Article(id=1209811343402734509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723996800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-19, revisedDate=1734883200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371101475, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371101475, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371101475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371101475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7963, endPage=7977, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811343973159865, articleId=1209811343402734509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Risk Assessment of Urban Debris Flow Based on Deformation Analysis: Taking Lijiegou Debris Flow Disaster Chain as an Example, columnId=1209811342492570526, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers∙Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A large number of towns in the western mountainous areas are within the hazard range of disaster chains such as landslides and debris flows, making the safety and disaster risk of mountain towns a key focus. The landslide-debris flow disaster chain in Lijie Gully, Lijie Town, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province was taken as a case study. Based on field investigations and remote sensing analysis, surface deformation was analyzed using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology to determine the source of the disaster chain. The RAMMS dynamic model was then employed for the process and risk analysis of debris flows, followed by vulnerability and risk assessment. The research results indicate these as follows. The main subsidence areas within the basin are located at the edge and top of the ancient landslide area above Lijie Gully on the North Mountain, with the main cause of deformation being the seasonal freezing and thawing of soil. Based on the deformation results and remote sensing image analysis, the RAMMS dynamic model is used to conduct risk analysis of the Lijie Gully debris flow under three rainfall frequencies of 1%, 2%, and 5%. The comprehensive evaluation results show that the high-risk area accounts for 70.51%, largely distributed in the loose accumulation surface of the North Mountain landslide, the gully, both banks of the gully, and the accumulation fan at the gully mouth. Based on the risk and vulnerability assessment results, the high-risk area of the Lijie Gully debris flow accounts for 13.10%, mainly distributed in the gully mouth and along both sides of the gully where buildings are located. The large volume of loose accumulation above Lijie Gully is still in a continuous process of creeping-deformation-sliding, providing a large amount of material source for debris flows. The risk zoning results under different rainfall frequencies provide a reference for the disaster reduction of urban debris flows.

, correspAuthors=Ling-zhi XIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Gui-qiu WU, Ling-zhi XIANG, Qing-qing LEI, Na SHEN, Wei XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209811350155563170, articleId=1209811343402734509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于形变分析的城镇泥石流风险评价:以立节沟泥石流灾害链为例, columnId=1209811342702285729, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文∙天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

西部山区大量城镇处于滑坡-泥石流等灾害链的危害范围内,因而山区城镇的安全和灾害风险值得重点关注。以甘肃省舟曲县立节镇立节沟滑坡-泥石流灾害链为例,在实地考察和遥感分析的基础上,基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术对地表形变进行分析并确定灾害链物源,利用RAMMS软件进行泥石流过程和危险性分析,并进一步进行易损性和风险评价。研究结果表明:①流域内主要沉降范围位于立节沟上方北山滑坡的古滑坡区边缘及顶部等区域,形变主要原因为土体的季节性冻融;②依据形变结果与遥感影像分析,并利用RAMMS动力模型对立节沟泥石流在1%、2%和5%3种降雨频率下进行危险性分析,综合评价结果表明高危险区面积占比为70.51%,大量分布于北山滑坡松散堆积面、沟道及沟道两岸和沟口堆积扇处;③基于危险性和易损性评价结果,立节沟泥石流高风险区面积占比为13.10%,主要分布于沟口及沟道两旁建筑处;④立节沟上方滑坡松散堆积体体积庞大,仍处于持续蠕动-变形-滑动的过程中,为泥石流的汇流提供大量物源,不同降雨频率下的风险分区结果为城镇泥石流风险减灾提供参考。

, correspAuthors=向灵芝, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*向灵芝(1980—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害风险。E-mail:
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巫贵秋(1999—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害监测与预警。E-mail:

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巫贵秋(1999—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害监测与预警。E-mail:

