Article(id=1209811348020654599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404477, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718380800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-15, revisedDate=1734624000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371102576, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371102576, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371102576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371102576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8081, endPage=8089, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811348532359727, articleId=1209811348020654599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Simulation of Blending Properties of Hydrogen-Injected into Natural Gas in Reflux Mixer, columnId=1209811346733010952, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogen-injected into natural gas for pipeline transportation is an effective way to solve the high cost of hydrogen transportation. The rapid and uniform mixing of hydrogen and natural gas is an unavoidable problem to ensure the safety of hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline transportation. Because the mixed gas flows back to the mixing pipe through the reflux pipe, it can continue to mix with the hydrogen-blended natural gas after entering, and improve the mixing uniformity. Therefore, a reflux mixer was used to mix hydrogen and natural gas. The effects of the inclination angle, diameter ratio and number of reflux pipes on the mixing properties of reflux mixers were analyzed by CFD. The results show that the reflux mixer has low pressure loss, high mixing uniformity and high reflux rate. When the inclination angle of reflux pipe, the diameter ratio of reflux pipe and the number of reflux pipe are 10°, 0.5 and 3, the reflux mixer achieves the best effect, and its pressure loss, mixing uniformity and the reflux rate are 76 Pa, 99.7% and 44.5%, respectively. The research results can provide reference for the parameters design and mixing performance of hydrogen-blended natural gas mixer.

, correspAuthors=Guan-wei JIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai-feng XUE, Wei-qing XU, Hao-jie LÜ, Guan-wei JIA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811352730858248, articleId=1209811348020654599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器的混合特性仿真, columnId=1209811347324407847, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=氢气注入天然气进行管道输送是解决氢气运输成本高的一种有效途径。氢气与天然气快速混合均匀是确保掺氢天然气管道输运安全的保障。由于混合气体通过回流管道回流到混合管,能够与后进入的掺氢天然气继续混合,提高混合均匀性。因此,使用一种回流式掺混器进行氢气和天然气的混合。利用CFD的方法分析了回流管道倾斜角、回流管道管径比和回流管道的数量对回流式掺混器掺混特性的影响。结果表明,回流式掺混器压损低、出口混合均匀度高、回流率大。在回流管道倾斜角、回流管道管径比、回流管道数分别10°、0.5、3时,回流式掺混器达到的效果最好,其压损、混合均匀度达、回流率分别为76 Pa、99.7%和44.5%。研究结果可为掺氢天然气掺混器参数设计和混合性能提供参考。, correspAuthors=贾冠伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*贾冠伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:掺氢天然气产-储-运过程的热物理特性、测量控制及能量转化方面。E-mail:
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薛凯峰(1999—),男,汉族,江苏淮安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢气注入天然气的掺混器结构设计和掺混特性。E-mail:

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薛凯峰(1999—),男,汉族,江苏淮安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢气注入天然气的掺混器结构设计和掺混特性。E-mail:

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薛凯峰(1999—),男,汉族,江苏淮安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢气注入天然气的掺混器结构设计和掺混特性。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=eMO7yDPbWt2wtWbRx0lgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885583141367867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348020654599, language=CN, label=图10, caption=回流管道个数对掺混器的影响, figureFileSmall=95kKw0vtQTVfXJoV++ekbg==, figureFileBig=eMO7yDPbWt2wtWbRx0lgng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885583250419778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348020654599, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Geometric structure and parameters of the initial reflux mixer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何结构 参数 符号 数值
天然气入口管径 D 40 mm
天然气管道长度 Ln 300 mm
氢气入口管径 DHi 15.4 mm
氢气入口距离天然气入口 Li 160 mm
回流管道入口管径 D R i 80 mm
回流管道出口管径 D R o 20、40、60 mm
回流管道管径比 r 0.25、0.5、0.75
回流管道个数 NR 2、3、4
