Article(id=1209811347760607734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405557, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371102512, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371102512, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371102512, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371102512, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8064, endPage=8071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811348725297726, articleId=1209811347760607734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Vibration Law of Tower Crane Structure with Coupled Motion, columnId=1209811348192621072, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The slewing and luffing coupling motion of tower cranes can easily induce structural vibrations in the crane mast and swing angles of the payload, potentially leading to operational faults. To investigate these vibration patterns, an elastic crane model was developed under combined slewing and luffing dynamic motions, incorporating Lagrange dynamics, air resistance, and beam deflection. The model was analyzed across phases from acceleration to constant speed and then to deceleration. The effectiveness of this nonlinear coupled motion model was validated using a designed experimental platform. The study examined the effects of varying accelerations and initial swing angles. The results indicate that luffing acceleration influences structural vibration, while slewing acceleration has a significant impact on it. Additionally, initial angles greater than or equal to 0.2 rad greatly affect structural vibration. When the slewing acceleration exceeds 0.04 m/s2, the frequency of mast vibration increases. Understanding the structural vibration law during coupled motion is crucial for enhancing the design of dynamic systems.

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刘富(1990—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机械动力学。E-mail:

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刘富(1990—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机械动力学。E-mail:

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刘富(1990—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机械动力学。E-mail:

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articleId=1209811347760607734, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=塔式起重机), Keyword(id=1209929302393622841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811347760607734, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=振动规律), Keyword(id=1209929302473314621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811347760607734, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=动力学模型), Keyword(id=1209929302536229185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811347760607734, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=耦合运动)], refs=[Reference(id=1209929306336268702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811347760607734, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=30, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Trabka A, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Trabka A. 