Article(id=1209811345445360585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405268, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720800000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-13, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371101962, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371101962, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371101962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371101962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8058, endPage=8063, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811348968575117, articleId=1209811345445360585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Local Fault Detection and Diagnosis of the Bearings in Turbopropengine Reduction Gearbox, columnId=1209811348192621072, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bearing local fault occurs in the turboprop engine reduction gearbox, which affects engine running safely. Due to the complex structure and high speed of the reducer gearbox, the vibration signal used to monitor the operation state of the mechanical components is complicated. In order to detect the bearing local fault signal in time and extract fault feature accurately from the vibration signal, a method which was based on vibration signal combining FFT, fast kurtogram and envelope spectrum was proposed. Firstly, during the engine operation, the FFT(fast Fourier transform) spectrum was used to detect whether there was bearing fault component in the vibration signal; and then the fast kurtogram was applied to determine the frequency band distribution of the fault component; finally, the bearing fault characteristic frequency was acquired through envelope spectrum analysis. In the course of certain type of turboprop engine ground bench test, this method was used to accurately detect and diagnose the local spalling fault of the inner raceway. Therefore, this method can provide a basis for the engineering application on local fault detection and diagnosis of bearings in aero-engine reduction gearbox.

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涡桨发动机减速器轴承的局部故障会严重影响发动机的运行安全。由于减速器结构复杂、运转高速,导致作为监测机械零件运行状态的振动信号成份十分复杂。为了能够从振动信号中实时检测到轴承故障信号成份和准确地提取轴承的故障特征,提出了基于振动信号的快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)频谱、快速谱峭度图(fast kurtogram)算法、包络谱(envelop spectrum)相结合的故障检测和诊断方法。首先,在发动机运行过程中使用频谱分析检测振动信号中是否存在轴承故障冲击信号成份,然后采用快速谱峭度图确定故障信号的分布频带。最后,运用包络谱分析提取故障特征频率,根据故障特征频率确定故障发生的具体部位。在某型号涡桨发动机地面台架试验过程中,使用此方法准确检测和诊断了减速器轴承内滚道的剥落故障。因此,此方法可以为航空发动机减速器轴承故障检测与诊断技术的工程应用提供依据。

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李鑫(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空发动机振动测试及故障诊断。E-mail:

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李鑫(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空发动机振动测试及故障诊断。E-mail:

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李鑫(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空发动机振动测试及故障诊断。E-mail:

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涡桨发动机减速器轴承局部故障的检测与诊断
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李鑫 , 钟榈 , 张甜甜 , 冯安
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025,25(19): 8058-8063
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(19): 8058-8063
涡桨发动机减速器轴承局部故障的检测与诊断
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李鑫 , 钟榈, 张甜甜, 冯安
作者信息
  • 中国航发湖南动力机械研究所, 株洲 412002
  • 李鑫(1980—),女,汉族,湖北武汉人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:航空发动机振动测试及故障诊断。E-mail:

Local Fault Detection and Diagnosis of the Bearings in Turbopropengine Reduction Gearbox
Xin LI , Lü ZHONG, Tian-tian ZHANG, An FENG
Affiliations
  • Hunan Aviation Powerplant Research Institute, AECC, Zhuzhou 412002, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405268
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涡桨发动机减速器轴承的局部故障会严重影响发动机的运行安全。由于减速器结构复杂、运转高速,导致作为监测机械零件运行状态的振动信号成份十分复杂。为了能够从振动信号中实时检测到轴承故障信号成份和准确地提取轴承的故障特征,提出了基于振动信号的快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)频谱、快速谱峭度图(fast kurtogram)算法、包络谱(envelop spectrum)相结合的故障检测和诊断方法。首先,在发动机运行过程中使用频谱分析检测振动信号中是否存在轴承故障冲击信号成份,然后采用快速谱峭度图确定故障信号的分布频带。最后,运用包络谱分析提取故障特征频率,根据故障特征频率确定故障发生的具体部位。在某型号涡桨发动机地面台架试验过程中,使用此方法准确检测和诊断了减速器轴承内滚道的剥落故障。因此,此方法可以为航空发动机减速器轴承故障检测与诊断技术的工程应用提供依据。

