Article(id=1209811345139167637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404998, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=1737648000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371101889, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371101889, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371101889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371101889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7897, endPage=7908, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811345948668327, articleId=1209811345139167637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Overview of Vision-based Velocity Measurement Techniques in Trunk Canals, columnId=1209811345856393635, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies∙Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The velocity measurement of trunk canals and rivers is regarded as an important basis for water resources management and flood prediction. The techniques and methods for trunk canals velocity measurement based on machine vision were analyzed and synthesized. Particular focus was placed on reviewing the principles, technologies, and recent developments of particle image velocimetry, particle tracking velocimetry, space-time image velocimetry, optical flow methods, and deep learning-based flow measurement methods in recent years. Finally, the existing challenges and issues were addressed, and potential future development directions were proposed.

, correspAuthors=A-ying WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Di FAN, Yu-hui ZHOU, Hui-min SUN, Yi-ming LI, Xiao-jie WU, A-ying WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811347894825470, articleId=1209811345139167637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于视觉的干渠流速测量技术综述, columnId=1209811346078691755, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述∙自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

干渠及河流流速测量是水资源管理及洪涝预测的重要依据。围绕基于机器视觉的干渠流速测量技术和方法进行分析和综合,阐述了其算法的一般框架及各部分功能,重点综述了近年来粒子图像测速法、粒子跟踪测速法、时空图像测速法、光流法,以及基于深度学习的测流方法的原理、技术和发展情况,最后给出了目前尚存在的问题和挑战,指明未来可能的重点发展方向。

, correspAuthors=卫阿盈, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卫阿盈(1980—),女,汉族,山西运城人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理、机器视觉、虚拟现实。E-mail:
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范迪(1976—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:信号/图像处理、机器视觉、检测技术。E-mail:

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范迪(1976—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:信号/图像处理、机器视觉、检测技术。E-mail:

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范迪(1976—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:信号/图像处理、机器视觉、检测技术。E-mail:

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基于视觉的干渠流速测量技术综述
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范迪 , 周钰慧 , 孙慧敏 , 李一鸣 , 吴晓洁 , 卫阿盈 *
科学技术与工程 | 综述∙自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(19): 7897-7908
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科学技术与工程 | 综述∙自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(19): 7897-7908
基于视觉的干渠流速测量技术综述
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范迪 , 周钰慧, 孙慧敏, 李一鸣, 吴晓洁, 卫阿盈*
作者信息
  • 山东科技大学电子信息工程学院, 青岛 266590
  • 范迪(1976—),女,汉族,河南南阳人,博士,教授。研究方向:信号/图像处理、机器视觉、检测技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*卫阿盈(1980—),女,汉族,山西运城人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理、机器视觉、虚拟现实。E-mail:
Overview of Vision-based Velocity Measurement Techniques in Trunk Canals
Di FAN , Yu-hui ZHOU, Hui-min SUN, Yi-ming LI, Xiao-jie WU, A-ying WEI*
Affiliations
  • College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404998
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干渠及河流流速测量是水资源管理及洪涝预测的重要依据。围绕基于机器视觉的干渠流速测量技术和方法进行分析和综合,阐述了其算法的一般框架及各部分功能,重点综述了近年来粒子图像测速法、粒子跟踪测速法、时空图像测速法、光流法,以及基于深度学习的测流方法的原理、技术和发展情况,最后给出了目前尚存在的问题和挑战,指明未来可能的重点发展方向。

机器视觉  /  干渠流速测量  /  深度学习  /  粒子图像测速  /  时空图像测速

The velocity measurement of trunk canals and rivers is regarded as an important basis for water resources management and flood prediction. The techniques and methods for trunk canals velocity measurement based on machine vision were analyzed and synthesized. Particular focus was placed on reviewing the principles, technologies, and recent developments of particle image velocimetry, particle tracking velocimetry, space-time image velocimetry, optical flow methods, and deep learning-based flow measurement methods in recent years. Finally, the existing challenges and issues were addressed, and potential future development directions were proposed.