氢气管道个数 NH 2、3、4
回流管道倾斜角 α 10°、15°、20°
混合管长度 Lm 520 mm
出口管径 Do 40 mm
出口管道长度 Lo 40 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1209885583355277390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348020654599, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始回流式掺混器几何结构及参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
几何结构 参数 符号 数值
天然气入口管径 D 40 mm
天然气管道长度 Ln 300 mm
氢气入口管径 DHi 15.4 mm
氢气入口距离天然气入口 Li 160 mm
回流管道入口管径 D R i 80 mm
回流管道出口管径 D R o 20、40、60 mm
回流管道管径比 r 0.25、0.5、0.75
回流管道个数 NR 2、3、4
氢气管道个数 NH 2、3、4
回流管道倾斜角 α 10°、15°、20°
混合管长度 Lm 520 mm
出口管径 Do 40 mm
出口管道长度 Lo 40 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1209885583460134993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348020654599, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grid independence specification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格
类型
网格
单元数
网格
节点数
正交
质量
出口处氢气
摩尔分数/%
稀疏 117 895 25 183 0.870 19.54
中等 264 244 105 334 0.884 20.01
稠密 437 573 249 910 0.884 20.01
), ArticleFig(id=1209885583548215383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811348020654599, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格
类型
网格
单元数
网格
节点数
正交
质量
出口处氢气
摩尔分数/%
稀疏 117 895 25 183 0.870 19.54
中等 264 244 105 334 0.884 20.01
稠密 437 573 249 910 0.884 20.01
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氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器的混合特性仿真
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薛凯峰 1 , 许未晴 2, 3 , 吕浩杰 1 , 贾冠伟 1, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙能源与动力工程 2025,25(19): 8081-8089
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙能源与动力工程 2025, 25(19): 8081-8089
氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器的混合特性仿真
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薛凯峰1 , 许未晴2, 3, 吕浩杰1, 贾冠伟1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 河南大学物理与电子学院, 开封 475004
  • 2 北京航空航天大学自动化科学与电气工程学院, 北京 100191
  • 3 北京航空航天大学, 气动热力储能与供能北京市重点实验室, 北京 100191
  • 薛凯峰(1999—),男,汉族,江苏淮安人,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢气注入天然气的掺混器结构设计和掺混特性。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*贾冠伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:掺氢天然气产-储-运过程的热物理特性、测量控制及能量转化方面。E-mail:
Simulation of Blending Properties of Hydrogen-Injected into Natural Gas in Reflux Mixer
Kai-feng XUE1 , Wei-qing XU2, 3, Hao-jie LÜ1, Guan-wei JIA1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
  • 2 School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3 Pneumatic and Thermodynamic Energy Storage and Supply Beijing Key Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404477
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氢气注入天然气进行管道输送是解决氢气运输成本高的一种有效途径。氢气与天然气快速混合均匀是确保掺氢天然气管道输运安全的保障。由于混合气体通过回流管道回流到混合管,能够与后进入的掺氢天然气继续混合,提高混合均匀性。因此,使用一种回流式掺混器进行氢气和天然气的混合。利用CFD的方法分析了回流管道倾斜角、回流管道管径比和回流管道的数量对回流式掺混器掺混特性的影响。结果表明,回流式掺混器压损低、出口混合均匀度高、回流率大。在回流管道倾斜角、回流管道管径比、回流管道数分别10°、0.5、3时,回流式掺混器达到的效果最好,其压损、混合均匀度达、回流率分别为76 Pa、99.7%和44.5%。研究结果可为掺氢天然气掺混器参数设计和混合性能提供参考。
掺氢天然气  /  回流式掺混器  /  混合均匀度  /  压损  /  回流率

Hydrogen-injected into natural gas for pipeline transportation is an effective way to solve the high cost of hydrogen transportation. The rapid and uniform mixing of hydrogen and natural gas is an unavoidable problem to ensure the safety of hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline transportation. Because the mixed gas flows back to the mixing pipe through the reflux pipe, it can continue to mix with the hydrogen-blended natural gas after entering, and improve the mixing uniformity. Therefore, a reflux mixer was used to mix hydrogen and natural gas. The effects of the inclination angle, diameter ratio and number of reflux pipes on the mixing properties of reflux mixers were analyzed by CFD. The results show that the reflux mixer has low pressure loss, high mixing uniformity and high reflux rate. When the inclination angle of reflux pipe, the diameter ratio of reflux pipe and the number of reflux pipe are 10°, 0.5 and 3, the reflux mixer achieves the best effect, and its pressure loss, mixing uniformity and the reflux rate are 76 Pa, 99.7% and 44.5%, respectively. The research results can provide reference for the parameters design and mixing performance of hydrogen-blended natural gas mixer.

