037)
  • 2024“蒙科聚”创新平台科技成果落地产业化示范项目(2024MKJCGZH001)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406477
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
国家自然科学基金(52165019)
内蒙古自治区重点研发和成果转化计划(2023KJHZ0008)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(ZTY2024037)
2024“蒙科聚”创新平台科技成果落地产业化示范项目(2024MKJCGZH001)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古工业大学机械工程学院, 呼和浩特 010051
    2 内蒙古工业大学航空学院, 呼和浩特 010051
    3 内蒙古自治区计量测试研究院, 呼和浩特 010060
    4 内蒙古自治区特种设备检验研究院乌兰察布分院, 乌兰察布 012000

通讯作者:

*毕俊喜(1974—)男,汉族,内蒙古乌兰察布人,博士,教授。研究方向:复杂机电装备可靠性。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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