machine vision  /  velocity measurement of trunk canal  /  deep learning  /  particle image velocimetry  /  space-time image velocimetry
范迪, 周钰慧, 孙慧敏, 李一鸣, 吴晓洁, 卫阿盈. 基于视觉的干渠流速测量技术综述. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7897 -7908 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404998
Di FAN, Yu-hui ZHOU, Hui-min SUN, Yi-ming LI, Xiao-jie WU, A-ying WEI. Overview of Vision-based Velocity Measurement Techniques in Trunk Canals[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7897 -7908 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404998
干渠及河流流速测量在农林灌溉调度、水资源管理以及洪水预测、污染迁移评估等方面有重要意义[1-3]。早期的宽幅面流速测量方法主要有浮标法[4]、旋浆流速仪法[5]、水位流速仪法[6]、比降面积法[7]等,该类方法通常需要人工介入,操作烦琐,受环境、天气等因素影响较大。随着科技的发展,激光多普勒流速测量法[8]、声学多普勒流速测量法[9]、雷达流速测量法[10]等声光电类测流方法逐渐被采用,该类方法精度高、操作便捷且无需人工,但因技术密集,其成本较高,且维修维护相对难度大,因此限制了其在一些应用场景中的普及和推广。
基于视觉的流速测量是一种非接触式的测流方法,它通过对水流表面图像进行获取和分析而获得流速等,其快速推广得益于近年机器视觉技术、计算机技术、网络技术即深度学习的快速发展[11]。基于视觉的测流方法,目前主要有粒子图像测速法(particle image velocimetry,PIV)[12-15]、粒子跟踪测速法(particle tracking velocimetry,PTV)[16-19]、时空图像测速法(space time image velocimetry,STIV)[20-23]、光流法(optical flow,OF)[24-27]等,主要原理是分析河流图像,从中提取特征点或者目标物,通过匹配或者跟踪的方法,获得特征点或目标物的位移,再由之计算水流速度,进而建立表面流速场。随着人工智能,机器视觉的发展,越来越多的研究者将深度学习应用于表面流速测量,测量精度和效果得到进一步提高[28]
现重点对近年来视觉法表面测量进行综合和分析,首先给出视觉法干渠流速测量的一般框架;然后分别对基于粒子、时空、光流以及深度学习的流速测量方法进行介绍;最后探讨流速测量技术现阶段存在问题及未来发展趋势。
基于视觉的干渠流速测量系统的一般组成如图1所示,主要包含图像采集、图像预处理、特征或目标提取和识别、位移及流速计算、表面流速场重建等模块。系统工作过程是:由架设在岸边或者移动装备上的摄像头拍摄水面视频,通过增强、校正、滤波等处理获得较高质量的图像,利用相关算法进行特征提取、目标检测与识别,得到携带流速信息的特征或目标在两帧图像中的位移,通过坐标转换获得实际位移并除以时间间隔得到流速,多目标点或特征点的流速可根据模型建立表面流速场,刻画表面流速的二维分布。图1所示为系统每部分所涉及的主要技术。
图像采集可分为固定式和移动式。固定方式如图2(a)图2(b)所示,摄像头可架设岸边,呈斜视方式;也可架设在桥梁/横梁上,呈俯视方式。移动方式下,摄像机可搭载在无人机、直升机、汽车、轮船、气球等移动装备上[29-30],如图2(c)~图2(e)所示,摄像头随着载体的移动而移动,并进行水流视频拍摄。图像采集方式将会决定成像质量和特点,对后续图像处理技术和方法的设计和选择有重要影响。
