Article(id=1208051033419387675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405601, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=1743091200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410869, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410869, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410869, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410869, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7770, endPage=7777, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051034530878297, articleId=1208051033419387675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Pulsation Characteristics Analysis of Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation Structure Based on DES Model and VOF Method, columnId=1156262735643005297, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Hydraulic Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strong pulsation is one of the most important causes of damage to hydraulic structures such as stilling basins, so it is crucial to clarify the characteristics of pulsation in hydraulic structures to ensure the safe operation of the project. In this study, a fine numerical model of the hydraulic model of a stilling basin was established based on DES (detached eddy simulation) model and VOF (volume of fluid) method, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the numerical simulation results, the distribution of pressure fluctuation, pulsating velocity, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy in the stilling basin were analyzed. The results show that the pressure fluctuation in the stilling basin shows a bimodal distribution along the flow direction, and the pulsation accounts for more than 10% in the flow impact area. The spanwise and streamwise velocity pulsation dominate in the stilling basin, and the vertical pulsation is weaker, while the spanwise pulsation at the centerline of the bottom floor in the collision area decreases rapidly. The streamwise and vertical vorticity on the centerline of bottom floor and surface outlet are characterized by “small time-average value and large pulsation value”, and the transverse-axis vortex caused by the drop sill has a large influence on the distribution of the spanwise vortices. The results of turbulent kinetic energy spectrum analysis show that the pulsations in the stilling basin mainly consist of a large number of low-frequency pulsations below 1 Hz, indicating that the turbulent fluctuations in the stilling basin are mainly controlled by large-scale and low-frequency vortices. The analysis helps to deepen the knowledge of the flow characteristics of flood discharge and energy dissipation structures such as stilling basins, and provides a certain reference for design and safety assessment.

, correspAuthors=Kang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chun-yao HOU, Hong-yi ZHANG, Chang-hao HU, Lu-yao LIU, Kang LIU, Hui XIE, Yong-long LI, Hao-ran WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051040088330372, articleId=1208051033419387675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于DES模型及VOF方法的泄洪消能结构水流脉动特性分析, columnId=1156262735810777459, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·水利工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

强烈的水流脉动是造成消力池等水工结构损伤的重要原因之一,因此明晰水工结构中的水流脉动特性对保障工程安全运行至关重要。基于DES模型及VOF方法建立了亭子口水电站消力池水工模型的精细数值模型,模拟结果与实验结果一致性较好。基于数值模拟结果分析了消力池中压力波动、脉动流速、涡量、以及紊动能的分布变化情况。结果表明消力池中压力波动沿水流方向表现出双峰分布特点,且在水流冲击区脉动量占比超过10%;展向和流向脉动流速在消力池中占主导地位,垂向脉动较弱,在水舌碰撞区域底板中心线处的展向脉动流速迅速减小;底板中心线和表孔中心线上流向和垂向的涡量具有小时均值、大脉动值的特点,跌坎引起的横轴旋涡对展向涡量分布有较大影响。紊动能能谱分析的结果显示消力池中水流脉动主要由大量1Hz以下的低频脉动组成,表明消力池中的紊流波动主要由大尺度和低频的涡流控制。研究结果有助于加深对消力池等泄洪消能结构水流特性的认知,为其设计及安全评估提供了一定参考。

, correspAuthors=刘康, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘康(2000—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水工水力学。E-mail:liu-k21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn。
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侯春尧(1985—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,高级工程师。研究方向:水利水电工程管理,水工及金属结构设备管理。E-mail:

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侯春尧(1985—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,高级工程师。研究方向:水利水电工程管理,水工及金属结构设备管理。E-mail:

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侯春尧(1985—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,高级工程师。研究方向:水利水电工程管理,水工及金属结构设备管理。E-mail:

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(monitoring point located at y=0.32 m), figureFileSmall=H9LcwCScjSnepxsqtLe/YA==, figureFileBig=bhgeydg6fqB3uwHX747BiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085593129587071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033419387675, language=CN, label=图8, caption=消力池底板中线上典型监测点紊动能谱分析结果(监测点位于y=0.32 m), figureFileSmall=H9LcwCScjSnepxsqtLe/YA==, figureFileBig=bhgeydg6fqB3uwHX747BiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085593255416201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033419387675, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Condition of numerical simulation

