Article(id=1208051033545216801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405300, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720972800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-15, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410900, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410900, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410900, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7710, endPage=7718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051037273953248, articleId=1208051033545216801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Experiment of Automatic Glacier Extraction Methods Based on Sentinel-2 Image, columnId=1156262729162810294, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Over the past half-century, global warming and humidification have led to an accelerated rate of glacier melting in China, highlighting the increasing importance of monitoring glacier distribution. However, current automated glacier extraction methods have significant limitations, such as boundary fragmentation, omission of glaciers in shaded mountain areas, and misclassification in cloud-covered regions. To address these issues, this study selected Menyuan County in Qinghai Province as the experimental area. Sentinel-2 imagery and DEM data were utilized, applying object-oriented automatic classification technology in combination with the C5.0 decision tree model to develop a multi-feature glacier extraction rule set and a neighborhood feature rule set. An improved two-stage object-oriented glacier extraction method was subsequently proposed. The findings revealed that glaciers exhibited distinct response patterns across various features, including spectral mean, spectral standard deviation, NDSI (normalized difference snow index), DEM (digital elevation model), adjacency, and slope orientation. A two-stage glacier extraction method effectively enabled automatic glacier extraction. It also significantly enhanced the recognition accuracy in cloud-covered and shaded mountain regions, achieving an overall glacier recognition accuracy of 98.50%.

, correspAuthors=Zong-ren LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li HUANG, Zong-ren LI, De-lin LI, Rong-fang XIN, Qi-ping LI, Sai-la-jia WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051043515077032, articleId=1208051033545216801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于Sentinel-2影像的冰川自动化提取方法试验, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近半个世纪以来,受全球气候暖湿化影响,中国冰川消融速度逐渐加剧,加强对冰川分布状况的监测日益重要,如何快速且准确地提取冰川信息,对实现冰川常态化监测工作尤为关键。针对目前冰川自动化提取方法存在的不足,采用面向对象自动分类技术,以青海省门源县为试验区,利用Sentinel-2影像与DEM数据,分析总结了冰川在多维度特征下的表现规律,并针对冰川提取中存在的边界破碎、山体阴影处的漏提、云误提等现象,利用决策树C5.0模型构建了多特征组合的冰川提取规则集与邻域特征的提取规则集,解决了单阶段面向对象自动化提取算法存在的主要问题,形成了基于面向对象的两阶段冰川提取方法,实现了冰川信息的高效自动化提取。试验结果表明:区内冰川在光谱均值、光谱标准差、归一化雪盖指数NDSI、DEM、邻接度、坡向等特征下具有响应规律,构建的两阶段提取方法能够较好地实现冰川的自动化提取,并在云盖区域和山体阴影区域内具有良好的识别效果,识别精度达98.50%。

, correspAuthors=李宗仁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 李宗仁(1987—),男,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:资源与环境遥感应用。E-mail:
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黄丽(1986—),女,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:测绘与遥感技术应用。E-mail:

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黄丽(1986—),女,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:测绘与遥感技术应用。E-mail:

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Main band parameters of Sentinel-2 satellite

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传感器 波段 波长/μm 空间分辨率/m
多光谱成
像仪
1:海岸/气溶胶波段 0.433 60
2:蓝波段 0.490 10
3:绿波段 0.560 10
4:红波段 0.665 10
5:植被红边波段 0.705 20
6:植被红边波段 0.740 20
7:植被红边波段 0.783 20
8:近红外波段 0.842 10
8:A-近红外波段(窄) 0.865 20
9:水蒸气波段 0.945 60
10:短波红外波段 1.375 60
11:短波红外波段 1.610 20
12:短波红外波段 2.190 20
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Sential-2卫星主要波段参数

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传感器 波段 波长/μm 空间分辨率/m
多光谱成
像仪
1:海岸/气溶胶波段 0.433 60
2:蓝波段 0.490 10
3:绿波段 0.560 10
4:红波段 0.665 10
5:植被红边波段 0.705 20
6:植被红边波段 0.740 20
7:植被红边波段 0.783 20
8:近红外波段 0.842 10
8:A-近红外波段(窄) 0.865 20
9:水蒸气波段 0.945 60
10:短波红外波段 1.375 60
11:短波红外波段 1.610 20
12:短波红外波段 2.190 20
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Feature correlation statistics table

