Article(id=1209811344791040403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406866, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371101805, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371101805, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371101805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371101805, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8041, endPage=8048, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811346498122165, articleId=1209811344791040403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effectiveness and Mechanism of Microemulsion Unblocking Agents for Organic and Inorganic Composite Scales, columnId=1209811346359710128, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of composite scale in dense sandstone formations, an oil-in-acid microemulsion unblocking agent comprising acid, white oil, composite emulsifiers, and additives was developed. The internal structure and morphology of the microemulsion unblocking agent were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Its performance was assessed in terms of thermal stability, dissolution efficiency for inorganic and organic scale plugs, and impact on reservoir permeability. The mechanism of unblocking was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The microemulsion unblocking agent exhibited a spherical dispersion in solution with an average particle size of 6 nm, and maintained stability at 90 ℃ for over 48 h. The dissolution rates for scale formed at different locations were 87.61% and 77.41%. The microemulsion unblocking agent the ability to transition from oil wettingto water wetting, and proved more efficient and faster in resolving complex scale plugging compared to traditional acid solvents. The microemulsion unblocking agent enhanced core permeability recovery rates to over 80%. Results highlight the advantages of the microemulsion unblocking agent, including excellent thermal stability, high scale dissolution capacity, and effective removal of both organic and inorganic composite scales, They can efficiently eliminate obstructions in the wellbore and near-wellbore regions, thereby clearing the wellbore and enhancing the flow paths in the formation and increasing oil and gas production capacity.

, correspAuthors=Tai-liang ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shi-lin LIU, Tai-liang ZHANG, Cun-chuan ZHENG, Hao-nan XU, Zi-yi PANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811348754657856, articleId=1209811344791040403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=有机无机复合垢用微乳解堵剂性能及机理, columnId=1209811346607174075, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对致密砂岩地层的复合垢问题,以酸、白油、复合乳化剂、助剂制备一种酸包油型微乳解堵剂。采用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)、动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS)表征了微乳解堵剂内部结构及形态,并对微乳解堵剂进行了热稳定性与无机垢堵溶蚀、有机堵溶解、储层伤害性等性能评价。采用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)以及能量色散仪谱(energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS)对解堵机理进行了研究。解堵剂在溶液中呈球状分散,平均粒径6 nm,90 ℃稳定48 h以上,对不同位置形成的复合垢溶蚀率分别达到87.61%、77.41%,微乳解堵剂能将油润湿(120°)反转为水润湿(35°),相比于酸解堵液,微乳解堵剂能更快更有效解除复杂垢堵。岩芯驱替实验,微乳解堵剂能将岩芯渗透率恢复率提高到80%以上。研究表明,微乳解堵剂具有热稳定性好、溶垢能力高、能够有效去除有机无机复杂垢等优点,可有效解除井筒、近井地带堵塞物,疏通井筒及地层渗流通道,提高油气产能。

, correspAuthors=张太亮, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张太亮(1971—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气田工作液开发。E-mail:
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刘仕林(1997—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:

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刘仕林(1997—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:

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Food and Fermentation Industries, 2020, 46(24): 284-291., articleTitle=Research progress on preparation and stability of microemulsion system, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1209888932855157468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, awardId=2021YFG0112, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省重点研发计划(2021YFG0112), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1209888927704551922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209888927721329139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, companyId=1209888927704551922, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Southwest Petroleum University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu 610500, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1209888927729717749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, companyId=1209888927704551922, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1209888930380518007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Preparation method of microemulsion unblocking