Article(id=1208051034342138861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405388, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1742486400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951411090, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951411090, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951411090, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951411090, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7700, endPage=7709, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051034979672109, articleId=1208051034342138861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Whole-brain Dynamical Modeling Based on Bifurcation Theory, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional whole-brain dynamical modeling techniques are typically constrained by static single features, neglecting dynamic fluctuations in brain networks and lacking qualitative analysis of corresponding indicators, which limits modeling accuracy and comprehensibility. In order to address this issue, a multi-objective expectation maximization algorithm based on bifurcation analysis was proposed. This approach integrates a dynamic mean-field model with brain structural-functional features extracted from multi-mode imaging data for modeling purposes. Bifurcation theory was employed to qualitatively analyze multiple constraint indicators of the model, including functional connectivity, dynamic functional connectivity, and metastability for model inversion. Initial parameter values were determined through bifurcation analysis, and parameter combinations were iteratively refined using an expectation maximization algorithm. Quantitative analysis validates the accuracy and stability of this method.

, correspAuthors=Yan-li YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi-li GUO, Jing WEI, Yu-xuan LIU, Ya-ru XU, Zhi-peng HAO, Yan-li YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051038465139011, articleId=1208051034342138861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于分岔理论的全脑动力学建模分析, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的全脑动力学模型反演技术采用静态的单一特征来约束,忽略了脑网络的动态波动,缺少对相应特征的定性分析,导致建模精度不高、解释性不够。针对这一问题,在基于分岔分析的基础上提出了一种多目标期望最大化算法。该方法利用动态平均场模型,结合基于多模态影像数据提取的脑结构功能特征进行建模。进一步利用分岔理论对模型的多个约束特征定性分析,选取其中的功能连接、动态功能连接和亚稳态特征联合约束模型反演。通过分岔分析确定初始参数值,使用期望最大化算法迭代优化参数组合,定量分析的结果证明了该方法的准确性和稳定性。

, correspAuthors=杨艳丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 杨艳丽(1987—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能信息处理。E-mail:
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郭琪丽(1999—),女,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算。E-mail:

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郭琪丽(1999—),女,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算。E-mail:

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郭琪丽(1999—),女,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算。E-mail:

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θ0为初始模型参数向量;G为全局耦合因子;w为局部耦合因子;σ为高斯白噪声标准差;r为数据预测误差;rFCRFC的数据预测误差;rFCDKS的数据预测误差;rMeta为亚稳态的数据预测误差;xyz分别为RFCKS、亚稳态的权重系数;φi+1为迭代后的参数φi; l φ为一阶导数;Ce为误差协方差矩阵;λi=1为在算法迭代的第i+1步时λi的更新值;CijSj为皮层区域i耦合的其他所有大脑区域的兴奋性输入;GABA为中枢神经系统中重要的抑制性神经递质,在MFM模型中起抑制性作用;NMDA为一种兴奋性神经递质受体的激动剂,在MFM模型中起兴奋性作用;RFC用来量化 F C e m pFCsim的相似程度;KS用于评估FCDempFCDsim对应的概率分布函数之间的差异程度;Meta用来量化Metaemp与Metasim之间的偏移程度;G为全局耦合因子;w为局部耦合因子;I为皮层下输入MFM模型动态调整的系统参数

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Comparison of results

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函数 拟合优度 拟合优度稳定性 解的准确性 参数解的稳定性 模型成本函数
TOTAL_1min 0.489 9 0.326 4 0.328 4 0.347 1 1.491 8
TOTAL_2min 0.472 0 0.434 1 0.208 7 0.266 2 1.381 0
TOTAL_3min 0.944 6 0.080 5 0.309 0 0.342 9 1.677 0
TOTAL_4min 0.223 5 0.001 5 0.265 9 0.280 7 0.771 6
TOTAL_5min 0.318 6 0.000 7 0.210 7 0.205 5 0.735 5
TOTAL_6min 0.319 5 0.403 1 0.265 9 0.314 6 1.303 1
TOTAL_7min 0.362 2 0.024 5 0.226 6 0.274 8 0.888 1
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597181284946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051034342138861, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

结果比较

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函数 拟合优度 拟合优度稳定性 解的准确性 参数解的稳定性 模型成本函数
TOTAL_1min 0.489 9 0.326 4 0.328 4 0.347 1 1.491 8
TOTAL_2min 0.472 0 0.434 1 0.208 7 0.266 2 1.381 0
TOTAL_3min 0.944 6 0.080 5 0.309 0 0.342 9 1.677 0
TOTAL_4min 0.223 5 0.001 5 0.265 9 0.280 7 0.771 6
TOTAL_5min 0.318 6 0.000 7 0.210 7 0.205 5 0.735 5
TOTAL_6min 0.319 5 0.403 1 0.265 9 0.314 6 1.303 1
TOTAL_7min 0.362 2 0.024 5 0.226 6 0.274 8 0.888 1
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基于分岔理论的全脑动力学建模分析
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郭琪丽 1 , 魏静 2 , 刘宇轩 1 , 许亚茹 1 , 郝志鹏 1 , 杨艳丽 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(18): 7700-7709
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(18): 7700-7709
基于分岔理论的全脑动力学建模分析
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郭琪丽1 , 魏静2, 刘宇轩1, 许亚茹1, 郝志鹏1, 杨艳丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 太原理工大学大学计算机科学与技术学院, 太原 030600
  • 2 山西财经大学信息学院, 太原 030012
  • 郭琪丽(1999—),女,汉族,山西吕梁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:脑科学与智能计算。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 杨艳丽(1987—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能信息处理。E-mail:
Whole-brain Dynamical Modeling Based on Bifurcation Theory
Qi-li GUO1 , Jing WEI2, Yu-xuan LIU1, Ya-ru XU1, Zhi-peng HAO1, Yan-li YANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030600, China
  • 2 College of Information, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan 030012, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405388
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传统的全脑动力学模型反演技术采用静态的单一特征来约束,忽略了脑网络的动态波动,缺少对相应特征的定性分析,导致建模精度不高、解释性不够。针对这一问题,在基于分岔分析的基础上提出了一种多目标期望最大化算法。该方法利用动态平均场模型,结合基于多模态影像数据提取的脑结构功能特征进行建模。进一步利用分岔理论对模型的多个约束特征定性分析,选取其中的功能连接、动态功能连接和亚稳态特征联合约束模型反演。通过分岔分析确定初始参数值,使用期望最大化算法迭代优化参数组合,定量分析的结果证明了该方法的准确性和稳定性。

动态平均场模型  /  分岔分析  /  多模态  /  多目标

