Article(id=1209811341506900320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404654, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718899200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-21, revisedDate=1737648000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766371101023, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1751904000000, pubDateStr=2025-07-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766371101023, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766371101023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766371101023, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209811339510411616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='19', pageStart='7885', pageEnd='8315', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766371100547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766373228996, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209820266960654936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1209811339510411616, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7885, endPage=7896, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209811341972468067, articleId=1209811341506900320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Advances in Shallow Geothermal Tracer Groundwater Research, columnId=1209811341896970594, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies∙Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Groundwater plays a pivotal role in the production and sustenance of life. However, the potential geologic risks associated with its exploitation must be acknowledged. Changes in groundwater levels have been shown to precipitate geologic disasters such as landslides, mudslides, and ground subsidence. Therefore, the mastery of groundwater information is of great scientific significance for disaster prevention, mitigation, and the rational use of water resources. The temperature tracing method is recognized as a promising technique with significant applications in preventing and providing early warning of geological hazards, such as landslides and mudslides. Among the many methods available, this technique was noted for its great potential. The recent groundwater exploration methods, theoretical research, and new indoor experimental research methods was focused on. The latest research progress related to the groundwater method of geothermal inversion in the seepage of rivers and dams, landslides, and groundwater exploration was reviewed. Through comparative analysis with the traditional electric method of exploration, current theoretical models and new problems faced by the practice of engineering exploration were analyzed. Future research should focus on multi-field coupling, multi-parameter integration, analysis of groundwater patterns in special soil sites, dynamic monitoring of groundwater for major projects, and early warning and prediction of geological disasters will be focused on. These research directions will provide essential scientific and technical support for the prevention of geological disasters and water resources management.