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巫贵秋(1999—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害监测与预警。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=4+MX8D8CZ4sA2A4VdezMog==, figureFileBig=TOhrjf55qboAOSoMJcGehg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888935799550820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Mean rate of deformation, figureFileSmall=hQsYhM2gVwmKQnI8wBnWJw==, figureFileBig=W6E6QykvNcdwqtd327l6Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888935862465384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图8, caption=平均形变速率, figureFileSmall=hQsYhM2gVwmKQnI8wBnWJw==, figureFileBig=W6E6QykvNcdwqtd327l6Hw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888935950545773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Time series deformation analysis of feature points, figureFileSmall=XDoOypy+Ls+5LJnVZKqzhQ==, figureFileBig=nWvT5uMrMc4OEmpeSCcoxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936030237553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图9, caption=特征点时序形变分析, figureFileSmall=XDoOypy+Ls+5LJnVZKqzhQ==, figureFileBig=nWvT5uMrMc4OEmpeSCcoxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936105735028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Risk analysis diagram, figureFileSmall=CUmbGyx69X6ws4THifY+FA==, figureFileBig=1S3Obp9U3ocxCzJjYHKqDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936193815418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图10, caption=危险性分析示意图, figureFileSmall=CUmbGyx69X6ws4THifY+FA==, figureFileBig=1S3Obp9U3ocxCzJjYHKqDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936286090111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Grain size distribution curve of channel fill, figureFileSmall=2qyl3dol+VGxmGWmJhaveQ==, figureFileBig=6yt6wk0kWFIxuZS9gjpENQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936390947717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图11, caption=沟道堆积体颗粒级配曲线, figureFileSmall=2qyl3dol+VGxmGWmJhaveQ==, figureFileBig=6yt6wk0kWFIxuZS9gjpENQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936495805323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Flow process line of each branch channel of debris flow under different rainfall frequency, figureFileSmall=lUO93nA1tVEi72fQzrLVog==, figureFileBig=OvgGIdXRZvasvUmDW4GrvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936579691405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同降雨频率下泥石流各支沟流量过程线, figureFileSmall=lUO93nA1tVEi72fQzrLVog==, figureFileBig=OvgGIdXRZvasvUmDW4GrvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936655188882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Block release area of simulated debris flow source, figureFileSmall=TobpnXXpKwgThhydhx/63Q==, figureFileBig=voElI0CcfFnjdxBmZWFaBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936760046487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图13, caption=泥石流模拟物源块体释放区域划分, figureFileSmall=TobpnXXpKwgThhydhx/63Q==, figureFileBig=voElI0CcfFnjdxBmZWFaBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936860709788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Debris flow accumulation depth under different rainfall frequency, figureFileSmall=wiQGHSVbNUIGhAlDwIjgPA==, figureFileBig=y643q1e+0gXUGFFzb/kv5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888936961373089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同降雨频率下泥石流堆积深度, figureFileSmall=wiQGHSVbNUIGhAlDwIjgPA==, figureFileBig=y643q1e+0gXUGFFzb/kv5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937015899046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Flow velocity of debris flow under different rainfall frequency, figureFileSmall=FoMCyhVpSvcXxu3z15xNRw==, figureFileBig=gHXr1ZekdzbNmppm741z2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937091396520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同降雨频率下泥石流流速, figureFileSmall=FoMCyhVpSvcXxu3z15xNRw==, figureFileBig=gHXr1ZekdzbNmppm741z2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937179476908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Risk zoning of debris flow under different rainfall frequency, figureFileSmall=v+t9JehbjjCT6B2ZLtqv0w==, figureFileBig=6aDyfIUw5r4T+Z8QMy1EDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937250780078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同降雨频率下泥石流危险性分区, figureFileSmall=v+t9JehbjjCT6B2ZLtqv0w==, figureFileBig=6aDyfIUw5r4T+Z8QMy1EDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937334666163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Zoning of risk of Lijie ditch, figureFileSmall=flR/oPeUZ1SRaZQ9L6g3wA==, figureFileBig=w9yc2uQP9p/MVheTLor5QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937435329461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图17, caption=立节沟危险性分区, figureFileSmall=flR/oPeUZ1SRaZQ9L6g3wA==, figureFileBig=w9yc2uQP9p/MVheTLor5QA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937502438326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Disaster body distribution, figureFileSmall=+iR7iJ5JydjEDSQBOrXpEQ==, figureFileBig=LpQ1M4h5aXZgRPtnTKY9eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937636656058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图18, caption=承灾体分布图, figureFileSmall=+iR7iJ5JydjEDSQBOrXpEQ==, figureFileBig=LpQ1M4h5aXZgRPtnTKY9eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937720542141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Vulnerability classification of disaster bearing body, figureFileSmall=0sH+R7Q0i/CYobCOTYFjGw==, figureFileBig=kF9DcD4F7KgqhxYWhqYpxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937804428223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图19, caption=承灾体易损性分级图, figureFileSmall=0sH+R7Q0i/CYobCOTYFjGw==, figureFileBig=kF9DcD4F7KgqhxYWhqYpxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937909285825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Risk zoning of vertical ditch, figureFileSmall=OmGi06nXABuPEumRllO+Sw==, figureFileBig=rQYghU0JvFxQT2WAsI1M1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888937984783299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=图20, caption=立节沟风险性分区图, figureFileSmall=OmGi06nXABuPEumRllO+Sw==, figureFileBig=rQYghU0JvFxQT2WAsI1M1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888938043503557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calculation results of power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 宽度/m 高度/m 加高处
高度/m
坡度/
(°)
主沟道排导槽 10~12 6 7 7~12
支沟一沟道排导槽 5~6 3 4 15~18
支沟二沟道排导槽 5~6 3 4 20~22
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938110612425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

立节沟排导槽数据表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 宽度/m 高度/m 加高处
高度/m
坡度/
(°)
主沟道排导槽 10~12 6 7 7~12
支沟一沟道排导槽 5~6 3 4 15~18
支沟二沟道排导槽 5~6 3 4 20~22
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938198692813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

RAMMS numerical simulation parameter table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
γc/
(g·c m - 3)
μ ξ/
(m2·s-1)
t/s 插值精度 计算精度
1.72 0.15 200 3 600 3×3 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938265801679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RAMMS数值模拟参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
γc/
(g·c m - 3)
μ ξ/
(m2·s-1)
t/s 插值精度 计算精度
1.72 0.15 200 3 600 3×3 0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938332910545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The flow of debris flow in each branch of the node gully under different rainfall frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道
名称
降雨频率
P/%
暴雨洪峰流量/
(m3·s-1)
BF 泥石流洪峰流量/
(m3·s-1)
支沟一 5 0.52 1.77 0.92
2 0.82 1.45
1 1.03 1.82
支沟二 5 0.52 1.77 0.92
2 0.84 1.49
1 1.04 1.84
支沟三 5 5.96 1.77 10.55
2 9.54 16.89
1 11.92 21.10
支沟四 5 6.79 1.77 12.02
2 10.87 19.24
1 13.59 24.05
支沟五 5 0.75 1.77 1.33
2 1.20 2.12
1 1.50 2.66
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938395825108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同降雨频率下立节沟各支沟泥石流流量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道
名称
降雨频率
P/%
暴雨洪峰流量/
(m3·s-1)
BF 泥石流洪峰流量/
(m3·s-1)
支沟一 5 0.52 1.77 0.92
2 0.82 1.45
1 1.03 1.82
支沟二 5 0.52 1.77 0.92
2 0.84 1.49
1 1.04 1.84
支沟三 5 5.96 1.77 10.55
2 9.54 16.89
1 11.92 21.10
支沟四 5 6.79 1.77 12.02
2 10.87 19.24
1 13.59 24.05
支沟五 5 0.75 1.77 1.33
2 1.20 2.12
1 1.50 2.66
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938467128280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The total amount of debris flow in Lijie gully under different rainfall frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道名称 平均形变量/mm 占比/% 降雨频率/% 历时/s 一次冲出
总量/m3
重分配后一次
冲出总量/m3
支沟一 2.40 4.41 5 3 600 863.89 1 075.46
2 1 382.22 1 720.75
1 1 727.78 2 150.85
支沟二 6.93 12.77 5 875.63 3 114.20
2 1 400.68 4 982.77
1 1 749.59 6 228.19
支沟三 18.98 34.97 5 9 997.64 8 528.08
2 15 996.22 13 645.05
1 19 995.28 17 055.58
支沟四 21.52 39.97 5 11 396.64 9 747.43
2 18 233.95 15 596.02
1 22 793.27 19 494.18
支沟五 4.45 8.20 5 1 253.06 1 999.72
2 2 006.24 3 199.58
1 2 506.12 3 999.31
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938530042844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同降雨频率下立节沟各沟泥石流一次过程总量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟道名称 平均形变量/mm 占比/% 降雨频率/% 历时/s 一次冲出
总量/m3
重分配后一次
冲出总量/m3
支沟一 2.40 4.41 5 3 600 863.89 1 075.46
2 1 382.22 1 720.75
1 1 727.78 2 150.85
支沟二 6.93 12.77 5 875.63 3 114.20
2 1 400.68 4 982.77
1 1 749.59 6 228.19
支沟三 18.98 34.97 5 9 997.64 8 528.08
2 15 996.22 13 645.05
1 19 995.28 17 055.58
支沟四 21.52 39.97 5 11 396.64 9 747.43
2 18 233.95 15 596.02
1 22 793.27 19 494.18
支沟五 4.45 8.20 5 1 253.06 1 999.72
2 2 006.24 3 199.58
1 2 506.12 3 999.31
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938597151711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Debris flow accumulation depth under different rainfall frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟名 降雨
频率/%
最大堆积
深度/m
平均堆积
深度/m
立节沟 1 9.94 1.60
2 8.92 1.33
5 7.27 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938689426403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同降雨频率下泥石流堆积深度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟名 降雨
频率/%
最大堆积
深度/m
平均堆积
深度/m
立节沟 1 9.94 1.60
2 8.92 1.33
5 7.27 0.90
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938773312485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Flow velocity of debris flow under different rainfall frequency

