Article(id=1208051032706355990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404505, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718553600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-17, revisedDate=1742227200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410700, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410700, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410700, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410700, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7631, endPage=7639, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051036393149385, articleId=1208051032706355990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Flow Characteristics of Fly Ash in the Outlet Flue of the Economizer of High-ash Fuel Boilers and the Design of Denitration Ash Hoppers, columnId=1156264600770302582, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Energy and Power Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Power plants utilizing substandard coal for electricity generation often face reduced denitrification efficiency due to high fly ash concentrations in the flue gas, which complicates achieving ultra-low emissions. The flue gas duct from the economizer outlet to the riser duct entrance in the W-shaped flame boiler at Guizhou Chayuan Power Plant was investigated. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze flue gas flow and fly ash particle trajectories. The results show that the economizer ash hopper is minimally effective, with a collection rate of only 9.99%. Simulation results reveale fly ash deposition on the wall at the SCR riser flue bend at 1.12 kg/s, representing 11.33% of total fly ash. Based on these findings, two design schemes for positioning a denitrification ash hopper below the riser flue are proposed to enhance fly ash collection efficiency. Optimal results are obtained with a 45° angle between the inclined surface and horizontal wall, increasing fly ash collection by 8.38% with a 2.25 Pa pressure drop increase.

, correspAuthors=De-hong GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiang-dong ZHU, De-hong GONG, Kang WANG, Chuan-ji DENG, Jian-chao WANG, Qi WEI, Qian WANG, Qing-ling LUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051043548631468, articleId=1208051032706355990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=高灰燃料锅炉省煤器出口烟道飞灰流动特性与脱硝灰斗设计, columnId=1156264600912908920, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·能源与动力工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

长期使用劣质煤作发电燃料的电厂,因烟气中飞灰浓度较大导致脱硝系统效率下降,增加机组超低排放难度。以贵州茶园电厂的W型火焰锅炉省煤器出口至上升烟道入口烟道为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对烟气流动情况及飞灰颗粒运动轨迹进行研究。结果表明,省煤器灰斗对烟气中飞灰颗粒的收集效果并不明显,只能收集到少量烟气中的飞灰,飞灰收集率仅9.99%;在对选择性催化反应脱硝装置(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)的上升烟道入口处飞灰沉积特性模拟时发现,弯道处壁面飞灰沉积量为1.12 kg/s,占进入烟道飞灰总量的11.33%;在此基础上,提出两种上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗的设计方案,发现两种方案均能有效提高飞灰收集效率;当斜面与水平壁面的夹角为45°时效果最佳,飞灰收集率可以提升了约8.38%,且压降仅上升了2.25 Pa。

, correspAuthors=龚德鸿, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 龚德鸿(1977—),男,彝族,贵州六枝人,博士,副教授。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:
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朱江东(1999—),男,苗族,贵州铜仁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:

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朱江东(1999—),男,苗族,贵州铜仁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:

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朱江东(1999—),男,苗族,贵州铜仁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:

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Boundary parameters at the inlet of the flue gas channel

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负荷/
MW
前烟井烟气
入口速度/
(m·s-1)
后烟井烟气
入口速度/
(m·s-1)
前烟井入口
飞灰浓度/
(kg·s-1)
后烟井入口
飞灰浓度
(kg·s-1)
温度/
K
550 3.26 3.11 4.53 5.40 650
), ArticleFig(id=1208085604491960630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032706355990, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟道入口边界参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷/
MW
前烟井烟气
入口速度/
(m·s-1)
后烟井烟气
入口速度/
(m·s-1)
前烟井入口
飞灰浓度/
(kg·s-1)
后烟井入口
飞灰浓度
(kg·s-1)
温度/
K
550 3.26 3.11 4.53 5.40 650
), ArticleFig(id=1208085604580041018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032706355990, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Flue gas composition

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组分 CO2 O2 N2 SO2 H2O
体积分数/% 13.8 3.94 74.52 0.36 7.38
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烟气组分