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上游水/m 下游水深/m 流量/(m3·s-1)
2.68 0.49 0.97
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数值模型计算工况

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上游水/m 下游水深/m 流量/(m3·s-1)
2.68 0.49 0.97
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Mesh sensitivity analysis

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网格类型 网格数量/
104
平均压力波动
均方根/Pa
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
平均脉动流速均方根/
(m·s-1)
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
平均涡量均方根/
s-1
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
粗网格 106.54 428.02 15.23 1.18 19.19 84.37 16.43
中网格 212.82 376.98 1.49 0.97 2.02 85.00 2.15
细网格 363.33 371.45 0.99 83.21
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593754538406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033419387675, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网格类型 网格数量/
104
平均压力波动
均方根/Pa
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
平均脉动流速均方根/
(m·s-1)
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
平均涡量均方根/
s-1
相对误差
(与细网格相比)/%
粗网格 106.54 428.02 15.23 1.18 19.19 84.37 16.43
中网格 212.82 376.98 1.49 0.97 2.02 85.00 2.15
细网格 363.33 371.45 0.99 83.21
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593901339058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033419387675, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of root-mean-square pressure between experiment and numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 P01/Pa P02/Pa P03/Pa P04/Pa P05/Pa P06/Pa 泄流量/(m3·s-1)
水工模型 1 033.8 633.8 333.8 345.1 304.81 833.80 0.97
数值模拟 1 078.0 647.9 319.3 361.2 289.48 876.66 0.96
相对误差/% 4.28 2.22 4.36 4.65 5.03 5.14 1.03
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595058966965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051033419387675, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水工模型实验数据与数值模拟消力池中压力波动均方根对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 P01/Pa P02/Pa P03/Pa P04/Pa P05/Pa P06/Pa 泄流量/(m3·s-1)
水工模型 1 033.8 633.8 333.8 345.1 304.81 833.80 0.97
数值模拟 1 078.0 647.9 319.3 361.2 289.48 876.66 0.96
相对误差/% 4.28 2.22 4.36 4.65 5.03 5.14 1.03
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基于DES模型及VOF方法的泄洪消能结构水流脉动特性分析
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侯春尧 1 , 张洪毅 1 , 胡长浩 1 , 刘璐瑶 1 , 刘康 2, * , 谢辉 2, 3 , 李永龙 3 , 王皓冉 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025,25(18): 7770-7777
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·水利工程 2025, 25(18): 7770-7777
基于DES模型及VOF方法的泄洪消能结构水流脉动特性分析
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侯春尧1 , 张洪毅1, 胡长浩1, 刘璐瑶1, 刘康2, *, 谢辉2, 3, 李永龙3, 王皓冉3
作者信息
  • 1 中国长江电力股份有限公司, 宜昌 443002
  • 2 清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100084
  • 3 清华四川能源互联网研究院, 成都 610042
  • 侯春尧(1985—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,高级工程师。研究方向:水利水电工程管理,水工及金属结构设备管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 刘康(2000—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水工水力学。E-mail:liu-k21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn。
Pulsation Characteristics Analysis of Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation Structure Based on DES Model and VOF Method
Chun-yao HOU1 , Hong-yi ZHANG1, Chang-hao HU1, Lu-yao LIU1, Kang LIU2, *, Hui XIE2, 3, Yong-long LI3, Hao-ran WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 China Yangtze Power Co., Ltd., Yichang 430074, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 Sichuan Energy Internet Research, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610042, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405601
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强烈的水流脉动是造成消力池等水工结构损伤的重要原因之一,因此明晰水工结构中的水流脉动特性对保障工程安全运行至关重要。基于DES模型及VOF方法建立了亭子口水电站消力池水工模型的精细数值模型,模拟结果与实验结果一致性较好。基于数值模拟结果分析了消力池中压力波动、脉动流速、涡量、以及紊动能的分布变化情况。结果表明消力池中压力波动沿水流方向表现出双峰分布特点,且在水流冲击区脉动量占比超过10%;展向和流向脉动流速在消力池中占主导地位,垂向脉动较弱,在水舌碰撞区域底板中心线处的展向脉动流速迅速减小;底板中心线和表孔中心线上流向和垂向的涡量具有小时均值、大脉动值的特点,跌坎引起的横轴旋涡对展向涡量分布有较大影响。紊动能能谱分析的结果显示消力池中水流脉动主要由大量1Hz以下的低频脉动组成,表明消力池中的紊流波动主要由大尺度和低频的涡流控制。研究结果有助于加深对消力池等泄洪消能结构水流特性的认知,为其设计及安全评估提供了一定参考。