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地下水在生产生活中扮演重要角色,然而,其潜在的地质风险也不容忽视,地下水的变化可能诱发滑坡、泥石流、地面沉降等地质灾害。因此,掌握地下水信息对防灾减灾和合理利用水资源具有极其重要的科学意义。在众多探寻地下水的方法中,利用浅层地温示踪地下水是一种极具潜力的技术,对于山体滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的防治和预警方面,该技术具有重大的应用价值。针对近年来地下水的勘探方法、相关理论研究和新型试验研究方法等方面,梳理了地温反演地下水方法在河流堤坝渗漏、滑坡、地下水探查等方面的相关最新研究进展,通过与传统电法勘探方式的对比分析,分析了当前理论模型和工程勘探实践所面临的新问题,认为今后研究方向应以多场耦合、多参数结合分析地下水规律、搭建地下水动态监测系统及地质灾害预警预报平台等方面作为研究重点,以期为地质灾害防治和水资源管理提供科技支撑。

, correspAuthors=刘琨, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘琨(1985—),男,汉族,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土地震工程。E-mail:
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图2(a)中N、M为分别表示不同电极,V表示电压表;图2(b)中WDM(wavelength division multiplexing)为合波器,APD(avalanche photodiode)为雪崩式发光二极管

, figureFileSmall=3zW6Ys8blwZRtmzTOzY0WQ==, figureFileBig=wTg2/Fz2bPHyRGQhUrRTBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888926215565696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Resistivity profiles of high-density electrical methods[97], figureFileSmall=xJDzY4Zd4cP44HKvwF1hCQ==, figureFileBig=w6/COMWQgXxKpnPtjOlbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888926316228998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高密度电法电阻率剖面[97], figureFileSmall=xJDzY4Zd4cP44HKvwF1hCQ==, figureFileBig=w6/COMWQgXxKpnPtjOlbpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888926387532169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution of isotherms and groundwater veins in the geothermal method[85], figureFileSmall=EIFhb0Z2nS5RXgWpaeL34Q==, figureFileBig=L3DAnTZbmxID51VZkmu6NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888926500778382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=CN, label=图4, caption=地温法等温线及地下水脉分布[85], figureFileSmall=EIFhb0Z2nS5RXgWpaeL34Q==, figureFileBig=L3DAnTZbmxID51VZkmu6NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1209888926597247378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Specific heat capacity of common substances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质 比热容/[kJ·(kg·K)-1]
4.20
2.10
砂石 0.92
), ArticleFig(id=1209888926685327767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1209811341506900320, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见物质比热容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物质 比热容/[kJ·(kg·K)-1]
4.20
2.10
砂石 0.92
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浅层地温示踪地下水研究进展