agent, figureFileSmall=tu8UIDCfNtPYYbzrA1Jfbw==, figureFileBig=kMgYtc+9nDBhzKzMIdJqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888930468598394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=CN, label=图1, caption=微乳解堵剂制备方法, figureFileSmall=tu8UIDCfNtPYYbzrA1Jfbw==, figureFileBig=kMgYtc+9nDBhzKzMIdJqOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888930565067392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=EN, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932104377024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=CN, label=图10, caption=垢堵前后EDS, figureFileSmall=3oCRP6OVq7eZ/se32EhPmw==, figureFileBig=26gjMhGksJo/khRQZtDBrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932184068804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Schematic diagram of scale removal, figureFileSmall=KQXRnl9/HqQfMlD5gHaWrw==, figureFileBig=2+JJBcGzymEaxAiJ+b5pgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932288926405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=CN, label=图11, caption=除垢示意图, figureFileSmall=KQXRnl9/HqQfMlD5gHaWrw==, figureFileBig=2+JJBcGzymEaxAiJ+b5pgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888932393784011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mass of sample before and after the reaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 反应前质量/g 反应后质量/g 溶蚀率/%
腐蚀垢 5.060 0.627 87.61
井底垢 5.087 1.163 77.14
), ArticleFig(id=1209888932519613134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

垢样反应前后质量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 反应前质量/g 反应后质量/g 溶蚀率/%
腐蚀垢 5.060 0.627 87.61
井底垢 5.087 1.163 77.14
), ArticleFig(id=1209888932599304914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Core permeability recovery rates

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岩芯编号 初始渗透率/
(10-3μm2)
岩芯伤害率/% 岩芯恢复率/%
4号 0.275 6 89.72 89.72
5号 0.250 7 80.31 80.31
6号 1.873 7 88.18 88.18
), ArticleFig(id=1209888932678996693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811344791040403, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩芯渗透率恢复率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩芯编号 初始渗透率/
(10-3μm2)
岩芯伤害率/% 岩芯恢复率/%
4号 0.275 6 89.72 89.72
5号 0.250 7 80.31 80.31
6号 1.873 7 88.18 88.18
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有机无机复合垢用微乳解堵剂性能及机理
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刘仕林 , 张太亮 * , 郑存川 , 徐浩楠 , 逄子羿
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙石油、天然气工业 2025,25(19): 8041-8048
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(19): 8041-8048
有机无机复合垢用微乳解堵剂性能及机理
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刘仕林 , 张太亮* , 郑存川, 徐浩楠, 逄子羿
作者信息
  • 西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500
  • 刘仕林(1997—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:油田化学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张太亮(1971—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气田工作液开发。E-mail:
Effectiveness and Mechanism of Microemulsion Unblocking Agents for Organic and Inorganic Composite Scales
Shi-lin LIU , Tai-liang ZHANG* , Cun-chuan ZHENG, Hao-nan XU, Zi-yi PANG
Affiliations
  • Southwest Petroleum University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu 610500, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406866
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针对致密砂岩地层的复合垢问题,以酸、白油、复合乳化剂、助剂制备一种酸包油型微乳解堵剂。采用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)、动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS)表征了微乳解堵剂内部结构及形态,并对微乳解堵剂进行了热稳定性与无机垢堵溶蚀、有机堵溶解、储层伤害性等性能评价。采用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)以及能量色散仪谱(energy dispersive spectroscopy, EDS)对解堵机理进行了研究。解堵剂在溶液中呈球状分散,平均粒径6 nm,90 ℃稳定48 h以上,对不同位置形成的复合垢溶蚀率分别达到87.61%、77.41%,微乳解堵剂能将油润湿(120°)反转为水润湿(35°),相比于酸解堵液,微乳解堵剂能更快更有效解除复杂垢堵。岩芯驱替实验,微乳解堵剂能将岩芯渗透率恢复率提高到80%以上。研究表明,微乳解堵剂具有热稳定性好、溶垢能力高、能够有效去除有机无机复杂垢等优点,可有效解除井筒、近井地带堵塞物,疏通井筒及地层渗流通道,提高油气产能。

复合垢  /  微乳解堵剂  /  解堵剂机理  /  性能评价

To address the issue of composite scale in dense sandstone formations, an oil-in-acid microemulsion unblocking agent comprising acid, white oil, composite emulsifiers, and additives was developed. The internal structure and morphology of the microemulsion unblocking agent were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Its performance was assessed in terms of thermal stability, dissolution efficiency for inorganic and organic scale plugs, and impact on reservoir permeability. The mechanism of unblocking was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The microemulsion unblocking agent exhibited a spherical dispersion in solution with an average particle size of 6 nm, and maintained stability at 90 ℃ for over 48 h. The dissolution rates for scale formed at different locations were 87.61% and 77.41%. The microemulsion unblocking agent the ability to transition from oil wettingto water wetting, and proved more efficient and faster in resolving complex scale plugging compared to traditional acid solvents. The microemulsion unblocking agent enhanced core permeability recovery rates to over 80%. Results highlight the advantages of the microemulsion unblocking agent, including excellent thermal stability, high scale dissolution capacity, and effective removal of both organic and inorganic composite scales, They can efficiently eliminate obstructions in the wellbore and near-wellbore regions, thereby clearing the wellbore and enhancing the flow paths in the formation and increasing oil and gas production capacity.

