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Considering the complex loading environment of the floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT), especially the fatigue damage risks brought by continuous and periodic wave actions, the fatigue performance of FOWT under wave coupling excitation was studied and a long-term fatigue damage assessment method for FOWT was proposed. Taking the Spar FOWT as an example, a nonlinear model under the wave coupling excitation of 8-DOF (dgree of freedom) was established based on the Lagrange equation, and the accuracy of the model was verified. Subsequently, on the basis of the established nonlinear model, the fatigue performance of the example FOWT was discussed according to the proposed method. The results indicate that the fatigue damage of FOWT is closely related to the wave load characteristics, and different damage performance is exhibited under different working conditions. Due to the randomness of sea conditions, only short-term fatigue estimation of the wind turbine is not enough to accurately understand its fatigue performance, and long-term fatigue analysis is needed. Moreover, the peak of short-term fatigue damage at the root of the wind turbine tower occurs near the tower's natural vibration period, while the peak of long-term fatigue damage occurs within the range of high probability sea state periods in the sea. Therefore, efforts should be made to avoid the natural vibration period of the FOWT coinciding with the peak period to prevent high-level damage accumulation and reduce fatigue damage. The analysis also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed Monte Carlo based long-term fatigue calculation method for FOWT, which not only has high accuracy but also less time consumption. The proposed improvement method can reduce output fluctuations, enhance stability, and provide more precise results.

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针对海上浮式风机复杂的受荷环境,特别是持续、周期性的海浪作用带来的疲劳损伤隐患,对其在波浪耦合作用下的疲劳性能展开了研究,给出了一种浮式风机长期视角下的疲劳损伤评估方法。以Spar型海上浮式风机为对象,基于拉格朗日方程建立了其8-DOF(dgree of freedom)的波浪耦合作用非线性模型,并验证了所建模型的准确性,随后在所建模型基础上根据所提方法对其疲劳性能进行了探讨。结果表明,浮式风机的疲劳损伤与波浪载荷特性关系很大,不同工况下表现出不同的损伤性能,由于海况条件的随机性,仅按传统方法对风机进行疲劳估计不足以准确了解其疲劳性能,还需进行长期视角下的疲劳分析。而且风机塔架根部疲劳损伤的峰值出现在塔架自振周期附近,而长期疲劳损伤的峰值则出现在海域高概率海况周期范围,因此应尽量使风机的自振周期避开其峰值周期,从而避免风机损伤的高位叠加,减小疲劳损伤。分析还表明了所提基于蒙特卡洛法的浮式风机长期疲劳计算方法的有效性,精度高且耗时少,提出的改进算法能使输出结果波动变小、稳定性增强,结果也更为精确。

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李书进(1967—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构动力分析、振动控制及性能评估。E-mail:

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李书进(1967—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构动力分析、振动控制及性能评估。E-mail:

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李书进(1967—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构动力分析、振动控制及性能评估。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=MsKCFDePaZSZN+k55OY9/A==, figureFileBig=Hw6O0g7TzW2hh7uu8DWogA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885577441309400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=CN, label=图2, caption=初始位移q4=q5=q6=5°时系统自由振动时程对比, figureFileSmall=MsKCFDePaZSZN+k55OY9/A==, figureFileBig=Hw6O0g7TzW2hh7uu8DWogA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885577525195484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Representative points at the base of the tower, figureFileSmall=MQmjiJFJp2nuhjW4IPQwoQ==, figureFileBig=obvWWwLEQk/ZuBWd5b0tbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885577592304354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=CN, label=图3, caption=塔架根部代表点, figureFileSmall=MQmjiJFJp2nuhjW4IPQwoQ==, figureFileBig=obvWWwLEQk/ZuBWd5b0tbg==, tableContent=null), 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figureFileBig=rBTzEsujSUSlkrBD4z7T1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885578229838616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=CN, label=图7, caption=改进方法精度对比, figureFileSmall=BOpSP8qrOoSYk89eNGwT+A==, figureFileBig=rBTzEsujSUSlkrBD4z7T1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209885578343084832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of natural frequencies between the model and FAST

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度 模型计算频率/Hz FAST计算频率/Hz 误差/%
浮台纵荡q1 0.008 3 0.008 3 0.000
浮台横荡q2 0.008 3 0.008 3 0.000
浮台垂荡q3 0.031 7 0.031 7 0.000
浮台纵摇q4 0.033 3 0.033 3 0.000
浮台横摇q5 0.033 3 0.033 3 0.000
浮台艏摇q6 0.121 7 0.121 7 0.000
塔架纵向q7 0.468 9 0.473 3 1.162
塔架横向q8 0.490 5 0.496 7 1.248
), ArticleFig(id=1209885578452136743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所建模型与FAST计算自振频率对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
自由度 模型计算频率/Hz FAST计算频率/Hz 误差/%
浮台纵荡q1 0.008 3 0.008 3 0.000
浮台横荡q2 0.008 3 0.008 3 0.000
浮台垂荡q3 0.031 7 0.031 7 0.000
浮台纵摇q4 0.033 3 0.033 3 0.000
浮台横摇q5 0.033 3 0.033 3 0.000
浮台艏摇q6 0.121 7 0.121 7 0.000
塔架纵向q7 0.468 9 0.473 3 1.162
塔架横向q8 0.490 5 0.496 7 1.248
), ArticleFig(id=1209885578531828528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of the parameters of the fitted model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 1.4×10-11s≤Tp<2.6×10-11s 2.6×10-11s≤Tp<8×10-11s 8×10-11s≤Tp<14×10-11s 14×10-11s≤Tp<20×10-11s
α0 2 476.626 97 -338.657 33 975.305 42 1.641 88
α1 -2 199.637 12 139.339 54 -223.070 12 -0.191 67
α2 859.087 48 -24.788 39 22.493 64 0.009 27
α3 -124.495 89 1.616 40 -0.843 58 -0.000 16
β0 58.707 43 -46.640 48 39.534 06 0.019 44
β1 -44.829 12 10.355 63 -5.168 98 -0.003 88
β2 2.019 66 0.956 36 -0.859 13 -0.001 06
β3 12.691 44 -0.698 83 0.217 46 0.000 08
β4 -1.012 27 -0.125 33 0.065 75 0.000 08
β5 0.030 43 -0.003 22 -0.001 54 0.000 06
γ0 -26.660 27 72.660 44 -84.321 56 1.421 54
γ1 -1.064 41 -2.183 06 2.137 52 -0.091 21
γ2 -0.000 10 0.017 74 -0.002 60 0.003 72
γ3 -0.002 23 -0.000 05 0.001 12 -0.000 17
μ -1 033.352 47 300.606 30 -1 583.101 29 -4.612 46
), ArticleFig(id=1209885578611520310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344795243462, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