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Tower crane structural design parameters

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参数 数值 参数 数值
变幅加速度/(m·s-2) 0.001 线的长度/m 2
臂弯曲刚度/(N·m-1) 3 914 空气阻力系数 0.2
塔身转动惯量/m4 375×103 塔身质量/kg 55
重力加速度/(m·s-2) 9.8 配重质量/kg 10
臂的质量/kg 9.5 小车质量/kg 0.5
回转加速度/(m·s-2) 0.02 塔臂长度/m 1.5
平衡臂长度/m 0.5 塔身高度/m 2
塔身截面边长/m 0.1 塔臂截面边长/m 0.1
平衡臂截面边长/m 0.1 重力加速度/(m· s - 2) 9.8
截面厚度/m 0.004 角钢/mm 15×4
), ArticleFig(id=1209929305698734470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811347760607734, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

塔机结构设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
变幅加速度/(m·s-2) 0.001 线的长度/m 2
臂弯曲刚度/(N·m-1) 3 914 空气阻力系数 0.2
塔身转动惯量/m4 375×103 塔身质量/kg 55
重力加速度/(m·s-2) 9.8 配重质量/kg 10
臂的质量/kg 9.5 小车质量/kg 0.5
回转加速度/(m·s-2) 0.02 塔臂长度/m 1.5
平衡臂长度/m 0.5 塔身高度/m 2
塔身截面边长/m 0.1 塔臂截面边长/m 0.1
平衡臂截面边长/m 0.1 重力加速度/(m· s - 2) 9.8
截面厚度/m 0.004 角钢/mm 15×4
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耦合运动的塔式起重机结构振动规律
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刘富 1 , 陈浩芃 1 , 张阳 1 , 谢贻东 2 , 刘征 1 , 池宝华 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025,25(19): 8064-8071
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(19): 8064-8071
耦合运动的塔式起重机结构振动规律
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刘富1 , 陈浩芃1, 张阳1, 谢贻东2, 刘征1, 池宝华3
作者信息
  • 1 北京印刷学院机电工程学院, 北京 102600
  • 2 北京建筑大学大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 100044
  • 3 唐山元创自动化科技股份有限公司, 河北省纸制品整饰成型智能装备技术创新中心, 唐山 064100
  • 刘富(1990—),男,汉族,河南周口人,博士,讲师。研究方向:机械动力学。E-mail:

Vibration Law of Tower Crane Structure with Coupled Motion
Fu LIU1 , Hao-peng CHEN1, Yang ZHANG1, Yi-dong XIE2, Zheng LIU1, Bao-hua CHI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
  • 2 School of Mechanical-electronic and Vehicle Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 3 Tangshan Yuanchuang Automation Technology Co., Ltd., Hebei Province Paper Product Decoration and Forming Intelligent Equipment Technology Innovation Center, Tangshan 064100, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405557
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回转-变幅耦合运动的塔式起重机易引起塔身结构振动和吊重摆动,严重时导致塔机结构出现故障。为了探究其振动规律,基于拉格朗日动力学、空气阻力和梁挠度构建了加速-恒速-减速运行过程的变幅-回转耦合运动的塔机弹性结构动力学模型。利用设计的实验台验证了非线性耦合运动模型的有效性。分析了不同的加速度和吊重的初始角度对塔身结构和吊重摆角的影响。结果表明:变幅加速度对结构振动影响较小;回转加速对塔身结构有显著影响。当任意初始角度不小于0.2 rad的初始角度对结构振动影响较大;不小于0.04 m/s2的回转加速度会使塔身振动频率增加。研究结果揭示了耦合运动的塔机结构振动规律,有利于改进动态系统结构设计。