图像预处理一般是对图像进行增强、校正等,以提高图像质量、增强特征及解决图像畸变问题等[31]。图像增强主要有直方图均衡化[32]、多尺度Retinex[33]、灰度阈值化法[34]、滤波去噪声和去模糊[35]等,目的是强化水面特征,抑制背景[36]。图像滤波一般采用均值滤波、中值滤波和高斯滤波等,通过选择滤波方法及模板大小获得理想去噪效果。
图像校正主要是消除相机摄影造成的水面区域畸变,畸变一般分为径向畸变和切向畸变,径向畸变是最常见的畸变类型,通常由镜头的形状引起,它主要有两种形式:桶形畸变和枕形畸变。切向畸变相对少见,通常是由于镜头和图像传感器之间的不平行引起的。目前的研究有网格划分法[37]、双向经度鱼眼图像快速校正算法[38]、双粒子群优化算法[39]、改进的卷积神经网络[40]等,大大提高了图像校正的效率和准确性。
携带流速信息的特征点或目标的提取、检测和识别是视觉法测流速的关键。特征主要有图像中各方向灰度梯度较大的点或区域,如角点、边缘点、纹理变化剧烈区域等;目标主要有水流表面的树叶、塑料等漂浮物。目前常用的方法包括特征点算子[41-44]、帧间差分法[45]以及基于深度学习特征提取或目标检测[46]等。
特征点算子主要用于提取图像中的关键点和边缘。常用的主要有SIFT(scale invariant feature transform)算子[41]、SURF(speed up robust features)算子[42]、ORB(oriented fast and rotated BRIEF)算子[43]和KAZE算子[44]。SIFT是一种图像局部特征提取算法,它通过高斯差分在高斯尺度空间中寻找极值点(特征点,关键点)的精确定位和主方向,构建关键点描述符来提取特征;SURF是加速版的SIFT,它基于Hessian矩阵,依据Hessian矩阵行列式的极值来定位特征点的位置;ORB算法分为两部分,分别是特征点提取和特征点描述,ORB特征是将FAST(features from accelerated segment test)特征点的检测方法与BRIEF(binary robust independent elementary features)特征描述子结合起来,使用非最大值抑制,在一定区域内仅仅保留响应极大值的角点,避免FAST提取到的角点过于集中,使用图像金字塔和灰度质心法来保持尺度不变性和旋转不变性;KAZE算法是通过构造非线性尺度空间,并在非线性尺度空间来检测特征点和描述特征,保留了更多的图像细节。Zuniga等[47]和Cao等[48]将这些算子引入流场测量中,成功提取并识别了水面特征点。冯全等也使用SURF算子描述了河水流动过程中产生波动的运动特征[49]
树叶、塑料等漂浮物会随着水流而运动,携带着流速信息。通过检测和识别漂浮物也可实现流速测量。帧间差分法是利用相邻两帧图像进行差分与二值化,然后根据差分结果提取图像中运动区域,江杰等[50]提出了基于混合高斯模型的背景差分法与帧间差分法相结合的河流表面漂浮物运动检测方法,在山溪性河流中取得了不错的效果。随着计算机视觉与深度学习的发展进步,利用YOLO(you only look once)等目标检测算法识别粒子成为热点,Li等[46]利用YOLOv5算法检测水中漂浮物并成功应用于内蒙古永济渠地表流场测量中。
基于特征的跟踪方法主要是利用两种方式进行跟踪,一种是在进行特征提取后通过特征点匹配法找出相邻2帧的匹配点,将匹配点间的距离作为特征点在2帧图像间的运动距离[49];一种是利用光流算法进行跟踪,在特征点检测后通过金字塔L-K (Lucas-Kanada)光流算法跟踪正确特征点,当得到当前帧中跟踪的特征点后回溯找到与前一帧实际特征点的运动变化关系,即为特征点的位移值[51]。漂浮物在检测识别后通常采用两种方式进行跟踪,一种是互相关算法[12],在前一帧图像中划分若干查询窗口(interrogation areas,IA),在下一帧图像的搜索区域(search area,SA)中通过互相关分析寻找最相似的图像区域,然后计算IA中整体粒子的平均位移;一种是跟踪算法[16],通过跟踪目标漂浮物利用运动轨迹计算出其流动位移。例如第2.2节的粒子跟踪测速法以及深度学习中比较热门的DeepSORT(deep simple online and realtime tracking)[52]、FairMOT(fair multiple object tracking)[53]跟踪算法等。