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田文通 1, 2, 3 , 郭鼎楠 1 , 刘琨 1, 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 综述∙天文学、地球科学 2025,25(19): 7885-7896
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科学技术与工程 | 综述∙天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(19): 7885-7896
浅层地温示踪地下水研究进展
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田文通1, 2, 3 , 郭鼎楠1, 刘琨1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国地震局兰州地震研究所, 兰州 730000
  • 2 中国地震局(甘肃省)黄土地震工程重点实验室, 兰州 730000
  • 3 甘肃省地震局, 兰州 730000
  • 田文通(1977—),男,汉族,甘肃天水人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土地震工程。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘琨(1985—),男,汉族,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土地震工程。E-mail:
Advances in Shallow Geothermal Tracer Groundwater Research
Wen-tong TIAN1, 2, 3 , Ding-nan GUO1, Kun LIU1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Loess Earthquake Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 3 Gansu Earthquake Agency, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-08 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404654
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地下水在生产生活中扮演重要角色,然而,其潜在的地质风险也不容忽视,地下水的变化可能诱发滑坡、泥石流、地面沉降等地质灾害。因此,掌握地下水信息对防灾减灾和合理利用水资源具有极其重要的科学意义。在众多探寻地下水的方法中,利用浅层地温示踪地下水是一种极具潜力的技术,对于山体滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的防治和预警方面,该技术具有重大的应用价值。针对近年来地下水的勘探方法、相关理论研究和新型试验研究方法等方面,梳理了地温反演地下水方法在河流堤坝渗漏、滑坡、地下水探查等方面的相关最新研究进展,通过与传统电法勘探方式的对比分析,分析了当前理论模型和工程勘探实践所面临的新问题,认为今后研究方向应以多场耦合、多参数结合分析地下水规律、搭建地下水动态监测系统及地质灾害预警预报平台等方面作为研究重点,以期为地质灾害防治和水资源管理提供科技支撑。

温度场  /  温度示踪方法  /  热方程  /  1 m地温法

Groundwater plays a pivotal role in the production and sustenance of life. However, the potential geologic risks associated with its exploitation must be acknowledged. Changes in groundwater levels have been shown to precipitate geologic disasters such as landslides, mudslides, and ground subsidence. Therefore, the mastery of groundwater information is of great scientific significance for disaster prevention, mitigation, and the rational use of water resources. The temperature tracing method is recognized as a promising technique with significant applications in preventing and providing early warning of geological hazards, such as landslides and mudslides. Among the many methods available, this technique was noted for its great potential. The recent groundwater exploration methods, theoretical research, and new indoor experimental research methods was focused on. The latest research progress related to the groundwater method of geothermal inversion in the seepage of rivers and dams, landslides, and groundwater exploration was reviewed. Through comparative analysis with the traditional electric method of exploration, current