塔式起重机  /  振动规律  /  动力学模型  /  耦合运动

The slewing and luffing coupling motion of tower cranes can easily induce structural vibrations in the crane mast and swing angles of the payload, potentially leading to operational faults. To investigate these vibration patterns, an elastic crane model was developed under combined slewing and luffing dynamic motions, incorporating Lagrange dynamics, air resistance, and beam deflection. The model was analyzed across phases from acceleration to constant speed and then to deceleration. The effectiveness of this nonlinear coupled motion model was validated using a designed experimental platform. The study examined the effects of varying accelerations and initial swing angles. The results indicate that luffing acceleration influences structural vibration, while slewing acceleration has a significant impact on it. Additionally, initial angles greater than or equal to 0.2 rad greatly affect structural vibration. When the slewing acceleration exceeds 0.04 m/s2, the frequency of mast vibration increases. Understanding the structural vibration law during coupled motion is crucial for enhancing the design of dynamic systems.

tower crane  /  vibration law  /  dynamics model  /  coupling motion
刘富, 陈浩芃, 张阳, 谢贻东, 刘征, 池宝华. 耦合运动的塔式起重机结构振动规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8064 -8071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405557
Fu LIU, Hao-peng CHEN, Yang ZHANG, Yi-dong XIE, Zheng LIU, Bao-hua CHI. Vibration Law of Tower Crane Structure with Coupled Motion[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8064 -8071 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405557
塔式起重机是一种广泛应用于建筑工地、码头、工厂等场所的大型机械设备。塔式起重机(以下简称“塔机”)结构的振动行为不仅影响自身承载能力和稳定性,同时其直接影响塔身结构和吊重摆角的动力学特性,也会给货物和工人带来危险。中外设计塔机系统时,一般从平面运动出发通过静力学和安全系数来研究,而很少从动力学来分析塔机结构响应,但在实际工程中塔机系统为了提高工作效率,经常进行空间变幅和回转耦合运动。因此,开展塔机结构的振动特性研究,为其结构设计和优化提供理论基础和技术支持具有十分重要的意义。
Trabka[1]利用有限元方法建立了在回转运动下起重机模型,研究了不同构件的变形对刚性和柔性模型的吊重摆动精度的影响。He[2]构建了变速移动吊重的平面理论模型。Gu等[3]利用拉格朗日方程建立了在单一运动下吊臂变幅式塔机的刚柔耦合模型。研究了不同参数对动态塔机结构的影响。Liu等[4]提出了在复合工况下用于参数分析的摆角动态刚性模型,研究了塔机的动态特性和振动特征。Yao等[5]构建了双小车桥式起重机转运具有空间自由度刚体货物的动态过程,分析了不同的钢丝绳弹性、主梁弹性和吊重质量对吊重运动的影响。Chen等[6]提出了计算塔式起重机结构顺风系数的数学模型。Jiang等[7]基于瞬态动力学分析方法建立了在变幅和提升下动臂塔机移动荷载模型,发现变幅速度越大,臂端振动幅度越大。提升速度对振动的幅度和频率有影响。Kenan等[8]设计一台缩尺模型并用该模型进行实验研究。 Tong等[9]建立了塔式起重机变幅工况下臂架-货物耦合振动系统的动力学模型,分析了系统参数对货物摆动的影响规律。赵志杰等[10]对原有的系统动力学模型进行了改造,提出新的动力学模型,但是未考虑配重和塔臂变形影响。Cao等[11]建立了塔机的柔性臂的数学模型,基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论研究了塔臂的垂直变形和水平变形。Feng等[12]研究了在变幅运动下小车运动的速度和加速度、吊重、线长等参数对塔臂振动的影响。根据牛顿定律,Qin等[13]建立了核动力起重机在满载提升或高速制动条件下的模型。刘华森等[14]建立了桥式起重机的柔性梁、移动小车以及吊重的刚柔耦合动力学模型,研究了小车速度与吊重质量对桥架结构和吊重摆角的影响。颜世军等[15]基于牛顿力学理论利用递推列式法建立了吊臂变幅式塔机多体系统五自由度空间运动模型。於祖庆等[16]发现塔机多体系统动力学建模与降阶方法有效地降低了系统规模,提高仿真分析效率。张堆学[17]利用有限元静力学,研究了在静风工况和正常工况下塔机不同起吊位置和载重与位移响应的关系。