被处理的图像序列中,第 i个目标在两幅图像的实际位移为 Δ x i,两幅图像时间差为 Δ t,则该目标的速度为
v i = Δ x i Δ t
如果图像中有多个目标,则可以通过所有目标平均位移后再求解平均流速。
两幅图像时间差可由视频帧率 f和图像相隔的帧数量 Δ n获得,即
Δ t = Δ n f
对于 Δ x i的获取,一般采用第1.3节提到的互相关算法和跟踪算法得到像素坐标,通过坐标转换转换为现实坐标进而求得实际位移 Δ x i,最后结合帧率获得流速值。
流速场构建的目的是通过聚合和处理已经计算出的多点速度值,产生所需的水流平面上的分布式流场表示[54]。表面流速场常用带有颜色的箭头表示,箭头方向及长度直观反映干渠河流流向以及流速大小,便于研究人员把握河流的动态变化和流动规律,以及其中涡旋、逆流、涌浪等特殊速度区[55]
时均流场的重建对图像中的各区域按某种策略求时间平均以获得时均流场,可解决示踪物密度低、时空分布不均及光学噪声导致的部分区域流速缺失问题[56]。按照求平均操作对象的不同,时均流场重建策略主要有图像平均、相关平均和矢量平均[57]3种。大尺度粒子图像测速(large scale particle image velocimetry,LSPIV)中主要采用的是矢量平均策略,并采用相关系数或局部特征校验的方法来识别并修正错误矢量。错误矢量通常具有低相关系数,Fujita等[58]构建流场时只显示互相关系数大于0.4的向量以排除错误矢量。张振等[59]提出基于序贯矢量平均的河流水面时均流场重建方法,采用基于非线性统计的全局角度直方图方法检测流动主方向,较好地解决了瞬时流场矢量正确率较低情况下区域性错误矢量的识别问题,并将其应用于河流水面成像测速方法的比测试验[60]研究中。
现有的基于粒子的河流测速技术,主要是通过检测跟踪示踪粒子来获取流速,按照粒子种类以及浓度可分为2类,即粒子图像测速法PIV和粒子跟踪测速法PTV。PIV通过比较两个连续帧的查询区域之间的最高相似性来确定粒子位移,进而获取流场速度,适用于示踪粒子浓度较高的环境;而PTV对单个粒子进行识别定位,跟踪粒子的流动轨迹,来计算粒子速度和对应的流场速度,以获得精准的流体速度和速度分布信息,这种方法要求示踪粒子稀疏,有时也被定义为PIV的低密度范围。
PIV是一种非接触式的瞬时全流场流速测量技术,该方法以河流水面人工播撒的示踪物以及植物碎片、泡沫、细小波纹等天然漂浮物作为水流示踪物,如图3所示,并认为示踪物的运动状态即代表被测水面二维流场中局部流体的运动状态,测量水流速度便等同于测量示踪物粒子的速度。PIV通过互相关操作获取流场的速度分布。
1998年,Fujita等[12]首次将PIV拓展延伸用于大型河流的水面流场观测及流量估计,提出大尺度粒子图像测速法LSPIV 。LSPIV是一种更具潜力的非接触式流速测量方法。首先向待测水面区域均匀地播撒人工粒子,使用相机拍摄水面图像,随后对图像进行预处理以降低干扰,最后利用互相关算法计算粒子位移,得到粒子图像的瞬时流速信息,经错误矢量校正及多次求平均等后处理得到水面的流速分布,其流程如图4所示。
LSPIV技术主要适用于中小型河流、湖泊、人工水渠以及城市排水系统的流速测量中[61-62],尤其是水深和流速均较为均匀、边界规则或相对平直河段的情况下,测量精度更高。随着技术的发展,LSPIV已经可以搭载无人机进行远程测流,大大提高了测量的便捷性和效率[13]。LSPIV技术的关键步骤包括确定搜索区域(search area,SA)的大小以及进行互相关操作, Fleit等[14]和Liu[15]提出了动态调整SA大小和使用双图像序列相关方法来提高计算性能和准确性。目前,LSPIV技术已经被成功应用于山洪爆发、蓄雨盆地等环境下的流速测量[63],以及流量条件的量化[64]和数值模型的评估[65]。同时研究者积极创新,针对人工投放示踪物分布不均问题,Massó等[66]提出一种基于像素强度梯度指标的过滤大尺度粒子图像测速数据新方法应用于圣安东尼奥河,平均表面流速估计的归一化均方根误差减少了高达70%。Zhang等[67]提出一种新的基于LSPIV的近场遥感测量系统,通过三轴加速度计获取重力加速度数据,将其转换为相机姿态,从而实现无需地面控制点的快速相机校准,在大通河进行的实地测量显示该系统对河面流速的测量精度超过92%。Wijaya等[68]在台湾苗栗县西湖河开展水面流速测量研究,采用5种算法与表面流速雷达结果进行对比分析,研究发现LSPIV算法在参数配置优化下[如32×32像素的IA大小、12 fps(frame per second)的图像采集频率和20.5 mm/pixel的像素大小]表现最佳,具有最低的平均误差、均方根误差。