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟名 降雨频率/% 最大流速/(m·s-1) 平均流速/(m·s-1)
立节沟 1 16.75 6.93
2 15.69 6.33
5 13.61 5.39
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938832032744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同降雨频率下泥石流流速

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
沟名 降雨频率/% 最大流速/(m·s-1) 平均流速/(m·s-1)
立节沟 1 16.75 6.93
2 15.69 6.33
5 13.61 5.39
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938903335912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Classification table of debris flow intensity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泥石流危险性 泥深h/m 关系式 泥深与流速的乘积/
(m2·s-1)
h≥2.5 vh≥2.5
0.5≤h<2.5 0.5≤vh<2.5
0.0≤h<0.5 vh<0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888938970444779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

泥石流强度划分表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泥石流危险性 泥深h/m 关系式 泥深与流速的乘积/
(m2·s-1)
h≥2.5 vh≥2.5
0.5≤h<2.5 0.5≤vh<2.5
0.0≤h<0.5 vh<0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939071108079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Standard table for classification of comprehensive risk of debris flow

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泥石流强度 降雨概率
低降雨(1%) 中降雨(2%) 高降雨(5%)
低危险 低危险 中危险
低危险 中危险 高危险
中危险 高危险 高危险
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939142411249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

泥石流综合危险性划分标准表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
泥石流强度 降雨概率
低降雨(1%) 中降雨(2%) 高降雨(5%)
低危险 低危险 中危险
低危险 中危险 高危险
中危险 高危险 高危险
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939213714421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Building vulnerability index standardization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
建筑物 建筑物结构 4 1 土木结构 4 1.00
砖木结构 3 0.75
砖混结构 2 0.50
钢混结构 1 0.25
建筑物距
沟口距离
3 0.75 0~100 m 5 1.0
100~200 m 4 0.8
200~300 m 3 0.6
300~400 m 2 0.4
>400 m 1 0.2
建筑物层数 2 0.5 一层 3 1.00
二层 2 0.67
三层 1 0.33
建筑物用途 1 0.25 居民住房 2 1.0
公共活动区 1 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939335349240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

建筑物易损性指标标准化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
建筑物 建筑物结构 4 1 土木结构 4 1.00
砖木结构 3 0.75
砖混结构 2 0.50
钢混结构 1 0.25
建筑物距
沟口距离
3 0.75 0~100 m 5 1.0
100~200 m 4 0.8
200~300 m 3 0.6
300~400 m 2 0.4
>400 m 1 0.2
建筑物层数 2 0.5 一层 3 1.00
二层 2 0.67
三层 1 0.33
建筑物用途 1 0.25 居民住房 2 1.0
公共活动区 1 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939402458106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Standardization table of road indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
道路 道路材料 2 1 沥青 3 1.00
水泥 2 0.67
土石 1 0.33
道路类型 1 0.5 主干道公路 2 1.0
一般道路 1 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939465372668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

道路指标标准化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
道路 道路材料 2 1 沥青 3 1.00
水泥 2 0.67
土石 1 0.33
道路类型 1 0.5 主干道公路 2 1.0
一般道路 1 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939532481535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=EN, label=Table 11, caption=

Standardized table of land indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
土地 土地类型 2 1 农田 3 1.00
灌木 2 0.67
裸地 1 0.33
植被覆盖度 1 0.5 0%~30% 3 1.00
30%~60% 2 0.67
>60% 1 0.33
), ArticleFig(id=1209888939620560898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811343402734509, language=CN, label=表11, caption=

土地指标标准化表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
因子
主要指标 次要指标
指标 权重 标准化 指标 权重 标准化
土地 土地类型 2 1 农田 3 1.00
灌木 2 0.67
裸地 1 0.33
植被覆盖度 1 0.5 0%~30% 3 1.00
30%~60% 2 0.67
>60% 1 0.33
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基于形变分析的城镇泥石流风险评价:以立节沟泥石流灾害链为例
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巫贵秋 1 , 向灵芝 1, * , 雷青青 1 , 沈娜 1 , 徐伟 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文∙天文学、地球科学 2025,25(19): 7963-7977
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科学技术与工程 | 论文∙天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(19): 7963-7977
基于形变分析的城镇泥石流风险评价:以立节沟泥石流灾害链为例
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巫贵秋1 , 向灵芝1, * , 雷青青1, 沈娜1, 徐伟2
作者信息
  • 1 重庆交通大学河海学院, 重庆 400074
  • 2 中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 成都 610218
  • 巫贵秋(1999—),男,汉族,四川泸州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害监测与预警。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*向灵芝(1980—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害风险。E-mail:
Risk Assessment of Urban Debris Flow Based on Deformation Analysis: Taking Lijiegou Debris Flow Disaster Chain as an Example
Gui-qiu WU1 , Ling-zhi XIANG1, * , Qing-qing LEI1, Na SHEN1, Wei XU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hehai College, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2 Chengdu Geological Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Chengdu 610218, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406204
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西部山区大量城镇处于滑坡-泥石流等灾害链的危害范围内,因而山区城镇的安全和灾害风险值得重点关注。以甘肃省舟曲县立节镇立节沟滑坡-泥石流灾害链为例,在实地考察和遥感分析的基础上,基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术对地表形变进行分析并确定灾害链物源,利用RAMMS软件进行泥石流过程和危险性分析,并进一步进行易损性和风险评价。研究结果表明:①流域内主要沉降范围位于立节沟上方北山滑坡的古滑坡区边缘及顶部等区域,形变主要原因为土体的季节性冻融;②依据形变结果与遥感影像分析,并利用RAMMS动力模型对立节沟泥石流在1%、2%和5%3种降雨频率下进行危险性分析,综合评价结果表明高危险区面积占比为70.51%,大量分布于北山滑坡松散堆积面、沟道及沟道两岸和沟口堆积扇处;③基于危险性和易损性评价结果,立节沟泥石流高风险区面积占比为13.10%,主要分布于沟口及沟道两旁建筑处;④立节沟上方滑坡松散堆积体体积庞大,仍处于持续蠕动-变形-滑动的过程中,为泥石流的汇流提供大量物源,不同降雨频率下的风险分区结果为城镇泥石流风险减灾提供参考。