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组分 CO2 O2 N2 SO2 H2O
体积分数/% 13.8 3.94 74.52 0.36 7.38
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Comparison of actual and simulated values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 出口质量流量/(kg·s-1) 飞灰收集效率/%
模拟值 306.55 9.99
实际值 292.51 10.5
相对误差/% 4.80 4.86
), ArticleFig(id=1208085604861059405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032706355990, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实际值与模拟值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 出口质量流量/(kg·s-1) 飞灰收集效率/%
模拟值 306.55 9.99
实际值 292.51 10.5
相对误差/% 4.80 4.86
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高灰燃料锅炉省煤器出口烟道飞灰流动特性与脱硝灰斗设计
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朱江东 1 , 龚德鸿 1, * , 王康 2 , 邓传记 2 , 王健超 2 , 魏琦 1 , 汪倩 1 , 罗庆玲 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025,25(18): 7631-7639
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·能源与动力工程 2025, 25(18): 7631-7639
高灰燃料锅炉省煤器出口烟道飞灰流动特性与脱硝灰斗设计
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朱江东1 , 龚德鸿1, * , 王康2, 邓传记2, 王健超2, 魏琦1, 汪倩1, 罗庆玲1
作者信息
  • 1 贵州大学电气工程学院, 贵阳 550025
  • 2 国家电投集团贵州金元茶园发电有限公司, 毕节 551800
  • 朱江东(1999—),男,苗族,贵州铜仁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 龚德鸿(1977—),男,彝族,贵州六枝人,博士,副教授。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:
Flow Characteristics of Fly Ash in the Outlet Flue of the Economizer of High-ash Fuel Boilers and the Design of Denitration Ash Hoppers
Jiang-dong ZHU1 , De-hong GONG1, * , Kang WANG2, Chuan-ji DENG2, Jian-chao WANG2, Qi WEI1, Qian WANG1, Qing-ling LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1 Electrical Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2 Guizhou Jinyuan Chayuan Power Generation Co., Ltd., Bijie 551800, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404505
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长期使用劣质煤作发电燃料的电厂,因烟气中飞灰浓度较大导致脱硝系统效率下降,增加机组超低排放难度。以贵州茶园电厂的W型火焰锅炉省煤器出口至上升烟道入口烟道为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对烟气流动情况及飞灰颗粒运动轨迹进行研究。结果表明,省煤器灰斗对烟气中飞灰颗粒的收集效果并不明显,只能收集到少量烟气中的飞灰,飞灰收集率仅9.99%;在对选择性催化反应脱硝装置(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)的上升烟道入口处飞灰沉积特性模拟时发现,弯道处壁面飞灰沉积量为1.12 kg/s,占进入烟道飞灰总量的11.33%;在此基础上,提出两种上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗的设计方案,发现两种方案均能有效提高飞灰收集效率;当斜面与水平壁面的夹角为45°时效果最佳,飞灰收集率可以提升了约8.38%,且压降仅上升了2.25 Pa。

飞灰沉积  /  飞灰收集  /  省煤器灰斗  /  脱硝灰斗  /  数值模拟

Power plants utilizing substandard coal for electricity generation often face reduced denitrification efficiency due to high fly ash concentrations in the flue gas, which complicates achieving ultra-low emissions. The flue gas duct from the economizer outlet to the riser duct entrance in the W-shaped flame boiler at Guizhou Chayuan Power Plant was investigated. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze flue gas flow and fly ash particle trajectories. The results show that the economizer ash hopper is minimally effective, with a collection rate of only 9.99%. Simulation results reveale fly ash deposition on the wall at the SCR riser flue bend at 1.12 kg/s, representing 11.33% of total fly ash. Based on these findings, two design schemes for positioning a denitrification ash hopper below the riser flue are proposed to enhance fly ash collection efficiency. Optimal results are obtained with a 45° angle between the inclined surface and horizontal wall, increasing fly ash collection by 8.38% with a 2.25 Pa pressure drop increase.