涡桨发动机  /  减速器  /  轴承局部故障  /  快速傅里叶变换频谱  /  快速谱峭度图  /  包络谱

Bearing local fault occurs in the turboprop engine reduction gearbox, which affects engine running safely. Due to the complex structure and high speed of the reducer gearbox, the vibration signal used to monitor the operation state of the mechanical components is complicated. In order to detect the bearing local fault signal in time and extract fault feature accurately from the vibration signal, a method which was based on vibration signal combining FFT, fast kurtogram and envelope spectrum was proposed. Firstly, during the engine operation, the FFT(fast Fourier transform) spectrum was used to detect whether there was bearing fault component in the vibration signal; and then the fast kurtogram was applied to determine the frequency band distribution of the fault component; finally, the bearing fault characteristic frequency was acquired through envelope spectrum analysis. In the course of certain type of turboprop engine ground bench test, this method was used to accurately detect and diagnose the local spalling fault of the inner raceway. Therefore, this method can provide a basis for the engineering application on local fault detection and diagnosis of bearings in aero-engine reduction gearbox.

turbopro engine  /  reduction gearbox  /  bearing local fault  /  FFT spectrum  /  fast kurtogram  /  envelope spectrum
李鑫, 钟榈, 张甜甜, 冯安. 涡桨发动机减速器轴承局部故障的检测与诊断. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8058 -8063 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405268
Xin LI, Lü ZHONG, Tian-tian ZHANG, An FENG. Local Fault Detection and Diagnosis of the Bearings in Turbopropengine Reduction Gearbox[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8058 -8063 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405268