城镇泥石流  /  InSAR  /  形变趋势  /  物源  /  风险

A large number of towns in the western mountainous areas are within the hazard range of disaster chains such as landslides and debris flows, making the safety and disaster risk of mountain towns a key focus. The landslide-debris flow disaster chain in Lijie Gully, Lijie Town, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province was taken as a case study. Based on field investigations and remote sensing analysis, surface deformation was analyzed using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology to determine the source of the disaster chain. The RAMMS dynamic model was then employed for the process and risk analysis of debris flows, followed by vulnerability and risk assessment. The research results indicate these as follows. The main subsidence areas within the basin are located at the edge and top of the ancient landslide area above Lijie Gully on the North Mountain, with the main cause of deformation being the seasonal freezing and thawing of soil. Based on the deformation results and remote sensing image analysis, the RAMMS dynamic model is used to conduct risk analysis of the Lijie Gully debris flow under three rainfall frequencies of 1%, 2%, and 5%. The comprehensive evaluation results show that the high-risk area accounts for 70.51%, largely distributed in the loose accumulation surface of the North Mountain landslide, the gully, both banks of the gully, and the accumulation fan at the gully mouth. Based on the risk and vulnerability assessment results, the high-risk area of the Lijie Gully debris flow accounts for 13.10%, mainly distributed in the gully mouth and along both sides of the gully where buildings are located. The large volume of loose accumulation above Lijie Gully is still in a continuous process of creeping-deformation-sliding, providing a large amount of material source for debris flows. The risk zoning results under different rainfall frequencies provide a reference for the disaster reduction of urban debris flows.