theoretical models and new problems faced by the practice of engineering exploration were analyzed. Future research should focus on multi-field coupling, multi-parameter integration, analysis of groundwater patterns in special soil sites, dynamic monitoring of groundwater for major projects, and early warning and prediction of geological disasters will be focused on. These research directions will provide essential scientific and technical support for the prevention of geological disasters and water resources management.

temperature field  /  temperature tracing methods  /  thermal equation  /  one-meter geothermal method
田文通, 郭鼎楠, 刘琨. 浅层地温示踪地下水研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7885 -7896 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404654
Wen-tong TIAN, Ding-nan GUO, Kun LIU. Advances in Shallow Geothermal Tracer Groundwater Research[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (19) : 7885 -7896 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404654
地下水,即藏匿于地下岩石缝隙中的水源,狭义上指的是地下水面以下饱和含水层中的水[1]。地下水在土壤-植物-大气的水分循环和生态过程中发挥着显著作用[2-3]。然而,地下水位的急剧变化是引发地质灾害、加剧其影响的关键因素,可能触发滑坡、泥石流、地面沉降和水土流失等多种灾害,对人类生命安全构成严重威胁,并造成巨大的经济损失[4-8]。因此,对地下水流动路径进行精确调查,对于灾害的预警和防治工作具有至关重要的作用。
目前常用的地下水调查方法分为直接与间接方法两类,间接法包括地震勘探、电法勘探和自然放射能法等传统物探方法[9-10],但这些方法适用于大规模的含水层,对于较小规模的地下水流动无法提供准确的路径和规模信息。直接探测方法如药品投入追踪法、水质分析法、水位观测法需要大量的前期准备和资源投入,且实施周期长,准确度也难以得到保证。鉴于上述方法的局限性,需要找到一种具备快速、经济、准确等优点的方法来探测地下水。浅层地温测量方法通过浅层地温场的分布和变化来示踪地下水,最初被用作勘探地热资源,对于地下水资源开发和利用、地热能利用等方面具有重要意义[11-14]。浅层地温测量通常在1、2、5 m深的钻孔内测量,最常用的深度为1 m,故又称作“米测温法”。当地下水与周围物质温差足够大时,温度传感器能够直观地反映出来。通过对测得的浅层地温异常值进行分析,可以推断地下水流动的规模、深度和路径等信息[15-16],结合实地调查,可为堤防渗漏、山体滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的防治提供参考,从而建立相关的预警措施,减小灾害带来的损失[17-19]
目前针对浅层地温测量方法的研究多集中在对特定场景进行水文地质特征分析,缺乏系统性的研究,也很少涉及方法的适用性分析。为填补这一空白,首先详细阐述一维垂向稳态和瞬态热运移解析方程的发展,并介绍四种常见的解析解。在此基础上,进一步梳理浅层地温测量方法在河流堤坝渗漏、滑坡监测以及地下水勘探等领域的研究进展。通过与传统电法勘探方式的对比分析,分析当前理论模型和工程勘探实践所面临的新问题。
比热容又称比热容量,是用来描述单位质量物质在温度变化时吸收或释放的热量的物理性质[20-21]。其计算公式为
$ Q=C m \Delta T$
式(1)中:Q为吸收或释放的热量,J;m为物质的质量,g;C为比热容,J/(g·℃);ΔT为温度变化,℃。
表1所示为常见物质的比热容,可知在吸收或释放相同热量时水的温度变化幅度较小。由于夏季地表温度高于地下,冬季恰好相反,故在地下水赋存的地区夏季温度低于周边地区,冬季则高于周围地区。根据以上的条件,可对地下水赋存的区域做初步判断[22]
热导率又称导热系数,是表征介质导热能力的物理量,表示单位时间内通过单位水平截面积传递的热量[23-24]
热通量也称为热通量密度或热流密度,指的是单位面积上单位时间内通过的热能量,具有方向性,可表示为
$ q=-k \frac{\partial T}{\partial n}$
式(2)中:k 为材料的热导率,W/(m·K);∂T为温度差,K;∂n为热传导距离,m。
温度梯度表示空间中温度随位置变化的速率,用于描述温度场的变化情况[25] 。温度梯度与热能交换的关系由热传导的傅里叶定律[26]表示为
$ \begin{aligned}\boldsymbol{q}(\boldsymbol{r}, t) & =-\kappa \nabla T(\boldsymbol{r}, t) \\& =-\kappa\left(\boldsymbol{i} \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}+\boldsymbol{j} \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}+\boldsymbol{k} \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)\end{aligned}$