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特征 B-Mean SWIR1-Mean B-Std G-Std NIR-Std SWIR1-Std NDSI DEM
B-Mean 1.000
SWIR1-Mean -0.349 1.000
B-Std 0.594 -0.270 1.000
G-Std 0.541 -0.194 0.894 1.000
NIR-Std 0.425 -0.073 0.658 0.829 1.000
SWIR1-Std -0.150 -0.109 0.179 0.175 0.228 1.000
NDSI 0.853 -0.738 0.581 0.521 0.383 -0.085 1.000
DEM -0.038 0.050 -0.027 -0.021 -0.014 -0.001 -0.051 1.000
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特征相关性统计表

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特征 B-Mean SWIR1-Mean B-Std G-Std NIR-Std SWIR1-Std NDSI DEM
B-Mean 1.000
SWIR1-Mean -0.349 1.000
B-Std 0.594 -0.270 1.000
G-Std 0.541 -0.194 0.894 1.000
NIR-Std 0.425 -0.073 0.658 0.829 1.000
SWIR1-Std -0.150 -0.109 0.179 0.175 0.228 1.000
NDSI 0.853 -0.738 0.581 0.521 0.383 -0.085 1.000
DEM -0.038 0.050 -0.027 -0.021 -0.014 -0.001 -0.051 1.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596912849471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multi-feature combination rule set

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类型 提取规则集
冰川 规则1 IF B-Std≤2 012.197 and NDSI ≤ 0.027 and DEM > 3 862.061 and SWIR1-Mean≤ 13 325 and B-Mean>18 020.387
规则2 IF G-Std> 4 062.874 and NDSI ≤ 0.113 and DEM > 4 251.944 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则3 IF DEM > 4 269.164 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则4 IF DEM > 4 306.618 and B-Mean > 17 927.063
规则5 IF NIR-Std> 1 293.764 and NDSI ≤ 0.027 and DEM > 3 862.061 and SWIR1-Std ≤13 325 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则6 IF NDSI ≤0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698 and SWIR1-Mean ≤16 662.381 and B-Mean >18 020.387
规则7 IF SWIR1-Std > 371.375 and G-Std≤ 4 062.874 and NDSI ≤ 0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则8 IF NIR-Std> 5 799.014 and NDSI ≤0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698
非冰川 规则1 IF DEM > 2 360 and DEM ≤4 306.618 and B-Mean≤18 020.387
规则2 IF B-Mean ≤17 927.063
规则3 IF DEM > 2 360 and DEM ≤4 109.698
规则4 IF NDSI≤0.113 and DEM > 2 360 and DEM≤4 306.618 and SWIR1-Mean > 16 662.381
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597034484297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多特征组合规则集

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类型 提取规则集
冰川 规则1 IF B-Std≤2 012.197 and NDSI ≤ 0.027 and DEM > 3 862.061 and SWIR1-Mean≤ 13 325 and B-Mean>18 020.387
规则2 IF G-Std> 4 062.874 and NDSI ≤ 0.113 and DEM > 4 251.944 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则3 IF DEM > 4 269.164 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则4 IF DEM > 4 306.618 and B-Mean > 17 927.063
规则5 IF NIR-Std> 1 293.764 and NDSI ≤ 0.027 and DEM > 3 862.061 and SWIR1-Std ≤13 325 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则6 IF NDSI ≤0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698 and SWIR1-Mean ≤16 662.381 and B-Mean >18 020.387
规则7 IF SWIR1-Std > 371.375 and G-Std≤ 4 062.874 and NDSI ≤ 0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698 and B-Mean > 18 020.387
规则8 IF NIR-Std> 5 799.014 and NDSI ≤0.113 and DEM > 4 109.698
非冰川 规则1 IF DEM > 2 360 and DEM ≤4 306.618 and B-Mean≤18 020.387
规则2 IF B-Mean ≤17 927.063
规则3 IF DEM > 2 360 and DEM ≤4 109.698
规则4 IF NDSI≤0.113 and DEM > 2 360 and DEM≤4 306.618 and SWIR1-Mean > 16 662.381
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Neighborhood feature rule set

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类型 提取规则集
冰川 规则1 IF邻接度> 0.873
规则2 IF邻接度≥0.659 and
坡向≤ 86.545°
非冰川 规则1 IF邻接度< 0.659 or
坡向> 86.545°
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597273559643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

