Article(id=1208051033771713458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406863, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726070400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-12, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410953, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410953, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410953, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410953, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7640, endPage=7649, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051034375693295, articleId=1208051033771713458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Wind Environment Simulation and Optimization on the Spatial Support Framework of Wind-solar Complementary System, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The technological demand for distributed wind energy and wind-solar complementary energy utilization on building roofs was addressed. A new type of spatial support frame for wind-solar complementary systems was proposed. The power generation efficiency of small vertical axis wind turbines was enhanced by using flow deflectors with combined wind collection and flow stabilization functions. The wind collection effect and power generation efficiency of the framework were analyzed through theoretical methods. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the impact of flow deflector distancing and width on internal airflow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at different wind attack angles. Optimization parameters were identified. Wind tunnel experiments were performed to investigate the power generation performance of small wind turbines with the spatial support framework. The results show that the framework significantly increases the airflow velocity entering the wind collection device and reduces turbulent kinetic energy in the internal space. When the flow deflectors have a distance of 0.53 m and a width of 0.12 m, the wind speed increases by 1.21 times and the generator power increases by about 1.77 times.

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面向建筑屋顶分布式风能及风光互补能源利用的技术需求,提出并研究了一种新型风光互补系统的空间支撑框架。该框架通过配置导流板同时具有集风、稳流的作用,可显著增强小型垂直轴风力机的发电效率。首先采用理论分析方法,对空间支撑框架的集风效果及发电效率进行了分析。在此基础上,采用数值模拟的方法,分析了在不同风攻角下导流板间距、宽度对支撑框架内部气流速度、湍流动能的影响,并给出了优化参数。最后,采用风洞试验,对空间支撑框架作用下的小型风机发电性能进行了试验研究。研究表明,该空间支撑框架能够显著提高进入集风装置的气流速度,并降低内部空间湍流动能。当支撑框架配置间距D=0.53 m,宽度W=0.12 m的导流板时,可使风速增加约1.21倍,发电机功率提高约1.77倍。

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苏波(1977—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,副教授。研究方向:建筑风能收集,绿色建筑。E-mail:

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苏波(1977—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,副教授。研究方向:建筑风能收集,绿色建筑。E-mail:

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苏波(1977—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,副教授。研究方向:建筑风能收集,绿色建筑。E-mail:

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Configuration parameters of wind-solar complementary system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空间支撑框架 信息 太阳能板 信息 风机发电机 信息
宽度/m 2.4 面板数 6 启动风速/(m·s-1) 2.5
长度/m 2.4 额定功率/W 425 额定功率/kW 1.0
高度/m 2.0 总功率/W 2 400 叶片高度/m 1.5
材料 复合材料 面板类型 双玻 直径/m 1.0
重量/kg 100 面板尺寸/(mm×mm×mm) 1 200×800×30 类型 垂直轴直线翼
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596183040528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033771713458, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

风光互补系统配置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
空间支撑框架 信息 太阳能板 信息 风机发电机 信息
宽度/m 2.4 面板数 6 启动风速/(m·s-1) 2.5
长度/m 2.4 额定功率/W 425 额定功率/kW 1.0
高度/m 2.0 总功率/W 2 400 叶片高度/m 1.5
材料 复合材料 面板类型 双玻 直径/m 1.0
重量/kg 100 面板尺寸/(mm×mm×mm) 1 200×800×30 类型 垂直轴直线翼
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596321452571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033771713458, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural parameters of flow deflectors

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配置 间距D/m 高度分割比例 宽度W/m
OS 1.60 H
工况1 0.80 H/2 0.12
工况2 0.53 H/3 0.12
工况3 0.40 H/4 0.12
工况4 0.32 H/5 0.12
工况5 0.53 H/3 0.08
工况6 0.53 H/3 0.10
工况7 0.53 H/3 0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596493419045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033771713458, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