综上所述,在静力状态下塔机结构振动,单一回转或单一变幅下塔机动态规律,或者复合运动的刚性结构响应的研究成果已经很多,但是很多文献未将塔机结构看作弹性结构进行研究,针对耦合运动的塔机弹性结构振动和吊重的空间摆角特性问题研究成果更少,为了揭示在变速条件的回转-变幅耦合运动下不同塔机参数对塔机结构振动和吊重摆动相互耦合的作用机理,需研究耦合运动对结构振动和吊重的空间摆动相互耦合的作用规律。
吊重摆动角β和角θ分别绕x01轴和y01轴旋转如图1所示。L表示吊绳从变幅小车到吊重的距离。
sRH分别表示平衡臂长、塔臂长和塔身高。R2为小车到塔身的距离,在塔机加速、恒速和减速运动时,R2不断变化。J1为塔身的转动惯量,J1与其扭转角α1都围绕Z轴。m1m2m3m4m5分别为吊重、小车、塔臂、塔身和配重的质量。加速度e2和加速度e3分别是变幅和回转。各相邻质量通过无质量单元连接,各单元存在刚度和阻尼。阻尼δ1、刚度κ1、阻尼δ2、刚度κ2、阻尼δ3和刚度κ3均围绕塔身Z轴旋转。b2k2分别为z轴方向的塔臂阻尼系数和刚度系数。b3k3分别为x轴方向的塔身阻尼系数和刚度系数。b4k4分别为y轴方向的塔身阻尼系数和刚度系数。b5k5分别为在z轴方向的平衡臂阻尼系数和刚度系数。α2α3分别为塔臂和平衡臂沿着Z轴方向的扭转角。
通过分析塔机系统相对坐标和广义坐标的关系,推导出质量的广义位移为
$ \left[\begin{array}{c}X_{1} \\Y_{1} \\Z_{1} \\X_{2} \\Y_{2} \\Z_{2} \\X_{3} \\Y_{3} \\Z_{3} \\X_{4} \\Y_{4} \\Z_{4} \\X_{5} \\Y_{5} \\Z_{5}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cccccccccccc}\cos \alpha_{2} & -\sin \alpha_{2} & 0 & \cos \alpha_{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{1} & -\sin \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\\sin \alpha_{2} & \cos \alpha_{2} & 0 & \sin \alpha_{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{1} & \cos \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & R_{3} / R_{2} & 2 R / H & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{1} & -\sin \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{1} & \cos \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & R_{3} / R_{2} & 2 R / H & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{2} & 0 & \cos \alpha_{1} & -\sin \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{2} & 0 & \sin \alpha_{1} & \cos \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & R_{2} / R_{3} & 0 & 1 & 2 R_{3} / H & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{1} & -\sin \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{1} & \cos \alpha_{1} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cos \alpha_{1} & -\sin \alpha_{1} & 0 & \cos \alpha_{5} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sin \alpha_{1} & \cos \alpha_{1} & 0 & \sin \alpha_{5} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{l}x_{1} \\y_{1} \\z_{1} \\x_{2} \\z_{2} \\x_{3} \\z_{3} \\x_{4} \\y_{4} \\z_{4} \\x_{5} \\z_{5}\end{array}\right]$
式(1)中:x2=R2;z1= L 2 - x 1 2 - Y 1 2;x3=R3;z3=w2;z4=H;x5=s
随着塔机在变幅-回转耦合工况下从加速到恒速再到减速,减速度和加速度绝对值相同,塔臂旋转角度和平衡臂旋转角度不断变化,小车距离、塔身旋转角度、塔臂旋转角度与时间关系为
$ \delta_{5}=\delta_{4}+\pi+\alpha_{3}-\alpha_{2}$
$ \delta_{4}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\alpha_{2}+e_{3} t^{2} / r, & 0 \leqslant t \leqslant t_{1} \\\alpha_{2}+e_{3} t_{1} t / r, & t_{1} \leqslant t \leqslant t_{2} \\\alpha_{2}+e_{3}\left[4 t_{1} t_{2}+2 t_{1} t+\left(t-t_{2}\right)^{2}\right] / 2 r, & t_{2} \leqslant t \leqslant t_{3}\end{array}\right.$