邻域特征规则集

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类型 提取规则集
冰川 规则1 IF邻接度> 0.873
规则2 IF邻接度≥0.659 and
坡向≤ 86.545°
非冰川 规则1 IF邻接度< 0.659 or
坡向> 86.545°
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Quantitative comparison table of glacier distribution ture values and extraction results

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量化指标 冰川分布
真值
多特征
提取结果
均值提取
结果
面积/km2 69.68 99.58 137.34
全区面积占比/% 1.09 1.56 2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597546189422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

冰川分布真值与提取结果对比量化表

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量化指标 冰川分布
真值
多特征
提取结果
均值提取
结果
面积/km2 69.68 99.58 137.34
全区面积占比/% 1.09 1.56 2.15
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Confusion matrix statistical table of multi-featurecombination extraction in the experimental site

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项目 分类 预测值
冰川 非冰川 合计
真值 冰川 5 902 694 6 596
非冰川 118 31 433 31 551
合计 6 020 32 127 38 147
总体精度/% 97.87
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597818819194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

试验区多特征组合提取结果混淆矩阵统计表

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项目 分类 预测值
冰川 非冰川 合计
真值 冰川 5 902 694 6 596
非冰川 118 31 433 31 551
合计 6 020 32 127 38 147
总体精度/% 97.87
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597953036931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Confusion matrix statistical table of spectral Mean feature extraction in the experimental site

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项目 分类 预测值
冰川 非冰川 合计
真值 冰川 6 019 0 6 019
非冰川 2 830 29 298 32 128
合计 8 849 29 298 38 147
总体精度/% 92.58
), ArticleFig(id=1208085598150169228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033545216801, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

试验区光谱均值特征提取结果混淆矩阵统计表

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项目 分类 预测值
冰川 非冰川 合计
真值 冰川 6 019 0 6 019
非冰川 2 830 29 298 32 128
合计 8 849 29 298 38 147
总体精度/% 92.58
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基于Sentinel-2影像的冰川自动化提取方法试验
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黄丽 1, 2, 3 , 李宗仁 1, 2, 3, * , 李得林 1, 2, 3 , 辛荣芳 1, 2, 3 , 李启萍 1, 2, 3 , 魏赛拉加 4
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(18): 7710-7718
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(18): 7710-7718
基于Sentinel-2影像的冰川自动化提取方法试验
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黄丽1, 2, 3 , 李宗仁1, 2, 3, * , 李得林1, 2, 3, 辛荣芳1, 2, 3, 李启萍1, 2, 3, 魏赛拉加4
作者信息
  • 1 青海省地质调查院, 西宁 810012
  • 2 青海省遥感大数据工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810012
  • 3 青藏高原北部地质过程与矿产资源重点实验室, 西宁 810012
  • 4 青海省地质环境监测总站, 西宁 810001
  • 黄丽(1986—),女,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,工程师。研究方向:测绘与遥感技术应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 李宗仁(1987—),男,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:资源与环境遥感应用。E-mail:
Experiment of Automatic Glacier Extraction Methods Based on Sentinel-2 Image
Li HUANG1, 2, 3 , Zong-ren LI1, 2, 3, * , De-lin LI1, 2, 3, Rong-fang XIN1, 2, 3, Qi-ping LI1, 2, 3, Sai-la-jia WEI4
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Geological Survey of Qinghai Province, Xining 810012, China
  • 2 Qinghai Remote Sensing Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center, Xining 810012, China
  • 3 Qinghai Geological Survey Institute, The northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Laboratory, Xining 810012, China
  • 4 Geological Environment Monitoring Station of Qinghai Provincial, Xining 810001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405300
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近半个世纪以来,受全球气候暖湿化影响,中国冰川消融速度逐渐加剧,加强对冰川分布状况的监测日益重要,如何快速且准确地提取冰川信息,对实现冰川常态化监测工作尤为关键。针对目前冰川自动化提取方法存在的不足,采用面向对象自动分类技术,以青海省门源县为试验区,利用Sentinel-2影像与DEM数据,分析总结了冰川在多维度特征下的表现规律,并针对冰川提取中存在的边界破碎、山体阴影处的漏提、云误提等现象,利用决策树C5.0模型构建了多特征组合的冰川提取规则集与邻域特征的提取规则集,解决了单阶段面向对象自动化提取算法存在的主要问题,形成了基于面向对象的两阶段冰川提取方法,实现了冰川信息的高效自动化提取。试验结果表明:区内冰川在光谱均值、光谱标准差、归一化雪盖指数NDSI、DEM、邻接度、坡向等特征下具有响应规律,构建的两阶段提取方法能够较好地实现冰川的自动化提取,并在云盖区域和山体阴影区域内具有良好的识别效果,识别精度达98.50%。