导流板结构参数

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配置 间距D/m 高度分割比例 宽度W/m
OS 1.60 H
工况1 0.80 H/2 0.12
工况2 0.53 H/3 0.12
工况3 0.40 H/4 0.12
工况4 0.32 H/5 0.12
工况5 0.53 H/3 0.08
工况6 0.53 H/3 0.10
工况7 0.53 H/3 0.14
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Test voltage and current under different working conditions at different wind speeds

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配置 3.5 m/s 4.5 m/s 5.5 m/s 6.5 m/s
电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA
单风机 0.95 1.75 1.38 3.75 1.85 50 2.50 7.60
OS 1.12 2.41 1.74 4.82 2.32 6.46 2.97 10.36
工况1 1.08 2.39 1.68 4.77 2.11 6.80 2.87 10.26
工况2 1.15 2.54 1.81 5.06 2.39 6.85 3.06 11.05
工况3 1.14 2.39 1.77 4.78 2.31 6.57 3.03 10.29
工况4 1.14 2.40 1.75 4.88 2.30 6.64 3.03 10.35
工况5 1.13 2.44 1.76 4.89 2.34 6.55 3.00 10.51
工况6 1.12 2.41 1.73 4.86 2.36 6.37 2.95 10.46
工况7 1.13 2.47 1.77 4.90 2.31 6.71 2.98 10.68
配置 7.5 m/s 8.5 m/s 9.5 m/s 10.5 m/s
电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA
单风机 3.00 10.50 4.40 14.80 5.65 20.00 6.365 24.50
OS 4.14 12.33 5.35 19.72 7.01 26.11 8.540 29.58
工况1 4.05 12.06 5.26 19.19 6.93 25.27 8.240 29.33
工况2 4.26 13.16 5.51 20.92 7.22 27.86 8.800 31.72
工况3 4.12 12.54 5.46 19.57 7.15 25.92 8.680 29.46
工况4 4.12 12.62 5.45 19.72 7.15 26.08 8.670 29.68
工况5 4.18 12.50 5.40 19.99 7.08 26.48 8.620 29.99
工况6 4.11 12.45 5.36 19.74 7.01 26.19 8.610 29.42
工况7 4.18 12.63 5.45 20.02 7.08 26.75 8.270 31.60
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不同风速下各工况试验电压电流

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
配置 3.5 m/s 4.5 m/s 5.5 m/s 6.5 m/s
电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA
单风机 0.95 1.75 1.38 3.75 1.85 50 2.50 7.60
OS 1.12 2.41 1.74 4.82 2.32 6.46 2.97 10.36
工况1 1.08 2.39 1.68 4.77 2.11 6.80 2.87 10.26
工况2 1.15 2.54 1.81 5.06 2.39 6.85 3.06 11.05
工况3 1.14 2.39 1.77 4.78 2.31 6.57 3.03 10.29
工况4 1.14 2.40 1.75 4.88 2.30 6.64 3.03 10.35
工况5 1.13 2.44 1.76 4.89 2.34 6.55 3.00 10.51
工况6 1.12 2.41 1.73 4.86 2.36 6.37 2.95 10.46
工况7 1.13 2.47 1.77 4.90 2.31 6.71 2.98 10.68
配置 7.5 m/s 8.5 m/s 9.5 m/s 10.5 m/s
电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA 电压/V 电流/mA
单风机 3.00 10.50 4.40 14.80 5.65 20.00 6.365 24.50
OS 4.14 12.33 5.35 19.72 7.01 26.11 8.540 29.58
工况1 4.05 12.06 5.26 19.19 6.93 25.27 8.240 29.33
工况2 4.26 13.16 5.51 20.92 7.22 27.86 8.800 31.72
工况3 4.12 12.54 5.46 19.57 7.15 25.92 8.680 29.46
工况4 4.12 12.62 5.45 19.72 7.15 26.08 8.670 29.68
工况5 4.18 12.50 5.40 19.99 7.08 26.48 8.620 29.99
工况6 4.11 12.45 5.36 19.74 7.01 26.19 8.610 29.42
工况7 4.18 12.63 5.45 20.02 7.08 26.75 8.270 31.60
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风光互补系统空间支撑框架的风环境模拟及优化
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苏波 , 马如钊
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(18): 7640-7649
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(18): 7640-7649
风光互补系统空间支撑框架的风环境模拟及优化
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苏波 , 马如钊
作者信息
  • 江苏大学土木工程与力学学院, 镇江 212000
  • 苏波(1977—),男,汉族,山东日照人,博士,副教授。研究方向:建筑风能收集,绿色建筑。E-mail:

Wind Environment Simulation and Optimization on the Spatial Support Framework of Wind-solar Complementary System
Bo SU , Ru-zhao MA
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406863
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面向建筑屋顶分布式风能及风光互补能源利用的技术需求,提出并研究了一种新型风光互补系统的空间支撑框架。该框架通过配置导流板同时具有集风、稳流的作用,可显著增强小型垂直轴风力机的发电效率。首先采用理论分析方法,对空间支撑框架的集风效果及发电效率进行了分析。在此基础上,采用数值模拟的方法,分析了在不同风攻角下导流板间距、宽度对支撑框架内部气流速度、湍流动能的影响,并给出了优化参数。最后,采用风洞试验,对空间支撑框架作用下的小型风机发电性能进行了试验研究。研究表明,该空间支撑框架能够显著提高进入集风装置的气流速度,并降低内部空间湍流动能。当支撑框架配置间距D=0.53 m,宽度W=0.12 m的导流板时,可使风速增加约1.21倍,发电机功率提高约1.77倍。

风光互补  /  集风结构  /  导流板  /  数值模拟  /  湍流动能

The technological demand for distributed wind energy and wind-solar complementary energy utilization on building roofs was addressed. A new type of spatial support frame for wind-solar complementary systems was proposed. The power generation efficiency of small vertical axis wind turbines was enhanced by using flow deflectors with combined wind collection and flow stabilization functions. The wind collection effect and power generation efficiency of the framework were analyzed through theoretical methods. Numerical simulations were conducted to study the impact of flow deflector distancing and width on internal airflow velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at different wind attack angles. Optimization parameters were identified. Wind tunnel experiments were performed to investigate the power generation performance of small wind turbines with the spatial support framework. The results show that the framework significantly increases the airflow velocity entering the wind collection device and reduces turbulent kinetic energy in the internal space. When the flow deflectors have a distance of 0.53 m and a width of 0.12 m, the wind speed increases by 1.21 times and the generator power increases by about 1.77 times.