Traditional whole-brain dynamical modeling techniques are typically constrained by static single features, neglecting dynamic fluctuations in brain networks and lacking qualitative analysis of corresponding indicators, which limits modeling accuracy and comprehensibility. In order to address this issue, a multi-objective expectation maximization algorithm based on bifurcation analysis was proposed. This approach integrates a dynamic mean-field model with brain structural-functional features extracted from multi-mode imaging data for modeling purposes. Bifurcation theory was employed to qualitatively analyze multiple constraint indicators of the model, including functional connectivity, dynamic functional connectivity, and metastability for model inversion. Initial parameter values were determined through bifurcation analysis, and parameter combinations were iteratively refined using an expectation maximization algorithm. Quantitative analysis validates the accuracy and stability of this method.

dynamic mean field  /  bifurcation analysis  /  multi-mode  /  multi-objective
郭琪丽, 魏静, 刘宇轩, 许亚茹, 郝志鹏, 杨艳丽. 基于分岔理论的全脑动力学建模分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7700 -7709 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405388
Qi-li GUO, Jing WEI, Yu-xuan LIU, Ya-ru XU, Zhi-peng HAO, Yan-li YANG. Whole-brain Dynamical Modeling Based on Bifurcation Theory[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7700 -7709 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405388
近年来,脑科学研究受到了世界各国的高度重视,中国在这一领域投入了大量资源,取得了显著进展,确立了“一体两翼”的研究体系,在“理解脑、修复脑、模拟脑”三个方向上积极寻求突破[1-2]。结合数据驱动和理论驱动的全脑动力学模型不仅是揭示脑机理[3-5]、启发类脑智能[6-7]、解锁脑疾病[8-11]的绝佳途径,还为深部脑刺激提供了一种独特的方法[12-14],进一步推动了其在脑疾病的临床应用[15-16]。全脑动力学模型基于弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)获取了大脑解剖结构连接(structural connectivity, SC)信息,作为确定模型内部连接的基础,再利用静息态功能磁共振成像(resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, rs-fMRI)获得的功能信息,对模型参数约束从而进行优化,以实现对大脑神经活动的仿真模拟[17]。作为连接跨模态影像数据的高效工具,全脑动力学模型在解剖结构与功能动态之间建立桥梁以探究大脑空间动态的神经机制[18-20]
脑网络动力学建模的正演方式高度依赖于大脑先验结构信息的准确性,而反演方式将生物相关性与自动化模型反演算法相结合,通过调节模型的参数和结构连接,可以得到大脑丰富的非线性时空动态。欧盟人类脑计划开发了虚拟脑(the virtual brain, TVB)建模平台[21],通过适当的参数校准达到模型的最佳匹配,但它在模拟参数时需要采用探索参数空间的方法,建模花费时间长、效率低。Schirner等[22]为了提高模型的精度,使用网格搜索方法(gird search, GS)在参数空间中沿着密集的离散网格进行系统探索,来优化模型参数提高准确率。尽管这种方法是探索参数空间的精确方法,但它的计算成本很高,并且要求模型中使用的参数数量少。Wang等[23]使用了源自动态因果建模中常用的期望最大化算法(expectation-maximization algorithm, EM),通过模型自动反演算法获得参数组合。然而,EM算法对初始参数值十分敏感,可能会收敛到局部最优解,并且在损失函数不准确时计算复杂度急剧增加。此外,Wei等[24]利用功能连接作为约束构建了个性化的全脑动态模型,探讨了虚拟损伤对皮层网络时间动态的影响。Zhang等[25]通过迭代增强SC矩阵,优化了全脑模型的功能连接拟合精度。Lu等[26]开发了一个全人脑尺度的数字孪生脑平台,通过优化静息状态和动作状态下的神经信号来提升模型拟合度。然而,这些研究在参数优化算法的探索有限,导致模型在实际应用中面临较高的计算挑战,模型的自动化程度有待提高。目前中国在全脑动力学建模研究方面尚处于起步阶段,现有算法所建立的模型在精度、效率以及对功能动态机制的解释方面仍存在许多不足,导致临床应用受限和人工智能发展受阻。因此设计高效的优化策略迭代模型,以提高全脑动力学建模的精度和效率仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。