composite scale  /  microemulsion unblocking agent  /  microemulsion unblocking mechanism  /  performance evaluation
刘仕林, 张太亮, 郑存川, 徐浩楠, 逄子羿. 有机无机复合垢用微乳解堵剂性能及机理. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8041 -8048 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406866
Shi-lin LIU, Tai-liang ZHANG, Cun-chuan ZHENG, Hao-nan XU, Zi-yi PANG. Effectiveness and Mechanism of Microemulsion Unblocking Agents for Organic and Inorganic Composite Scales[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 8041 -8048 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406866
地层在高矿化度水、H2S、CO2等腐蚀性介质,形成复合腐蚀环境,造成井筒腐蚀、结垢,形成无机垢堵塞;缓蚀剂等有机物在井筒内残留,凝析油在高温高压下析出,将无机垢包覆,导致复合垢。金属元素的富集作用,也会导致有机物结构趋于复杂,聚集难以清除[1]。近井地带垢、盐沉积堵塞流体通道,各种垢产生极大地影响了产能[2]
对于解决复合垢,常规体系对复杂堵塞物解堵效果差[3],经常采用清洗剂加酸、互溶剂加酸[4]、强氧化剂加酸[5]、乳化酸[6- 7]、生物酶解堵[8]、自生热[9]等体系。施晓雯等[10]以酸+酸化助剂+酸化互溶剂的复合解堵体系配方,有效解决堵塞问题,但是存在井漏、冲洗失返现象等问题。氧化型解堵主要以过氧化物、过硫化物、二氧化氯等[11- 12]强氧化剂复合体系解决有机聚合及无机堵塞,但由于其本身危险性给生产施工带来安全隐患。生物酶[13]可将脂肪酶等多种生物酶与生物表明活性剂有机结合,加快长链石蜡烃和沥青质重质组分的酶剥离和降解。在高温复杂情况下生物酶会失活,降低反应能力。将酸化与自生热气技术综合应用于天然气水合物开采,该技术具有解除储层污染堵塞、增产的效果,且有利于天然气水合物开采和残酸返排, 对环境无污染[14-16]。乳化酸工艺简单,但是其在遇致密储层本身粒径大注入困难,因此在此基础上提出使用O/W(水包油)微乳酸解决复合堵塞问题,因其有界面张力低,平均粒径小,增溶能力强等优点。微乳液是由表面活性剂+助表面活性剂与水、油混合,通过适当的组分配比,其自发的形成的稳定、透明或半透明的体系[17-18],微乳液为多相混合物,内部缔合物增溶能力强[19-20],水包油型(O/W)可以增溶大量的油;双连续型(W/O/W)能同时增溶水和油;油包水型(W/O)能增溶大量的水[21-23]
在此以酸为外相,油为内相,十二烷基三甲基溴化铵与油胺复配乳化剂,异戊醇为助表面活性剂制备了一种酸包油型微乳解堵剂。复合垢的表面存在有机物覆盖,微乳解堵剂中油相与垢接触时,可以溶解表面有机垢,同时乳化剂能够改变垢界面的润湿性,增强其水润湿能力,提高酸溶能力,从而提高除垢解堵效果。同时,对解堵机理进行研究,为解堵研究提供一定的参考意见。