hydrogen-blended natural gas  /  reflux Mixer  /  mixing uniformity  /  pressure loss  /  reflux rate
薛凯峰, 许未晴, 吕浩杰, 贾冠伟. 氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器的混合特性仿真. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8081 -8089 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404477
Kai-feng XUE, Wei-qing XU, Hao-jie LÜ, Guan-wei JIA. Simulation of Blending Properties of Hydrogen-Injected into Natural Gas in Reflux Mixer[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8081 -8089 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404477
温室气体排放引发全球气候异常,世界能源结构正朝着绿色能源方向发展[1]。在全球为实现碳达峰、碳中和的目标下,氢能有巨大发展潜力,各国不断努力开发利用[2]。虽然含氢储能微网在应用氢能方面不断在优化改善[3],但是工业制氢的地点与用氢地点跨距大是阻碍氢能高速发展的瓶颈[4]。氢能调度存在很多不确定性[5]。目前,氢气运输的主要方式由长管拖车、牵引车输送和油罐车等,存在耗时长、输送量低以及成本较高等问题[6]。氢能的管道输送因管道基础设施的欠缺并未实现大规模管道输送。限制氢气管道建设发展的主要是氢气管道每英里建设成本高,大约是天然气管道的3倍[7]。中外都在积极尝试建设输气管道,全球的氢气管道已经超过5×103 km。中国氢气管道仅有400 km严重制约了氢能的快速发展[8]。在氢气输送的多种途径中,氢气注入在役天然气管网进行输送[9],能够有效解决上述问题,且掺氢天然气燃烧能释放大量能量[10],可以促进氢能广泛应用。
然而,氢气注入天然气导致管道流体的热物理特性发生变化[11],并且管路的结构变化也影响掺氢天然气的氢浓度的分布[12]。由于氢气的密度约为天然气密度的1/8[13]。因此,氢气聚集或分层更会影响金属管道和应用的安全[14],且在低温高压下更容易聚集和分层[15]。氢气的浓度分布[16]和掺氢比例[17]影响管道输送的安全、调控、输送量、计量以及相应的工艺配套技术。如增加金属管道的氢脆风险[18]、燃气设备的回火风险[19]、计量准确度的评价[20]等。因此,掺混均匀有利于掺氢天然气的安全输运、存储和使用。
掺混器作为氢气注入天然气的关键装置,直接影响着掺氢天然气的混合均匀度的优劣。相关掺氢天然气掺混器的研究也引起了更多研究人员的注意。掺混器主要用于流体间的混合,通过机械装置产生剧烈的湍流动能、切割力和旋转来实现流体之间的充分混合效果[21]。安永伟等[22]研究掺氢天然气在T形管中掺混效果,发现在2.8×103 mm处出现分层现象。Liu等[23]研究了4种静态混合器对S形管道模型中气体混合过程的影响,发现螺旋叶片混合效果最好,在12D(D为管路直径)处达到混合均匀。许彤等[24]对储罐掺氢装置的掺混过程进行了深入研究,发现储罐掺氢掺混效果和掺混适应性较好。Zhuang等[25]在双螺旋静态混合器中对混合气体进行数值模拟,发现长度为4D混合效果最好,混合均匀度达95%。苏越等[26]研究了3种不同静态混合器对掺氢天然气的影响,发现LPD型静态混合器掺混均匀度能达到100%。朱红钧等[27]分析了不同注氢位置、管径和注氢量对混合距离的影响,发现在天然气管轴处注氢并适当增加管径可以实现较快混合均匀。Fernandes 等[28]发现KVM型静态混合器混合效果最好,在6D处实现均匀混合,同时产生1 148 Pa的压力损失。张鑫[29]分析发现SK型静态混合器剪切特性较好,混合均匀度较高,压损适中。