消力池  /  数值模拟  /  脉动特性  /  DES模型  /  VOF方法

Strong pulsation is one of the most important causes of damage to hydraulic structures such as stilling basins, so it is crucial to clarify the characteristics of pulsation in hydraulic structures to ensure the safe operation of the project. In this study, a fine numerical model of the hydraulic model of a stilling basin was established based on DES (detached eddy simulation) model and VOF (volume of fluid) method, and the simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the numerical simulation results, the distribution of pressure fluctuation, pulsating velocity, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy in the stilling basin were analyzed. The results show that the pressure fluctuation in the stilling basin shows a bimodal distribution along the flow direction, and the pulsation accounts for more than 10% in the flow impact area. The spanwise and streamwise velocity pulsation dominate in the stilling basin, and the vertical pulsation is weaker, while the spanwise pulsation at the centerline of the bottom floor in the collision area decreases rapidly. The streamwise and vertical vorticity on the centerline of bottom floor and surface outlet are characterized by “small time-average value and large pulsation value”, and the transverse-axis vortex caused by the drop sill has a large influence on the distribution of the spanwise vortices. The results of turbulent kinetic energy spectrum analysis show that the pulsations in the stilling basin mainly consist of a large number of low-frequency pulsations below 1 Hz, indicating that the turbulent fluctuations in the stilling basin are mainly controlled by large-scale and low-frequency vortices. The analysis helps to deepen the knowledge of the flow characteristics of flood discharge and energy dissipation structures such as stilling basins, and provides a certain reference for design and safety assessment.