wind-solar complementary  /  wind collection structure  /  flow deflector  /  numerical simulation  /  turbulent kinetic energy
苏波, 马如钊. 风光互补系统空间支撑框架的风环境模拟及优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7640 -7649 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406863
Bo SU, Ru-zhao MA. Wind Environment Simulation and Optimization on the Spatial Support Framework of Wind-solar Complementary System[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7640 -7649 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406863
风能作为一种可再生能源,因其可持续性和环境友好性,相关市场每年以大约20%的速度持续增长[1-2]。风电场通常位于偏远地区,长距离电力传输会导致显著的能量损失和高昂的成本。为了在城市地区更有效地利用风能,这些问题亟需解决[3]
由于农村风电场的使用限制,直接在城市区域利用风能的趋势逐渐增加[4]。当前,城市高层建筑中常见的风力涡轮机安装方式主要有3种:第一种是将风力机直接安装在建筑屋顶上,例如,美国波特兰市的12West大厦,屋顶上安装了4台水平轴风力机(horizontal axis wind turbine,HAWT),年发电量约为5 500 kW·h;第二种是将风力涡轮机安装在两栋相邻建筑物之间,如巴林的世界贸易中心,建筑之间安装了3台直径29 m、功率250 kW的HAWT;第三种是将风力机安装在专为此设计的建筑内部孔洞中,例如广州的珠江大厦,主体设计了4个开口通道,每个通道内安装了一台垂直轴风力机(vertical axis wind turbine,VAWT)[5]。然而,尽管这些设计具有较高的效率,仍有一些问题尚未解决。据报道,大型涡轮机可能引发噪音和振动问题,同时在美观方面也有所欠缺。此外,城市区域可用于安装大型风力涡轮机的空间有限[6],因此,如何在有限空间内提升单位发电功率正成为日益关注的研究课题。
目前,部分学者将研究重点放在提高风力机的空气动力学性能上,以提升单位发电功率。例如,Li等[7]在小型VAWT加装外部锥形集风框架,使风力机的转矩系数提高了25%;然而,该装置进一步压缩了城市中其他设备的使用空间,未能有效提升单位面积的发电效率。Santoli等[8]则研究了与导管集成的VAWT,利用文丘里效应,使风进入收敛管道部分时速度增加,功率提升了125%;但由于管道体积庞大且成本较高,这一设计也存在缺陷。另一部分学者致力于将太阳能板与风力机结合,利用风光互补技术提高单位发电密度[9-10]。韦惠丽[11]提出了一种球形一体式风光互补发电系统,通过将屋顶无动力风帽与太阳能板结合发电,使单位面积的发电效率提高了两倍以上;然而,该装置结构复杂,后续维护成本较高。
综上所述,现提出一种由垂直轴风力机、太阳能板和空间支撑框架组成的风光互补系统。系统上部安装太阳能板,支撑框架内部放置风力机,实现风光互补发电,从而在有限空间内显著提升单位发电效率。研究重点在于空间支撑框架的集风与稳流结构,旨在集中气流、提高风速并实现稳流效果。通过解决集风和稳流结构设计中的关键问题,并结合系列计算流体动力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析,确定结构的最优配置。最后,通过缩小比例的风洞试验验证该结构的可行性。
风光互补系统的信息如图1所示,展示了一个由空间支撑框架、风力机以及太阳能板组成的单元模块,详细参数如表1所示。
空间支撑框架包含集风结构和稳流结构,集风结构由上斜板、支撑角柱、下弧板组成,稳流结构由导流板构成。框架上部边长2 400 mm,高2 000 mm,下部边长2 020 mm,内部空间高1 600 mm,长宽均为1 440 mm。其中上斜板倾斜角度为28°;下弧板倾斜角度为28°,外扩弧度为13°,如图2所示。
集风结构的设计基于式(1)中所示的连续性方程,可知进入装置的气流面积变化可提高风力机转子尖端入口处的平均风速。由于风力涡轮机的转矩和功率分别与风速的平方和立方成正比,风力机的转矩和功率性能因此会得到一定程度的提升[12]