LSPIV具有布设便捷、测量迅速、可自动遥测等优点,但其测量结果依赖于现场环境以及水流表面特征点和示踪物,且对于过快或过慢的流速测量精度可能下降,对拍摄设备和拍摄角度也有较高的要求。
与PIV类似,PTV(particle tracking velocimetry)早期主要应用于实验室环境,在大型河渠测速中存在局限性,随着目标跟踪的广泛应用,LSPTV(large scale particle tracking velocimetry)开始步入大众视野。LSPTV基于拉格朗日框架描述流体中的粒子运动,由粒子识别和跟踪过程组成,其流程如图5所示。
LSPTV技术主要适用于河流断面流速分布较为均匀、浅水或中等深度的河流,水面有一定湍流但不会导致粒子运动剧烈失真的河段。对于剧烈湍流区域,可能需要更高的图像分辨率或计算能力以准确跟踪粒子。目前大部分LSPTV算法通过跟踪粒子生成轨迹以获取流速矢量,常用方法是最近邻法[17],即在t时刻为每个粒子规定一个搜索区域,这个搜索区域代表粒子最大可能位移,随后 t + Δ t时刻时,在搜索区域内搜索与之匹配的最近粒子。该方法简单且鲁棒性高,但对粒子浓度有要求:浓度过低会降低空间分辨率,浓度过高则因候选粒子过多影响匹配准确性。DalSasso等[18]通过数值模拟分析不同配置下PTV算法对粒子密度、图像分辨率、粒子尺寸和帧速率的要求,使其产生在时间和空间上具有高分辨率的流速场。Baek等[19]提出基于相邻区域粒子运动相似性的2帧PTV算法,适用于湍急或复杂水流;Tang等[69-70]提出3帧PTV算法用于黄河表面流速监测,4帧PTV算法常用于流速缓慢环境,精度更高。这些算法基于粒子速度连续性,在最近邻法基础上利用上一帧速度估计缩小搜索半径。Trieu等[71]重点研究了利用3D-LPTV、2D-LPTV和LSPIV3种方法在自然浮动模式跟踪下测量河流表面流速的效果,其中3D-LPTV和2D-LPTV表现更优,速度标准差在1.3%~2.9%,且两者的速度量级差异仅为0.1%~0.4%。
LSPTV在提高空间分辨率方面具有很大的潜力,通过追踪单个示踪粒子的跨帧位移,在表面特征稀疏和非稳态流的条件下工作良好,相比PIV具有更高的空间分辨率,另外还可以通过荧光粒子同时测量粒子位置处的流速和温度、pH或压力。但是在高粒子浓度下,可靠的颗粒配对很具挑战性,并且由于重叠的颗粒图像和错误的颗粒图像配对,测量精度将迅速降低[18]
时空图像测速(space time image velocimetry,STIV)利用平行于河流主方向的搜索线中亮度随时间变化的信息生成时空图像。将图像中的一维像素按照时间顺序排列成二维时空图像。时空测速法要求水面上有亮度或者颜色的变化。利用时空图像进行流速测量主要包括合成时空图像、检测时空图像的纹理主方向、计算世界坐标系下的流速矢量3个步骤,主要流程如图6所示。
在实验室环境中,STIV 具有较高的可控性,可通过模拟不同流速和控制风力等因素,精确验证算法性能并进行参数调优。而在天然河流中,光照、波浪及背景干扰等挑战会影响图像质量和测量精度,但STIV方法凭借非侵入性优势仍具较高适用性。针对天然河流中复杂的水体运动,可通过优化算法和增强鲁棒性,适应不稳定的成像条件,实现更可靠的流速测量。
王慧斌等[72]提出了基于时空图像频谱的时均流场重建方法,通过合成时空图像来提高时均流场重建的精确性,此方法检测纹理图像频谱主方向可以达到0.1°的检测精度。为解决时空图像中的噪声和干扰纹理问题,Zhao等[73]提出了基于滤波技术的去噪方法,并与不同的纹理检测算法相结合,将其应用于崇阳水文站,表面速度的相对误差控制在6%以内。Lu等[74]则提出了多尺度Retinex算法(multi-scale retinex,MSR)对图像进行预处理,并利用傅里叶最大角度分析(fourier maximum angle analysis,FMAA)来进一步滤除噪声,计算出的平均速度和流量的相对误差比螺旋桨电流计的结果小于2%。张振等[75]则选取了包括正常、紊流、倒影、耀光、障碍物、降雨在内的6种典型场景下的时空图像作为数据集,分析了时空图像的空域、频域特性,进而确定频域滤波器参数的最佳取值,在攀枝花水文站开展比测实验,表面流速测量的相对误差小于6.2%。