涡桨发动机减速器是连接涡轴发动机和螺旋桨的齿轮传动装置。发动机运行过程中,减速器轴承会产生各种各样的异常和损伤,多数故障都会使轴承的振动发生变化,这样,振动信号就成为检测和诊断轴承故障的主要信息。根据轴承故障产生振动信号的特点,将其分为局部故障与分布式故障。局部故障产生的振动具有周期性的冲击成分,这种冲击成分与减速器中其他零件发生高频谐振,引起严重的事故,因此要求发动机在运转过程中实时监测轴承的运行状态,及时检测和诊断轴承发生的故障。在过去的几十年间出现了各种各样的基于振动分析的轴承故障检测和诊断方法。二十世纪七八十年代,以硬件信号处理为基础的高频响应技术(也叫共振解调技术、包络分析技术)首先在美国发展起来。它根据轴承局部故障产生高频冲击信号的特点,利用传感器的谐振频率实现故障信号的放大,通过硬件带通滤波器分离出故障信号,最后运用硬件检波电路、硬件低通滤波器将故障特征频率解调出来。中国唐智科技公司基于这种方法研制的广义共振解调仪服务于高铁动车组、城轨车辆、铁路机车、风力发电及航空发动机等领域,但这种基于硬件电路的共振解调方法对传感器的谐振频率有一定的要求。随着计算机软件技术的发展,出现了大量以数字信号处理为基础的轴承故障诊断技术,这些技术包括两个方面:滤波和解调。大量文献都应用这些技术来进行轴承故障诊断,滤波主要有以小波、小波包为基础的滤波[1];以希尔伯特-黄变换为基础的经验模态分解[2];以峭度系数为基础的峭度谱和最小熵解卷积自适应滤波[3]等。单一的滤波方法会有一定的局限性,因此目前很多文献都将多种滤波方法结合在一起使用[4-6]。滤波后都要用包络解调技术解调出轴承的故障特征信号,最后用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform, FFT)得到故障特征频率。软件实现的解调技术不是硬件电路的数字实现,它是以希尔伯特变换和解析信号为基础的数字信号处理技术[6]。在诊断轴承局部故障方面,包络解调技术无疑是最重要的振动信号处理方法[4]。近十年,研究人员将基于机器学习和深度学习人工智能算法应用于轴承故障诊断中,通过信号处理技术将轴承的故障特征提取出来训练神经网络,实现人工神经网络的智能诊断[7-9]
虽然以上提到文献中的技术在轴承故障诊断方面都取得了很好的效果,但是这些技术主要以诊断为主,它们应用对象是简单设备的轴承或实验室轴承故障模拟装置且故障模式是预先人工设置的,这些机械装置结构简单、转速较低,振动信号的成分相对简单,比较容易实现轴承的故障诊断。涡桨发动机是运转高速、结构复杂的航空发动机,传感器测得的振动信号是多种零部件振动信号耦合的结果。怎样在复杂机器高速运行下通过外部机匣上的振动传感器测得的振动信号来检测与诊断轴承自然发展的故障很少有文献提及。现通过研究涡桨发动机减速器轴承发生局部故障时振动信号的特点,采用FFT频谱分析,实现对发动机运行中减速器轴承故障的检测;采用快速峭度谱分析和包络谱分析实现对轴承故障的精确诊断。
涡桨发动机减速器是复杂的旋转机械,它的轴承故障诊断比在实验室环境下轴承试验器的轴承故障诊断更为复杂。国外专家将所有旋转机器的轴承故障诊断难度分为10级,其中航空发动机减速器的轴承故障诊断定义为7~9 级(很难)[10]
涡桨发动机减速器的振动信号是通过装在外部机匣上的振动传感器获取的,振动传感器测量到的是发动机内部各种零部件的耦合振动以及机匣本身的一些响应,这些振动覆盖的频率范围可以达到20 kHz,主要包括以下零部件的振动[11-12]
(1)低频段:桨轴和桨叶的振动以及减速器中各齿轮转轴的振动。
(2)中频段:发动机燃气涡轮转子和动力涡轮转子的振动。
(3)高频段:减速器各级齿轮的啮合振动。
滚动轴承旋转时,轴承缺陷引发的激振有两类。
第一类是分布性故障,主要由于磨损产生的轴承零件表面粗糙样损伤而引发的激振,这类振动主要以随机振动为主,随着故障的发生,振动的总量会随之增加。
第二类是局部故障,主要由于剥落、裂纹等局部缺陷引发的冲击性激振,滚动体每次经过缺陷处产生冲击,激振力为尖峰形的脉冲波。本文讨论的就是这类故障。
(1) 内滚道局部故障的振动特征。当滚动轴承内滚道产生局部故障时,产生间隔频率为Zfic(内滚道故障频率)的冲击振动,并且以轴的旋转频率fr进行振幅调制。
(2)外滚道局部故障的振动特征。当滚动轴承外滚道产生局部故障时,滚动体通过故障位置时产生间隔频率为 Z f o c(外滚道故障频率)的冲击振动。
(3) 滚动体局部故障的振动特征。当滚动体产生局部故障时,产生间隔频率为fbc(滚动体故障频率)的冲击振动,并以转频fc(保持架的故障特征频率)进行振幅调制。
外滚道的故障特征频率Zfoc
Z f o c = 1 2 Z 1 - d D c o s α f r
内滚道的故障频率Zfic
Z f i c = 1 2 Z 1 + d D c o s α f r
滚动体的故障频率fbc
$f_{\mathrm{bc}}=\frac{D}{d}\left[1-\left(\frac{d}{D}\right)^{2} \cos ^{2} \alpha\right] f_{\mathrm{r}}$
保持架故障频率fc
f c = 1 - d D c o s α f r
式中:D为轴承节径;d为滚动体直径;α为接触角;Z为滚动轴承中滚动体个数。