A 1 U 1 = A 2 U 2
式(1)中:A1为集风结构外边的横截面积;A2为结构里边的横截面积;U1为外边横截面积的平均速度;U2为里边横截面积的平均速度,如图3所示。
对集风口进行研究时,引入风力发电机能量转换理论,即
ρ ρ 0 = 1 - 1 2 n 2 U 1 a 2
式(2)中:ρ为空气密度;ρ0为初始空气密度;n为风速增加的倍数;ɑ为当地音速。
风能是指空气运动具有的动能,空气在单位时间内流经叶片时叶轮所获得的能量为
E 0 = 1 2 C ρ A U 2 3 = 1 2 C A 1 - 1 2 n 2 U 1 a 2 2   ρ 0 n 3 U 1 3
式(3)中:E0为风速增加n倍以后发电机叶轮所获得的能量;C为风能利用系数;A为叶轮面积,此装置叶轮面积约为内边横截面积A2的0.7倍。
当地音速为340 m/s,假设风速为4.5 m/s,由式(2)可知:当风速增加为原来的1.25倍时,此时空气密度降低了0.014%。结合式(3)可知此时风力机的输出功率增加约195.2%。
导流板作为一种导流介质,其结构对气体流动有一定的影响,其间距、宽度影响气流的速度及湍流动能,因此找到一个合适的间距和宽度非常重要。在下一节中,通过CFD分析了多种设计,以确定导流板的最佳参数,并对装置在两种风攻角:α=0°(垂直于开口)和α=30°下进行了分析。
为了探究导流板的间距D和宽度W(长度L=1 440 mm、厚度T=1 mm,均相同,如图4所示)对风速以及湍流动能的影响,设置了7种工况,如表2所示,模拟将这7种工况和未加导流板的原始结构(original structure,OS)进行对比。
中外研究表明,对于湍流流动而言,采用k-ε模型可以取得良好的模拟精度[13-15],故本文选用k-ε模型来模拟湍流流动。网格的数量和质量是影响模拟结果正确性的关键因素,因此经过网无关性检验,本次模拟采用三维非结构化网格,网格数量为388×104,如图5所示。定义入口处为速度入口边界,入口速度为4.5 m/s,湍流动能定义为1 m2/s2,耗散率为1 m2/s3,集风口结构和导流板为定壁温,不可渗透,无滑移绝热边界条件。RNG k-ε湍流模型和湍流黏度的输运方程为
$\begin{aligned} \frac{\partial(\rho k)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho k u_{i}\right)}{\partial x_{i}} & =\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\alpha_{k} \mu_{\text {eff }} \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}}\right)+ \\ G_{\mathrm{k}}+G_{\mathrm{b}}-\rho \varepsilon & -Y_{\mathrm{M}} \end{aligned}$
$\begin{array}{r} \frac{\partial(\rho \varepsilon)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho \varepsilon u_{i}\right)}{\partial x_{i}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\alpha_{c} \mu_{\text {eff }} \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{j}}\right)+ \\ C_{1 \varepsilon} \frac{\varepsilon}{k}\left(G_{\mathrm{k}}+C_{3 \varepsilon} G_{\mathrm{b}}\right)-C_{2 \varepsilon} \rho \frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k}-R \end{array}$
$\mu_{\mathrm{eff}}=\mu+\mu_{\mathrm{t}}$
$\mu_{\mathrm{t}}=\rho C_{\mu} \frac{k^{2}}{\varepsilon}$