urban debris flow  /  InSAR  /  deformation trend  /  provenance  /  risk
巫贵秋, 向灵芝, 雷青青, 沈娜, 徐伟. 基于形变分析的城镇泥石流风险评价:以立节沟泥石流灾害链为例. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7963 -7977 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406204
Gui-qiu WU, Ling-zhi XIANG, Qing-qing LEI, Na SHEN, Wei XU. Risk Assessment of Urban Debris Flow Based on Deformation Analysis: Taking Lijiegou Debris Flow Disaster Chain as an Example[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7963 -7977 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406204
受青藏高原构造抬升以及向周边挤压、应力扩散的影响,其周边山地的地形地貌、地质构造随之产生持续变形,进而造成滑坡、泥石流等重力地貌链生灾害广泛发育的现象。同时受山区地形条件限制,大量的城镇位于河谷两岸的河流阶地、冲积扇、洪积扇及老滑坡前缘堆积区、泥石流堆积扇等地貌单元内,山区城镇的安全问题和灾害风险研究是值得关注的重要问题。特别是近20年来,区域气候条件产生较明显的变化,不同地貌区的孕灾条件也随之产生变化,叠加极端降雨、地震灾害事件的影响,使得山区城镇的地质安全受到极大的威胁[1-4]。白龙江流域位于青藏高原东北缘,是四川盆地、黄土高原和青藏高原3个大型地貌单元的交汇过渡区,在气候、构造、地貌多种因素持续作用和变化的过程中,滑坡、泥石流等灾害发生频率和强度呈增加趋势。典型的灾害事件如2010年8·8舟曲县城关镇三眼峪、罗家峪特大泥石流灾害,2013年、2020年强降雨引发群发性泥石流灾害等[5-7]。以甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县立节镇立节沟泥石流为例,每年夏季强降雨都会暴发不同规模的泥石流,并冲出沟道汇入主河白龙江,造成不同程度的堵河。立节沟泥石流近些年最大爆发于2019年6月,沟道内泥石流冲高达到7.5 m,50 m宽的白龙江河道被堵塞2/3,严重威胁沟口立节镇的道路、桥涵和房屋建筑以及堵塞白龙江形成回水范围内的上游城镇。开展泥石流灾害的风险评价不仅对当地经济建设和土地利用有着重要意义,而且面向城镇安全的泥石流风险评价可为后续防灾减灾提供可靠的理论基础。
城镇泥石流危险性评价研究主要集中在对威胁城镇范围内的单沟泥石流进行评价[8]和对区域内泥石流进行整体评价[9]两个大类。无论是针对单沟还是区域,其通常采用的方法基本为影响因子结合数理模型计算以及数值模拟。例如,王术桁[10]通过对云南省金源乡研究区内11条泥石流沟进行实地调分析提取影响因子进行定量评价,得出研究区泥石流危险性评价结果。吴庆安等[11]以舟曲罗家峪单沟泥石流为研究对象,采用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)对所选取的影响因子进行综合分析,完成单沟泥石流的危险性评价。随着对城镇泥石流风险评价的研究深入,很多学者为了提高泥石流动力过程和危害范围的准确性,引入数值模拟的方法。数值模拟结果的精确性和可操作性是各种模型能被广泛采用的基础。目前较成熟的泥石流数值模拟模型及软件平台主要有FLO-2D[12]、Massflow[13]、RAMMS[14]、ANSYS_CFX[15]、HEC-RAS[16]等软件。大量研究分析了各种动力模型在不同的地质环境背景区域应用的效果,进而提出其优缺点和改进方向。如王毅等[17]对汶川县城南沟单沟泥石流选用FLO-2D数值模拟技术对不同降雨频率下泥石流分别进行风险区划。刘府生等[18]通过RAMMS软件对冰湖溃决型泥石流进行模拟分析,得到了泥石流的平均泥深以及最大流量和流速,所得结果可以用于泥石流的危险性研究。种艳等[19]通过在对北山沟滑坡区设置电阻层析成像仪,利用电阻率层析成像(electrical resistivity tomography, ERT)确定滑动面深度,利用Massflow和BASEMENT综合数值建模方法分析泥石流危险性。城镇泥石流的易损性[20]评价采用的方法为通过承灾体提取,确定易损性分级体系,进行易损度计算。如潘梦宇等[21]利用数值模拟和遥感技术构建了长江流域砌体结构建筑的易损性评价曲线,完成了承灾体的综合易损性分区。对于城镇泥石流的风险研究,目前绝大多数学者采用的是1992年联合国发布的灾害风险计算公式:风险度=危险度 × 易损度进行计算[22]。然而,在滑坡-泥石流灾害链研究方面,其物源量化的相关研究相对薄弱。特别是泥石流数值模拟方法中关于泥石流的物源供给区域界限的明确较模糊。因此以立节沟滑坡-泥石流灾害链为例,基于实地调查和遥感分析,对其孕灾条件和活动特征分析的基础上,初步圈定其滑坡物源区、流通区和堆积区。利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR),结合地表形变分析对泥石流物源量化进行改进。在1%、2%和5%3种降雨频率下进行危险性分析,并结合现场勘测和遥感影像完成易损性和风险评价。
立节沟位于甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县立节镇,是白龙江干流左岸的一条高频泥石流沟(图1),流域地理坐标范围为104°06'92″E~104°06'38″E,33°91'36″N~33°89'89″N。 据实地调查,立节沟泥石流第一次爆发形成至今超过五十年,每年雨季6—8月发规模最大。近几年最大规模两次分别在2019年6月和2020年6月,泥石流冲刷最高处接近7 m。立节沟泥石流排导槽修建于2012年,每次泥石流爆发后,当地政府会及时清理沟道残留堆积体,因此排导槽内较为干净。2023年7月25日短时强降雨造成泥石流灾害形成堆积扇,现场实测堆积扇的尺寸为:前缘宽度约110 m(沿白龙江流向方向),扇顶至扇缘(白龙江冲刷后的)距离约45 m,堰塞体淤堵白龙江宽度约20 m,堆积扇的坡度约为3°,厚度约1.4 m(图1)。
立节沟流域面积1.417 km2,横穿立节镇西部农田和建筑,在经过五条支沟汇水后,主沟汇入白龙江。该泥石流沟可分为形成区、流通区和堆积区三部分,各要素如图2所示。