十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,化学纯,上海笛柏生物科技有限公司;油胺,分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;异戊醇,分析纯,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;3#白油,化学纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;酸液(酸+缓蚀剂+铁离子稳定剂+助排剂+防膨剂),实验室自制;碳酸亚铁,分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司;原油,取自实验室;毛细管,1.0 mm×100 mm,上海众何化学科技有限公司。
使用Schulman法制备微乳解堵剂:把十二烷基三甲基溴化铵加入酸相中,将油胺加入油相,再将酸油相混合搅拌,逐滴加入异戊醇至体系变为透明即得微乳解堵剂,其制备示意图如图1所示。
使用白油作为油相,酸相为实验室自制,使用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵作为主乳化剂,油胺为辅乳化剂,异戊醇为助表面活性剂。在质量比为m(油)∶m(酸)=1∶16,m(十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)∶m(油胺)=2∶1条件下,85%酸相+5%白油+4%十二烷基三甲基溴化铵+2%油胺+4%异戊醇成功制备深红色液体。
(1)透射电镜。采用美国Thermo Scientific的FEI Talos F200X透射电镜测试所制备微乳解堵剂的内部结构,观察其分散情况。
(2)粒度分布。采用美国布鲁克海文仪器公司的BI-200SM的激光散射系统,测试微乳解堵剂的粒径分布值。
(1)热稳定性。将制备得到的微乳解堵剂在90 ℃放置2 d,观察其是否出现沉淀分层等问题。
(2)垢溶蚀测试。对所制的微乳解堵剂取5.000 g的腐蚀垢与井底垢,经分析腐蚀垢主要成分为FeCO3与Fe3O4,井底垢主要成分为Al2O3,含部分SiO2与NaCl。在60 ℃下反应4 h后将剩余垢样烘干称重,记录反应后垢样重量,计算垢溶蚀率。
$\text { 溶蚀率 }=\frac{m_{\text {前 }}-m_{\text {后 }}}{m_{\text {前 }}} \times 100 \%$
式(1)中:m为反应前垢样质量;m为反应后垢样质量。
(3)洗有机垢。将初始岩芯烘干测试接触角。使用油模拟有机垢污染初始岩芯,再烘干测试接触角。用微乳解堵剂处理污染岩芯24 h,再测试接触角。
(4)复合除垢。将FeCO3与原油按照质量比m(FeCO3)∶m(油)=3∶1,在60 ℃老化24 h,使用20 g的微乳解堵剂、20%HCl,用分析天平准确称取5.000 g复合垢,称取好的垢样加入瓶中,记录不同时间计算溶蚀率。
(5)岩芯驱替实验。使用驱替装置测试岩芯初始渗透率;将一定量的Na2CO3正向注入岩芯,再反向注入CaCl2,最后注入一定量地层水,模拟岩芯垢堵伤害,在130 ℃反应2 h,烘干后使用驱替装置测试岩芯伤害渗透率。将垢堵岩芯使用微乳解堵剂在130 ℃反应2 h,再烘干后,使用驱替装置测试岩芯渗透率恢复率。
将制备的微乳解堵剂使用Talos F200X液体透射电镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)进行表征,其结果如图2所示。
图2中分别展示不同了尺寸的微乳内部结构。在图2(a)中,乳液液滴粒径分布均匀;在图2(b)中,分散液滴粒径较均匀,未出现团聚等现象。在图2(c)中,液滴基本呈现为圆形,未出现棒状或网状结构,因此乳液液滴在体系中呈现球状。