邵艳波等[30]研究KSM型静态混合器对伴生气和氢气的影响,发现导流组件个数及长度为12×30 mm、组件扭转角度为270°、垂直角度为90°时,混合效果最好。Yan等[31]研究发现,增加湍流器可缩短1倍掺混均匀距离,但整个管道长度较长。An等[32]用喷射器来研究天然气和氢气的混合特性,用正交实验方法发现喷射器可以在短距离内显著提高混合均匀度,最短在2.6D达到混合均匀,但是压损达到650 Pa。Liu等[33]研究天然气和氢气在SMX型静态混合器中的混合特性,发现4个混合单元的掺混器混合均匀度达到91%且压损减少1 kPa。但是内部设备较为复杂,压损大。Kong等[34]使用至少需要3个混合单元螺旋静态混合器才能达到最好的掺混效果,但混合单元的增加将带来更多的压力损失,最高达120 Pa。因此,掺混器的设计需要考虑体的流量、压力、混合比例等,以确保混合过程中高均匀性和低压损。
掺氢天然气掺混器的设计和应用目前没有统一的标准。从掺混器的评价指标,即高的掺混均匀度、低的压力损失出发,研究氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器对中的混合流场特性。讨论回流管道的倾斜角度、回流管道管径比、回流管道的个数对混合特性的影响,采用混合均匀度、压损和混合气体的回流率来评价回流式掺混器的混合性能。使氢气和天然气在回流式掺混器中达到高混合均匀度、低压损和高回流率,从源头开始降低氢气的团聚或分层的发生。研究结果可为掺氢天然气掺混器提供一种结构选择,有利于优化掺混器的结构和提高掺混器的性能。
回流式掺混器利用康达效应的原理。设置对称回流管道,气体通过回流管道回流到混合管。气体回流延长气体混合距离并促进气体在管道中碰撞,提高气体混合效率。回流管道连着掺混器混合管呈椭圆外凸形状。气体以一定的速度进入掺混器,在回流管道出口处形成低压区。由于在回流管道入口处气体浓度变多,形成高压区。在回流管道入口和出口处形成了压力差,能够实现气体回流的效果。增强气体之间的扩散与对流作用,提高气体间的混合均匀度。
回流式掺混器选取的初始模型及其具体尺寸如表1所示。几何结构为主管为天然气管道,2个支管为氢气入口。按部件分为混合管、内部格挡、2个回流管道、掺混器出口。天然气管道管径D=40 mm,模型总长为22.5D
掺氢天然气在掺混器中的混合均匀度可以用变异系数(coefficient of variation,COV)来表示。COV的计算公式为匀度效果较好。通常情况下,COV的值小于0.05时,表示完全混合。当COV的值大于0.95小于1时,混合达到均匀状态。COV的计算公式为
$ \mathrm{COV}=1-\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\frac{c_{i}-\bar{c}}{\bar{c}}\right)^{2}}$
式(1)中:ci为第i点的氢气摩尔分数; c -为截面上氢气摩尔分数的平均值;n为截面上的点数量。
压力损失决定了掺氢天然气在回流式混合器内能量损耗。根据掺氢天然气在回流式混合器内的流动情况,可将压损分为沿程压损和局部压损。沿程压损是指混合气体和管壁产生摩擦而产生的压力损失。局部压力损失是指混合气体在掺混器局部区域容易形成死区或漩涡区,混合气体流动方向改变而造成的局部压力损失。压损表达式为
$ \Delta P=P_{0}-P_{1}$
式(2)中:P0 为入口处压力值;P1为出口处压力值。
回流率是回流式掺混器的一个重要指标。不间断的回流可以让掺氢天然气在有限的空间内增加混合长度,对促进氢气和天然气混合起到了积极作用。由于回流式掺混器结构、尺寸和气体流量等外界激励条件的不同,掺混器回流率也有所不同。根据流体力学和能量守恒定律可知,入口流量和出口流量大小相同,可以把氢气和天然气入口处的流量看成总流量。流经回流管道混合气体总流量称为回流量。将回流量与入口处总流量的比值称为回流率。表达式为
$ R=\sum Q_{\mathrm{RP}} / \sum Q_{\mathrm{int}}$
式(3)中:QRP为回流管道的混合气体的流量;Qint为入口氢气和天然气的总流量;R为回流率。
气体在管路中的流动需遵循连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程等基本控制方程。