立节沟地形上主要呈北高南低,形成区较为陡峭,表现为北山滑坡体压顶堆积。流域主沟长714 m,形成区后缘和沟口高程差达1 025 m,主沟纵坡比降达1 436‰。立节泥石流沟的主要物源由其形成区内北山滑坡群所提供。如图2所示,北山滑坡群(L1~L7)位于舟曲县西部的白龙江上游左岸立节镇北侧山体,滑坡体平面形态呈圈椅状。北山滑坡群的后缘高程为2 582 m,前缘高程为1 833 m,滑坡体相对高差为749 m,整体的坡度约为40°。滑坡群宽度约570 m,平面长约1 100 m,滑坡范围为104°07'09″E~104°06'77″E,33°91'12″N~33°90'16″N。滑坡厚度约为25 m,滑坡体体积约为1 567×104 m3。沿主沟沟口往上游将立节沟支沟依次分为支沟一至支沟五(图2中ZG1~ZG5)。由于形成区的北山滑坡群主要位于支沟三和支沟四的流域范围内,因此这两条支沟提供了汇入主沟的主要物源量,发育规模较大,其他三条支沟规模较小。各条支沟沟道的沟壁处坡度较大且不稳定,也为泥石流提供部分物源。由于在北山滑坡的堆积平均坡度大于30°的地形下,遇强降雨时松散物质极易被从坡面剥蚀带下以及整体崩滑,主沟以及支沟沟道两侧岩土体在降雨作用下滑落向下堆积,且动能充足,支沟内降水汇集快,二者共同的作用常使得固体物质发生急速搬运,破坏力强,且冲出量较大,极易在立节镇沟口处冲入白龙江形成堵江危害。
地层岩性影响岩土体的强度特性,是控制滑坡泥石流形成演化的物质基础。根据1∶250 000地质图(图3),立节沟流域上部北山滑坡的古滑坡区所属地层为泥盆系中统古道岭组(D2g),下部为含铁砂岩、页岩、千枚岩、板岩,夹中薄层泥砂质灰岩,上部为中薄层-厚层块状泥砂;流域中部地层为第四系中上更新统(Q2),以粉砂土、黄土状亚黏土,偶夹砾石和碎岩块为主;流域下部为志留系中上统(S2+3)白龙江群的千枚岩、板岩等浅变质岩。强降雨条件下,北山滑坡堆积体滑落堆积沟内,堆积物黄土以坡面流及滑坡的形式混杂砾石和碎岩块冲入支沟;水流混合土体、碎块石从各条支沟汇入主沟,形成泥石流。在其物源组成中,黄土混杂砾石和碎岩块占了重要部分,滑坡堆积物和沟内没有发现较大粒径的岩石块体。
立节沟流域属北亚热带向北温带的过渡区,受大气环流和地形影响,具有垂直气候分带明显和干湿季分明两大特点。降水少而不均匀,冬春干燥,夏秋多雨,雨季降水主要集中在5—9月。流域内多年平均降水量为483.79 mm,日最大降雨量为60.10 mm,最大一小时降雨量为43.71 mm。降雨对泥石流的发育主要影响为提供水源,以及起到启动诱因的作用。立节沟多沟汇水,降雨在支沟内的补给速度较快,并且支沟具有较大的坡降为汇集后的水流提供了较大的动能。在强降雨条件下,第三条和第四条支沟上方的北山滑坡历史堆积体极易滑动并堆积至支沟以及主沟内。因此,流域内汇水迅速且物源充足,在短时集中强降雨的作用下,诱发北山滑坡堆积体发生崩滑,然后在沟内形成泥石流,沿着立节沟主沟冲出,汇入白龙江。
植被主要通过影响物源供给,植被覆盖度越低,土体表面固土能力越低,从而一定程度上控制泥石流的发育。通过“地理空间数据云”所获取的立节沟流域2021年8月拍摄的Landsat8数据,利用可视化图像环境(environment for visualizing images,ENVI)和地理信息系统(geographic information system, GIS)进行解译分析,得到流域内植被覆盖率。如图4所示,从南至北向上整体呈现递增趋势,形成区植被覆盖率较高,但是其顶上北山滑坡群L1~L6的植被覆盖率极低,因此在发生强降雨时滑坡群容易被冲刷和崩滑。根据现场调查和历史土地调查得知北山滑坡群的L7区域属于古滑坡区,已被治理,所以给立节沟泥石流主要提供物源的是滑坡群L1~L6,位于支沟三和支沟四流域范围内。流域内的流通区植被覆盖率为20%~40%,植被覆盖率相对较低,这导致了流通区主沟沟道两侧土体稳定性较差,在遇降雨时被直接冲刷,极易发生崩滑灾害,因此流通区主沟道和支沟道两侧沟壁岩土体在降雨条件下也在持续滑落为泥石流提供部分物源。
在立节沟沟道和北山滑坡群中都设有防治工程。北山滑坡群治理主要集中在北山滑坡古滑坡区域(滑坡分区为L7),采用分级治理,从滑坡顶部依次设有分级开挖排水、格构锚杆加固、锚绳抗滑桩搭配变形监测器、排水渠和挡墙以及锚拉桩搭配监测变形器,并且加固边坡中设有多条的排水槽,如图5所示。
立节沟部分防治措施由图6所示。经现场实测,立节沟主沟排导槽宽度为10~12 m,在主沟口宽度最宽为12 m,排导槽高度为6 m,部分加高处地区为7 m,排导槽坡度为7°~12°;支沟一排导槽宽度为6 m,排导槽高度为3 m,加高处为4 m,排导槽坡度为15°~18°;支沟二排导槽宽度为5 m,在支沟口宽度最宽为6 m,排导槽高度为3 m,加高处为4 m,排导槽坡度为20°~22°;立节沟主沟及各支沟可测得数据如表1所示。
地表形变量反映了一个区域整体的运动趋势。泥石流流域内地表形变变化越大,表明流域内斜坡岩土体稳定性越低,物质发生运移,将会为泥石流灾害提供丰富的物源,从而有利于泥石流灾害的发生。因此流域内地表形变量的量化计算以及分区规律能够为泥石流物源区的滑坡范围界定以及泥石流物源量化判定提供依据。由于2020年11月—2021年1月,立节沟北山滑坡持续发生明显蠕动变形,造成较大险情,因此本文选取2020年10月1日—2021年5月29日的19景vv极化方式的Sentienl-1号影像数据,利用SBAS-InSAR技术对北山滑坡进行形变分析。获得累计形变量结果和平均形变速率结果分别如图7图8所示。
图7可知,流域内主要沉降区域位于立节沟上方的北山滑坡。北山滑坡自2020年10月—2021年6月期间最大沉降量为18.70 mm,其中主要沉降区域位于古滑坡区L7的边缘及顶部,新近滑坡区L5和L6。并且流通区有大面积滑坡松散体堆积,导致流通区整体有微弱抬升现象,其中研究时间内堆积厚度最高达到10.50 mm,该区域位于滑坡区L6下部。流域内有0.46%区域面积沉降量达到了17~21 mm,有2.96%的区域沉降量达到13~17 mm,有4.31%的区域沉降量达到10~13 mm,有9.63%的区域沉降量达到6~10 mm,有14.17%的区域沉降量达到3~6 mm。因此,整体形变结果表明,形变沉降区主要位于滑坡源区,形变抬升区位于滑坡下部和前缘,即泥石流沟的流通区内,这与泥石流的物源汇流趋势一致。形变结果所显示的各滑坡范围进一步明确实地调查和影像解译的范围。
图8可见,立节沟流域内的平均形变速率最大达到了-13.97 mm/年,北山滑坡区域都存在沉降情况,其中新近滑坡区L5和L6沉降速率较大。研究区内有0.28%的区域平均沉降速率为13~17 mm/年,有4.54%的区域平均沉降速率为8~13 mm/年,有7.42%的区域平均沉降速率为4~8 mm/年,有29.75%的区域平均沉降速率为0~4 mm/年。据形变监测结果分析,北山滑坡体持续蠕动下滑,其中滑坡区L5和L6较为严重,导致大量滑坡松散堆积体堆积在支沟四上方,这与现场调查情况符合一致,并且老滑坡堆积体大量堆积在支沟三上方,这些松散堆积体在强降雨下滑动堆积至沟道内,进而启动形成泥石流。