在传统的建模方法中,计算得到经验数据和模拟数据的功能连接(functional connectivity, FC)的相关性后,将其作为约束模型的指标[8,10,24]。然而,这隐含地假设FC在时空上是静止的[27],忽略了FC随时间的推移而波动的现象[28-29]。因此,仅以FC的相关为约束限制了脑动力学模型对复杂非线性动力学行为的表征能力[30]。为了克服上述局限性,分岔理论提供了一种框架,用于研究系统在不同参数值下的行为变化,这对于捕捉大脑的非线性动力学特性至关重要[31]。研究发现,大脑活动普遍在临界点附近运行,这为大脑系统提供了亟需的稳定性,同时又能保证高效的信息传输和处理。例如,Deco等[32]提出的基于全脑的脉冲吸引子网络模型表明,当大脑网络处于亚临界状态时,模型的拟合效果最佳,这证明了大脑系统在分岔的边缘运行。Liang等[33]通过兴奋-抑制平衡的脑网络动力学模型,发现大脑系统在临界点附近时,能够在降低能量消耗的同时,显著增强对外部刺激的响应敏感性,揭示了大脑低能耗、高效响应的机制。曾巧云等[34]通过数值模拟帕金森病模型展示了大脑系统的动态转变,当时滞信号超过产生分岔的临界点时,系统从健康状态转变为帕金森状态。尽管分岔理论在理解大脑动态方面具有潜力,但目前尚未有研究将其应用于模型算法中,这为完善和优化建模理论提供了新视角。
考虑到上述问题,现提出一种基于分岔理论的多目标期望最大化算法(multi-objective expectation-maximization algorithm, MOEM)。具体来说,使用动态平均场模型(mean field model, MFM)模拟全脑动力学特性,通过分岔分析确定初始参数值,利用期望最大化算法得到复杂的参数组合,提高参数优化的效率。并结合分岔理论实现多特征联合约束,增强模型的生物学意义和泛化能力。最终通过定义新的成本函数评估不同损失函数下的解,从而确保找到全局最优解。
针对本文提出的MOEM建模算法,图1给出了该算法的框架,包括以下步骤:第一步,采用预处理后的T1加权磁共振数据(T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging,T1w-MRI)、DTI数据与rs-fMRI数据得到SC和FC,使用动态平均场模型结合DK(Desikan-Killiany)图谱模拟大脑节点的脉冲信号,每个脑区节点包含兴奋性和抑制性神经元群。第二步,通过血氧动力学气球模型将模拟的神经信号转换为血氧水平依赖信号(blood oxygenation level dependent, BOLD),结合经验BOLD信号计算得到本研究分析的各个约束特征。第三步,对上述特征进行双参数分岔分析,依据分岔原理确定MOEM算法的多个约束特征。最后,在确定初始模型参数的基础上通过迭代并检查收敛得到最优参数,进一步通过模型成本函数选择最优的损失函数,从而得到模型最优的参数组合。
本文研究使用了来自人类连接组计划(human brain project, HCP)中的45名受试者的T1w-MRI、DTI与rs-fMRI数据,所有数据都是通过在特殊定制的西门子(3-Tesla, 3T)扫描仪的32通道磁头线圈上所获取的。获取的T1w-MRI数据的扫描参数是:重复时间(repetition time, TR)为2 400 ms,回波时间(echo time, TE)为2.14 ms,翻转角度(flip angle, FA)为8°,视场角(field of view, FOV)为224 mm×224 mm,320个切片,体素大小=0.7 mm×0.7 mm×0.7 mm。获取的rs-fMRI数据的扫描参数是:TR=720 ms,TE=33.1 ms,FA=52°,FOV=208 mm×180 mm,72个切片,体素大小=2 mm×2 mm×2 mm。获取的DTI数据的扫描参数是:TR=5 520 ms,TE=89.5 ms,FA=78°,FOV=210 mm×180 mm,111个切片,体素大小=1.25 mm×1.25 mm×1.25 mm。数据收集的详细信息可以在官方网站找到(http://www.humanconnectome.org/),数据预处理及特征提取使用Wei等[24]的多模态自动化处理管道完成。管道中集成了多个常用磁共振图像处理工具,完成了不同体素、不同坐标系的多模态影像数据的预处理、配准及特征提取,具体包括:大脑皮层三维重构、皮质微观形态特征提取、白质纤维追踪和BOLD时间序列提取等。
本文研究使用Deco等[35]提出的动态平均场模型MFM描述了局部网络的动力学特性,由白质纤维束长程连接矩阵SC进行大脑的动力学模拟。动态平均场模型是以神经元尖峰放电模型为基础,利用物理学的平均场理论降低了尖峰神经网络模型中局部微电路参数的复杂性和数量。通过对神经元群体的集体生理放电行为进行粗粒度近似得到的,并不考虑单个神经元之间的详细相互作用。动态平均场模型可以用以下一组耦合非线性微分方程表示。
$\dot{S}_{i}=-\frac{S_{i}}{\tau_{\mathrm{s}}}+r\left(1-S_{i}\right) H\left(x_{i}\right)+\sigma \xi_{i}(t)$
$x_{i}=w J S_{i}+G J \sum_{j=1}^{n} C_{i j} S_{j}+I$
$H\left(x_{i}\right)=\frac{a x_{i}-b}{1-\exp \left[-d\left(a x_{i}-b\right)\right]}$
式中:Si为皮层区域i中每个群体的平均膜电位; S · iSi的一阶导数;xi为皮层区域i中每个群体的输入总电流;H(xi)为皮层区域i中每个群体的平均放电率。
平均膜电位Si是膜内外电位差形成的,其中,NMDA兴奋性突触衰减时间常数τs=0.1 s,r=0.641,σξi(t)为标准高斯噪声,其中σ为标准差。
神经元群体放电率H(xi)由输入总电流xi决定,其余为兴奋性门控变量,其中,a=270 VnC,b=108 Hz,d=0.154 s。
输入总电流xi由三部分输入构成。第一部分wJSi代表由神经元群体活动Si产生的回返性兴奋传递,其中,J=0.260 9 nA为局部微环路中兴奋性突触和抑制性突触叠加的回返性耦合强度,即局部兴奋性-抑制性神经回路有效的电导率,由耦合因子w进行缩放。第二部分GJjCijSj代表与皮层区域i耦合的其他区域的总体兴奋性输入,其中,Cij为基于SC矩阵的解剖连接,代表了大脑区域i与大脑区域j的白质连接密度。ij的取值范围是1~68,对应DK图谱对大脑区域的分割数目。全局耦合因子G用于缩放结构连接的连通强度,可以把G理解为白质纤维的有效电导率。第三部分I代表兴奋性皮层下总输入。这些参数来自原始尖峰神经网络模型[2],使用神经生理学数据逼近生物物理现实。
因此MFM模型中,需要动态调整的系统参数包括:全局耦合因子G,局部耦合因子w,皮层下输入I和高斯白噪声标准差σ
动态平均场模型利用可解释的动态变量和生理参数在神经元群体水平上捕获皮层区域的平均神经动力学行为。使用血氧动力学气球模型将每个皮层区域的模拟神经脉冲信号Si转换为BOLD信号。简而言之,皮层区域的突触脉冲活动Si导致血管舒张信号zi的增加,这些信号受自动调节反馈的影响。血流量fi与信号zi成比例响应,并伴有血容积vi和脱氧血红蛋白含量qi的变化。与血流动力学响应相关的微分方程为
$\dot{z}_{i}=S_{i}-\kappa z_{i}-\gamma\left(f_{i}-1\right)$
$\dot{f}_{i}=z_{i}$
$\tau \dot{v}_{i}=f_{i}-v_{i}^{1 / \alpha}$