式(3)中:q(r,t)为热通量, W/m2;κ 为热导率, W/(m·K);T为温度,K;t为时间,s;r为空间位置向量;ijk为三维直角坐标系中xyz方向的单位向量。
假设物质没有发生相变化和化学变化。设1 kg均相物质温度升高1 K所需的热量为cp,即比热容,物质的密度为ρ,每秒每体积产生的能量g[27]
根据能量守恒定律,得出热扩散方程为
$ \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\left(\kappa \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial y}\left(\kappa \frac{\partial T}{\partial y}\right)+\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\left(\kappa \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}\right)+g=\rho c_{p} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$
g=0且κ为常数时,有
$ \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}=\alpha \Delta t$
式(5)中:ακ/(ρcp),为热扩散率,m2
通过温度来反演地下水的想法早已形成,众多学者根据不同的热传递机制和特定场地条件,提出了多种模型。Suzuki[28]通过将传导和对流热通量的负散度与蓄热变化率相等推导出来的控制偏微分方程。随后,Sauty[29]和Molina-Giraldo[30]引入“有效导热系数”这一参数分析了热传导和热分散的影响,进一步完善了Suzuki的方程。Marsily[31]指出在低地下水流速的情况下,热分散可以忽略,从而简化了方程。Stallman[32]提出了基于笛卡尔z方向(深度)的瞬态传导-平流热流方程。Bredehoeft等[33]进一步提出假设:①水流只在垂直方向上稳定流动;②热量只在垂直方向上传递;③介质的上边界和下边界温度恒定。并基于此推导出了一维垂直方向稳态热传输方程为
$ \frac{\partial^{2} T}{\partial z^{2}}-\frac{p_{\mathrm{w}} C_{\mathrm{w}} u_{\mathrm{w}}}{\lambda} \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}=0$
式(6)中:T为温度;ρw为流体的密度;Cw为流体的比热容;vw为流体速度在z方向的分量;λ为流体-固体复合材料的热导率。
Bredehoeft等[33]提出了一种解析解法(简称“BP”法),用于从温度剖面估计地下水流量q。BP方法可以通过与类型曲线匹配或使用计算机程序求解逆问题,量化q。这为建立地下深层区热流稳态模型奠定了理论基础,从而推动了地质环境中温度与渗流研究的发展。Mansure等[34]提出了一种类似BP方法的图解温度剖面分析方法,用于计算水平地下水流量。Reiter[35]对该方法进行了后续改进,解释了如何通过绘制垂直温度梯度作为深度和温度的函数来提取地下水流量的水平和垂直分量。Shan等[36]针对多层介质导出了一种BP法,其中每层具有不同的导热系数。Kurylyk等[37-38]将该方法应用于多层河床和多层含水层系统,并提出了层状介质中的通量。这些学者主要通过研究区域的温度垂直剖面和温度场的空间分布异常来分析地表水和地下水相互作用的动态变化,进而确定研究区域的水文地质参数以及水下区域的水交换速率和通量。
随着研究的深入,稳态热分析模型在实际应用中显现出若干局限性:稳态热分析模型通常基于线性温度分布和恒定热导率等假设,在实际情况中往往不成立,此外,在处理复杂几何形状时也显得力不从心,限制方法的适用性。李顺才等[39]建立了破碎岩体非等温渗流的一维非线性动力学方程组。稳态热分析模型通常需要已知边界条件,刘超等[40]在浅层地温场数值求解的研究中考虑了季节变化对地温场的影响,并以此作为边界条件进行求解。然而,在实际情况中,边界条件可能不完全已知或难以测量,这进一步限制了解析方法的应用。在实际情况中,材料性质可能是非均匀的,如存在温度梯度或相变等。这就使得解析方法难以考虑非均匀材料性质的影响。王如宾等[41]强调裂隙网络非连续介质渗流温度耦合分析也是一个亟待解决的研究课题。
19世纪初,美国物理学家Joseph Fourier奠定了瞬态热分析理论。瞬态热分析模型是一种用于研究物体在时间上的热传导过程的数学模型,可用于预测物体在不同时间点上的温度和热流分布,揭示热量在物体内部的传播机制。热传导方程考虑了物体的热导率、密度、比热容等参数,以及物体内部的初始温度分布和边界条件。相较于稳态热分析模型,瞬态热分析模型在实际应用中更为广泛,能够提供更全面的热参数,但相应地,其准确度相对较低。
Suzuki[28]提出了一种方法,旨在评估含水层对地温周期性变化热效应特征,以估算稻田中水分的垂直入渗速度。他基于一维瞬态非等温热运移方程,推导出一个综合了时间、温度、渗透速率和渗透深度等多个参数的方程。在Suzuki的工作基础上,Stallman[42]进一步假设多孔介质中的水流在一维垂直方向(Z轴方向)上非均匀稳定运移,并提出了一维瞬态热运移方程,即
$ k_{\mathrm{e}} \frac{\partial^{2} T}{\partial z^{2}}-u_{z} \frac{\rho_{\mathrm{w}} C_{\mathrm{w}}}{\rho C} \frac{\partial T}{\partial z}=\frac{\partial T}{\partial t}$
式(7)中:Tt(s)时刻时z(m)深度处的温度,℃;ke为饱和多孔介质的等效热扩散系数;Cwρw分别为流体的比热容和密度;Cρ分别为流体-固体复合材料的比热容和密度;vz为流体速度在z方向的分量。