气体流动的连续性方程:
$ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \boldsymbol{u})=0$
式(4)中:ρ为气体密度,kg/m3;u为气体的流速,m/s;t为气体流动时间,s。
气体流动时的动量守恒方程:
$ \frac{\partial(\rho \boldsymbol{u})}{\partial t}+\rho \boldsymbol{u} \cdot \nabla \boldsymbol{u}=-\nabla p+\nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}+\rho \boldsymbol{g}+\boldsymbol{F}$
式(5)中:τ为黏性剪切应力张量;p为静压,Pa;g为重力加速度,m/s2;F为除重力外的外部体积力,N。
气体流动时的能量守恒方程:
$ \nabla \cdot[\boldsymbol{u}(\rho E+p)]=\nabla \cdot\left[k_{\mathrm{eff}} \nabla T+\left(\boldsymbol{\tau}_{\mathrm{eff}} \boldsymbol{u}\right)\right]$
式(6)中:E为能量,J;T为气体温度,K;keff为有效传热系数;τeff为有效黏性剪切应力张量。
网格划分是仿真计算中关键的一步。通常情况下,网格数量越多计算结果越精确,但网格数的增加所需计算时间和计算资源也会相应增加。这可能导致计算过程变得更加耗时,甚至可能超出计算机的计算能力。因此需要进行网格无关性验证,找到计算精度与计算效率的平衡点。对稀疏(网格单元数117 895)、中等(网格单元数264 244)、稠密(网格单元数437 573)3种规格的网格进行独立性验证。模型用四面体法对计算区域进行网格划分(图1)。以正交质量作为评价指标,其值越接近1网格质量越好,分析3种网格下对出口处氢气摩尔分数的影响。结果如表2所示,3种网格下出口处的氢气摩尔分数变化不大,与理论值20%相近,误差为0.01%。通过计算精度的综合考量,选取中等网格进行仿真。
基于压力型求解器进行求解仿真。设置重力加速度大小为9.8 m/s2。湍流模型选用适用于气体混合计算的k-ε(k为湍动动能,ε为湍流耗散率)模型。开启组分运输模型。主管为天然气入口,支管为氢气入口。入口均为速度入口,天然气速度大小为9.5 m/s (43 m3/h)、氢气速度大小为8 m/s (8.6 m3/h)。掺氢比为20%。氢气管道个数NH增加时,为了在管路内维持固定掺氢比例,需要调整氢气入口的管径DHi,表达式为
$ D_{H i}=D_{H x} \sqrt{\frac{2}{N_{\mathrm{H}}}}$
式(7)中:DHx为氢气入口数为x时氢气入口孔径。环境温度与工质温度均设置为300 K,壁面为静止、无滑移、绝热壁面。计算方法选择压力耦合方程组的半隐式(semi-implicit method for pressure linked equations,SIMPLE)法,有助于模型收敛。
掺氢天然气在掺混器内部沿着回流管道流动。掺氢天然气回流到天然气管道出口处,与后进入的掺氢天然气继续混合。多次在掺混器中回流混合,最终掺氢天然气在回流式掺混器中混合均匀度达到95%以上。在掺混器入口处,由于回流管道中的混合气体和后进入的氢气和天然气混合,氢气摩尔分数较大,氢气摩尔分数达到了 25%。随着掺混距离的增加,氢气摩尔分数逐渐降低,掺氢天然气混合均匀度数值越来越高,出口处达到96%。在回流管道没有出现氢气聚集的现象,氢气摩尔分数的值和入口处的值相同为20%。由于天然气摩尔分数较大,天然气会沿着混合管壁一侧偏移,但是结果显示掺氢天然气达到混合均匀,并不影响天然气和氢气混合效果。氢气在10°、15°、20°倾斜角的回流式掺混器中的摩尔分数如图2(a)~图2(c)所示。
图2(d)为倾斜角10°、15°、20°时掺混器内沿程的混合均匀度。倾斜角20°时,在10D处混合效果达到95%,达到规定的气体混合均匀的效果。倾斜角为15°和10°分别在14D和13D处达到混合均匀,最终,掺氢天然气在掺混器的出口处混合均匀度达到了97.5%。整体来看,回流管道的倾斜角对掺氢天然气的最终混合效果的影响相对较小。倾斜角20°在掺混器中更早的达到混合均匀,混合均匀度最高。