stilling basin  /  numerical simulation  /  pulsation characteristics  /  DES model  /  VOF method
侯春尧, 张洪毅, 胡长浩, 刘璐瑶, 刘康, 谢辉, 李永龙, 王皓冉. 基于DES模型及VOF方法的泄洪消能结构水流脉动特性分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7770 -7777 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405601
Chun-yao HOU, Hong-yi ZHANG, Chang-hao HU, Lu-yao LIU, Kang LIU, Hui XIE, Yong-long LI, Hao-ran WANG. Pulsation Characteristics Analysis of Flood Discharge and Energy Dissipation Structure Based on DES Model and VOF Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7770 -7777 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405601
中国水资源丰富,高坝枢纽众多,而消力池是水利枢纽泄洪消能建筑物的重要组成部分,其安全运行是保障水利枢纽正常运行的重要条件。消力池中水流往往具有流速快、脉动强、流态复杂等特点,其中较强的水流脉动是引起消力池等水工结构损伤的重要原因[1]
目前已针对消力池中水流特性开展了大量研究。模型实验方面,张红梅等[2]基于模型实验结果研究了跌坎消力池底板脉动压强特性,并比较了不同突扩比对压强幅值和频率的影响; Kazemi等[3]利用Namrod大坝的1∶40比例尺模型研究了消力池中水流压力波动系数的分布;刘安富等[4]使用阿海水电站消力池的1∶80比例尺模型研究了消力池底板的脉动压力特性,并讨论了底板开孔的影响;练继健等[5]通过水工模型实验研究了水垫厚度、单宽流量、开孔方式对动水压强的影响。
由于模型实验存在成本高、测量点位有限等缺点,因此数值模拟方法也被广泛应用于消力池水流压力波动特性分析。例如,Amorim等[6]使用重整化群 (renormalization group, RNG) k-epsilon模型和流体体积法(volume of fluid, VOF) 建立了消力池水流的三维数值模型,流速及压强的计算结果与实验值一致性良好。褥勇伸等[7]建立了消力池水流的k-epsilon数值模型,并基于模拟结果比较了浅水垫消力池与常规消力池的优劣。Zhou等[8]使用RNG k-epsilon模型计算了去掉分流壁的复式消力池流动特性,发现其在增加水跃长度的同时,有效降低了出水流速和紊动能。张佳星等[9]通过k-epsilon模型和VOF方法研究了消力坎形状及泄水水头等因素对消力池消能效果的影响。
然而,目前对消力池水流的数值模拟主要依赖雷诺平均模型,难以精确反映水流的脉动特性。大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)尽管能更准确地模拟水面线、流态和压力分布,但由于其高昂的计算成本,难以广泛应用于实际工程[10],因此总体来讲仍然缺乏能够准确计算消力池水流脉动特性的数值模型,特别是对强紊动水流计算精度较差。此外,已有研究大多关注消力池中的压力分布,而对流速、涡量、紊动能等水力要素的关注较少。
为了在模拟精度和计算成本之间取得平衡, 分离涡 (detached eddy simulation, DES) 模型近年来被越来越多地用于模拟水力结构中的湍流压力波动。大量研究表明,这种方法在处理掺气坎[11]、溢洪道[12]、水跃[13]和流固耦合[14]等工程场景时非常有效。DES模型通过在细网格区域使用大涡模拟而在粗网格区域使用雷诺平均模型综合了两种模型的优点,从而兼顾了计算成本以及模拟精度。Liu 等[15]基于亭子口水电站消力池水工模型,通过数值模拟对比说明了DES模型相较于传统雷诺平均模型在计算水流脉动特性方面的优势。
因此综上所述,针对实际工程中数值模拟强紊流计算精度较低以及流速、涡量等水力要素研究不深入的关键问题,现基于DES模型和VOF方法建立亭子口水电站消力池水工模型的三维数值模型,计算并讨论压力波动、脉动流速、涡量、紊动能等多个因素的分布变化情况,填补当前研究中的重要空白。
本文研究基于亭子口水电站消力池的1∶61.67比尺模型,该模型依据重力相似准则建立,包括中间相邻两表孔,含一整墩和两个半墩。模型中消力池底板为混凝土,其余部分则由有机玻璃制成,模型的长度、宽度、高度分别为5.469、0.6、2.713 m。在该水工模型中,通过改变上游和下游的水位来研究不同的工况,并在消力池中布置6个压力采样点用于记录压力波动情况,其中1个位于坝面反弧段末端(P01),3个位于底板上(P02、P05、P08),2个位于侧壁上(P11、P12),采样点的具体位置如图1所示。
消力池中的水流属于典型的三维明渠流动,因此其运动的控制方程主要包括三维连续性方程和三维动量方程。此外,在本文研究中,自由液面通过VOF方法进行计算[16]。各个控制方程如下。
连续性方程为