$\tau \dot{q}_{i}=\frac{f_{i}}{\rho}\left[1-(1-\rho)^{1 / f_{i}}\right]-q_{i} v_{i}^{1 / \alpha-1}$
式中: z · i为血管舒张信号的一阶导数; f · i为血流量的一阶导数; v · i为血容积的一阶导数; q · i为脱氧血红蛋白含量的一阶导数;Si为神经活动信号;κ=0.65 s-1,为信号衰减率;zi为血管舒张信号;γ=0.41 s-1,为血流依赖性消除率;fi为血液流入量;vi为血容积;τ为血氧动力学时间常数,τ=0.98 s;α为Grubb常数,α=0.32。
所有这些血流动力学参数值均取自Obata等[36]。BOLD信号Bi的计算公式为
$B_{i}=V_{0}\left[k_{1}\left(1-q_{i}\right)+k_{2}\left(1-\frac{q_{i}}{v_{i}}\right)+k_{3}\left(1-v_{i}\right)\right]$
式(8)中:V0=0.02,为静息态血容积比率;vi为血容积,一组3T磁场强度相关的参数值k1=3.72,k2=0.53,k3=0.53。
使用1.3.1节提到的MFM模型来模拟大脑系统的动态过程,涌现的全局动力学状态可以用图2(a)的分岔图来描述。该图将系统的稳定状态捕获为全局耦合因子G的函数,通过计算所有皮层区域中每个神经元群体的最大放电率H(xi)来确定大脑状态的出现。
研究表明,在全脑网络处于亚临界状态时,模型可以找到拟合经验数据的最佳参数组合,此时大脑网络在分岔的边缘运行[35]。对于每个要分析的特征,通过改变模型的两个自由参数全局耦合因子G和局部耦合因子w来进行详尽的参数空间探索。全局耦合因子G以0.02的步长从0.5到3.5变化,局部耦合因子w以0.01的步长从0.3到1.8变化。本文研究中具体分析的特征如下。
(1)静态功能连接FC。在本研究中,使用DK图谱将大脑划分为68个脑区,每个脑区对应一个时间序列信号值。通过计算这些信号间的皮尔逊相关系数,可得到脑区间的相关性。将每对脑区i和脑区j(1≤i,j≤68)的相关系数,按照对应位置排列,构建出一个68×68的矩阵,即静态功能连接矩阵FC。其中,FC(i,j)表示脑区i与脑区j之间的相关性数值,计算公式为
$\boldsymbol{F}_{\mathrm{C}}(i, j)=\frac{\sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(x_{t}-\bar{x}\right)\left(y_{t}-\bar{y}\right)}{\sqrt{\sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(x_{t}-\bar{x}\right)^{2}} \sum_{t=1}^{T}\left(y_{t}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}}$
式(9)中:xtyt为第t时刻两个脑区i和脑区j时间序列的信号值; x - y -分别为脑区i和脑区j时间序列的平均值。
通过模型模拟大脑68个脑区的信号值,计算得出功能连接矩阵FCsim;从来自fMRI的经验数据,算出功能连接矩阵FCemp。接着,分别提取FCempFCsim的上三角元素,形成向量fempfsim,其长度均为N(N-1)/2,其中N=68。最后,利用向量fempfsim计算皮尔逊相关系数RFC,以此量化FCempFCsim的相似程度,RFC越接近1,表明二者相关度越高,RFC的计算公式为
$R_{\mathrm{FC}}=\frac{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\left[\boldsymbol{f}_{\text {emp }}(n)-\overline{\boldsymbol{F}}_{\text {Cemp }}\right]\left[\boldsymbol{f}_{\text {sim }}(n)-\overline{\boldsymbol{f}}_{\text {sim }}\right]}{\sqrt{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\left[\boldsymbol{f}_{\text {emp }}(n)-\overline{\boldsymbol{f}}_{\text {emp }}\right]^{2}} \sqrt{\sum_{n=1}^{N}\left[\boldsymbol{f}_{\text {sim }}(n)-\overline{\boldsymbol{f}}_{\text {sim }}\right]^{2}}}$
式(10)中: F ¯ C e m p为经验功能连接矩阵FCemp中元素的均值; f ¯ e m pfemp向量中元素的均值; f ¯ s i mfsim向量中元素的均值。
(2)动态功能连接(dynamic functional connectivity,FCD)。为了表征静态功能连接的时空组织结构,计算了FCD矩阵。具体计算方法为:首先,对每个受试者使用滑动时间窗方法针对每个窗口计算了一个68×68的FC矩阵。其中每个窗口包含83个时间点(即59.76 s),然后在窗口间对68×68的功能连接矩阵进行皮尔逊相关,得到1 118×1 118的动态功能连接矩阵FCD。由于不同受试者在时间上没有对齐,FCD矩阵无法在参与者之间直接平均。因此本研究通过将矩阵的上三角项折叠成直方图并归一化到面积为1的方法,对FCD矩阵的概率分布函数(probability distribution function, pdf)进行平均。FCDemp矩阵与FCDsim矩阵之间的差异被定义为两个pdf之间的KS(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)距离。KS距离越小,则代表FCDempFCDsim有着越高的相似度。
(3)亚稳态和同步性。首先将fMRI信号在某个感兴趣频率附近进行带通滤波,然后应用希尔伯特变换得到瞬时相位。对于带通滤波后的BOLD信号f(t),可以用解析函数表达式的方式来解释该方法。假设该解析信号为F(t),其计算公式为
$F(t)=f(t)+\mathrm{i} H[f(t)]$
式(11)中:i= - 1;H[f(t)]为f(t)的希尔伯特变换。
接着使用Kuramoto序参量R(t)量化全脑相位振荡器的“瞬时”集体行为,R(t)的计算方法为
$R(t)=\frac{1}{N}\left|\sum_{k=1}^{N} \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i} \theta_{k}(t)}\right|$
式(12)中:k={1,2,…,N},其中N为大脑区域的数目;θk(t)为振荡器k在时间t的瞬时相位。