曲面模型各参数拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 1.4×10-11s≤Tp<2.6×10-11s 2.6×10-11s≤Tp<8×10-11s 8×10-11s≤Tp<14×10-11s 14×10-11s≤Tp<20×10-11s
α0 2 476.626 97 -338.657 33 975.305 42 1.641 88
α1 -2 199.637 12 139.339 54 -223.070 12 -0.191 67
α2 859.087 48 -24.788 39 22.493 64 0.009 27
α3 -124.495 89 1.616 40 -0.843 58 -0.000 16
β0 58.707 43 -46.640 48 39.534 06 0.019 44
β1 -44.829 12 10.355 63 -5.168 98 -0.003 88
β2 2.019 66 0.956 36 -0.859 13 -0.001 06
β3 12.691 44 -0.698 83 0.217 46 0.000 08
β4 -1.012 27 -0.125 33 0.065 75 0.000 08
β5 0.030 43 -0.003 22 -0.001 54 0.000 06
γ0 -26.660 27 72.660 44 -84.321 56 1.421 54
γ1 -1.064 41 -2.183 06 2.137 52 -0.091 21
γ2 -0.000 10 0.017 74 -0.002 60 0.003 72
γ3 -0.002 23 -0.000 05 0.001 12 -0.000 17
μ -1 033.352 47 300.606 30 -1 583.101 29 -4.612 46
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波浪耦合作用下海上浮式风机疲劳性能
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李书进 , 付鹏霖
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙能源与动力工程 2025,25(19): 8072-8080
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙能源与动力工程 2025, 25(19): 8072-8080
波浪耦合作用下海上浮式风机疲劳性能
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李书进 , 付鹏霖
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430070
  • 李书进(1967—),男,汉族,湖北仙桃人,博士,教授。研究方向:结构动力分析、振动控制及性能评估。E-mail:

Fatigue Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine under Coupled Wave Excitation
Shu-jin LI , Peng-lin FU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406642
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针对海上浮式风机复杂的受荷环境,特别是持续、周期性的海浪作用带来的疲劳损伤隐患,对其在波浪耦合作用下的疲劳性能展开了研究,给出了一种浮式风机长期视角下的疲劳损伤评估方法。以Spar型海上浮式风机为对象,基于拉格朗日方程建立了其8-DOF(dgree of freedom)的波浪耦合作用非线性模型,并验证了所建模型的准确性,随后在所建模型基础上根据所提方法对其疲劳性能进行了探讨。结果表明,浮式风机的疲劳损伤与波浪载荷特性关系很大,不同工况下表现出不同的损伤性能,由于海况条件的随机性,仅按传统方法对风机进行疲劳估计不足以准确了解其疲劳性能,还需进行长期视角下的疲劳分析。而且风机塔架根部疲劳损伤的峰值出现在塔架自振周期附近,而长期疲劳损伤的峰值则出现在海域高概率海况周期范围,因此应尽量使风机的自振周期避开其峰值周期,从而避免风机损伤的高位叠加,减小疲劳损伤。分析还表明了所提基于蒙特卡洛法的浮式风机长期疲劳计算方法的有效性,精度高且耗时少,提出的改进算法能使输出结果波动变小、稳定性增强,结果也更为精确。

浮式风机  /  长期疲劳分析  /  波浪耦合作用  /  蒙特卡洛方法  /  疲劳损伤

Considering the complex loading environment of the floating offshore wind turbine(FOWT), especially the fatigue damage risks brought by continuous and periodic wave actions, the fatigue performance of FOWT under wave coupling excitation was studied and a long-term fatigue damage assessment method for FOWT was proposed. Taking the Spar FOWT as an example, a nonlinear model under the wave coupling excitation of 8-DOF (dgree of freedom) was established based on the Lagrange equation, and the accuracy of the model was verified. Subsequently, on the basis of the established nonlinear model, the fatigue performance of the example FOWT was discussed according to the proposed method. The results indicate that the fatigue damage of FOWT is closely related to the wave load characteristics, and different damage performance is exhibited under different