$ \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho u_{i}}{\partial x_{i}}=0$
动量方程为
$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial \rho u_{i}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial \rho u_{i} u_{j}}{\partial x_{j}}= \\ \quad \rho g_{i}-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x_{i}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\mu_{\mathrm{t}}\right)\left(\frac{\partial u_{i}}{\partial x_{j}}+\frac{\partial u_{j}}{\partial x_{i}}\right)\right] \end{array}$
VOF方程为
$ \frac{\partial \alpha_{\mathrm{q}}}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\alpha_{\mathrm{q}} u_{j}\right)}{\partial x_{j}}=0$
式中:ρ为流体密度;xi为三维笛卡尔坐标系中的坐标,其中i= 1,2,3; uiuj为速度分量,其中ij= 1,2,3;P为压力;t 为时间; gi为重力加速度在3个坐标方向上的分量; μ为动力黏度; μt为湍流涡黏度; αq为液体的体积分数,若为0,则代表该网格中均为空气。
DES模型的小尺度涡由剪应力传播(shear stress transport, SST) k-ω模型进行模化计算[17],具体的控制方程如下。
紊动能方程为
$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial(\rho k)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho u_{j} k\right)}{\partial x_{j}}= \\ \quad P-\frac{\rho k^{1.5}}{l_{\text {DES }}}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\mu_{\mathrm{t}} \sigma_{k}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}}\right] \end{array}$
比紊动能耗散率方程为
$ \begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial(\rho \omega)}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial\left(\rho u_{j} \omega\right)}{\partial x_{j}}= \\ \quad \frac{\gamma}{\nu_{\mathrm{t}}} P-\beta \rho \omega^{2}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\sigma_{\omega} \mu_{\mathrm{t}}\right) \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial x_{j}}\right]+ \\ \quad 2\left(1-F_{1}\right) \frac{\rho \sigma_{\omega 2}}{\omega} \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}} \frac{\partial \omega}{\partial x_{j}} \end{array}$
紊动涡黏性公式为
$ \mu_{t}=\frac{\rho a_{1} k}{\max \left(a_{1} \omega, S F_{2}\right)}$
DES模型中紊流特征长度lDES的计算式为
$ l_{\mathrm{DES}}=\min \left(l_{k-\omega}, l_{\mathrm{DES}}\right)=\min \left(\frac{k^{1 / 2}}{\beta_{k} \omega}, C_{\mathrm{DES}} \Delta\right)$
式(7)中:k为紊动能;ω 为比湍流耗散率;Pk为紊动能产生速率;Pω为比紊动能耗散率的产生速率;υt为亚网格尺度涡黏性;F1F2为混合函数;S为平均应变率张量的绝对值;模型中所有常数αβσωσkγ无物理意义,并且是通过如下的混合函数计算的:α=α1F1+α2(1-F1);α1=5/9;β1= 3/40;σω1= 0.5;σk1= 0.85;γ1=5/9;γ2=0.44;α2= 0.44;β2= 0.0828;σω2= 0.856; σk2= 1;α1= 0.31;βk= 0.09; CDES=0.65;Δ=max(Δxyz),为最大局部网格尺寸。