随着计算机运算能力的不断增强以及各种温度测量方式的不断涌现,专家学者们持续改进和完善Stallman方法,将其应用于更为复杂多变的水文地质条件,以解决更为复杂的相关问题。Hatch等[43]深入研究了热弥散效应对Stallman解析方法的影响。Keery等[44]在不考虑热弥散效应对多孔介质内热量传递影响的前提下,采用动态谐波回归信号处理技术,提出了一种基于时间序列分析的解析模型,该模型可通过温度时序观测资料对地表水与地下水垂向交换的时空变化进行定量分析。McCallum等[45]通过数理方法将Hatch的解中的振幅比与相位滞后方程结合,推导出新的方程,解决了由物理参数不确定性引起的误差。Luce等[46]对Stallman解析解的待定系数方案进行进一步优化,能够在已知热物理参数的情况下反推沉积物的垂直厚度。
上述4种解析解的研究极大地推动了温度示踪方法的应用,对于定量描述地下水流交换的时空分布和异质性,以及研究地表水与地下水相互作用的动力机制具有重要意义。中国学者在此基础上不断推进理论的发展,李健[47]详细阐述了平面瞬态热源方法和原理,并通过实验得出了土壤导热系数与含水率呈正相关、与地下水深度呈负相关的结论。程嘉强[48]通过解析一维瞬态温度场模型和建立二维渗流场与温度场耦合的数值模型,研究了美国沃克河流域的垂向潜流交换特征,深入探讨了潜流带渗透系数非均质性对解析模型计算结果的影响。鲁珂瑜[49]构建了岸滤系统非均质含水层水热运移数学模型,揭示了岸滤系统非均质含水层温度场的二维瞬态变化规律和动态变化特征。孙婉[50]建立了水流、介质、热量三场耦合的三维瞬态传热模型,准确模拟了不同地下水径流条件下地源热泵系统地埋管换热区地温场变化特征、系统换热性能变化规律以及由此而产生的热量堆积效应。仝睿等[51]基于实际浅层地温边界情况,建立了一维瞬态传热模型并提供了解析解,深入探讨了路基和浅层土壤温度随深度的变化规律。
尽管瞬态热分析模型经历了数十年的发展与优化,其在复杂环境中的应用性和实用性仍有待进一步提高:这些模型通常依赖于有限元或有限差分方法进行数值离散化,这不仅要求对物体进行精细的网格划分,而且合理选择和划分网格对于结果的精确性和计算效率至关重要。此外,模型需要精确确定材料的热传导系数、比热容和密度等关键参数。然而,这些参数往往受到温度、压力、材料非线性等多种因素的影响,并且在不同条件下可能会发生变化,使得准确确定这些参数成为一个巨大的挑战。目前,模型主要考虑热传导作为热传递的主要机制,而往往忽视了对流和辐射等其他热传递方式。在高温或复杂流动条件下,这些被忽略的机制可能会对结果产生显著影响。此外,模型的有效性还依赖于边界条件的准确设定,包括初始温度和边界上的热通量或温度。但在实际应用中,边界条件往往难以精确确定,尤其是在复杂的热交换过程中,不准确的边界条件可能导致结果出现偏差。
与传统的物探方法相比,浅层地温示踪法可以在较小区域和较深地层中提供有效的地下水信息(图1),在地下水探寻、堤坝地下水渗漏、地质灾害等防范等领域有广泛的应用。
浅层地温测量最初用于研究温泉。在日本,依田和四郎[52]、野蒲隆治等[53]分别在日本大分县的由布院及别府温泉区由实施了1 m深的地温测量,以了解温泉区地温的分布。随后,福富孝治[54]、须川明[55]、浦上晃一[56]对1 m深处的地温进行测定,进一步探索温泉水源,并进行理论研究工作。汤原浩三[57-58]提出了关于温泉水脉埋藏深度及规模的理论推算方法。随后Cartwright[59]通过地热测量首次成功地定位了浅层含水层,他将0.5 m深度的土壤温度与地下水深度建立了关联。Birman[60]在一年后的研究中发现,地表浅层温度可能与地下水的出现有关。Cartwright[61]改进了方法,通过1 m深处的温度测量,对浅层地下水深度的准确测定以及对其流动速度和方向的详细描述。Furuya等[62]提到了一些运用土壤温度进行地下水调查的研究成果;而Yuhara[63]将Cartwright[61]的研究发展成为一种实用的方法,通过在1 m深度测量土壤温度,更广泛地应用于实地调查。这些研究为深化对浅层地下水的认识提供了宝贵的经验。
Myers[64]首次尝试利用地面机载辐射计获取的温度来绘制浅层地下水地图。在有利的天气和地下水位条件下,他们发现1971年8月26日拍摄的黎明前图像中,地表温度与地下水深度之间存在显著的相关性。Huntley[65]对通过地表温度测量来探测地下水潜力进行了重要而详细的研究。他建立了数学模型,描述了土柱中的热通量和温度分布,并得出结论,使用当时的技术,这种检测是没有希望的。热红外扫描仪能够检测到的最小温度对比度约为0.5 ℃,而根据他的模型,在最佳条件下,地下水深度的最小可检测变化也在同一数量级。Heilman等[66]提出,如果适当地考虑植被对地表热状态的影响,辐射测得的温度可以与深度到浅层地下水相关联,建议发展区分地下水位影响和土壤湿度影响的技术,使温度法适用于地下水研究。很多研究关注的是土壤柱的深度(0.5~1.5 m),以研究浅层地下水对土壤温度的影响。
尹德超等[67]在酒泉东盆地,基于多点、长期和高精度的地下水温度监测数据,研究了浅层地下水温度分布和动态类型,以揭示在人类活动如地下水开采影响下,浅层地下水温度场特征与地下水流系统之间的关系。这项研究显示,浅层地下水温度范围为9.33~20.77 ℃,平均水温为13.54 ℃,并且从补给区到排泄区,浅层地下水温度沿地下水流向逐渐增加。汪名鹏等[68]在苏北盆地地热勘查中,通过地温测量,圈定了研究区的地热异常区范围,并大致推断出了地下热水的分布范围。该区域浅层地温场恒温带深度在4.5 m左右,恒温带地温在19.5 ℃左右,具有地热异常的明显特征。
综上所述,这种方法特别适用于那些经历显著季节性气候变化的地区,包括季风气候区和大陆性气候区。特别是在大陆性干旱气候区域,例如西北内陆盆地,在这些地区,由于降水稀少,地表水入渗补给量可近似为地下水系统的总补给量,使得地下水温度的变化与气候和水文地质条件紧密相关。温度在地下水探寻中作为一种重要的测量参数,提供了关于地下水位置、流动状况以及与其他地下水属性的关联性的重要信息。对于科学家和水资源管理者而言,这一方法提供了一个强有力的工具,帮助他们更深入地理解和有效利用地下水资源。未来的温度在地下水探寻中的发展方向将聚焦于提高测量精度、整合多源数据、深入研究植被影响、发展新的模型和算法,以及深化对地下水与土壤相互关系的理解。这些努力将有助于进一步拓展温度法在地下水研究和勘探中的应用范围和可靠性。
当地下水从堤坝的裂缝或孔隙中渗漏出来时,与周围的土壤或岩石发生热交换,引起温度的变化,呈现出一种微妙而复杂的现象。堤坝地下水渗漏温度示踪,即通过监测地下水渗漏引起的温度变化,成为研究水流流动路径、评估渗漏位置和程度的有效方法。