在完全独立的情况下,所有分布是均匀的,R(t)接近于0。相反,如果所有相位都相等,则R(t)接近于1。本研究将全局亚稳态Meta定义为所有脑区时间序列R(t)的标准差,全局同步性Syn定义为R(t)的平均值。
为了估计最优模型参数,使用多目标期望最大化算法来迭代优化以最大化模拟和经验之间的拟合,算法实现过程如下。
(1)初始化。模型参数θ0=[w,G,σ]T=[0.8,2,0.001]。为了确保模型参数θ为正,参数被重新参数化为φ=ln(θ/θ0),假设每个参数φ都是由先验分布N(0,0.25)生成的,该分布足够弱,足以覆盖研究中使用的参数范围。
(2)模拟BOLD信号。使用参数θ=θ0eφ模拟BOLD信号,其中eφ为指数函数。h(φ)定义为一个与模型参数φ相关的函数,通过h(φ)计算约束特征的模拟预测值。
(3)初始化误差协方差Ce
$\boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}=\mathrm{e}^{\lambda} \boldsymbol{Q}$
式(13)中:λ=-3;Q∈R2 278×2 278为单位矩阵。
(4)计算相关似然r,它包括3个部分:FC相关误差rFC、亚稳态分析误差rMeta和FCD的KS距离误差rKS
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{FC}}=\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{emp}_{\mathrm{FC}}}-\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{sim}_{\mathrm{FC}}}$
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\text {Meta }}=\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{emp}_{\text {Meta }}}-\boldsymbol{y}_{\text {sim }_{\text {Meta }}}$
$\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{KS}}=\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{emp}_{\mathrm{KS}}}-\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{sim}_{\mathrm{KS}}}$
$\boldsymbol{r}=\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{FC}}+\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{Meta}}+\boldsymbol{r}_{\mathrm{KS}}$
式中:基于模拟得到的BOLD信号,计算得到代表模拟功能连接的向量 y s i m F C; y s i m M e t a为模拟亚稳态的向量; y s i m K S为模拟动态功能连接的向量; y e m p F C为经验功能连接的向量; y e m p M e t a为经验亚稳态的向量; y e m p K S为经验动态功能连接的向量。
(5)定义先验概率分布p(φ)。在高斯假设下,先验概率分布p(φ)∝(0,0.25)可描述为
$p(\boldsymbol{\varphi}) \propto \exp \left\{-\frac{1}{2}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\varphi}^{-1}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi}\right)\right\}$
式(18)中:ηφ为初始期望,ηφ=[0,0,0,0]T;Cφ为协方差Cφ=0.25I4×4,其中I4×4为一个4×4的单位矩阵。
通过对函数h(φ)关于参数φ求偏导数得到数值雅可比矩阵J,用于描述函数h(φ)对参数φ的变化率。
(6)计算后验概率分布p[φ|h(φ)]的对数lnp[φ|h(φ)]。
$\begin{array}{l} \operatorname{lnp}[\boldsymbol{\varphi} \mid h(\boldsymbol{\varphi})] \propto-\frac{1}{2}\left\{\boldsymbol{r}-\boldsymbol{J}\left[\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi \mid h(\boldsymbol{\varphi})}\right]\right\}^{\mathrm{T}} \\ \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}\left\{\boldsymbol{r}-\boldsymbol{J}\left[\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi \mid h(\boldsymbol{\varphi})}\right]\right\}- \\ \frac{1}{2}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi}\right)^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\varphi}^{-1}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}-\boldsymbol{\eta}_{\varphi}\right) \end{array}$
式中: η φ h ( φ )为后验期望。
(7)定义损失函数。TOTALmin=x(1-RFC)+y(1-Meta)+zKS,其中KS用于评估经验动态功能连接矩阵与模拟动态功能连接矩阵对应的概率分布函数之间的差异程度。为了进一步验证最优的参数组合,本文研究定义了7个具体的损失函数,即