数值模型的计算域与水工实验模型完全一致,并在消力池底板中线上图1的相同位置设置了监测点输出压力脉动,如图2所示。根据模型实验结果,本研究中使用数值模型对最不利工况进行了计算,相应的上下游水深及流量如表1所示。
根据网格尺寸不同划分了粗、中、细3种类型的网格,并根据初步计算的结果对比不同网格下所有监测点的压力波动、流速、以及涡量均方根计算结果,具体结果如表2 所示。网格无关性分析的结果表明中网格的计算结果与细网格较为接近,而粗网格的计算误差较大。因此综合考虑计算效率与计算准确性,在后续的计算中使用中网格,其中最大网格尺寸为0.012 5 m,最小网格尺寸为0.001 4 m。计算中上下游边界按照表1所示的计算工况设置压力进口,空气边界给定一个标准大气压(101 325 Pa),固壁边界设置为无滑移条件。在计算开始时计算域内充满空气,随着计算推进水流逐渐流入。
本文研究使用有限体积法对控制方程进行离散,采用有界中心差分格式离散动量方程,压力及速度场则通过压力-隐式分裂算子 (pressure implicit with splitting of operator, PISO) 算法进行耦合求解,VOF方法使用几何重构格式,计算使用的初始时间步长为0.005 s,流动趋于稳定后使用0.001 s的时间步长进行计算并开始对压力信号进行采样。所有计算均使用软件ANSYS-Fluent 2022R1进行设置,并在清华大学“探索1000”高性能计算平台上完成计算。
由于水流的脉动是典型的随机过程,因此对脉动信息的采样应当遵循对随机信号的采样原则,已有的研究中建议采样的频率应大于被采样随机信号的最大频率的两倍[18],此外,为了满足傅里叶变换的要求,样本容量应为2n。物理模型实验的测量结果显示该模型中水流压力脉动的最大频率小于100 Hz,在本研究的数值模型中对脉动量的采样频率设置为1 000 Hz,样本容量为8 192。
水工模型和数值模拟结果的水面线对比如图3所示,对比结果表明数值模拟结果与水工模型结果基本一致,由于消力池中水流紊动较强,水面波动剧烈,因此会存在一定误差;此外,表 3中对比了水工模型实验中消力池中6个压力波动监测点(P01~P06)以及流量的实测值和数值模型计算结果,结果表明对于脉动压强数值模型计算结果误差较小,可以准确地反映出消力池水流的流动情况,模拟结果较为可信。
消力池中典型的泄流流态如图4所示。由图4可知消力池中水流自表孔下泄,一部分水流经由宽尾墩尾部收缩挑起,以射流的形式冲击消力池前端,而一部分水流沿着宽尾墩下缘以淹没射流的形式经由跌坎进入消力池。在消力池的前端两股水流发生碰撞掺混,紊动剧烈,这部分区域可以称为“水流冲击区”。此后下泄水流主要以壁面射流的形式向前运动并向四周扩散。在消力池的0.5~ 1.2 m范围内,模型实验中两个表孔下泄的两股水流在扩散过程中于底板中心线位置发生相互碰撞,因此这部分区域可以称为水舌碰撞区。最终水流在消力池中后段发生水跃消能。
消力池底板中线上的压力波动均方根分布情况如图5所示。压力波动的均方根值反映了偏离时均压力的程度,是衡量压力波动强弱的重要指标。图4表明压力波动的剧烈程度沿消力池底板中线与压强分布类似,整体上呈现出“双峰分布”的特点。在距消力池前端为0.34 m处由于水流的冲击导致此处压力波动最为强烈,标准差为777.44 Pa,为此处时均压力的11.91%。此后由于消力池中发生水跃消能,压力波动不断减弱,脉动压力标准差呈现下降趋势,在消力池中部由于下泄的两股水舌在此处发生相互碰撞增强了水流掺混,因此压力波动均方根又在一定程度上增加,数值模拟结果得到的脉动压力变化趋势与模型实验是一致的[19]
压力波动均方根的分布情况说明消力池前端水流冲击区是受到脉动压力影响最大的区域,因此也最容易产生结构损伤。消力池中部水舌碰撞掺混使水流脉动增强,增加了结构损伤风险,而在尾坎附近由于水跃消能之后此处的压力波动已经大为减弱,因此损伤风险与水流冲击区相比较低。
为了进一步说明消力池中流动的紊动特性,基于数值模拟的结果分别统计了消力池底板附近底板中心线和表孔中心线上的脉动流速,计算了沿X(展向)、Y(流向)、Z(垂向)三个坐标方向上的脉动流速均方根及其归一化数值,结果如图6所示。由于脉动流速的时均值为0,因此脉动流速均方根的变化与紊动能以及雷诺正应力的变化实际上是一致的。结果表明垂向上的流速脉动无论在底板中心线还是表孔中心线上均占比较小,且在0.5 m后范围逐渐减小,在消力池中后段占比基本不变,仅为10%左右。这表明流速脉动主要分布在底板切向平面内,即主要分布在流向和展向上,这两个方向的流速脉动占比沿程呈现出此消彼长的趋势。
底板中心线上,一开始展向流速脉动占主导地位,并由于受到两侧下泄水流的卷吸携带作用,展向和流向脉动均不断增加,而在0.5~1.2 m的水舌碰撞区域内,由于两股水流在此处发生相互碰撞,因此展向和垂向的流速脉动均不断减小,而流向的速度脉动继续增加。表孔中心线上则是由于射流冲击壁面并向四周扩散,因此一开始展向和流向流速脉动大小接近,随后在水舌碰撞区域展向流速脉动迅速减小,而流向脉动基本不受影响,这表明水舌碰撞对展向流速脉动存在较强的抑制作用。
基于流场计算结果,本文研究使用Q准则计算涡量,计算公式为