早在Kappelmeyer[69]的研究中,成功地利用浅层(1.5 m深)的温度测量定位了从深层地下水中渗漏出的热水裂缝。Bense等[70]的研究则通过将季节性地表温度波动和上个世纪的较长期地表变暖合并到一个模型中,模拟了荷兰浅层断裂带周围的地热状况,解释了低渗透断裂带存在的原因,即在地势较高的地区观察到地下水排放(渗流),而在地势较低的地区则观察到地下水补给(入渗)。研究表明,通过耦合瞬态热输运和稳态地下水流动,可以深入了解该系统浅层复杂的瞬态地热模式。这项研究不仅在地下水渗漏领域取得了实质性的进展,也为类似问题的研究提供了可行的方法和深刻的理论支持。
陈建生等[71]在堤坝地下水渗漏研究领域取得了显著成果,他们首先在江都高水河的研究中,通过比较不同季节和水位条件下的温度场,并结合水化学分析和环境同位素分析,精确判定了地下水渗漏场的分布以及集中渗漏通道的位置。通过将坝基裂隙岩体中的集中渗漏通道视作线状虚拟热源,进一步研究了这些通道,通道内部的温度变化由水流引起,外部温度则通过热传导实现。基于能量守恒理论和热传导方程,他们揭示了地层中的温度分布趋势,通过等温线确定渗漏范围,并建立了堤坝渗漏量的虚拟热源法模型,实现了渗漏量的定量计算[72-73]。该温度场探测模型特别适用于多通道渗漏、线热源和面状渗漏情况下的堤坝地下水渗漏研究,通过线性化渗漏通道并参数化位置,利用温度场解析公式精确定位渗漏通道,能够低成本、高效率地探测渗漏,解决工程实际中的渗漏探测,为堤坝维修提供科学依据。陈晓冬等[74-75]依据浅层地温测量,通过开发1 m深地温测量调查地下水流的反演解释系统,成功地研究了地下水流情况。在天津市洲河的于桥水库坝体周围测量温度,找到了渗漏的位置,从而验证了反演系统的可行性。
上述模型多基于理想化的假设,如地下水流动的均匀性和稳定性,而实际渗漏情况可能更为复杂。其次,模型对于堤坝材料的非均质性和裂缝网络的不规则性考虑不足,这些因素对渗漏路径和速度有显著影响。此外,模型的适用性受限于温度测量的精度和数据采集的完整性,且对极端气候条件下的适应性有待提高。因此,在未来研究中应考虑完善模型以适应更复杂的地质条件,如非均质介质和裂缝网络;结合机器学习和大数据分析,提高模型的预测精度和适应性;发展实时监测技术,提高数据采集的频率和准确性;提升模型的实用性和准确性,更好地服务于堤坝安全监测和管理。
地下水的存在对土体稳定性有着重要影响,导致土体内部剪切力的增加,进而引发滑坡。增加的渗流压力和地下水位下降会对土体抗剪强度产生不利影响,增加滑坡的风险。地下水对滑坡的影响是复杂而多面的,包括正向和负向的影响[76-77]。因此,在滑坡的预测和防治工作中,必须全面考虑地下水的作用。
自1963年日本竹内笃雄开始利用浅层地温测量法研究滑坡地区地下水以来,相关研究逐渐深入[78-79]。并且竹内笃雄指出,当温差|θu-θw|>2.5 ℃时(θw为地下水脉温度,θu为1 m深度正常地温)[80-81],可以进行1 m深度的地温调查。王念秦等[82]采用1 m深的地温勘探法,研究了甘肃会宁县滑坡地下水分布和流经途径。通过综合考虑地温分布、地表形态和滑坡方向等因素,成功推测了地下水水脉流经途径,并通过实地考察验证了推断结果。Furuya等[83]沿着穿越日本德岛西川滑坡主体的测量线,通过在1 m深的地方安装热电偶进行连续监测,成功估算了地下水流脉的位置。Yasuda等[84]则通过对北海道飞高地区滑坡测点温度分布的分析,获取了地下水流动区域的信息。路富存等[85-86]基于1 m地温法对永光村地震液化场地的浅层地下水分布及浅层地下水脉流流向进行探测,并结合水文分析、地形趋势分析及地形湿度指数探讨永光村地质灾害的发生与浅层地下水分布、降雨汇流之间的关系,结合随机森林建模和高密度电气方法结果,对初始地下水位进行了回归预测。在获得准确的水文和岩土工程参数后,利用TRIGRS模型(transient rainfall infiltration and grid-based regional slope-stability model)评估实际降雨对滑坡稳定性的影响。此外,通过考虑实际降雨和地下水引起的孔隙水压力,应用Scoops3D模型分析了地震影响下研究区滑坡的稳定性,研究表明地下水的分布与滑坡的稳定性存在必然联系。
温度场探测模型在滑坡等地质灾害研究中虽展现了潜力,但仍存在不足。主要局限在于模型多基于简化假设,未充分考虑地质条件的复杂性和地下水流动的多变性。此外,模型对于滑坡触发因素的解析仍需深化,尤其是对地震液化引发的滑坡理解不足。未来研究需结合更多实地数据,发展更为精细化的温度监测网络,揭示滑坡活动的潜在规律,为滑坡预警提供更为深入的理论支持。同时,应探索模型在不同地质环境下的适用性,增强对复杂地质结构和多因素耦合作用的理解。此外,整合机器学习和大数据分析,开发能够识别温度异常并进行滑坡预警的模型,提升泛化能力和适应性,为滑坡预警和防治提供更科学的决策支持。
传统温度传感器包括热电偶、铂电阻温度计、热敏电阻、热电阻等。面对日益严峻和多变的环境挑战,传统的传感器由于具有响应速度较慢、有接触测量限制、精度受限、受环境干扰、无法实现远程测量等众多缺陷问题,在实际的测量过程中带来了诸多的不便。随着技术的不断进步,诞生新型的温度传感器[87-88]。Hermans[89]指出目前3种新兴地球物理技术包括:①电阻率层析成像(electrical resistance tomography, ERT),它可以无创地获得地下温度变化的二维或三维图像;②自电位法(spontaneous potential logging, SP),一种快速绘制地表环境电位异常对应地下温度异常的方法;③光纤分布式温度传感器(distributed temperature sensing, DTS),该传感器可在钻孔中提供厘米级分辨率的线性温度测量。而后者提供了几乎无误差的直接温度读数,但需要安装钻孔来设置光纤。前两种方法已经足够成熟,可以微创评估短期内的温度变化。3种方法的工作原理如图2所示[90]