working conditions. Due to the randomness of sea conditions, only short-term fatigue estimation of the wind turbine is not enough to accurately understand its fatigue performance, and long-term fatigue analysis is needed. Moreover, the peak of short-term fatigue damage at the root of the wind turbine tower occurs near the tower's natural vibration period, while the peak of long-term fatigue damage occurs within the range of high probability sea state periods in the sea. Therefore, efforts should be made to avoid the natural vibration period of the FOWT coinciding with the peak period to prevent high-level damage accumulation and reduce fatigue damage. The analysis also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed Monte Carlo based long-term fatigue calculation method for FOWT, which not only has high accuracy but also less time consumption. The proposed improvement method can reduce output fluctuations, enhance stability, and provide more precise results.

floating offshore wind turbine  /  long-term fatigue analysis  /  coupled wave excitation  /  Monte Carlo method  /  fatigue damage
李书进, 付鹏霖. 波浪耦合作用下海上浮式风机疲劳性能. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8072 -8080 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406642
Shu-jin LI, Peng-lin FU. Fatigue Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine under Coupled Wave Excitation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8072 -8080 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406642
随着海上风电的快速发展,为了深度发掘海上更加丰富持久的风力资源,海上浮式风机(floating offshore wind turbine, FOWT)逐渐进入人们视野。由于适合大规模开发,已成为当今风能发展的重要方向,在能源转型中发挥积极作用,前景广阔[1]
海上浮式风机处于深远海,受荷环境复杂,在风、浪、流等激励下具有复杂的动力运动[2],且多为循环荷载,因此,为保证浮式风机在使用寿命内的正常运转,除了强度、稳定性等设计外,对其疲劳问题进行分析也至关重要。由于疲劳破坏常表现为十分危险的脆性断裂,影响因素多、不确定性强,疲劳性能评估已成为海洋工程结构设计和评价的重难点问题[3],对海上浮式风机更是如此。
有关浮式风机的疲劳问题,中外有部分学者进行了相关研究,但基本是在传统疲劳分析方面,所用方法多是基于疲劳强度-疲劳寿命(S-N)曲线,通过Palmgren-Miner线性疲劳累计损伤理论[4],采用包括简化方法、确定性方法、时域或谱分析方法等进行计算[5-6]。如Withee[7]对张力腿式浮式风机(TLP型)结构的疲劳性能进行了研究,介绍了疲劳损伤计算的详细过程,得到了影响疲劳寿命的循环荷载,并利用雨流计数法得到了应力幅值及应力均值所对应的循环次数,最后得出了该结构的疲劳损伤及疲劳寿命;李浩然[8]针对Spar型海上浮式风机,考虑风、浪以及气动力作用,用雨流计数法对风机塔架的轴向应力时程曲线进行处理,根据不同海况的风浪联合概率分布,运用Miner线性累积损伤原理得到浮式风机塔架底部各点的疲劳累积损伤。
不过,海上浮式风机的疲劳损伤是一个长期积累过程,传统疲劳分析仅能评估风机在一定时间范围内,承受特定环境激励下的疲劳特性,对风机疲劳性能的反映不全面,还应该考虑不同海况的长期分布,即出现概率,对浮式风机进行长期视角下的疲劳分析。因此,对其在预定使用寿命期内经历各种海况条件下的长期疲劳损伤进行评估就尤为重要,对于保证风机在其使用寿命内安全工作具有很大意义。
目前,有关浮式风机长期视角下的疲劳损伤研究报道极少,对于其他海洋工程,如近海固定式风机、浮式采油平台等有部分报道。例如,孙泽利等[9]建立了风、浪作用下固定式海上风机的整体耦合模型,开发了热点应力集中因子和疲劳应力计算模块,结合风浪长期统计分布和线性疲劳累计准则提出了风机结构的长期疲劳分析方法;Low等[10]则对浮式采油平台的长期疲劳评估方法展开了研究,提出了一种基于控制变量和蒙特卡罗模拟的平台长期疲劳计算方法。
将对海上浮式风机的疲劳问题展开探讨,特别是风机的长期疲劳。以Spar型海上浮式风机为对象,建立其8-DOF(dgree of freedom)的耦合动力非线性模型,在此基础上参考已有方法并考虑浮式风机特性对其疲劳性能进行研究,给出一种浮式风机的长期疲劳评估方法。考虑到浮式风机的长期疲劳损伤主要是由波浪激励引起(研究表明由于波浪激励的持续性,由其引起的疲劳损伤占比高于气动载荷2个数量级以上[11]),为简化计算这里仅讨论波浪耦合作用下的浮式风机疲劳性能。
浮式风机动力模型复杂,一般根据研究目的不同在保证一定精度下可合理选择模型自由度。以Spar型浮式风机为对象,建立其8-DOF的波浪耦合动力非线性模型用于风机疲劳问题研究。8个自由度分别为浮台的纵荡q1、横荡q2、垂荡q3、纵摇q4、横摇q5、艏摇q6,以及塔架顶端的纵向q7和横向q8运动(图1)。这里先对模型进行一定简化。
(1)风机的浮台为刚体,塔架为弹性悬臂梁,忽略其轴向变形。