将制备得到的微乳解堵剂使用动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS)系统测试粒度分布,其结果如图3所示。
图3中可知,制备的微乳解堵剂的粒径在6 nm左右,符合其范围(1~100 nm),证明微乳液成功制备。同时从图2(c)中可以观察到微乳解堵剂的粒径小于10 nm,这也与图3中的微乳粒径尺寸相符合。
将制备得到的微乳解堵剂在90 ℃放置2 d,观察其是否出现沉淀分层等问题,其结果如图4所示。
图4可知,微乳解堵剂在90 ℃静置48 h无沉淀分层现象,说明微乳解堵剂具有高温稳定性。加入异戊醇形成稳定的微乳解堵剂,有利于微乳解堵剂稳定,并且复合乳化剂有较好的亲水亲油性,使得其有良好稳定性[24]
将制备得到的微乳解堵剂分别与不同垢反应,测定反应溶蚀率,其结果如表1所示。
表1可知,微乳解堵剂对这两种以无机物为主的垢样溶蚀率较高,这是由于微乳解堵剂中无机溶剂以酸为主,其能与两种垢发生反应清除无机物,解除堵塞从而使渗流通道恢复产能。
将制备得到的微乳解堵剂进行洗垢能力测试,其洗垢结果如图5所示。
图5中,在油垢污染后,岩芯接触角变大。岩芯表面变成疏水面,水滴在岩芯表面形成球状液滴。在经过微乳解堵剂处理后,岩芯接触角变小。在经过微乳解堵剂后,改变油与岩芯界面张力,进而改变岩芯表面润湿能力,岩芯表面重新变为亲水面,这说明微乳解堵剂能有效的分散与溶解有机垢,起到良好清洗作用。
20%HCl及微乳解堵剂与复合垢反应情况如图6所示。由图6可知,在乳解堵剂与复合垢反应较快,复合垢表面的有机垢被溶解分散,有利于将有机垢返排,也增强对无机垢溶蚀效果。20%HCl与复合垢反应缓慢,这是由于复合垢表面覆盖有机垢,使酸难与无机垢接触,减缓对复合垢的溶蚀。
使用岩芯驱替实验测试岩芯渗透率、伤害率、恢复如表2所示。
表2可得,实验测试岩芯的渗透率都较低,最低为0.250 7 mD,属于低渗储层。通过模拟垢堵发现,在垢堵后岩芯的渗透率大幅度下降,根据岩芯伤害率计算,岩芯伤害率在80%左右,垢堵对于岩芯伤害大。在使用微乳解堵剂处理岩芯后,岩芯的渗透率恢复率都在80%以上,说明微乳解堵剂有良好的解堵能力,能够溶解所产生的垢。同时,其还能与岩芯中的碳酸盐岩反应,对地层中的渗流通道进行扩孔,增加渗流通道,提高油气产能。
(1)毛细管阻力实验。将毛细管插入一定深度的清水,记录其毛细液面高度。用微乳解堵剂处理毛细管后再插入一定深度的清水,记录其毛细液面高度。毛细管阻力实验结果如图7所示。
图7中可知,在清水中毛细管的液体自吸高度高,自吸能力强,说明毛细管壁能被清水很好地润湿,毛细管内液面呈现凹面,附加压力值高。在经过微乳解堵剂处理后毛细管的液体自吸高度下降,自吸能力变弱,附加压力变值变小。
使用美国Thermo Scientific的 Nexsa X射线能谱仪对反应前后岩芯进行组分分析。X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)测试结果如图8所示。
图8(a)可以看出,在使用微乳解堵剂处理前岩芯以SiO2为主,混合少量Al2O3与CaCO3及含铁化合物,这是因为实验岩芯为砂岩,并且其中含少量碳酸盐岩与金属氧化物。在处理后以SiO2为主,含部分含氮化合物。岩芯中的碳酸盐岩与金属氧化物与酸反应溶解,这也与2.2.2节中解堵剂溶蚀无机垢相符合。并且全谱呈现出N(401 eV)元素,解堵剂部有机分物吸附在岩芯上。在图8(b)中处理前基本无Br(68.5 eV)元素,出现峰为Al(74.4 eV),在处理后Al(74.4 eV)变弱,出现Br(68.5 eV)元素,证明体系中含Br阳离子表面活性剂吸附在岩芯表面。与全谱中N元素含量上升一致。因此,微乳解堵剂能与岩石反应,并且阳离子化合物能吸附在岩芯界面。