T O T A L _ 1 m i n = ( 1 - R F C ) + ( 1 - M e t a ) + K S T O T A L _ 2 m i n = 2 ( 1 - R F C ) + 0.5 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 0.5 K S T O T A L _ 3 m i n = 0.5 ( 1 - R F C ) + 2 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 0.5 K S T O T A L _ 4 m i n = 0.5 ( 1 - R F C ) + 0.5 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 2 K S T O T A L _ 5 m i n = 2 ( 1 - R F C ) + 2 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 0.5 K S T O T A L _ 6 m i n = 2 ( 1 - R F C ) + 0.5 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 2 K S T O T A L _ 7 m i n = 2 ( 1 - R F C ) + 2 ( 1 - M e t a ) + 2 K S
(8)使用之前步骤的rJ,在误差协方差矩阵Ce中更新参数λλi+1,即
$\boldsymbol{P}=\boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}-\boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{J}\left(\boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{J}\right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1}$
$\boldsymbol{g}=-\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{tr}\{\boldsymbol{P} \boldsymbol{Q}\}+\frac{1}{2} \boldsymbol{r}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{Q} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} r$
$\boldsymbol{H}=-\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{tr}\{\boldsymbol{P Q P Q}\}$
$\boldsymbol{\lambda}^{i+1}=\boldsymbol{\lambda}^{i}-\frac{\boldsymbol{g}}{\boldsymbol{H}}$
式中:P为一个中间矩阵,反映了模型中数据误差与参数变化之间的关系;tr{PQ}为矩阵PQ的迹;gH为更新参数λ过程中计算得到的中间变量。
(9)更新参数φφi+1
$\frac{\partial l}{\partial \boldsymbol{\varphi}}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{i}\right)=\boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{r}-\boldsymbol{C}_{\varphi}^{-1} \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{i}$
$\frac{\partial^{2} l}{\partial \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{2}}\left(\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{i}\right) \approx-\boldsymbol{J}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{C}_{\mathrm{e}}^{-1} \boldsymbol{J}-\boldsymbol{C}_{\varphi}^{-1}$
$\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{i+1}=\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{i}-\left(\frac{\partial^{2} l}{\partial \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{2}}\right)^{-1} \frac{\partial l}{\partial \boldsymbol{\varphi}}$
式中:l为对数似然函数。
(9)迭代与收敛检查。重复步骤(2)和步骤(9),进行512次迭代。利用成本函数,对每个损失函数的模型参数集θ=θ0eφ进行评估,选取成本函数值最小的损失函数作为最优的损失函数,选取该损失函数下最小的TOTALmin对应的参数组合作为模型的拟合参数。
其中,模型模拟使用欧拉方法,积分步长为10 ms,模拟长度为7 min,丢弃前2 min的模拟时间来去除初始瞬态,并按经验数据的TR作为模拟数据的时间序列采样间。
在较低的全局耦合因子水平下,大脑呈现出稳定的自发状态,如图2(b)所示,在状态1中,所有大脑区域的神经元都展现出低放电活动。随着全局耦合因子的增加,新的稳定状态随之出现,大脑状态呈现出高放电的活动状态,与此同时自发状态仍保持稳定。如图2(c)所示,在状态2中,尽管R1脑区保持着稳定的低放电状态,但大脑中的R2脑区在同一时间呈现出高放电活动。随着全局耦合因子的进一步增加,大脑的自发状态开始失去稳定性,导致所有大脑区域中的神经元高度激活,如图2(d)所示,R1脑区、R2脑区和R3脑区均展现出高放电活动。
全脑动力学模型通过忽略AMPA受体的作用而大大简化了平均场方程,但也以偏离近似真实大脑活动的峰值网络模型为代价,出于以上原因,本文研究调整了MFM模型的一个参数,即皮层下输入I,以获得与尖峰模型相似的非线性动态性质。为了分析不同的I值对非线性动态的具体影响,具体分析了在不同I值下经验矩阵FCemp与模拟矩阵FCsim的拟合值RFC的变化。
图3所示,在不同I值下,对RFC进行G-w双参数分岔分析,其中两条黑线围住的区域代表亚临界分岔区域。根据图3(a)~图3(c)发现,当I<0.31时,RFC的最大值小于0.6,此时并不能得到对大脑的最佳模拟;在图3(d)中,当I=0.32时,RFC最大值为0.736,并且在Gw的参数空间下,FCsimFCemp之间的最佳匹配出现在亚临界分岔区域(同时存在稳定的自发状态和高放电状态),这表明此时大脑在临界点附近波动;随着I的进一步增大,如图3(e)图3(f)的结果显示,FCsimFCemp的拟合开始降低,并逐渐偏离亚临界分岔区域。根据以上的分析,本文研究确定MFM模型中I的取值为0.32,此时可以获得与尖峰模型相似的全局系统的非线性动态性质。因此,本研究中需要动态调整的系统参数包括:全局耦合因子G,局部耦合因子w和高斯白噪声标准差σ