为探究滑坡体产生形变的原因,选取了累计沉降量较大的7个典型特征点进行时序形变分析(图7)。7个典型特征点中P1和P2分别位于滑坡区L5和L6的滑坡后缘,P3位于滑坡区L7的前缘,P4和P5位于滑坡区L7的中部,P6和P7位于滑坡区L7的后缘。根据时序形变结果分析(图9)所得,7个特征点的总体形变趋势相似,10月初至12月初形变速率加剧,土体活动状态表现为沉降。其原因是进入冬季,温度持续降低至零下,土体内水分冻结引起整体蠕动导致。12月初至2月底形变速率较低,则是由于土体反复冻融导致不断抬升沉降,但是土体整体较为稳定。3月初至4月底,形变速率加剧,土体活动状态表现为抬升,这是由于研究区三月气温开始逐渐回暖,土体内冻结的水分开始融化和降雨开始增多,研究区土体的黄土中含有大量的蒙脱石矿物、千枚岩内含有绢云母等矿物,吸水导致土体膨胀,所以土体形变表现为整体抬升。从5月初开始,形变速率急剧增大,土体急剧沉降,主要原因是气温回暖后,土体内水分增加导致土体稳定性降低,并且持续降雨和强降雨逐渐增多,所以土体发生失稳滑动和冲刷。在研究时间段内,研究区的土体整体的活动趋势呈现为沉降,这表示滑坡仍在滑动状态。根据特征点的时序形变原因分析可以得出立节沟流域内的北山滑坡的形变的控制性因素为土体的冻融变化。
基于形变分析结果、现场勘测及岩土体实验分析数据,采用RAMMS动力模型进行泥石流动力过程数值模拟,计算立节沟泥石流在不同降雨频率下的流速和泥石流堆积深度,进而计算泥石流的危险性。主要分析流程如图10所示。
RAMMS模型采用的是改进的VS(voellmy-salm)单相流连续介质模型,该模型算法可用于山体滑坡、雪崩及泥石流等[23-25]。VS模型将摩擦力分为两个阻力部分组成:静态摩擦阻力和运动阻力。其中改进后的总摩擦阻力S表示为
$\begin{aligned}S= & \mu N+\left(\rho g u^{2}\right) / \xi+(1-\mu) N_{0}- \\& (1-\mu) N_{0} \mathrm{e}^{\left(-N / N_{0}\right)}\end{aligned}$
式(1)中:N为法向应力;ρ为密度,kg/m3;g为重力加速度;u为流体速度,m/s;N0为屈服应力;μ为干库仑型摩擦因数;ξ为黏性湍流摩擦因数。
1)参数计算
结合《泥石流勘察技术》中的泥石流分类方法,根据泥石流沉积物中黏粒的容量计算公式确定。即
$\gamma_{c}=P_{0.05}^{0.35} P_{2} \gamma_{v}+\gamma_{0}$
式(2)中:γc为泥石流容重,g/cm3;P0.05为粒径小于0.05 mm的颗粒百分比含量(小数表示);P2为粒径大于2.00 mm的颗粒百分比含量(小数表示);γv为黏性泥石流的最小容重,2.00 g/cm3;γ0为泥石流的最小容重,黏性泥石流取值为1.50 g/cm3
根据野外取样编号将支沟一、支沟二、支沟三、沟口堆积体分别代号为1#、2#、3#、4#并进行颗分试验,其结果如图11所示,然后结合野外调查并结合土工试验和根据式(2)获得容重计算值为1.72 g/cm3
结合立节沟具体地形和流体型,根据相关案例和使用手册,选取相关参数(表2)进行泥石流动力过程模拟。参考Ouyang等[26],通过改进雨洪法,计算降雨频率分别为5%、2%和1%3种情况下,立节沟各支沟流域的清水流量过程线,由于泥石流在运动过程中含有泥砂具有放大作用,所以通过清水流量乘以放大因子BF得到泥石流峰值流量(表3)。放大因子BF计算公式为
$\mathrm{BF}=1 /\left(1-C_{V}\right)$
$C_{V}=\frac{\gamma_{c}-\gamma_{w}}{\gamma_{s}-\gamma_{w}}$
式中:BF为泥石流放大因子;CV为体积浓度,以小数表示;γc为泥石流容重,g/cm3;γs为泥砂容重,g/cm3;γw为水容重,g/cm3
根据现场走访调查及结合暴雨流量过程线的计算公式,确定立节沟泥石流发生时长为1.00 h。依据发生时长和泥石流洪峰流量,运用五边形概化模型获得泥石流流量概化过程线,结果见图12
根据上述计算所得的泥石流的洪峰流量和泥石流暴发历时计算单次泥石流总量,计算公式为
$ Q=0.264 T Q_{\mathrm{C}}$
式(5)中:Q为单次泥石流冲出总量,m3;T为泥石流历时,s;QC为泥石流洪峰流量,m3/s。
计算得出立节沟泥石流在不同降雨频率下一次冲出总量,并且基于前面InSAR技术所得研究区形变分析结果,根据研究区内各支沟流域面积内累计形变量的平均值,按各支沟形变平均值的比例将立节沟泥石流的一次冲出总量对各支沟进行重分配如表4所示。
2)模型构建及数值模拟
依据实地调查和灾害情况,为了改进泥石流物源量化方法,对立节沟滑坡-泥石流灾害链采用RAMMS数值模型提供的块体物源释放方式进行泥石流危险性分析。基于InSAR对研究区的形变分析结果,结合现场调查实际情况与遥感影像进行精确划定物源块体释放区域(图13),根据野外调查、室内实验等方法确定泥石流模拟相关参数,确定泥石流一次过程总量进行不同降雨频率下的泥石流过程演进计算。
1)不同降雨频率下泥石流流速和流深
基于RAMMS数值模型,对立节沟分别为1%、2%和5%降雨频率下分别进行计算后得出立节沟泥石流的泥沙堆积深度(图14)、流速分布情况(图15)。
不同降雨频率下立节沟泥石流的堆积深度情况统计如表5所示。从图14表5可知,降雨频率从1%增加到5%,泥石流的最大堆积深度和平均堆积深度分别由9.94、1.60 m降低至7.27、0.90 m。随着降雨强度的增大,沟道内最大堆积深度达到9.94 m,超出沟道排导槽2.94 m,会危害到排导槽旁的建筑与道路,并且堆积区堆积深度超过1 m的范围占据白龙江河道宽度近95%,所以堵江危害的程度也会随之增加。
不同降雨频率下立节沟泥石流的流速情况统计如表6所示。从图15表6可知,降雨频率从1%增加到5%,泥石流的最大流速和平均流速分别由16.75、6.93 m/s降低至13.61、5.39 m/s。
2)不同降雨频率下泥石流危险性
泥石流强度主要通过泥石流的流速和堆积深度进行评价,通过泥石流不同的流速与堆积深度将泥石流分为高、中、低3个不同的强度等级[27]。将RAMMS模拟所得结果按照泥石流强度划分表7,将泥石流划分为高、中、低3个危险区域,得到立节沟泥石流在不同降雨频率下泥石流的危险区域分布图。
模拟所得各个降雨频率下立节沟泥石流危险分区如图16所示:降雨频率从1%增加至5%,泥石流总危险面积从0.163 9 km2降低至0.152 5 km2;高危险区的面积从为0.126 0 km2降低至0.081 4 km2;高危险区面积占比从76.88%降低至53.38%。
图16可见,随着降雨频率的减小,即随着降雨强度的增大,总危险区和高危险区面积都在增大。高危险区大部分集中分布在滑坡面、沟道及其两岸和堆积扇区域,并伴随了明显的不同程度堵江现象。
3)综合危险性分区
通过不同降雨频率下的泥石流强度划分,结合高、中、低降雨概率进行划分得到泥石流综合危险性划分标准如表8所示。