离散傅里叶变换是为了实现数字信号处理而提出的,它是数字信号处理领域最重要的数学思想,而快速傅里叶变换FFT是离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform, DFT)的快速实现,快速傅里叶变换算法通过蝶形运算把离散傅里叶变换计算的复杂程度从n2(n为样本长度)次降到nlgn次。在实际工程中,以FFT为基础的频谱分析是航空发动机振动监测和故障诊断中运用到的最核心分析方法。它能够通过实时分析旋转机械各个零部件的频率成分来诊断机械零部件故障。
对于包含N个均匀采样点的样本,其离散傅里叶变换定义为
y p = n = 0 N - 1 x n e - j 2 π N n p ,   n , p { 0,1 , , N - 1 }
式(5)中:j为虚数单位。
涡桨发动机运行过程中,用作轴承故障诊断的振动信号是从减速器的外部机匣测得的,振动信号组成十分复杂,由于转速较高,齿轮的啮合频率也很高,这就导致齿轮的啮合频率和轴承局部故障产生的梳状成分会交叉调制,通过频谱分析很难实现对轴承局部故障的精确诊断。fast kurtogram算法能够出从减速器耦合各种成分的振动信号中确定轴承故障信号的频带。
信号进行傅里叶变换的前提是平稳信号,脉冲信号为宽带信号,属于非平稳信号,对于非平稳信号,傅里叶分析的效果不理想。轴承局部故障产生的振动信号是非平稳信号,但是它是周期性脉冲信号,周期性脉冲信号的频谱为梳状谱。仿真的中心频率3 000 Hz带宽4 000 Hz周期间隔为142 Hz(0.007 05 s)轴承局部故障冲击信号的时域信号和频谱分析如图1所示,采样频率为20 000 Hz。从图1(b)可知周期性冲击信号的频谱中会出现梳状谱,梳状谱线的间隔为冲击信号的周期。利用周期性脉冲信号这个特点,可以用傅里叶分析实时检测到振动频谱的异常成分。
峭度系数K是轴承故障的时域判断指标,它表示包含N个采样点样本xi样本密度函数图形顶峰的凸平度,定义为
K = 1 N i = 1 N x i - μ σ 4
式(6)中:μxi的平均值; σxi的标准差。
峭度系数是无量纲参数,由于它与轴承转速、尺寸、载荷等无关,对非平稳信号(例如轴承故障产生的冲击信号)特别敏感,在轴承的早期局部故障中,振动的有效值的变化并不大,但峭度值会有明显增加。如果只有一个轴的低转速旋转设备可以通过时域峭度的变化实现轴承故障的检测和诊断。
在高速复杂的旋转设备中不能通过时域的峭度变化来判定轴承的故障,因为振动信号中存在频率和幅值都很高的周期振动成分。谱峭度这个算法用来解决这个问题。
振动信号的频率f对应的峭度值K( f ) 计算公式为
K ( f ) = H ( t , f ) 4 H ( t , f ) 2 2 - 2
式(7)中:<·>表示时间平均算子;H( t,f )为被分析振动信号x(t) 的时频复包络,通常采取短时傅里叶变换计算,即
H ( t , f ) = - + [ x ( τ ) γ * ( τ - t ) ] e - j 2 π f τ
式(8)中: γ * ( τ - t )为窗函数。
谱峭度是一种统计工具,它能在频域内发现和确定非稳态信号和非高斯信号。
某频带内对应的谱峭度值在1~-1时,该频带的信号以平稳信号和高斯白噪声为主。
某频带内对应的谱峭度值比较大的正值时,该频域的信号以非平稳信号和非高斯白噪声为主。
这种能力使得谱峭度成为一种旋转机械故障振动信号提取的强大工具,它可以确定轴承局部故障产生振动信号(周期脉冲信号)的频带,为包络分析提供最优频带选择。
基于短时傅里叶变换的kurtogram称为全谱峭度图算法。计算包含中心频率和宽度所组合的全谱峭度图算法计算速度慢,耗时多。法国学者Antoni提出了快速谱峭度图(fast kurtogram)算法[13],这是一种基于一系列数字滤波器的二元分解算法,在原理上与FFT算法非常相似,甚至更类似于离散小波包变换。在最初的版本中,频率范围被逐步分割成只有前一阶段一半宽度的频带,最新的版本频带的划分是一种1/3二叉树结构。具体算法见文献。根据具有最大峭度系数的频段存在大量的冲击成分特征,通过fast kurtogram算法可以从谱峭度图中得出最大峭度系数对应的中心频率和带宽。
fast kurtogram算法的处理故障轴承振动信号的基本原理是通过fast kurtogram算法选择故障信号谱峭度值最大时对应的中心频率及带宽,根据中心频率和带宽设计带通滤波器,将轴承局部故障产生的周期性脉冲信号从振动信号分离出来。
包络分析是轴承早期失效检测和诊断的重要振动信号处理技术之一。最初包络分析的经典方法是使用模拟电路对振动信号进行带通滤波,然后使用全波或半波整流,最后用平滑电路恢复近似包络信号。
希尔伯特变换是数字信号领域计算信号包络的一种有效方法。
a ( t )是一个时域信号,它的希尔伯特变换 a ( t )表示为
a ( t ) = H [ a ( t ) ] = a ( t ) 1 π t
式(9)中: H代表希尔伯特变换。
解析信号z(t)被定义为
$z(t)=a(t)+\mathrm{j} \hat{a}(t)=|z(t)| \exp [\mathrm{j} \theta(t)]$