式中:ρ为流体密度;k为湍流动能;ε为湍流耗散率;xixj为张量表示法中的空间坐标分量;ui表示流体速度矢量在i方向的分量;ueff为有效黏度;μμt分别为分子黏度和湍流黏度;Gk为由于平均速度梯度产生的湍流动能生成项;Gb为浮力产生的湍流动能生成项;ρε为湍流动能的耗散项,表示动能转化为热能;YM为可压缩湍流中脉动膨胀对总耗散率的贡献;R为RNG模型特有的附加项,用于修正快速应变和流线曲率的影响;αkαε分别为kε的湍流普朗特数;通常取值为αk≈1.0,αε≈0.769; C 1 ε C 2 ε C 3 εCμ为经验常数,分别为 C 1 ε=1.44, C 2 ε=1.92, C 3 ε=0~1.0和Cμ=0.084 5。
湍流动能的值反映了湍流运动的强度和规模大小,通常用于描述湍流的各种特征和结构,根据中外研究表明,风力机翼型的气动性能不仅与翼型本身几何特性有关,还与来流湍流动能有关,随着来流湍流动能的增大,翼型的升力系数和阻力系数均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势[16],湍流动能与湍流度计算公式为
$k=\frac{3}{2}\left(u_{\text {avg }} I\right)^{2}$
式(8)中:uavg为流体平均流速;I为湍流强度。
图6(a)显示了计算域的主要几何特征,为了探究导流板对集风结构集风以及稳流的作用,不涉及风力机转子运动,且为了降低计算成本,故使用meshing生成三维模型非结构化网格进行求解。域界是决定求解精度的重要参数,在流动方向上的域的大小必须足够大[17-18],所以确定域的高度和长度是装置上斜板边长B的10倍和15倍。导流板采用无厚度壁面网格处理,提高网格质量,以达到足够的精度来描述边界层流,如图6(b)所示。
首层壁面网格的高度根据 y+来计算, y+公式为
y + = y ρ U τ μ
式(9)中:Uτ为流体的剪切速度;y为网格到壁面的距离;μ和为流体的动力黏度。
计算得出首层壁面网格高度为6.3×10-5m,其余层网格高度根据网格成长因子在壁面边界层取1.2。
模拟完成后,使用CFD-Post在进口点靠内200 mm处布置10个测量点(图2)测量了风速的大小,以作为风机扭矩以及功率的评估标准;扭矩和功率计算公式为
$T=\frac{1}{2} \rho A V^{2} r$
$P=\frac{1}{2} \rho A v^{3}$
式中:T为风机扭矩;P为风力机输出功率;A为扫掠面积;r为转子半径;v为出口点上的风速。
图7图8分别显示了集风结构中心二维平面的速度云图和湍流动能云图,可以得出以下结论。
集风结构迎风侧的上斜板尖锐边缘引起结构内部上侧气流分离和再循环区域,而下弧板的圆滑边缘则减轻了这种效应。
图7可知,在α=0°下,当导流板数量为偶数时,气流流动分离后会重新合并,在结构附近或者气流流动部位产生更高的速度。相比之下,当导流板数量为奇数时,气流的相互作用较小,结构内部无法形成高速气流带。
α=30°下,结构内部的气流分离现象显著,并对所有研究配置的气动性能产生负面影响,减缓了气流速度。特别是,当导流板数量较多时,迎风侧的导流板迎风面积增大,流动分离的影响均有所加强。
随着导流板数量的增加,集风结构迎风侧与下风侧之间的湍流动能降低,如图8所示。这一趋势在两种攻角(α=0°和α=30°)均有所体现,表明结构内部的气流紊乱度减少,有助于气流的稳定流动。
通过对比结构内部平均风速U/U0和湍流动能k/k0的比值,进行了深入的定量分析。图9展示了在两种风攻角α=0°和α=30°下,这些参数随间距变化的关系。对于α=0°[图9(a)]的情况,较小的间距(即较多的导流板数量)导致通过开口的流动阻力增加,从而限制了U/U0。而在较大的间距下,由于结构内外部的静压差减少,U/U0也随之降低。在间距D=53 cm时,观察到U/U0达到最大,即配置两块导流板时,其最大值可达到1.2倍。尽管存在最小值,但结构内的速度始终高于未受扰动的自由流风速(即U/U0>1),这表明与未配置导流板的集风结构相比,风能收集能力得到了增强。然而,最佳配置(D=53 cm)与最差配置(D=80 cm)之间的U/U0差异仅为2.7%。k/k0随风速线性变化,在大间距(D=80 cm)下,气流扰动强度较低,导致k/k0较低;在小间距(D=32 cm)下,尽管通过开口气流减少,但是k/k0并未随之增加,反而下降,这表明导流板在稳定气流方面发挥了作用。
对于α=30°[图9(b)],U/U0k/k0随间距的变化呈现线性关系。值得注意的是,当间距为偶数,即导流板将迎风口分割成偶数时,U/U0k/k0都较小。这是可能是因为导流板限制了风攻角,使得结构内形成的气流再循环区域趋于水平状态。因此,在这种风攻角下,结构内部的分离气流和两侧静压差的综合效应大于通过较小开口间距的相对较高的阻力。其中最小间距(D=32 cm)的配置仅比最佳间距(D=53 cm)的配置风速比低0.3%。