Sentinel-2影像  /  决策树  /  多特征组合  /  邻域特征  /  冰川自动化提取

Over the past half-century, global warming and humidification have led to an accelerated rate of glacier melting in China, highlighting the increasing importance of monitoring glacier distribution. However, current automated glacier extraction methods have significant limitations, such as boundary fragmentation, omission of glaciers in shaded mountain areas, and misclassification in cloud-covered regions. To address these issues, this study selected Menyuan County in Qinghai Province as the experimental area. Sentinel-2 imagery and DEM data were utilized, applying object-oriented automatic classification technology in combination with the C5.0 decision tree model to develop a multi-feature glacier extraction rule set and a neighborhood feature rule set. An improved two-stage object-oriented glacier extraction method was subsequently proposed. The findings revealed that glaciers exhibited distinct response patterns across various features, including spectral mean, spectral standard deviation, NDSI (normalized difference snow index), DEM (digital elevation model), adjacency, and slope orientation. A two-stage glacier extraction method effectively enabled automatic glacier extraction. It also significantly enhanced the recognition accuracy in cloud-covered and shaded mountain regions, achieving an overall glacier recognition accuracy of 98.50%.

Sentinel-2 image  /  decision tree  /  multi-feature combination  /  neighborhood feature  /  automatic glacier extraction
黄丽, 李宗仁, 李得林, 辛荣芳, 李启萍, 魏赛拉加. 基于Sentinel-2影像的冰川自动化提取方法试验. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7710 -7718 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405300
Li HUANG, Zong-ren LI, De-lin LI, Rong-fang XIN, Qi-ping LI, Sai-la-jia WEI. Experiment of Automatic Glacier Extraction Methods Based on Sentinel-2 Image[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7710 -7718 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405300
以气温升高为主要标志的全球气候变化已导致中国绝大多数冰川处于退缩状态,基于中国两次冰川编目资料,20世纪70年代至21世纪第一个10年时期,中国冰川面积减少了约18%[1-2]。冰川消融加剧,雪线上升,对区域水资源和区域经济与社会发展,乃至全球气候变化和海平面变化产生直接或间接影响[3-4]。在宏观和区域尺度上加强对冰川状况的监测显得尤为重要,特别是通过自动化提取方法实现对冰川覆盖的精准识别更为关键。