(2)风机系泊采用准静态法计算,忽略系泊阻尼及惯性作用的影响。
(3)塔顶以上的风机部分简化为集中质量集成于结构顶部。
建立惯性与局部两个坐标系来描述浮式风机的运动,其中惯性坐标系z1z2z3的原点位于风机静止时浮台纵轴与静水水面的交汇处,用于定义浮台的六个自由度;局部坐标系a1a2a3随浮台参考系运动,其初始原点与惯性坐标系原点相同,用于描述塔架的相对位移。
采用拉格朗日方程对该模型的运动方程进行推导,即
$\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{~d} t}\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial \dot{q}_{i}}\right)-\left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial q_{i}}\right)+\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}\right)=Q_{i} $
式(1)中:TV分别为系统的广义动能和势能;qi为广义坐标;Qi为在第i自由度上施加的激励。
针对z1z2z3惯性坐标系下的浮台重心和塔架以及塔顶集成的风机结构的重心位置矢量分别为
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{p}} = \left\{\begin{array}{lll}q_{1} & q_{2} & q_{3}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left\{\begin{array}{lll}0 & 0 & h_{\mathrm{p}}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}} $
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{t}}(h, t)=\left\{\begin{array}{lll}q_{1} & q_{2} & q_{3}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}}++\boldsymbol{R}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left(\left\{\begin{array}{lll}0 & 0 & h_{\mathrm{b}}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}}+\right.\left.\left\{u_{\mathrm{FA}} \quad u_{\mathrm{SS}} \quad v_{\mathrm{t}}(h, t)\right\}^{\mathrm{T}}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{wt}}=\left\{\begin{array}{lll}q_{1} & q_{2} & q_{3}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}}+\boldsymbol{R}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{T}}\left\{\begin{array}{lll}u_{\mathrm{FA}} & u_{\mathrm{SS}} & h_{\mathrm{wt}}\end{array}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}} $
式中:rprwt分别为浮台重心和塔顶风机结构重心的位置矢量;rt(h,t)为塔架高度h处的位置矢量; R p T为对应浮台转角{q4 q5 q6}的坐标旋转矩阵;hp为浮台重心至静水面的高度;hb为静水面至塔架基础的高度;hwt为静水面至塔顶风机结构重心的高度;vt(h,t)为塔架的轴向挠度,该挠度并非由塔架轴向变形引起,而是塔顶因侧向位移而导致的轴向挠度;uFAuSS为塔架沿高度h的纵向和侧向位移,计算公式为
u F A ( h , t ) = φ F A ( h ) q 7 ( t ) u S S ( h , t ) = φ S S ( h ) q 8 ( t )
式(5)中:φFA(h)、φSS(h)分别为归一化的塔架纵向和横向的第一阶模态形状函数[2]
系统的广义动能T由浮台、塔架和风机的平动动能以及浮台的转动动能构成,惯性坐标系下速度矢量v(t)可由位置矢量r(t)对时间求导得到,即
$\boldsymbol{v}(t)=\frac{\mathrm{d} \boldsymbol{r}(t)}{\mathrm{d} t} $
浮台的转动角速度矢量ωp(t)为
$\boldsymbol{\omega}_{\mathrm{p}}(t)=\left\{\dot{q}_{4} \quad \dot{q}_{5} \quad \dot{q}_{6}\right\}^{\mathrm{T}} $
则系统动能T
$T=\frac{1}{2}\left[m_{\mathrm{p}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{p}}+\boldsymbol{\omega}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{J}_{\mathrm{p}} \boldsymbol{\omega}_{\mathrm{p}}+\right.\int_{0}^{h_{\mathrm{t}}} \mu_{\mathrm{t}}(h) \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{~d} h+m_{\mathrm{tw}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{tw}}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{v}_{\mathrm{tw}}]$
式(8)中:mpmtw分别为浮台和风机的质量;vpvtw分别表示浮台和风机重心处的速度矢量;Jp为浮台重心处的转动惯量;μt(h)为沿塔架高度h分布的单位质量;ht为塔架高度;vt为塔架对应高度处的速度矢量。
系统势能V由系统重力势能VG和塔架的应变势能VB组成。重力势能VG又包括浮台的重力势能Vp,G、塔架的重力势能Vt,G以及集成于塔顶的风机组的重力势能Vtw,G,表达式为