在传统算法动态调整变量I的情况下,不仅会降低算法的效率,还可能导致高拟合但并不能模拟真实大脑功能结构的情况。在图4(a)中,展示了合理的I值下模拟得到的FC拟合散点图,图4(b)则展示了在I=0.29的条件下得到的异常的FC拟合散点图。图4(c)图4(d)的结果显示,在I=0.29的条件下,当FCsimFCemp的拟合达到0.56时,相应的参数组合下显示出不合理的极高同步性(高达0.99)。同步性被广泛应用于评估大脑信息传递能力,其中大脑网络区域的振荡活动同步性被认为是信息交流的基础。然而,过高的同步会导致功能特异性的丧失[37]。如图4(f)所示,在I=0.29的初始条件下,尽管FCsimFCemp的拟合较高,但此时模拟的FC矩阵显示出不合理的强相关性。因此,确定合理的皮层下输入I的取值,对于提高模型的建模精度是非常重要的。
为了进一步确定约束特征,分别对RFCKS、Meta和Syn进行G-w双参数分岔分析,其中两条黑线围住的区域代表亚临界分岔区域。
图5(a)所示,FCsimFCemp之间的拟合指数RFC>0.6的区域处于亚临界分岔区域中,但是同时也包含RFC<0.6的参数组合,因此仅靠FCsimFCemp的皮尔逊相关并不能精确约束模型;图5(b)中,FCDsimFCDemp之间的最大拟合用KS距离量化,其中KS<0.2的区域完全收束在亚临界分岔区域中,这代表动态功能连接能够捕捉到更多的非线性动态信息[30];图5(c)显示了亚稳态Meta的G-w双参数分岔图,大脑通过亚稳态神经动力学协调功能分离和功能整合的竞争需求,灵活地重新配置分布式功能子网以适应外部不断变化的环境[17,38]。越高的亚稳态代表着大脑在不同功能任务中的动态调整和适应能力更强,其中Meta>0.02的区域完全位于亚临界分岔区域中,这代表亚稳态是衡量大脑状态随时间变化程度的重要特征;图5(d)中同步性被用来确认在模型的最优参数组合下,是否出现异常的高同步。根据以上分析,本研究将使用功能连接、动态功能连接和亚稳态作为联合约束模型拟合的特征。
网格搜索是一种系统化的方法,通过遍历预定义的参数空间,能够保证找到每个参数组合,因而在一定程度上提供了全局最优解。其主要优势在于简洁直接,并能够有效避免局部最优,尤其适用于超参数调优和模型选择等任务。在大脑动力学模型的构建和优化过程中,网格搜索通过对模型参数空间的全面搜索,可以系统地评估每个参数组合的效果,从而获得最优的参数设置[22]
图6展示了使用网格搜索算法在G-w参数变化下探索参数空间获得的结果。本研究联合功能连接、动态功能连接、和亚稳态三个特征约束损失函数。具体来说,筛选出满足RFC>0.6、KS<0.2、Meta>0.02的参数组合点,将它们作为GS算法的结果,每个点代表一个满足上述条件的参数组合。在相同的CPU设备和处理器上,GS算法的平均计算时间为2 175 min,远远高于MOEM算法的平均计算时间为160 min。MOEM算法显示出显著的计算时间优势,在同一硬件环境下相比GS算法表现出超过10倍的计算效率。
在相同的初始参数下,对于MOEM算法中的每一个损失函数,对模型进行30次模拟后得到收敛的30组参数组合。为了可靠的选定最终的结果,本文研究定义了一个模型成本函数,它评估了算法的拟合能力和参数结果的稳定性。模型成本函数的组成部分反映了本文研究对每种损失函数优劣的评估特征,它表示为4个因素的总和。第一个因素考虑损失函数基于30次模拟的拟合优度值。在本文研究中,模型拟合优度是通过TOTALmin的值来衡量的,具体来说是将该值归一化并取30次平均的结果,较低的拟合优度值表示更好的拟合,对应为较低的成本。第二个因素考虑了检测到的拟合优度值的稳定性,通过计算30个拟合优度值的标准差来衡量。其中,倾向于收敛到局部最大值的损失函数的成本更高,对应于拟合优度值的方差更高。第三个因素考虑了各个损失函数得到的参数解的准确性,通过计算30个参数解与网格搜索找到的最优解之间的平均欧氏距离来衡量。其中较低的欧氏距离代表偏差越低,代表算法解与真实值的偏差程度越低。第4个因素考虑了得到的参数解的稳定性,通过计算各个损失函数对应的30组参数解之间的平均欧氏距离来衡量。其中,较低的欧氏距离代表该损失函数找到的参数解越稳定,表明该损失函数在参数优化过程中越可靠。
从模型成本函数整体来看,TOTAL_5min优于其他函数,表现出了最好的结果,如表1所示。其在拟合优度稳定性、解的准确性以及参数解的稳定性方面表现出显著的优势,表明它对异常值的鲁棒性更强,拟合结果的稳定性更高。从成本函数的第一个分量拟合优度来看,TOTAL_5min的表现仅次于TOTAL_4min,但也反映了较高的拟合精度。因此本研究以TOTAL_5min作为MFM模型的最优损失函数,选取该损失函数下拟合优度值最高的参数组合作为研究所确定的参数组合,即
$\boldsymbol{\theta}=[w, G, \sigma]^{\mathrm{T}}=[0.42,2.43,0.004]$
提出了一种基于分岔分析的多目标期望最大化算法,用于提高全脑动力学建模的精度与解释性。利用分岔理论对多个约束特征进行分析,科学的选择静态功能连接、动态功能连接和亚稳态作为模型的联合约束目标,通过定量分析确定了最优的损失函数以及参数组合。结果显示,使用TOTAL_5min作为损失函数,在模型的拟合优度和参数稳定性方面表现最好,算法对异常值的鲁棒性和拟合结果的稳定性更高。此外,使用MOEM算法不仅有效地避免了传统EM算法在初始参数选择上的局限性,还在全局参数空间的探索中表现出色。证明了MOEM算法在复杂脑网络建模中的应用潜力,尤其在捕捉大脑非线性动态活动方面具有显著优势,使得全脑动力学模型更具生物合理性。
  • 山西省科技厅基础研究计划面上项目(20210302123099)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)青年项目(202303021212166)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405388
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-21
基金
山西省科技厅基础研究计划面上项目(20210302123099)
山西省基础研究计划(自由探索类)青年项目(202303021212166)
作者信息
    1 太原理工大学大学计算机科学与技术学院, 太原 030600
    2 山西财经大学信息学院, 太原 030012

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* 杨艳丽(1987—),女,汉族,山西太原人,博士,教授。研究方向:脑科学与智能信息处理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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