目前,针对冰川的自动化提取方法主要包括:①波段运算提取,如雪盖指数法,范慧颖等[5]基于此法在Landsat 影像上对山地冰川进行了高精度识别提取,但是此类方法存在阈值难确定、冰川与积雪覆盖区难以识别区分的问题,普适性较差,需要结合其他技术或者方法来综合利用;②传统像素级分类算法提取,主要为监督分类法和非监督分类法[6];韩惠等[7]利用此法对西昆仑山崇测冰川区的冰川进行提取,非监督分类结果存在错分裸地与细碎化严重现象;监督分类法可有效提取冰川,且较非监督分类法精度更高,但仍存在冰川漏提问题;③深度学习分类算法提取,如深度卷积语义分割网络;王忠武等[8]利用上下文感知深度学习语义分割网络实现了Landsat影像的冰川提取,实验结果完整性好且能减少山体阴影的漏提取;但深度学习方法的精度和泛化性严重依赖于样本量,而像素级分类方法样本人工标注工作量大;④面向对象技术的信息提取,是将研究对象破碎成同质图斑对象,结合纹理、光谱、形状的多特征进行信息识别,该方法不仅能够避免像素的“椒盐”现象,还能有效结合多维度特征展开分析和信息提取。借助此方法的优势,使得面向对象信息提取技术在土地利用[9]、变化检测[10-11]和信息提取[12-13]方面应用很多。雍万铃等[14]利用面向对象的技术展开积雪信息提取,相比传统的雪盖数法,提取效果更优。杨佳等[15]构建了面向对象的改进冰雪指数法,有效解决了地物错分问题,且提高了冰川识别精度。但是,面向对象方法的主要挑战在于高质量的特征选择、有效的分类算法和相似特征对象的误分类,且目前单阶段面向对象自动化提取算法存在的主要问题是对象缺乏更大感受野的特征,也因缺少空间邻域信息而产生孤立、离散、不连通的分类结果[16]。因此,解决单阶段面向对象方法存在的主要问题,对其进行改进与完善,可实现对冰川更加准确、更加高效地自动化提取。
因此,现以青海省门源县为试验区,以冰川自动化提取为主要研究方向,借助面向对象方法的优势,利用试验区Sentinel-2影像分析冰川在不同维度特征上的特点,并利用C5.0决策树算法,构建两阶段的冰川提取规则集,以实现试验区高准确度的冰川覆盖自动化提取,为后续冰川监测及冰川自动化提取方法的进一步探索提供一定的数据基础。
试验区位于青海省东北部,隶属于青海省海北州藏族自治州,地处祁连山系东端。其东北与河西走廊中部的甘肃省天祝、肃南、山丹县接壤,南与大通县、互助县相连,西与祁连县、海晏县毗邻,如图1所示。属高原大陆性气候,年平均气温1.5 ℃,境内地形复杂、高低悬殊,北部冷龙岭群峰耸立,南部达坂山层峦叠嶂,西部中低山丘陵滩地相间,东部两山合拢峡谷纵横,地形整体上呈现西北高、东南低的趋势。其中,最高的冷龙岭岗什卡峰海拔达5 254.5 m,山顶呈现积雪终年不化、冰川银光闪烁的美景。
试验区选取青海省门源县2023年Sentinel-2卫星遥感影像和高程数据(digital elevation model, DEM)作为输入数据。Sentinel-2 号卫星搭载一枚高分辨率多光谱成像仪(multi-spectral imager,MSI),可覆盖13个光谱波段,幅宽可达290 km,其波段参数如表1所示。
首先,利用SNAP软件对影像数据进行分辨率重采样,将影像不同波段的分辨率重采样为10 m;其次,将重采样后数据进行波段融合,并将单景影像进行了镶嵌处理;然后,将镶嵌融合好的遥感影像按照试验区范围进行了裁剪及色彩增强处理,最终得到了试验区Sentinel-2影像,如图2所示,分辨率为10 m。其辅助数据为试验区DEM数据分辨率为30 m,重采样后为12.5 m,如图3所示。
针对冰川提取中边界破碎、山体阴影漏提取及云误提等问题,设计了两阶段面向对象的提取方法。该方法首先通过多尺度分割获取同质图斑对象,并分析构建冰川提取的多维特征,然后以图斑对象为分析单元,利用C5.0决策树模型,对冰川在多维度特征上的规律进行挖掘,构建多特征组合的冰川提取规则集,来进行冰川第一阶段的提取。同时,构建考虑邻域特征及坡度特征的提取规则集,进行冰川第二阶段的提取,最终获取冰川提取结果。总体技术流程如图4所示。
本文研究采用分形网络演化方法(fractal net evolution approach, FNEA)[17]对遥感影像进行分割。该方法基于影像对象间异质性进行分割合并,异质性由包含对象的光谱和形状差异决定,通过紧致度、形状参数等的设置避免对象边界破碎。FNEA尺度参数设置为50,紧致度设置为0.5,形状参数设置为0.1。将分割后的同质图斑对象作为信息提取的分析单元,试验区多尺度分割结果如图5所示。
代表性全面且精简的特征是高效面向对象分类的基础,本文研究不仅选用面向对象分析中常用的均值特征,同时考虑到冰川的特性而增加了标准差、归一化雪盖指数(normalized difference snow index,NDSI)和DEM等特征。
在均值特征上,冰川在蓝、绿、红、近红波段上,反射率稍高,均值表现偏高,在短波红外上,吸收率偏高,均值表现偏低。光谱均值是由一个同质图斑对象的所有像素值的平均值,计算公式为
$\bar{S}_{\imath}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} S_{i}}{n}$
式(1)中: S - ι为图斑对象的均值;n为图斑对象内像素数量;Si为图斑对象内单个像素的灰度值。
在标准差特征上,冰川在蓝、绿、红、近红波段上,标准差值表现偏高,在短波红外上,标准差值表现偏低。
标准差能反映一个数据集的离散程度,计算公式为