$V=V_{\mathrm{p}, \mathrm{G}}+V_{\mathrm{t}, \mathrm{G}}+V_{\mathrm{tw}, \mathrm{G}}+V_{\mathrm{B}} $
式(9)中:Vp,GVt,GVtw,GVB的计算公式分别为
V p , G = m p g ( r p , x 3 ) V t , G = g 0 h t μ t ( h ) ( r t , x 3 ) d h V t w , G = m t w g ( r t w , x 3 ) V B = 1 2 0 h t E I t ( h ) { d 2 φ F A h d h 2 q · 7 2 +     d 2 φ S S h d h 2 q · 8 2 } d h
式(10)中: r p , x 3 r t , x 3 r t w , x 3分别为浮台重心、塔架和塔顶风机组在惯性坐标系下的z3分量,表征重力势能;EIt(h)为塔架的分布刚度。
将式(8)和式(9)所求得的系统动能、势能代入式(1)可得到Spar型浮式风机8-DOF的耦合模型。
波浪作用下系统所受的激励为
$Q=Q_{\mathrm{Hs}}+Q_{\mathrm{moor}}+Q_{\mathrm{Hd}} $
式(11)中:QHs为浮力产生的静水力;Qmoor为系泊系统产生的系泊力;QHd为水动力。
系泊力采用Jonkman[12]提出的准静态法来计算;水动力采用线性势流理论和Morison方程相结合来计算,其中利用线性势流理论计算绕射力和辐射力,利用Morison方程计算黏性阻力,具体计算方法参见文献[2]。
以文献[13]中美国国家可再生能源实验室(National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NERL)给出的OC3-Hywind Spar型浮式风机为例对所建模型进行验证,该浮台搭载5 MW基准风力发电机,具体参数见文献[13-14]。
根据所建8-DOF的Spar型浮式风机非线性耦合动力方程,利用龙格-库塔法可对该算例风机进行时域下的数值求解。表1所示为计算得到的算例风机8个自由度方向上的自振频率及与FAST(fatigue, aerodynamics, structures and turbulehce)的计算结果对比,可以看出两者几乎一致。此外,风机在静水无风下,给定纵摇、横摇、艏摇3个方向均为5°的初始转角,即q4=q5=q6=5°时计算得到的系统自由振动时程与FAST计算结果相比误差也很小,部分结果如图2所示。可以看到两者基本吻合,验证了本文所建动力模型的准确性和可行性。
将以时域分析方法为主要手段,先对浮式风机在特定波浪载荷下的疲劳性能进行分析,再根据评估结果结合海况的概率分布以及随机变量相关理论,对其长期视角下的疲劳特性进行计算。
传统的结构疲劳损伤评估方法较为成熟,这里仍将根据常用方法,即假定结构为线性疲劳损伤,采用Miner准则进行计算[4]。具体为先计算浮式风机在有效波高为Hs和谱峰周期为Tp这一特定波浪激励下,Tsim时间段内结构中可能发生疲劳破坏点的应力时程,然后通过雨流计数法及相应材料的S-N曲线得到其应力范围——应力均值及相应循环次数直方图,再运用Miner线性累积损伤理论得到该部位的疲劳损伤值D(Hs, Tp)。即
$D\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)=\sum_{i} \frac{n_{i}}{N_{i}}$
式(12)中:ni为具有某一特定应力范围和均值的循环次数,可由雨流计数法统计得到;Ni为特定应力范围和均值作用下的失效循环次数,可由S-N曲线获得。
2.1节得到的浮式风机疲劳损伤D(Hs,Tp)为风机在特定海况(有效波高Hs、谱峰周期Tp)、时间Tsim内的损伤值,属于单一工况估计,如要对其进行长期疲劳性能评估,可结合风机所处海域内不同海况的长期分布,即出现概率来进行统计计算[10],过程如下。
特定海况的出现概率要考虑HsTp的长期变异性,假定某海域海况的联合概率密度函数为f(Hs,Tp),则其出现概率p(Hs,Tp)为
$p\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)=f\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right) \mathrm{d} H_{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} T_{\mathrm{p}}$
考虑疲劳损伤D(Hs,Tp)与分析时长Tsim相关,不利于后续分析,这里定义
$\bar{d}\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)=\frac{1}{T_{\text {sim }}} D\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)$
为浮式风机单位时间内的疲劳损伤,或特定海况的疲劳损伤率。结合海况出现概率,则该特定海况对长期疲劳单位时间的损伤贡献为 d ¯(Hs,Tp)p(Hs,Tp),对其在全域内求和即可得到长期疲劳单位时间内的损伤 d ¯ L T
$\begin{aligned}\bar{d}_{\mathrm{LT}} & =\sum \bar{d}\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right) p\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right) \\& =\int_{0}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} d \bar{d}\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right) f\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right) \mathrm{d} H_{\mathrm{s}} \mathrm{~d} T_{\mathrm{p}}\end{aligned}$
计算得到的 d ¯ L T为长期视角下的浮式风机疲劳损伤度量,可作为风机长期疲劳性能进行分析,如据此可得到浮式风机在预期使用寿命T内累积的预期长期疲劳损伤DLT,即
$D_{\mathrm{LT}}=T \bar{d}_{\mathrm{LT}}$
进而开展后续相关分析,如对其失效问题进行判断等。根据文献[15],风机结构疲劳失效标准可定义为λSFDLT<1,其中λSF为与失效程度有关的安全系数。