$ R_{2}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}R_{1}-\frac{1}{2} e_{2} t^{2}, & 0 \leqslant t \leqslant t_{1} \\R_{1}-\frac{3}{2} e_{2} t_{1}^{2}-e_{2} t_{1} t, & t_{1} \leqslant t \leqslant t_{2} \\R_{1}-\frac{3}{2} e_{2} t_{1}^{2}-e_{2} t_{1} t+\frac{1}{2} e_{2}\left(t-t_{2}\right)^{2}, & t_{2} \leqslant t \leqslant t_{3}\end{array}\right.$
式中:t1为加速运动最大时间,s;t2为恒速运动最大时间,s;t3为减速运动最大时间,s;R1为小车所在初始位置到塔身的距离,m;r为回转的齿轮啮合线半径,m;δ4为塔臂旋转角度,rad;δ5为平衡臂旋转角度,rad。
由于塔臂的结构具有对称性,结合前面用到塔臂特有参数值,将塔臂的结构看作悬臂梁,基于梁挠度基本理论对回转-变幅耦合运动的塔臂构建挠度动力学模型为
$w=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{m_{3} g R_{3}^{3}+F R_{2}^{3}}{3 E I}, & R_{3} \leqslant R_{2} \\\frac{\left(R_{3}-R_{2}\right) m_{3} g R_{3}^{3} / R_{2}+F R_{2}^{3}}{3 E I}, & R_{3}>R_{2}\end{array}\right.$
$\begin{array}{c}F = m_{1}\left[e_{2} \sin \theta+g(\cos \theta+\cos \beta)+\right.L\left(\dot{\theta}^{2}+\dot{\beta}^{2}\right)](\cos \theta+\cos \beta)+\\ m_{1} e_{3} \dot{\theta} \sin \beta(L \sin \theta+2 t \cos \theta)(\cos \theta+\cos \beta)\end{array}$
式中:w为塔臂挠度变形,m;R3为塔身质量点到塔臂质量点的距离,m;F为耦合运动的吊重物体作用于小车的力,N;E为弹性模量;I为惯性矩,m4
结合前面塔机结构特有的参数,建立塔机结构的广义速度为
$ v_{p}^{2}=\dot{X}_{p}^{2}+\dot{Y}_{p}^{2}+\dot{Z}_{p}^{2}, \quad p=1,2,3,4,5$
式(7)中:XpYpZp分别为结构p沿着XYZ轴方向的广义位移,m。
建立塔机结构的总动能T
$ T=\sum_{p=1}^{5} \frac{1}{2}\left(J_{p} \dot{\alpha}_{p}^{2}+m_{p} v_{p}^{2}\right)$
建立塔机结构的总势能V
$ V=\sum_{p=1}^{5}\left(\frac{1}{2} k_{p} s_{p}^{2}+\frac{1}{2} \kappa_{p} \gamma_{p}^{2}+m_{p} g h_{p}\right)$
式(9)中:sp为塔机结构p对应的伸长量,m;γp为塔机结构p对应的旋转量,rad;hp为塔机结构p对应的高度,m;g为重力加速度。
通过分析吊重摆线和空间摆动角度,构建吊重摆线长与空间摆角的方程式为
$ x_{1}=L \sin \theta$
$ y_{1}=L \sin \beta$
基于动力学基本理论,建立了塔机结构关键单元的阻尼力和空气阻力,表达式为
$ Q_{\mathrm{r}, p i}=-\frac{1}{2} c \rho_{p} v_{p}^{2} S_{p}$
$ Q_{\mathrm{d}, i}=-d_{i} \dot{q}_{i}$
式中:Qr,pi为塔机结构p对应于i的空气阻力,N;Qd,i为塔机结构i对应的阻尼力,N;c为塔机结构的空气阻力系数;ρp为塔机结构p对应的空气密度,g/m;Sp为塔机结构p对应的迎风面积,m2;di为塔机结构i对应的阻尼系数。
基于动力学理论和以上塔机力学模型,建立广义非保守力表达式为
$ Q_{i}=Q_{\mathrm{r}, p i}+Q_{\mathrm{d}, i}$
基于拉格朗日动力学理论,构建塔机结构动力学表达式为
$ \frac{d}{d t}\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}_{i}}\right)-\frac{\partial T}{\partial q_{i}}+\frac{\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}=Q_{i}$
把式(1)~式(14)代入方程式(15)中,进而推出塔机结构广义位移矩阵表达式为
$ \left[\begin{array}{cccc}B_{0101} & B_{0102} & \cdots & B_{01 i 2} \\B_{0201} & B_{0202} & \cdots & B_{02 i 2} \\\vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\B_{1201} & B_{1202} & \cdots & B_{1212}\end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{c}\ddot{q}_{01} \\\ddot{q}_{02} \\\vdots \\\ddot{q}_{12}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{c}D_{01} \\D_{02} \\\vdots \\D_{12}\end{array}\right]$
利用MATLAB软件进行编程,代入基本参数,基本参数如表1所示,再利用龙格库塔法求出所有广义坐标变量随时间变化量。