$ \begin{aligned} Q= & -\frac{1}{2}\left[\left(\frac{\partial u}{\partial x}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{\partial w}{\partial z}\right)^{2}+\right. \\ & \left.2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}+2 \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} \frac{\partial w}{\partial x}+2 \frac{\partial v}{\partial z} \frac{\partial w}{\partial y}\right] \end{aligned}$
式(8)中:Q为基于Q准则所计算的涡量;uvw 分别为3个坐标方向上的速度分量。
消力池底板中心线和表孔中心线的沿程涡量均方根及时均值变化情况如图7所示。涡量的大小代表了水体旋转的强度。结果表明消力池底板中心线上0.5 m处由于水舌的相互碰撞使得此处绕流向的旋涡脉动增强,即涡量的均方根增加,绕垂向的旋涡由于两股水流相互抵消而减弱,绕展向的旋涡由于旋转平面与流向平行因此基本不受影响。表孔中心线上涡量变化趋势与底板中心线类似,但由于跌坎结构导致横轴旋涡的出现[19],使得表孔中心线的前端区域也有较强的涡量脉动。
时均涡量方面,由于流动对称性的影响,底板中心线和表孔中心线上沿流向和垂向的涡量时均值基本为0,但涡量均方根相对较大,因此表现出“小时均值,大脉动值”的特点,而展向涡量的时均值随流动进行存在一定波动。由于跌坎结构导致横轴旋涡的出现,因此表孔中心线处在消力池前端会出现较强的绕-X轴方向的旋涡[19]。值得注意的是,尽管流向和垂向上的时均涡量接近0,但这两个方向的涡量存在很强的脉动性,因此对消力池中流动结构以及底板结构仍然存在较强的作用,因此当使用雷诺平均模型开展数值模拟研究时应当注意这一问题。
紊流的功率谱密度反映了不同频率脉动对紊动能的贡献,选取了消力池底板中线上一个典型检测点(y=0.32 m)的频谱分析结果如图8所示。由图可知在冲击区,消力池水流以低频率脉动(1 Hz以下)为主[15,20],根据实验研究的结果,消力池结构的共振频率为4~8 Hz[20],因此发生共振破坏的风险较低。紊动能分布集中于低频区域而在高频区域迅速衰减,这说明流动主要由大尺度、低频率的涡流控制,这与之前的分析结果是一致的。此外,在5~20 Hz范围的惯性子区中功率谱密度下降的斜率符合Kolmogorov-5/3定律[21],进一步表明了数值模型的可靠性。
本文研究采用DES模型及VOF方法建立了亭子口水电站表孔消力池水工模型的三维数值模拟模型,分析了脉动压强、脉动流速、涡量、以及紊动能谱等因素的分布特性,得到了以下主要结论。
(1)模型验证结果表明所建立的数值模型可以准确计算消力池等泄洪消能建筑物中水流的压力波动情况,数值模拟计算的精度较高。研究为工程尺度下的高精度强紊动数值模拟提供了一种可行的方法。
(2)宽尾墩消力池的水流特性变化主要集中在前端水流冲击区以及中部水舌碰撞区。消力池前端由于射流冲击,压力波动最为剧烈,此后压力波动不断减小,但在水舌碰撞区出现第二个峰值。
(3)流速脉动方面,垂向脉动对消力池流动的影响较小,底板中心线上流向脉动占主导地位,尤其是在水舌碰撞区。而表孔中心线上的流速脉动主要由射流冲击壁面引起,展向流速脉动在水舌碰撞后迅速减小,显示出不同的动力行为。
(4)涡量的分布与流速脉动类似,在水舌碰撞区底板中心线和表孔中心线上的流向涡量显著增加,此后不断减小。流向和垂向上的涡量表现出小时均值、大脉动值的特点。此外,紊动能谱的分析结果表明消力池的流动主要由大尺度、低频率的涡流控制,而高频率脉动的贡献相对较小。功率谱密度分布图在惯性子区符合Kolmogorov-5/3定律,进一步验证了数值模拟的可靠性。研究深入比较分析了消力池不同位置处的流速脉动、涡量以及紊动能分布特点,不仅加深了对消力池水流的动力学理解,还为工程设计以及运行维护提供了参考。
  • 中国长江电力股份有限公司资助科研项目(Z412302022)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U21A20157)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405601
  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
  • 修回日期:2025-03-28
基金
中国长江电力股份有限公司资助科研项目(Z412302022)
国家自然科学基金(U21A20157)
作者信息
    1 中国长江电力股份有限公司, 宜昌 443002
    2 清华大学水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100084
    3 清华四川能源互联网研究院, 成都 610042

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* 刘康(2000—),男,汉族,河南安阳人,博士研究生。研究方向:水工水力学。E-mail:liu-k21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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