根据泥石流危险性综合评价标准,将立节沟泥石流的危险性进行划分为高危险性、中危险性和低危险性3类(图17)。
图17可以得出,总危险区面积为0.163 8 km2,高危险区面积为0.115 5 km2。高危险区集中分布于滑坡面、沟道及沟道两岸和沟口堆积扇处,可见立节沟泥石流可能引起堵江灾害,所以灾害防治应考虑河道堵塞问题。从危害范围来看,立节镇西部部分建筑及道路处于高危险范围内,所以对居民的疏散与建筑防治也应纳入防灾重点。
结合现场调查和危险性评价结果的泥石流危害范围,选取建筑物,道路,土地3种主要承灾体进行易损性评价。
根据泥石流灾害情况以及泥石流危险范围,结合主成分分析法[28]对不同的承灾体进行主、次要成分指标进行易损性权重赋值。为了计算规范,需对主、次要成分指标进行标准化计算处理,得到评价因子的标准值,其计算公式为
$S=\frac{W}{W_{\max }}$
式(6)中:S为评价因子标准化值;W为主、次指标权重值;Wmax为主、次指标最大权重值。
根据实际考察对研究区内按建筑物、道路和土地进行易损性评价,3类不同承灾体的易损性分级划分如下:
(1)建筑物。选取建筑物结构、建筑物距离沟口距离、建筑物层数和建筑物用途4个主要指标进行主、次要指标权重标准化计算,结果见表9
(2)道路。选取道路材料和道路类型的两个主要指标进行主、次要指标权重标准化计算,结果见表10
(3)土地。按土土地类型和植被覆盖度两个主要指标进行主、次要指标权重标准化计算,结果见表11
通过对泥石流危险区域内的不同土地类型进行标准化后,进行承灾体的抵抗泥石流破坏能力,即承灾体承载力的计算,其计算公式为
$ P=1 /\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} W S_{i} \sum_{j=1}^{n} W S_{j}\right)$
式(7)中:P为承灾体承载力;WSi为主要指标的权重标准值;WSj为次要指标权重标准值。
结合实地调查对不同的评价因子进行分类,并对承灾体的承载力进行赋值计算。通过易损性与承灾体承载力的相关性对进行易损性的评价分析,计算公式为
$ V=1.65 P^{-0.42}-1.29$
式(8)中:V为研究区内不同承灾体的易损性;P为承灾体的承载力。
对立节沟危害范围内的承灾体进行遥感解译,得到承灾体分布如图18所示。
根据式(7)和式(8)计算出每个承载体的易损性,将易损性划分为低易损、中易损和高易损3类。由图19可得立节沟的承灾体总面积为0.077 7 km2,高、中、低易损性面积分别为0.007 4、0.016 6、0.053 7 km2,所占比例分别为9.52%、21.36%、69.12%。高易损性区域主要集中在靠近沟口和紧挨沟道两旁的建筑房屋;中易损性区域主要集中在农田、主干道公路和稍微远离沟道和沟口的房屋建筑;低易损性区域主要分布在植被覆盖较差的裸地。
对立节沟泥石流灾害的风险评价参考文献[29]提出的泥石流灾害风险表达式,即
$R=H V$
式(9)中:R为泥石流风险度(0~1);H为泥石流危险度(0~1);V为泥石流易损度(0~1)。
基于上述泥石流危险性与易损性的关系,利用式(9)进行风险性计算,并划分为高风险区、中风险区及低风险区3个风险等级(图20)。
图20可得,立节沟风险区总面积为0.066 4 km2,高风险区面积为0.008 7 km2、中风险区面积为0.046 4 km2、低风险区面积为0.011 3 km2,所占比例分别为13.10%、69.88%、17.02%。高风险区主要分布于立节沟沟口及沟道两旁建筑处。结合实地调查,由于立节沟修有排导槽,大部分泥石流会顺着排导槽冲出,但是当泥石流规模较大时,仍然会冲出排导槽,对沟道两旁建筑、道路和农田造成威胁。并且由于沟口处白龙江河道河宽约为50 m,因为历史泥石流冲出堆积,堆积扇处形成了一大片滩地,所以进一步减少了沟口处白龙江河道流通宽度(图1)。虽然泥石流从沟口冲入白龙江后会被河水冲刷至下游,但是据实地调查和采访当地目击居民,由于河道狭窄且历史残留堆积物众多,所以立节沟爆发泥石流时会形成短时间的堵江,且形成回水影响上游相应区域。
(1)立节沟流域的地表形变计算结果表明,流域内主要沉降区域位于立节沟上方北山滑坡的古滑坡区L7边缘及顶部,以及新近滑坡区L5和L6,自2020年10月—2021年6月期间最大沉降量为18.7 mm,最大平均沉降速率为13.97 mm/年。根据典型特征点的时序形变分析,北山滑坡产生形变主要原因为受季节变化,岩土体内部水分和部分亲水矿物产生冻融现象导致体积变化及蠕动变形。
(2)结合InSAR技术和RAMMS动力模型,对立节沟泥石流在1%、2%和5%这3种降雨频率下进行模拟。结果显示,随着降雨强度的增加,高危险区占比由53.38%增加至70.51%。其中高危险区大量分布于北山滑坡松散堆积面、沟道及沟道两岸和沟口堆积扇处,堰塞体占据河道宽度接近95%,有可能发生不同程度的堵江灾害。计算结果与实际灾害情景相符,验证了结合形变分析与块体释放模块相结合的滑坡-泥石流灾害链危险性动力模型的可行性。
(3)根据遥感解译和实地调查结果,选取立节沟承灾体为房屋建筑、土地和道路3类。易损性分析结果表明,承灾体高、中、低易损性所占比例分别为9.52%、21.36%、69.12%。其中高易损性区域主要分布在靠近沟口和紧挨沟道两旁的建筑房屋。
(4)根据危险性和易损性评价结果,对立节沟进行风险评价。立节沟高风险区面积为0.008 7 km2、所占比例为13.10%。高风险区主要分布于立节沟沟口及沟道两旁建筑处,并且立节沟上方滑坡松散堆积体体积庞大,仍在持续变形滑动,可为泥石流输送大量物源。风险评价结果可为该区后续的城镇泥石流防灾减灾提供参考。
  • 第二次青藏高原综合科学考察项目(2019QZKK0902)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406204
  • 接收时间:2024-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-19
  • 修回日期:2024-12-23
基金
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察项目(2019QZKK0902)
作者信息
    1 重庆交通大学河海学院, 重庆 400074
    2 中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心, 成都 610218

通讯作者:

*向灵芝(1980—),女,汉族,重庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害风险。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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