由于式(15)中被积函数较为复杂,如海况的联合概率密度函数f(Hs,Tp)往往为非初等函数, d ¯(Hs,Tp)也一般无具体表达式,因此需要采用离散化的数值积分计算得到,如要结果足够精确其网格划分就需足够精细,实际应用中会耗费大量时间成本,且计算时长会随着维度指数增长。为解决这一问题,这里采用蒙特卡洛法来近似计算该积分的值[16],计算公式为
$\bar{d}_{\mathrm{LT}} \approx \hat{d}_{\mathrm{LT}}=\frac{A}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \bar{d}\left(x_{i}\right) f\left(x_{i}\right)$
式(17)中:A为积分区域面积;x1,x2,…,xn为积分区域内的N个独立同分布的样本点,可通过伪随机数生成,当样本数N足够大时式中的 d L T能逐步逼近到 d d ¯ L T
不过,由于xi的随机性,加上 d ¯(Hs,Tp)一般无解析表达式,式(17)中 d ¯(xi)的计算往往难以处理,需要根据已知网格点上的数值进行插值得到,计算成本也很高。为避免频繁插值运算,实际应用中可先对 d ¯(Hs,Tp)进行曲面拟合,得到其近似表达式,从而体现该方法的优越性。曲面拟合的形式较多,如多项式函数、指数函数、对数函数、幂函数等,具体可根据曲面的特征确定。
仍以NREL给出的搭载5 MW风机的OC3-Hywind Spar型浮式风机[13-14]为例进行分析。考虑到风机塔架与浮台连接处为系统薄弱部位,发生疲劳破坏的概率较大,这里将对该部位的疲劳问题进行探讨。
波浪载荷方面,本算例选用Jonswap谱进行模拟[17],模拟时长均取600 s。考虑到海浪能量分布,模拟时起始频率ωl=π/50rad/s、截止频率ωu=3π/2rad/s、频率间隔取Δω/300rad/s。另外为简化,这里波浪的入射角仅考虑沿风机纵方向。
根据本文中所建浮式风机8-DOF耦合模型及模拟的波浪激励,可计算其在不同海况随机波浪作用下的响应时程,进而得到塔架根部连接处的应力状况。由于截面的对称性,这里选取了沿塔截面最外侧半圆均匀分布的7个代表点(P1~P7)进行疲劳损伤估算,如图3所示。这些点的应力计算公式为
$\sigma_{i}=\frac{N_{z 3}}{A_{t}}-\frac{M_{z 1}}{I_{z 1}} r \sin \varphi_{i}+\frac{M_{z 2}}{I_{z 2}} r \cos \varphi_{i}$
式(18)中:Nz3为塔架底部竖向轴力; M z 1 M z 2为塔架底部关于z1轴和z2轴的弯矩;At为塔架底部净截面面积;Iz1Iz2为关于z1轴和z2轴的截面惯性矩;r为塔底截面外半径;φi为塔底的方位角。
通过对7个点位的疲劳损伤计算发现P1点处较大,故选取该点作为本算例的疲劳研究对象。
本文中研究的浮式风机疲劳特性与所选海况有关,为了解风机在不同海况下的疲劳性能,根据海域海况情况在一定范围内对有效波高Hs和谱峰周期Tp进行了网格化的全域分析,具体考虑范围为有效波高Hs=0.4~10 m,按间隔0.4 m分成24份;谱峰周期Tp=1.4~20 s,按间隔0.6 s分成31份,共计25×32=800个网格点。对上述800个点所对应的海况分别进行疲劳损伤计算,得到的算例浮式风机塔架根部P1点处随有效波高和谱峰周期的疲劳损伤如图4所示。
图4可知,风机疲劳损伤在Tp=2.1 s和Tp=5.8 s附近有两个峰值点,且在Tp=5.8s后缓慢下降,这是因为这两处海况的周期与塔架纵向的前两阶自振周期接近,引起了塔架的共振;此外,还表明随着波高Hs的增大,疲劳损伤逐步增加,不过增长速度越来越缓慢。
可以看出,浮式风机的疲劳损伤与所处海域的海况条件关系极大,不同海况下会表现出不同的损伤性能,由于海况条件的随机性,因此仅按传统方法对风机进行疲劳估计不足以准确了解其疲劳性能,还需进行长期视角下的疲劳分析。
以文献[18]根据长期实况数据统计得到的欧洲某海域HsTp的联合概率密度模型为例进行分析。该模型定义为
$f\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)=f\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}\right) f\left(T_{\mathrm{p}} \mid H_{\mathrm{s}}\right)$
$f\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi \xi H_{\mathrm{s}}} \exp \left[-\frac{\left(\ln H_{\mathrm{s}}-\mu_{\mathrm{h}}\right)^{2}}{2 \xi^{2}}\right],} & H_{\mathrm{s}} \leqslant \hat{\eta} \\\frac{\hat{\gamma}}{\rho}\left(\frac{H_{\mathrm{s}}}{\rho}\right)^{\hat{\gamma}-1} \exp \left[-\left(\frac{H_{\mathrm{s}}}{\rho}\right)^{\hat{\gamma}}\right], & H_{\mathrm{s}}>\hat{\eta}\end{array}\right.$
$f\left(T_{\mathrm{p}} \mid H_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma T_{\mathrm{p}}} \exp \left[-\frac{\left(\ln T_{\mathrm{p}}-\mu_{\mathrm{t}}\right)^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}}\right]$
μ t ( H s ) = a 1 + a 2 H s a 3 σ 2 ( H s ) = b 1 + b 2 e x p ( - b 3 H S )
式中:各参数取值如下:ξ=0.656 5、μh=0.77、 η =2.90、ρ=2.691、 γ =1.503、a1=1.134、a2=0.892、a3=0.225、b1=0.005、b2=0.12、b3=0.455,模型图如图5所示。
式(15)中被积函数 d -(Hs,Tp)f(Hs,Tp)反映了长期视角下浮式风机疲劳损伤随海况条件的分布情况,对其计算和分析很有工程现实意义。
根据本文所提计算方法和前述结果得到的算例风机 d -(Hs,Tp)f(Hs,Tp)值随海况条件的分布如图6所示,采用的是传统的插值法。