在实际应用中,夜间测量时存在分辨率不高和缺乏地面控制点(ground control points,GCPs)等问题。为解决这些问题,Fujita[76]使用时空图像测速(STIV)技术结合远红外线(far infrared ray,FIR)相机进行夜间测量,该技术应用于日本本州岛乌诺河的表面速度分布,而Zhang等[77]提出了将时空图像测速与直接传感器定向(direct sensor orientation,DSO)摄影测量方法结合,实现了无地面控制点的表面速度测量,在表面速度测量中优于螺旋桨电流计和表面速度雷达。学者们在时空图像测速技术方面进行了多项改进,例如:Tsubak[21]利用亮度梯度张量(brightness gradient tensor,BGT)估算纹理角度,Omori等[22]将STIV与熵法相结合应用于中村河岛田桥天文台的案例研究,Han等[23]提出了二维时空图像测速方法(2D-STIV)并利用无人机协助应用于山地河流地表流场测量等,都不同程度地提高了测量精度。
时空图像测速法相较于LSPIV和LSPTV技术具有显著优势,具有更高的时间和空间分辨率,且不依赖于示踪粒子,能够在实时流场中进行测量。但是该方法对河流稳定性要求较高,对纹理主方向的检测不够精准,研究者将其与深度学习结合并取得进展[78],具体在第5节中介绍。
光流(optical flow,OF)是空间运动物体在成像平面上的像素运动的瞬时速度[79]。光流法通过图像序列中像素在时间域上的变化以及相邻帧之间的相关性,找到上一帧跟当前帧之间存在的对应关系,进而计算出相邻帧之间物体的运动信息[80],其流程如图7所示。
根据光流估计点是否稀疏,可以将光流估计分为稀疏光流和稠密光流。稀疏光流算法是对每一帧图像的稀疏特征点集进行光流跟踪。Lin等[25]使用热水作为示踪剂,采用稀疏光流法进行测流,他们的结果优于传统的基于图像的跟踪工具PIVlab和PTVlab。稠密光流法是针对图像或指定的某一片区域进行逐点匹配的图像配准方法,不同于稀疏光流只针对图像上若干个特征点,它计算图像上所有的点的偏移量,从而形成一个稠密的光流场。例如,Wu等[26]提出了用密集光流(dense optical flow,DOF)法测量水流的表面速度。稠密光流描述图像每个像素向下一帧运动的光流,为了方便表示,使用不同的颜色和亮度表示光流的大小和方向。
为了提高光流法的测速精度以及增加使用场景,研究者们在算法优化、模型改进以及技术结合方面进行了许多努力和创新。在稀疏光流法基础上,Xu等[81]提出动态特征点金字塔L-K(Lucas-Kanade)光流算法,通过特征点动态更新融合策略提高光流估计的鲁棒性,并基于该算法构建了用于堤坝溃决应急响应的河流表面流速测量模型。实验结果表明,该方法在0.43~2.06 m/s流速范围内的平均测量误差低于15%,具有较高的实用性和可靠性。在稠密光流基础上,Xu等[82]提出一种基于变分光流模型的亚网格尺度优化方法,用于复杂流体流动的建模和二维速度场估计。通过引入大涡模拟思想,改进亚网格尺度光流算法,在湍流图像序列速度场估计和干渠流速测量中表现优于传统的Farneback稠密光流算法。Tao等[27]提出了一种基于超声成像光流算法生成沉积物流体的瞬时二维速度场的方法,利用光流场,根据相邻图像之间的灰度变化推导出超声粒子图像中像素对应的水中粒子的瞬时速度,最后得到二维流场。Li等[83]利用光流的方法来研究波浪与结构物相互作用中的流场,研究发现光流方法能够合理地捕获主要流动特征,并获得与PIV方法精度相当的速度。
光流法将运动矢量场作为一个整体考虑,适用于表面纹理清晰、水体特性稳定的场景,在湍流和复杂流场的研究中具有一定优势,但在流速极高或表面无明显特征的情况下,其适用性可能受到限制。采用稠密光流算法,其分辨率可达到像素级,为精确流场测量提供了有用的工具。光流测速方法也可以和其他方法比如帧间差分法[84]或者与深度学习相结合,以提高测算速度与精度,具体深度学习方法介绍将在第5节中介绍。