Matheswaran[91]在丹麦的一条小型低地河流elverdams中部署了数字化影院系统(digital theater system,DTS)系统,通过高空间分辨率(1 m)和时间分辨率(3 min)的水温测量,评估了地下水流入区的季节性变化。与传统的点测量方法相比,DTS系统在时间和空间范围内对河流温度的测量能力显著增强,极大地扩展了对河流系统的观测范围。在这项研究中,DTS系统成功揭示了丹麦低地河流中地下水流入的动态变化,展示了开放农业排水沟对下游河流温度的额外热量影响,以及识别了排放到河流中的农业排水管。Gaona[92]利用FO-DTS(fibre optic distributed temperature sensing)观测降雨和洪水等瞬态时交换的变化,FO-DTS具有很高的时空分辨率。而且,瞬态条件能够根据温度异常的时间演变确定局部地表水。然而,该技术在推断引起观测到的温度格局空间异质性的因素方面能力有限。Ivanov[93]用新研制的相干光纤传感器, 模拟了由非黏性土组成的降雨诱发浅层滑坡模型。光纤干涉传感器可以提供一种可行和更便宜的替代商业上可用的光纤传感器,并为在类土材料中进行浅层滑坡监测提供定量监测数据。
传统的高密度电法勘探需要地下的介质存在着电阻差,才能对地下分布的介质做出推断[94]。而地温法只需要满足温度差即可进行测量[62]。而且在传统的高密度电法通常采用规则网格和等距布设电极,允许的偏差较小[95]。然而,在城市等被混凝土覆盖的复杂环境中,很难找到适合的、规整的区域来进行二维或三维测量,这严重限制了高密度电法的应用。传统的高密度电法使用长电缆将所有电极串联,测量过程也需按照电极在电缆中的位置顺序进行。笨重的电缆不仅增加了施工的难度,而且河流、道路、大型建筑、交通干线等各种障碍物的存在往往使得电缆的布设工作难以实施[96]。相比之下地温法则不受这些条件的限制,可以灵活、便捷地开展工作。在测量的范围中,高密度电法通常是线性剖面(图3[97]),仅仅只能得到地下水的边界,而地温法则可以得到面域的范围(图4[85]),这大大提高了测量结果的精确度,可以掌握更多的分布地下水信息。由于高密度地方实测数据采用线性方法处理,反演结果往往与实际情况有较大的偏差,解释精度难以满足生产的要求[98]
浅层地温示踪地下水法在地下水勘探方面具有诸多优势。首先,它具有高精度与高灵敏度,通过测量地下温度分布,可以提供详细的地下水流动信息,包括流动路径、规模和埋深。其次,该方法快速经济,相对快速且成本较低,无需大量前期准备工作和人力物力投入。此外,浅层地温法适用范围广,可在较小区域和较深地层中提供有效的地下水信息,特别适用于脉状地下水的探测。相比之下,传统物探方法存在局限性,适用范围有限、周期长且成本高。在堤坝地下水渗漏和滑坡地质灾害等领域,浅层地温示踪地下水法同样显示出诸多优点,包括简便经济环保、高效监测、实时监测和理论与实地结合等。综上所述,在地下水勘探过程中展现出明显的优势,为相关领域的研究和应用提供了新的可能性。
回顾浅层地温示踪地下水方法的发展历程,从其初始创建至今,取得了显著的进步。随着热运移方程的理论框架不断完善,应用场景和领域得以不断扩展,同时温度传感器的技术也取得了长足的发展,使整个方法在可靠性和精确度方面取得显著提高。未来浅层地温示踪地下水方法的研究方向可归纳为以下几点。
(1)在理论方面,当前的研究多基于简单假设以及单一化的热传导方式,在解决实际问题中,往往因此而造成结果的偏差。随着各种算法的不断优化以及机械学习的不断发展,解析解计算效率显著提升。未来的发展应更多地考虑建立多维模型、多场耦合模型,挑战包括对更复杂的边界条件和介质模型进行研究,并尝试整合机器学习和数据驱动的方法,以更好地学习和预测地下水系统中的模式和规律,提高模型的适用性和预测精度。
(2)在应用领域,浅层地温示踪地下水多用于来探测温泉、地下水以及堤坝侧漏等场景,方法的可行性以及可靠度已得到大量实例的验证。但在滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的应用方面仍处于起步阶段,研究多集中于灾后致灾机理的分析,缺少灾前预警和防治的研究。未来需要不断完善方法,引入更多参数,实现多学科交叉研究,将地下水对滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害的影响逐步转化为预警的有效手段。加强理论与实践相结合,推动地温反演地下水方法更深入地服务于地质灾害的预防和管理。
(3)探测仪器上,无损化、高分辨率仪器的发展提高了地温反演方法的可信度,但当前数据多较为孤立的信息,缺少完整的集成系统。未来应着手搭建一体化的监测平台,将数据采集、处理和图像生成整合为一个动态监测平台,为地下水的实时监测和灾害预警提供更全面的支持。
  • 中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24043A)
  • 中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2021IESLZ01)
  • 2024陇原青年创新创业人才项目(2024QNTD51)
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2025年第25卷第19期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404654
  • 接收时间:2024-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2025-07-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-21
  • 修回日期:2025-01-24
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中国地震局地震科技星火计划(XH24043A)
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(2021IESLZ01)
2024陇原青年创新创业人才项目(2024QNTD51)
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    1 中国地震局兰州地震研究所, 兰州 730000
    2 中国地震局(甘肃省)黄土地震工程重点实验室, 兰州 730000
    3 甘肃省地震局, 兰州 730000

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*刘琨(1985—),男,汉族,甘肃庆阳人,博士,副研究员。研究方向:岩土地震工程。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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