通过塔机运动原理和结构几何关系,设计出了变速条件下耦合运动的塔机实验台模型和采集仪布置点,确定了塔机实验台所需传感器和采集仪,安装了塔机实验台,布置了吊重摆角传感器和位移传感器。然后进行了测试和验证。测试设备布置如图2所示。在回转与变幅耦合实验前,吊重停留在一定高度。然后进行运行与测试,同时塔机从加速到恒速再到减速运行。选择了3种吊重的质量试验,对于每种质量,在实验台上进行3次实验,最后取3次实验传感器结果的平均值。如图3所示实验与仿真结果的比较,θ实验与仿真的振幅相差7.2%;β实验与仿真的振幅相差9.8%。总体而言,塔机非线性动力学模型能映射塔机真实的性能。实验室设计塔机结构参数值见表1
当增加变幅加速度,在塔机加速和恒速阶段θ振幅不断减小,但θ的变化量很小,θ振动周期不变如图4(a)所示。减速阶段的参数e2增加,θ幅值增大。当参数e2≮0.016 m/s2时,随着时间增加θ振幅呈现发散趋势。如图4(b)所示,改变参数e2,在塔机加速和恒速阶段β的变化量不大,振动周期不变。在减速阶段,随着参数e2增加β振幅不断减小。参数e2θ振幅影响比β大。为了减小吊重摆角的影响,可选择变幅加速度不大于0.016 m/s2
随着塔机运行加速度e3增大,θ振幅响应增加,如图5(a)所示。塔机从加速度运行到恒速阶段,θ振动周期变化不明显,在减速阶段θ振动周期逐渐减小。在恒速阶段θ振幅最大。参数e3越小对θ振幅影响越小。如图5(b)所示,随着参数e3增加,整体上β振动周期逐渐减小。在加速度阶段,随着参数e3增加β振幅逐渐增加。当参数e3≮0.07 m/s2时,β振幅快速增大。参数e3=0.04 m/s2,β振幅最小。参数e3θ振幅影响比对β振幅大。当选择回转加速度小于0.04 m/s2时,吊重摆角振幅相对较小。
随着初始角度β0不断增加,θ振幅变大,θ周期变化很小如图6(a)所示。当参数β0≮0.4 rad时,加速-恒速运行的θ振幅呈现发散趋势。随着时间增加,在加速阶段β振幅不断增大,在恒速阶段振幅开始稳定,在减速阶段振幅减少。如图6(b)所示,随着参数β0增加,β振幅不断增加,但是振动周期没有变化。随时间增加,β振幅逐渐减小。β0改变量对β振幅影响比θ振幅大。控制参数β0≯0.4 rad,有利于降低塔身振动。
随着初始角度θ0倍增,θ振幅也倍增,振动周期无变化如图7(a)所示。随着时间增加,θ振幅变化不明显。随着参数θ0增大,β振动周期逐渐减小,在加速阶段β振动幅值不断减小如图7(b)所示。当参数θ0≯0.2 rad时,随着参数θ0增加β振幅从加速到恒速阶段逐渐减小,在减速阶段相反。当参数θ0=0.4 rad,β振幅明显增大,在恒速阶段有发散趋势。参数θ0改变量对θ空间角比β空间角振幅影响大。当初始角度θ0≮0.4 rad时,对吊重摆角振幅影响较大。
增大变幅加速度e2,塔身振幅在加速阶段沿x轴方向变化量很小,塔身x4振幅从塔机恒速到减速阶段逐渐增大如图8(a)所示。x4振动周期几乎无变化。参数e2>0.01 m/s2,x4振幅在减速阶段波动较大。如图8(b)所示,随着参数e2增加,塔身振动周期沿y轴方向逐渐减小,塔身y4振幅在加速阶段改变量很小,在塔机恒速阶段y4逐渐减小。在恒速运行中间时间点上y4取得最大值。在减速阶段y4振幅不断增加。变幅加速度对塔身振幅在x轴方向上影响比在y轴方向上大。在减速阶段确定较小的变幅加速度,有利于减少塔身振幅。
随着塔机回转加速度e3逐渐增加,塔身沿x轴方向的振动周期变小如图9(a)所示。当参数e3≮0.04 m/s2时,x4振动频率增加变快。在塔机减速度初期x4值出现拐点。如图9(b)所示,随着参数e3增加,塔身振动周期和振幅沿y轴方向逐渐增加。当参数e3≮0.04 m/s2时,x4振幅振动频率增大较快。在减速度初期y4值出现拐点。参数e3对塔身振幅沿xy轴方向影响相差不大。当参数e3≯0.025 m/s2时,塔身振动周期较小。
当初始摆动角β0增大,塔身结构响应周期沿着x轴方向呈现减小趋势,但响应幅值增加如图10(a)所示。摆角β0≮0.4 rad,在塔机加速时期x4塔身振幅减小,但恒速-减速阶段的塔身x4振幅增加。当摆角β0增加,塔身响应振幅和周期在y轴方向上逐渐增加如图10(b)所示。当摆角β0>0.4 rad时,y4响应幅值在加速-恒速时期波动较大。参数β0沿y轴方向比沿x轴方向影响大。尽量控制参数β0≯0.4 rad,有利于降低塔身振幅。
通过建立变速条件的回转与变幅耦合运动作用下弹性塔机非线性动力学模型,分析了不同的回转加速度、变幅加速度和初始角度对塔身结构振动和吊重摆角的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)变幅加速度对θ振幅影响比β振幅大。回转加速度e3影响空间摆角周期较大。e3加速度对角θ幅值影响比角β幅值大。e3加速度对吊重摆角的影响比e2加速度大。
(2)初始角度对摆角幅值影响明显。当θ0<0.4 rad时,对吊重摆角振幅影响较小。
(3)变幅加速度对塔身振幅沿x轴方向的影响大。回转加速度对x轴方向的塔身幅值影响比y轴方向大。初始角度β0沿y轴方向比沿x轴方向影响大。
文中也存在一定的不足,由于研究条件有限,文中未研究地震影响,后续将研究不同地震条件塔机结构振动响应,进一步探究多物理环境耦合运动对设备结构振动影响规律。
  • 北京市教委一般项目(KM202410015004)
  • 博士启动基金(27170124032)
  • BIGC项目(Ec202301)
  • BIGC项目(Ea202407)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405557
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
北京市教委一般项目(KM202410015004)
博士启动基金(27170124032)
BIGC项目(Ec202301)
BIGC项目(Ea202407)
作者信息
    1 北京印刷学院机电工程学院, 北京 102600
    2 北京建筑大学大学机电与车辆工程学院, 北京 100044
    3 唐山元创自动化科技股份有限公司, 河北省纸制品整饰成型智能装备技术创新中心, 唐山 064100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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