压损均随着混合管道距离的增加而增加。压损主要集中在回流式掺混器中。3种类型的掺混器的压力值下降趋势基本一致。氢气在回流式掺混器的倾斜角10°、15°、20°中的静压值,如图3(a)~图3(c)所示。倾斜角不同导致压力损失数值不同。倾斜角15°掺混器中的整体压力值较高,达到70 Pa以上。
图3(d)为掺混器中的压损曲线图。压损大小关系为20°>15°>10°。在0D~4D为天然气管道中,压损大小相差不大。倾斜角20°的掺混器在4D~17D处的压损明显高于倾斜角为15°和10°的掺混器。在4D~17D处,掺氢天然气在掺混器内流动较为平稳,压损数值变化不大。17D~19D处是回流式掺混器的出口处,掺氢天然气流出速度较大,导致出口处压力变小,出现压损突然由20 Pa左右变成85 Pa左右。
图4知,倾斜角度影响回流式掺混器的回流率。倾斜角度变大,回流率由0.318降到0.258,混合均匀度也从 0.976降到0.97。掺氢天然气回流率越高,气体间接触面积越多。混合均匀度随着回流率降低而降低。相比倾斜角度大的掺混器,倾斜角10°压损较低,回流率高,混合均匀度也达到0.97。
该掺混器更适合回流管道的倾斜角为10°,混合效果只相差0.06,但压损低。
回流管道入口管径固定为2D,改变回流管道的出口的管径,将回流管道出口管径和入口管径的比值称为管径比。回流管道出口管径不同,影响着掺氢天然气的回流率、混合均匀度和压损。
氢气在回流式掺混器的回流管道管径比0.25、0.5、0.75中的摩尔分数如图5(a)~图5(c)所示。管径比增大,掺混器混合管管壁处天然气浓度降低,有利于掺混器内部的掺氢天然气混合。回流管道管径比0.25,气体回流量变少,导致掺混器管壁处还存在大量未混合的天然气。管径比变大,回流管道整体变粗,气体在掺混器回流管道流动的空间变大,气体回流量变大,管壁处天然气变少,有利于掺氢天然气在掺混器内混合。
管径比影响着混合均匀度如图5(d)所示。混合均匀度随着管径比增大,整体混合均匀度越来越好。管径比0.75的掺混器在距离掺混中心11D处掺氢天然气混合均匀。在管道出口处,混合均匀度达到0.996,已经达到完全混合均匀的效果。管径比0.25和管径比0.5均在距离掺混中心14D处达到混合均匀,最终混合效果明显低于管径比0.75的掺混器。
掺氢天然气在回流式掺混器的回流管道管径比0.25、0.5、0.75中的静压值,如图6(a)~图6(c)所示。管径比越来越大,掺混器入口处的压力越来越大。管径比0.75掺混器的压力差明显高于管径比低的掺混器。回流管道越来越粗,需要更大的压力差,使得更多的掺氢天然气进入回流管道。
管径比对掺混器压损的影响,如图6(d)所示。0D~4D掺氢天然气进入掺混器中所造成的压损在17 Pa。5D~17D压损变化不大,较为平稳。17D~19D的压损由20 Pa左右升到80 Pa。管径比0.5的掺混器内5D附近,压损变化幅度较小。管径比越大,掺混器内的压损就越大。管径比0.75比管径比0.5的掺混器的压损大10 Pa。
图7可知,回流管道出口管径变大,使得更多的气体回流。管径比增加,回流率越来越大,掺氢天然气的混合均匀度数值提高。管径比0.75的掺混器回流率高达0.51,约一半的气体都通过回流管道回流到混合管中,气体混合均匀度高达0.996。但是存在的弊端就是压损大,为87 Pa,比另两种管径压损大。管径比0.5的掺混器回流率只有0.318,但是混合均匀度已经达到0.976。管径比0.5和0.75的掺混器混合效果明显高于管径比0.25的掺混器。综合混合均匀度和压损考虑,该掺混器更适合回流管道的管径比为0.5。
虽然2个回流管道的回流效果较为明显,但是只能左右对称,内部天然气浓度较多使的混合均匀度存在一定的局限性。将回流管道增加到3个和4个,并同时将氢气管道和回流管道个数设置一样,便于大部分氢气沿着管道方向流入回流管道重新回到混合管和掺氢天然气继续混合。回流管道和氢气管道在掺混器外侧对称且对齐设置,便于气体在掺混器内部对冲,提高混合均匀性。