数值模拟表明,配置导流板可以有效增加风速并稳定气流。
3.1节说明了配置两块导流板对U/U0有最佳提升效果。因此,为了继续探明导流板宽度对于U/U0k/k0的影响机理,设置了4种导流板宽度。对于D=53 cm的情况下,图10图11是不同导流板宽度在不同风攻角下的U/U0k/k0的云图。除了W=12 cm的结构,其余结构内的气流分离和再循环被强烈地减少,甚至被抑制,后者尤其适用于α=0°,其再循环最不明显。
U/U0k/k0在两种风攻角及不同导流板宽度下的函数关系如图12所示。对于α=0°,各配置之间的风速和湍流动能差异极小,性能最佳的配置(W=10 cm)与最差的配置(W=14 cm)之间的速度差仅为1.6%,湍流动能方面,最佳配置(W=12 cm)与最差配置(W=8 cm)之间的差异为0.8%。
对于α=30°,U/U0随着导流板宽度的增加而下降,而k/k0则随着导流板宽度的增加而上升。从云图中可以看出,风攻角越大,气流与导流板的接触面积越大,阻碍效果越显著,导致风速下降更为明显,流量扰动也更大,因此在风攻角α=30°时,各配置下的U/U0均有不同程度的下降。
本部分详细阐述了采用各式导流板配置的集风结构在不同风速条件下的加速表现,以及小型风力发电机的功率输出情况。接下来,通过对理论模型的验证并结合不同参数的案例研究,进一步进行了综合性能评估的对比和总结。
试验设备选用的是江苏大学的JDTL-1型风洞,其设计遵循《高低速风洞气动与结构设计》的规定。其中,试验段的截面形状为正方形,尺寸为350 m×350 m×850 mm,整个风洞的总长度为4 m。风洞内的气流均匀稳定,湍流强度不会超过2%。风洞采用的是低速直流式设计,风速的范围为0~11 m/s。模型几何缩尺比为1/15,模型在风洞中的阻塞率小于5%,满足风洞试验要求,故实验结果不需修正。整个试验平台的示意图如图13所示。使用风速仪传感器进行实时风速测量,使用示波器记录实时变化的电压以及电流。
试验测试了单个风力机、风力机组合原始结构以及风力机组合工况1~工况7在风速为3.5 ~10.5 m/s的发电情况,各工况配置发电电压电流数据如表3所示,处理之后的发电功率如图14所示。
通过对风力机集风结构的导流板配置,其发电性能明显得到了增强。在风速为4.5 m/s的条件下,未配置导流板的集风结构风力机的发电功率为5.17 mW,而采用最优配置工况2(安装两块导流板)的风力机,其发电功率提高至9.15 mW,相比之下,提升幅度达到了约1.77倍。其他配置方案的风力机也表现出了不同程度的功率提升。然而,需要指出的是,在最不理想的配置方案(工况1)中,风力机的发电功率相比原始状态出现了约4.6%的下降。此外,在不同风速条件下进行的最优工况试验和模拟分析显示,试验所得的发电功率普遍高于模拟功率,二者之间的最大差异不超过6%,如图15所示。
通过对配置不同导流板的集风结构做CFD模拟以及小型风洞发电试验测试,得出以下结论。
(1)在集风理论中,与单个风力机相比,配置未加导流板的原始结构可以使风速增加1.25倍,提高发电功率约1.95倍;在风洞试验测试中,配置未加导流板的原始结构可以提高风速约为1.13倍,发电功率约为单风力机的1.62倍。
(2)在工况2即导流板间距D=0.53 m,导流板宽度W=0.12 m时,集风结构的模拟加速以及降低湍流动能综合效果最好,理论提高风速1.21倍,降低湍流动能0.95倍;在风速为4.5 m/s试验发电测试风力机发电功率最高为9.15 mW,提高发电功率1.77倍。
(3)随着风攻角的增大,导流板宽度越短,集风效果越好,且原始结构由于没有配置导流板,所以与其他工况相比,不会出现因导流板而产生的涡流。
本文研究对集风结构的集风潜力进行了全面的评估,重点是结构导流板的空气动力学设计,因此,没有包括特定风力涡轮机的动力学及其对流场的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U23A20661)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406863
  • 接收时间:2024-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-12
  • 修回日期:2025-04-03
基金
国家自然科学基金区域创新发展联合基金(U23A20661)
作者信息
    江苏大学土木工程与力学学院, 镇江 212000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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