近年来随着深度学习与图像识别技术的飞速发展,利用深度学习技术测量流速成为研究热点[85]。深度学习用于测流主要分为两类:①用于提取水流图像特征,以及流速的分类及预测[86-90];②与STIV、光流法、PIV等方法结合,解决其缺点,进一步提高精度和计算效率[91-94]
对于流速分类应用,Tauro等[86]提出将非线性流行学习应用于无监督流体流速的特征表示,并尝试利用数据降维和纹理特征提取的方法寻找河流纹理特征与流速的隐式映射关系。受文献[86]启发,王万良等[87]提出基于压缩感知的流速识别方法,采用降维、特征提取方法进行水流特征识别得到河流表面流速大致范围;王万良等[88]进一步提出了生成对抗网络和多特征融合卷积分类网络,解决了流速分类差异小带来的分类困难问题。另一方面,鞠振宇[89]提出了一种基于视频图像识别的水流测速方法,使用双流卷积神经网络同时提取视频内容的时间和空间双重特征,如图8所示,在处理无固定显式特征的河面水纹画面中表现出了显著的优势。杨圭[90]则采用经典卷积神经网络LeNet-5构建河道表面流速图像识别模型,通过反向传播算法不断调整结构参数,精确划分不同流速水流。
深度学习通过与已有方法结合,发挥出更优异的性能。李华宝等[78]将时空图像测速与深度学习结合,提出了一种基于残差网络回归模型的时空图像测速(ResNet50-STIV)法,借助残差网络回归模型强大的非线性学习能力构建回归预测函数,解决复杂含噪场景下纹理主方向估计的问题。Huang等[91]利用独特的残差模块和关系感知的全局注意机制,使得STI纹理角的识别精度高达99.9%,流速误差约0.10 m/s。深度学习与光流法的结合越来越成为热点,Wu 等[92]、Wang等[93]将改进的RAFT(recurrent all-Pairs field transforms)光流算法[94]应用于公开河流数据集[95]、云南阿姑水文站等流速测量以及流量测量中,实现了准确高效的河流监测。Lagemann等[96]将PIV与深度学习的RAFT光流算法相结合,探讨其在合成和实验数据的不同图像和光照条件下的性能,结果显示RAFT-PIV可以适用于大范围的可能位移且揭示的新的流动细节水平有助于研究较小的流动尺度的行为。Li等[46]建立了基于光流法和深度学习中的YOLOV5算法的无人机测速系统,实现了对大型河流表面流场的监测。
基于深度学习的河流表面流速测量方法具有高精度、强鲁棒性和广泛适用性等优势,适用于从常规水文监测到复杂应急响应的多种场景,适合在复杂流场、低对比度环境以及实时监控需求下提供可靠的流速测量数据。随着人工智能的发展,基于深度学习的测流技术具有重要意义和广阔前景。当前研究主要集中于流速分类识别、特征提取及其与传统方法结合等方面。通过探索新算法和框架,可进一步提升测流精度与效率,拓展应用场景,推动河流监测发展。
中国在水文监测领域不断进行技术升级和自主创新,为智慧水文体系建设提供了示范效应。近年来,中国科研机构和企业联合研发了多种智能流量监测设备,实现了从技术理论到实际工程的全链条突破。
以武汉大学智慧水业研究所和武汉大水云科技有限公司联合研发的“武大AiFlow视觉测流产品”为例,该系统基于前端视频监控设备,融合时空图像算法和人工智能技术,广泛应用于现代化水文站建设(如贵州省禾丰水文站、襄阳马良坪水文站)、山洪灾害预警(河南栾川国家山洪灾害实验基地)、数字孪生流域建设(山东省泗河流域视频测流项目)等场景。在襄阳马良坪水文站的应用中,该技术解决了夜间光线不足导致测流数据失准的难题,显著提高了流量实时监测的精准度和自动化水平,实现了国产设备在复杂水文条件下规模化应用的突破[97]
此外,山东华特智慧科技有限公司研发的智能测流机器人系统,通过搭载雷达流速仪等传感器,广泛用于灌区渠道流量测量等应用场景。这些技术的成功应用体现了中国在水文监测设备国产化、自主化方面的显著优势[98]。南京昊控软件技术有限公司研发无人机视觉测流仪,集图像识别技术、粒子图像测速技术与粒子跟踪测速技术于一体分别在嘉陵江断面、宜昌站断面、武汉关水文断面进行测验,与ADCP(acoustic Doppler current profile)进行实测数据比对,误差仅为4.0%[99]