$\delta=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(S_{i}-\overline{S_{\mathrm{l}}}\right)^{2}}$
式(2)中:δ为图斑对象的标准差。
NDSI是利用绿光波段(GREEN)的高反射及短波红外波段1(SWIR1)的高吸收特性,组合突显了影像中积雪的覆盖部分,计算公式为
$\mathrm{NDSI}=\frac{G_{\mathrm{REEN}}-S_{\mathrm{WIR} 1}}{G_{\mathrm{REEN}}+S_{\mathrm{WIR} 1}}$
冰川的分布和高程值呈现正相关的关系,DEM特征可以有效地提升冰川的可分辨性。
为避免分类过程中盲目使用多种特征而导致的计算量急剧增大、分类精度降低、分类特征冗余等问题,需要对分析的特征进行选择。本文研究利用Pearson相关系数对所选特征进行相关性分析,将强相关的特征进行筛除,保留独立性较强的特征,用于后续规则集构建。
Pearson相关系数计算公式为
$r=\frac{n \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} y_{i}-\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}}{\sqrt{n \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}^{2}-\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i}\right)^{2}} \sqrt{n \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}^{2}-\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i}\right)^{2}}}$
式(4)中:r为相关系数;n为特征数组的对象数量;xiyi分别为两个特征数据。
相关系数的绝对值越大,相关性越强:相关系数越接近于1或-1,相关度越强,相关系数越接近于0,相关度越弱。对两个特征之间相关系数>0.9的特征,保留其中一个特征即可。筛选后的特征共8个,分别为蓝波段均值(B-Mean)、短波红外1均值(SWIR 1-Mean)、蓝波段标准差(B-Std)、蓝波段标准差(G-Std)、近红波段标准差(NIR-Std)、短波红外1标准差(SWIR 1-Std)、NDSI特征、DEM特征,特征之间的相关性如表2所示,相关性绝对值均小于0.86,利用双尾检验进行显著性检验,相关性在0.01层上显著。
1)C5.0算法原理
决策树算法是面向对象分类中常用的高效率算法,常见的决策树算法有卡方自动交互检测法分(CHi-squared automatic interaction detector,CHAID)、类与回归树法(classification and regression tree,CART)、QUEST(quick unbiased efficient statistical tree)和C5.0。
本文研究采用适用于大数据分析的C5.0决策树算法,此算法以信息增益率为标准确定最佳分组变量和最佳分割点,其核心概念是信息熵。
假设训练集合D, D为样本容量,即样本的个数。设有K个类Ck来表示, C k之和为 D,k=1,2,…,根据特征AD划分为个子集D1,D2,…,Dn, D iDi的样本个数, D i之和为 D,i=1,2,…,记Di属于Ck的样本集和为Dik,即交集, D i kDik的样本个数,算法如下。
信息增益的计算公式为
$H(D)=-\sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|} \log _{2} \frac{\left|C_{k}\right|}{|D|}$
选定A的信息熵H(D|A)计算公式为
$\begin{aligned} H(D \mid A) & =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\left|D_{i}\right|}{|D|} H\left(D_{i}\right) \\ & =-\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{\left|D_{i}\right|}{|D|} \sum_{k=1}^{K} \frac{\left|D_{i k}\right|}{\left|D_{i}\right|} \log _{2} \frac{\left|D_{i k}\right|}{\left|D_{i}\right|} \end{aligned}$
信息增益的计算公式为
$G(D, A)=H(D)-H(D \mid A)$
信息增益代表利用特征A对数据集D分类后混乱程度降低了多少。信息增益越大,分类性越强。
2)多特征组合规则集构建
输入分隔对象数据和特征,采用C5.0决策树模型挖掘冰川提取规则,构建规则集如表3所示。