2个回流管道时氢气主要分布在两侧,会存在天然气向一处倾斜的现象。3个回流管道和4个回流管道时氢气对称分布均匀,不存在天然气向一处倾斜的现象,内部掺氢天然气浓度分布较为均匀,存在氢气聚集现象概率低。氢气在回流式掺混器中2、3、4个回流管道的氢气摩尔分数,如图8(a)~图8(c)所示。
回流管道2、3、4个的掺混器内沿程的混合均匀度如图8(d)所示。2个回流管道时氢气和天然气在距离掺混中心14D处达到混合均匀,而3个回流管道时掺氢天然气在8D处达到混合均匀,4个回流管道时掺氢天然气在7D处达到混合均匀。3个和4个回流管道混出口处的合均匀度的效果达到0.997,已经达到完全混合均匀的效果,明显比2个回流管道混合效果好。由于氢气管道变多,在进入掺混器前氢气已经和天然气接触混合,提高了掺混器混合均匀度的效果。3个回流管道和4个回流管道的混合效果相差不大,也不易出现氢气聚集的现象,能提高掺混器的混合效果。
氢气在2、3、4个回流管道中回流式掺混器的静压值,如图9 (a)~图9(c)所示。在进入掺混器处的压力明显小于掺混器其他处的压力。由于进入掺混器处掺氢天然气的速度较大,导致周围压力变小。掺混器入口处和回流管道入口处的压力存在一定的差值,有利于混合气体进入回流管道,提高掺混器的回流率。
图9(d)所示为2、3、4个回流管道的掺混器内的沿程压损。在0D~4D处,掺氢天然气进入掺混器前的压损约为15 Pa。5D~17D处2个和4个回流管道的掺混器的压损明显高于3个回流管道。在17D~19D处,2个和4个回流管道时掺混器内的压损约为81 Pa,3个回流管道时,掺混器内的压损最小约为75.5 Pa。
图10所示为回流管道个数对掺混器的影响。3个和4个回流管道时掺混器的回流率相差0.06,但是3个和4个回流管道时掺混器的混合均匀度达到0.996,明显高于2个回流管道掺混器的混合均匀度。综合混合均匀度和压损考虑,该掺混器更适合回流管道个数设置为3个。
本文研究了氢气注入天然气在回流式掺混器中混合效果。分别比较了回流管道的倾斜角、管径比和回流管道个数对氢气注入天然气混合的混合均匀度、压损和回流率的影响。分析结构参数对混合效果的影响,得到以下结论。
(1) 倾斜角越大,回流率降低,掺混器的混合效果降低。倾斜角10°的掺混器的混合效果最好,混合均匀度高达0.97、压损为56 Pa,回流率达到0.318。
(2) 管径比影响着掺混器的回流率,回流管道出口管径变大,回流的气体更多。回流率越高,掺氢天然气混合效果越好,混合均匀度达0.996。
(3) 回流管道的个数增加提高了掺混器的混合效果。3个和4个的回流管道的掺混器的混合均匀度达到0.997,气体已经达到完全混合的状态。3个回流管道的掺混器的压损少。
(4) 考虑到压损、混合均匀度和回流率,将回流式掺混器的参数设置为倾斜角10°、管径比0.5和3个回流管道时,掺混效果最好。
(5) 回流式掺混器是利用管道的压力差,将混合气体通过回流管道流入混合管道,让掺氢天然气在混合管道中回流并充分混合均匀。回流式掺混器结构设计和制造简单,缩短了混合距离、减小了输送压力损失。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51875012)
  • 国家自然科学基金(51605013)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404477
  • 接收时间:2024-06-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(51875012)
国家自然科学基金(51605013)
作者信息
    1 河南大学物理与电子学院, 开封 475004
    2 北京航空航天大学自动化科学与电气工程学院, 北京 100191
    3 北京航空航天大学, 气动热力储能与供能北京市重点实验室, 北京 100191

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*贾冠伟(1982—),男,汉族,河南郑州人,博士,副教授。研究方向:掺氢天然气产-储-运过程的热物理特性、测量控制及能量转化方面。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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