式(10)中: z ( t ) θ ( t )分别表示瞬时幅度(信号包络)和瞬时相位,表达式分别为
$|z(t)|=\sqrt{a^{2}(t)+\hat{a}^{2}(t)}$
$\theta(t)=\arctan \left[\frac{\hat{a}(t)}{a(t)}\right]$
信号的包络频谱表示为
$h(f)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \sqrt{a^{2}(t)+\hat{a}^{2}(t)} \exp (-\mathrm{j} 2 \pi f t) \mathrm{d} t$
滤波后的振动信号变成周期性脉冲信号,通过包络谱分析能够准确得到轴承故障特征频率。
对于航空发动机这种造价高昂的机械装置,不会人为制造机械内部的轴承故障,技术人员会在涡桨发动机整机(包括核心机、减速器和螺旋桨)车台试验过程中全程通过频谱分析实时监测发动机内部机械零件的振动参数和记录振动数据。振动数据通过压电加速度传感器在减速器齿轮箱机匣外侧测得。传感器测得的电荷信号通过电缆输入到电荷放大器转化为电压信号,电压信号输入到动态数据记录分析仪,振动数据的采样频率为20 000 Hz。本文中使用的振动数据包括涡桨发动机车台试验过程中减速器轴承正常状态下的振动数据和中间双齿轮轴承发生内滚道剥落故障时的振动数据。中间双齿轮处轴承外环带安装边、无内环,内滚道为中间双齿轮轴颈。在某个转速下,中间双齿轮轴的转频为149 Hz,计算得到其轴承内滚道的故障特征频率理论值为1 072 Hz。
涡桨发动机减速器轴承局部故障检测和诊断实现过程如下:
(1)首先在涡桨发动机车台试验过程中,通过FFT分析实时监测振动频谱的变化。通过比对轴承正常状态下的振动谱图如图2(a)所示,可以看出:在0~5 000 Hz频率范围内轴承故障状态下振动谱图如图2(b)所示,与正常轴承的频谱没有明显的区别;在5 000~8 000 Hz范围内故障轴承的频谱中存在明显的梳状频率。从图3故障轴承的细化谱中可知这些梳状频率的间隔为149 Hz。149 Hz对应的是中间双齿轮的转频。由此可以判断与中间双齿轮相关的零件可能出了故障(齿轮的轴承或轮齿都可能出现故障),但是具体是哪个零部件出了故障从频谱图中无法分辨,需要进一步分析。
(2)将振动数据做谱快速峭度图(fast kurtogram)分析,轴承正常状态下振动数据的fast kurtogram如图4所示,正常轴承的谱峭度最大值为0.8,说明振动信号以平稳信号为主。轴承故障状态下振动数据的fast kurtogram结果如图5所示,从图5中可以看出在中心频率为6 875 Hz,带宽为1 250 Hz范围内谱峭度最大,为1.6,由此判定这一频率范围存在冲击信号;将轴承故障状态下的振动信号通过中心频率6 875 Hz,带宽为1 250 Hz的带通滤波器,轴承故障状下原始振动信号如图6(a)所示和经过滤波后的振动信号如图6(b)所示。将滤波后的故障信号做包络谱分析,结果如图7所示;从图7中可以看出频谱中存在中间双齿轮转频149 Hz的基频、2倍频、3倍频,还存在1 071 Hz的中间双齿轮轴承内滚道故障特征频率和以中间双齿轮转频为间隔的调制频率。这些频率特征与轴承内滚道发生局部故障时的频率特征相符合,所以可以判定中间双齿轮轴承内滚道发生了局部故障。下台分解后轴承故障部位和试验运转过程振动分析结果一致。
通过研究涡桨发动机减速器轴承发生局部故障时振动信号的特点,详细介绍了检测和诊断涡桨发动机减速器轴承发生局部故障的方法。
(1)以FFT为基础的频谱分析技术能够实时监测涡桨发动机运转过程中各个机械部件振动情况的,及时地检测到涡桨发动机减速器中轴承零件的异常。
(2)fast kurtogram分析确定复杂机械振动信号中轴承局部故障成分的分布频带。
(3)包络谱分析解调出轴承故障部位的特征频率,实现对轴承局部故障精确地定位和诊断。
  • 2017年度湖南省科技重大专项(2017GK1030)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405268
  • 接收时间:2024-07-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-13
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
2017年度湖南省科技重大专项(2017GK1030)
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    中国航发湖南动力机械研究所, 株洲 412002
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