地层中渗流通道对油气产能尤为关键,通过岩芯内部形貌与元素组成分析垢堵对岩芯的伤害及解堵作用效果。将垢堵前后岩芯劈裂,使用扫描电子显微镜对其内部微观形貌进行分析,垢堵前后扫描电镜如图9所示。
图9(a)可知,原始岩芯内部截面比较光滑,层次感较强,这是由于初始岩芯为致密砂岩。在图9(b)中,岩芯截面也呈现出层次感,并且伴随有白色细小颗粒,推测可能为碳酸钙及盐垢或者为细小岩屑。图9(c)中,岩芯截面呈现出一定的粗糙感,其光滑程度不如解堵前,并且无散落颗粒,当使用微乳解堵剂处理岩芯时,溶蚀其中部分物质,因此其截面变的粗糙,这也与2.3.1节中结论相符合。
岩芯的元素组成能直观反映其垢堵前后矿物组成,将岩芯内部截面使用能量色散X射线谱仪进行检测,其结果如图10所示。
图10(a)可知,原始岩芯的主要成分为SiO2,还有一些Al2O3与其他金属氧化物,显示原始岩芯成分。在图10(b)中,其主要成分为SiO2,还有部分Al2O3与CaCO3。这说明图9(b)中为碳酸钙。当垢堵时,Ca2+ C O 3 2 -进入岩芯在其内部形成垢,使得渗流通道变小,与2.2.5节中渗透率下降相符合。在图10(c)中,相比于垢堵岩芯,CaCO3的含量下降,Al2O3的含量也减小,这说明使用微乳解堵剂后将岩芯内部的CaCO3与岩芯本身部分物质溶蚀,使岩芯内部渗流通道重新扩张,渗透率恢复。
综上分析可得到微乳解堵剂解堵机理。微乳解堵剂中有机溶剂能溶解垢表面的油,同时微乳酸中阳离子表活性剂能分散油垢,吸附在岩石界面,形成疏水层。微乳解堵剂中的酸与被油包裹的垢反应,恢复渗流通道,同时其还能与岩石本身有一定溶蚀作用,从而对地层孔隙进行扩大提高产能,如图11所示。
通过Schulman法制备了微乳解堵剂,TEM与粒度分布证明微乳解堵剂制备成功。热稳定性表明,其在90 ℃可以稳定48 h以上,有良好的抗温能力。在90 ℃对腐蚀垢与井底垢溶蚀率达到87.61与77.14%。能将岩石由油润湿反转为水润湿。相比于20%HCl,微乳解堵剂能够更快清除复合垢,对复合垢有机相有良好分散作用。通过岩芯驱替实验发现其能使伤害后岩芯的渗透率恢复率提高到80%以上,能够有效解除岩芯垢堵。
通过对微乳解堵剂的解堵机理研究,得到以下结论。毛细自吸实验证明,在使用微乳解堵剂处理后,毛细液面高度降低,能改变润湿性。XPS分析表明,在进行微乳解堵剂后,微乳解堵剂能溶解部分岩芯,阳离子化合物吸附在岩芯界面,对垢堵前后岩芯的SEM与EDS表明,微乳解堵剂能有效溶蚀岩芯内部堵塞物,还能对岩芯本身物质进行溶蚀,通过对垢堵后渗流通道恢复与扩张,从而进行解堵提高产能。
  • 四川省重点研发计划(2021YFG0112)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406866
  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
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四川省重点研发计划(2021YFG0112)
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    西南石油大学化学化工学院, 成都 610500

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*张太亮(1971—),男,汉族,重庆人,博士,教授。研究方向:油气田工作液开发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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