冰川提取中面临山体阴影漏提取的挑战,基于面向对象的单阶段规则集分类分析缺乏对更大感受野邻域特征的考虑,仅从对象自身特征分析很难提取山体阴影处的冰川。本文研究基于多特征组合规则集提取的结果,进一步设置邻接度和坡向特征。
(1)邻接度特征。针对山体阴影对象漏提取的问题,设计邻接度特征,定义为对象与相邻的冰川对象图斑邻接长度与对象周长的比值。
(2)坡向特征。对象的坡向定义为对象所有像素坡向的均值。坡向计算方法为八邻域差分法[18],选择待计算像素周围3×3窗口,首先计算南北和东西方向的高程变化率,然后通过加权差分的方法计算坡向值。为了简化特征,计算的坡向采用相对正北方向的相对坡向,值域为[0°,180°)。
针对邻域特征规则集的构建同样采用C5.0算法,进行分类的对象仅为第一阶段判定为非冰川的图斑,构建的规则集如表4所示。
为了对比分析多特征组合规则集与常用的光谱均值特征规则集的差异,本文研究同时选取了光谱均值特征,并通过C5.0算法挖掘了基于光谱特征的冰川提取规则。利用多特征组合规则集和光谱均值特征规则集分别进行了试验区冰川的提取,同时加入了以中国第二次冰川编目为基础数据并利用高分辨率遥感影像修编的试验区冰川分布真值成果,并将真值成果与两种规则集提取的冰川结果进行了比对,该区域冰川分布真值与基于两种特征规则集冰川的提取结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出试验区内冰川主要分布在北部及东北部方位的山区。对比多特征组合和光谱均值特征两种规则集的提取结果,多特征组合与光谱均值的提取结果可以表现出试验区冰川的整体分布情况,但在光谱均值特征的提取结果中,试验区西北方向有大片明显的对于云的误提取现象。
与此同时,将试验区冰川分布真值、基于多特征组合规则集与光谱均值特征规则集的冰川提取结果进行量化对比,如表5所示:该区域冰川分布面积为69.68 km2,多特征组合特征集与光谱均值特征集提取的冰川面积分别为99.58 km2和137.34 km2,分别超出试验区冰川面积真值的42.91%和97.10%。
多特征组合与光谱均值特征冰川提取结果的细节如图7所示。经对比可知,利用光谱均值特征提取的冰川,存在明显的云误提为冰川的现象,多特征组合冰川提取结果相比光谱均值冰川提取结果效果较优。利用混淆矩阵对多特征组合与光谱均值特征提取的对象结果进行精度评价。利用多特征组合提取结果计算混淆矩阵如表6所示,提取的总体精度为97.87%。利用光谱均值特征提取结果计算混淆矩阵如表7所示,提取的总体精度为92.58%。对比可知,多特征组合的提取精度优势较光谱均值特征组合显著。
对多特征组合规则集提取结果进行第二阶段邻域特征规则集提取后,提取的总体精度98.50%,较多特征组合提取精度提升了0.63%。多特征组合与邻域特征提取冰川结果的细节比较如图8所示。从图8可以看出经过邻域特征规则集提取优化后提取结果空间连续性更好,利用多特征组合在山体阴影处的冰川漏提现象得到明显的改善补充。
以门源县作为试验区,选取了该区域Sentinel-2遥感影像与DEM辅助数据,对其进行了冰川自动化提取方法的试验研究,得出如下结论。
(1)冰川在DEM、光谱均值、光谱标准差、NDSI、邻接度、坡向等特征上,均具有特定的响应规律;通过面向对象的C5.0决策树方法,挖掘出冰川在不同特征上的规则,构建出了多特征组合的冰川提取规则集与邻域特征的提取规则集,实现了高精度的冰川覆盖自动化提取。
(2)利用多特征组合规则集与光谱均值规则集提取的冰川面积分别99.58 km2与137.34 km2,冰川提取总精度分别为97.87%与92.58%,多特征组合的冰川提取精度显著优于光谱均值特征组合。
(3)利用多特征组合开展的试验区第一阶段的冰川自动化提取,总体精度可达到97.87%,对比单纯利用光谱均值的冰川提取结果,精度优势更为显著;通过增加邻域特征的第二阶段的提取后,进一步优化了冰川的提取精度,试验区冰川自动化提取的总体精度达到了98.50%。通过两个阶段的冰川自动化提取方法,有效解决了云覆盖及山体阴影覆盖区域冰川提取中存在的误提、漏提等问题。
  • 青海省自然资源专项(QHZC-2021-050)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405300
  • 接收时间:2024-07-15
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-15
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
青海省自然资源专项(QHZC-2021-050)
作者信息
    1 青海省地质调查院, 西宁 810012
    2 青海省遥感大数据工程技术研究中心, 西宁 810012
    3 青藏高原北部地质过程与矿产资源重点实验室, 西宁 810012
    4 青海省地质环境监测总站, 西宁 810001

通讯作者:

* 李宗仁(1987—),男,汉族,青海民和人,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:资源与环境遥感应用。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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