对比图4图6可以看出,算例Spar型浮式风机在与塔架自振周期相近的一些特定海况,如Tp=2.1 s和Tp=5.8 s附近下,其塔架基础处会出现比较强烈的疲劳损伤,而从长期疲劳计算来看疲劳损伤的峰值则出现在图5所示的该海域高概率海况周期之间,即Tp=6~12 s范围内,这种差异可避免该风机遭受疲劳损伤的高位叠加,从而使风机不会长期处于不利于自身运转的海况中。此外,对比图6图5,发现被积函数 d -(Hs,Tp)f(Hs,Tp)随HsTp的分布与其联合概率密度函数f(Hs,Tp)具有较大的相似度,峰值虽有所偏差但整体非常相似,由此可以表明,从长期角度看造成海上浮式风机疲劳损伤的主要因素还是来自于所处海域那些高概率出现的海况,这一点对于浮式风机的建设具有非常重要的意义,如建设前应了解拟处海域的海况统计分布情况,以及使风机的自振周期尽量避开该海域高概率海况周期等。
3.3.1节被积函数 d ¯(Hs,Tp)f(Hs,Tp)的计算采用的是传统插值方法,由于 d ¯(Hs,Tp)无具体表达式,为保证精度,计算中将原网格再次进行了细分,取样间隔分别为ΔHs=0.01 m和ΔTp=0.01 s,因此耗时很大,不利于工程的实际应用,这里采用前文所述的曲面拟合方式进行长期疲劳损伤的计算。
(1) d ¯(Hs,Tp)的曲面拟合。根据计算得到的疲劳损伤除以计算时长可得到原网格各点海况下的单位时间疲劳损伤率 d ¯(Hs,Tp),其形状与图4所示的疲劳损伤一致。根据曲面体现的特征,没有明显的指数增长,因此这里采用多元多次曲面模型对其进行拟合。经试算,在保证一定精度下确定采用四次曲面形式分段进行拟合,表达式为
$\begin{aligned}d^{*}\left(H_{\mathrm{s}}, T_{\mathrm{p}}\right)= & \left(\alpha_{0}+\alpha_{1} H_{\mathrm{s}}+\alpha_{2} H_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}+\alpha_{3} H_{\mathrm{s}}^{3}\right) H_{\mathrm{s}}+ \\& \left(\beta_{0}+\beta_{1} H_{\mathrm{s}}+\beta_{2} T_{\mathrm{p}}+\beta_{3} H_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}+\right. \\& \left.\beta_{4} H_{\mathrm{s}} T_{\mathrm{p}}+\beta_{5} T_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}\right) T_{p} H_{\mathrm{s}}+ \\& \left(\gamma_{0}+\gamma_{1} T_{\mathrm{p}}+\gamma_{2} T_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}+\gamma_{3} T_{\mathrm{p}}^{3}\right) T_{\mathrm{p}}+\mu\end{aligned}$
分段情况及拟合得到的式中各参数取值如表2所示。
(2)长期疲劳损伤DLT。利用拟合得到的 d ¯(Hs,Tp)表达式,按文中介绍的蒙特卡洛法对式(15)进行积分计算,样本N取50 000,得到的浮式风机长期疲劳损伤率 d ¯ L T=3.012 4×10-10,与耗时较多的传统数值积分法得到的 d ¯ L T=3.018 4×10-10极为接近,误差仅为0.2%,且耗时量大幅降低。虽然由于样本采样的随机性,每次计算的结果有一定的波动,但均在可接受范围内(图7),验证了方法的有效性。
进而,根据式(16)可对浮式风机预期的长期疲劳损伤DLT进行计算,例如,满运转20年(约6.307 2×1 0 8  s)的浮式风机的 D L T  = 3.012 4×10-10×6.307 2 ×108=0.19。按文献[15],如取安全系数λSF=4,则λSFDLT=4×0.19=0.76<1,满足设计的需求。
利用蒙特卡洛方法对式(15)进行积分计算,其精度与样本N的数量有关,样本数越多则精度越高,但会带来更多的计算成本,因此如何利用合适的样本数得到足够精确的结果一直是研究者的追求目标,并且提出了不同的处理方法[19]。参考其中的k折交叉检验思想,这里提出一种k折交叉计算的算法来提高文中蒙特卡洛方法的计算精度,过程如下。
(1)不重复抽样将原始样本随机分为k份。
(2)依次舍弃其中的1份,将剩余的k-1份作为样本进行积分计算,共计算k次。
(3)取k次计算的平均值作为最后结果。
对本文,将50 000个样本随机分成10份,即k取10,共得到10组个数为5 000的样本,按照上面过程,依次对其中的9组45 000个样本进行积分计算,然后取均值得到积分值,计算结果的对比如图7所示。
图7可以看出,与原方法相比,改进的交叉计算算法输出结果整体上波动变小,更加稳定,结果也更为精确,可应用于本文的浮式风机长期疲劳损伤估计。
对海上浮式风机波浪耦合作用下的疲劳性能进行了分析,给出了一种浮式风机长期视角下的疲劳损伤评估方法。以Spar型海上浮式风机为例,通过建立的8-DOF耦合动力非线性模型,按照所提方法对其疲劳性能进行了研究,得到了如下结论。
(1)浮式风机的疲劳损伤与计算用波浪载荷的特性关系很大,不同工况下表现出不同的损伤性能。随着波高的增大,疲劳损伤逐步增加,不过增长速度越来越缓慢。
(2)由于海况条件的随机性,仅按传统方法对风机进行疲劳估计不足以准确了解其疲劳性能,对其进行长期视角下的疲劳分析很有必要。
(3)风机塔架根部疲劳损伤的峰值出现在塔架自振周期附近,而长期疲劳损伤的峰值则出现在所处海域高概率海况周期范围,处理得当时这种差异可避免风机损伤的高位叠加,从而减小疲劳损伤。
(4)长期角度看造成浮式风机疲劳损伤的主要因素是所处海域的高概率海况,因此应尽量使风机的自振周期避开其峰值周期。
(5)所提蒙特卡洛方法能有效进行浮式风机的长期疲劳计算,精度高且耗时少,提出的交叉计算改进算法不仅输出结果波动小、稳定性增强,结果也更为精确。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378313)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406642
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
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国家自然科学基金(52378313)
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    武汉理工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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