未来,中国水文监测技术的发展将重点围绕以下方向展开。
(1)多技术融合:结合人工智能、物联网、5G通信技术和高性能计算,将流量监测从单一功能扩展到综合性智慧水文平台。例如,在山区或无人值守站点,融合无人机、卫星遥感与视觉测流技术,提升复杂地形下的实时监测能力。
(2)多场景推广:以典型应用为模板,针对全国不同地形(平原、山区、湖泊等)和水利工程(干渠、入库、灌区等)需求,开发标准化、模块化测流系统。如将武大AiFlow系统推广至更多灌区水量调配和数字孪生流域项目中,提升其适用性和稳定性。
(3)突发事件预警:通过水文测流数据与洪水预报模型的融合,优化洪涝灾害的预警与响应系统。例如,在南方山洪频发地区,推广无人机视觉测流仪用于突发水文状况实时监测与数据采集,显著缩短预警时间。
接触式流速测量方法存在明显的操作复杂、可靠性低等问题,基于视觉的干渠流速测量技术已发展为测流的主要技术方案。通过分析非接触式流速测量方法的原理、优缺点及其应用场景,为未来选择适合的测流方法进行可靠稳定的高精度测量提供了技术支撑。但是当前仍存在粒子检测与跟踪失误,准确率不高;受多变天气等环境因素影响导致图像不清晰及流速测量精度不高等问题。基于上述内容,提出几点对干渠流速测量今后研究发展的建议如下。
(1)提高干渠流速测量算法精度。加强粒子检测与跟踪算法的鲁棒性,结合深度学习技术与传统方法的优势,实现对复杂流场中粒子的精准识别与高效跟踪;聚焦于图像噪声抑制与异常值处理,通过优化滤波方法和异常检测机制,提升流速计算的稳定性与可靠性。同时通过旋转、缩放、翻转、加噪、模拟光照变化等方法生成更多样的训练样本,以增强算法对未知场景的适应能力。注重实时处理能力与算法效率的优化,通过引入轻量化模型和并行计算技术,为高精度、实时流速测量提供有力支持。
(2)增强视觉系统对环境变化的适应能力。进行图像预处理技术优化,针对阴天、雨雾天气下的河流图片引入去噪、对比度增强和图像复原等技术,提高图像清晰度;使用红外、激光雷达或其他多波段成像技术,在低光照或复杂天气条件下弥补普通视觉系统的不足;通过传感器实时监测环境光照、风速等参数,动态调整摄像头的曝光、帧率等采集参数,确保稳定的图像质量。
(3)开发高效、智能化的全时段联网流速测量与预测系统。通过物联网技术,将所有水系的流速测量设备联网,实时传输数据至云端,支持三维流速场重建、全局流速分布分析及动态趋势预测,实现超前监测和智能预报。开发模块化、集成化的流速测量系统,将图像处理、粒子检测、流速计算与分析整合为智能平台,配备用户友好的监控界面,实时展示流速分布图、趋势预测与异常预警信息,为水系管理和灾害防控提供科学依据。
  • 中国高等教育学会2022年度高等教育科学研究规划重点课题(22SZH0213)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220900287094726)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404998
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-01-24
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中国高等教育学会2022年度高等教育科学研究规划重点课题(22SZH0213)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220900287094726)
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    山东科技大学电子信息工程学院, 青岛 266590

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*卫阿盈(1980—),女,汉族,山西运城人,硕士,讲师。研究方向:图像处理、机器视觉、虚拟现实。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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