fly ash deposition  /  fly ash collection  /  economizer ash hopper  /  denitration hopper  /  numerical simulation
朱江东, 龚德鸿, 王康, 邓传记, 王健超, 魏琦, 汪倩, 罗庆玲. 高灰燃料锅炉省煤器出口烟道飞灰流动特性与脱硝灰斗设计. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7631 -7639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404505
Jiang-dong ZHU, De-hong GONG, Kang WANG, Chuan-ji DENG, Jian-chao WANG, Qi WEI, Qian WANG, Qing-ling LUO. Flow Characteristics of Fly Ash in the Outlet Flue of the Economizer of High-ash Fuel Boilers and the Design of Denitration Ash Hoppers[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7631 -7639 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404505
“双碳”背景下中国清洁能源快速发展,火力发电占比逐渐减小。但从发电结构看, 2022年中国火电发电量5.85万亿kW·h,占总发电量的69.8%[1],其依然是中国电力生产的重要支柱。煤电作为中国的调节性保障能源,煤炭的高效利用仍是我们研究的重点。W型火焰锅炉可有效地解决高灰分、低挥发分煤种的着火和燃烧难题,因而被广泛应用于难燃煤的燃烧[2-4]。然而,高炉膛温度在保证煤粉点火、燃烧及燃尽的同时,显著增加了热力型NOx的生成[5],使用劣质煤作为燃料,烟道中飞灰浓度也明显增加。选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction, SCR)技术在发电厂中被广泛用于处理NOx[6-8]。催化剂是SCR脱硝技术的关键,控制催化剂的失活率对SCR脱硝系统的长期稳定运行具有重要意义[9]。在导致SCR催化剂失活的所有因素中,飞灰是最重要的一个[10-11]。通过分析SCR脱硝系统的运行条件,烟气中的飞灰严重影响催化剂的性能,包括碱金属元素引起的催化剂中毒和催化剂的磨损[12-13]。烟气中飞灰浓度上升造成的一系列问题已严重影响到锅炉系统的安全可靠运行,而煤电三改联动中的深度调峰使该问题更加突出。
高浓度飞灰对催化剂性能呈负面影响,Si等[14]发现在SCR脱硝反应器前除去飞灰具有显著的环保效益和经济效益。因此,对高灰烟气流动及分离特性的研究受到许多学者的重视。双向耦合的大涡模拟(large eddy simulation, LES)[15-16]已经被用来研究通道中气固两相流体流动,有着很好的模拟结果。分析飞灰运动轨迹及沉积特性是除去飞灰的前提,单凯旋[17]采用气固两相流动方法分析了流体温度、颗粒粒径以及流体流速对颗粒沉积的影响,其中流体温度、颗粒粒径增大都加加速颗粒沉积,流体流速较小时也更容易沉积。Lin等[18]发现随着颗粒体积浓度和颗粒直径等因素的增大,颗粒沉降现象更加严重,且在截面上的分布更加不均匀;压降随颗粒体积浓度的增大和颗粒直径的减小而增大。由于烟道中存在各种弯头及大量导流板和混合器,烟气在烟道中流动时气体流动特性及颗粒运动轨迹十分复杂,对烟气气固两相流动特性分析是保证烟道合理优化的前提。烟气在转弯时因惯性作用会发生气固分离现象,因此灰斗一般布置在省煤器出口,这也是大部分电厂的典型布置方式。张千等[19]通过实验探究了省煤器灰斗结构对烟气飞灰颗粒收集效率的影响,发现扩容灰斗具有较均匀的内部流场,烟气流速降低会导致扩容灰斗的收集效果高于常规灰斗。王凤君等[20]对上升烟道进行了扩容设计,发现将灰斗连接在上升烟道底部,能有效降低烟气中的固体颗粒。
由于省煤器出口水平烟道出口至SCR上升烟道存在90°转变弯,飞灰颗粒因惯性力和重力存在气固分离现象,因而在SCR上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗也成为收集飞灰的有效手段之一。基于上述分析,现重点考察省煤器出口水平烟道出口烟气飞灰分离特性及在转弯烟道处的沉积特性,首先分析颗粒的运动轨迹以及灰斗区域气固两相流动情况,然后对转弯烟道处飞灰流动特性进行模拟,获得飞灰从水平烟道转向上升烟道时的沉积特性,并根据模拟结果在上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗,研究增设脱硝灰斗对流场的影响,为提升系统飞灰收集效率提供参考。
选用贵州茶园电厂660 MW超临界W型火焰锅炉尾部烟道作为研究对象,锅炉尾部烟道为竖井双烟道。建立的烟道模型是从省煤器出口至上升烟道入口,主要构件有导流板、混合器、省煤器灰斗等。根据茶园电厂实际尺寸采用SCDM软件进行1∶1的几何建模。如图1所示,烟道入口下方布置百叶挡板若干,水平烟道入口处布置4层导流板。单侧水平烟道中心位置布置圆形混合器120只,混合器从上而下交错排列。水平烟道至上升烟道处布置两排导流板,分别为7层和15层。考虑计算量及模型对称结构,对单侧烟道进行数值模拟。
根据实际运行状况,在不影响模型精度的前提下,为了减少计算成本,做出以下假设及简化:①烟道内导流板、混合器等部件厚度相对烟道尺寸很小,忽略其厚度对流场的影响;②将烟气视为不可压缩理想气体,不考虑烟气各组分在流动过程中所发生的化学反应的影响;③不考虑辐射换热的影响;④由于实际系统保温较好,所以假设整个系统处于绝热状态,不考虑装置的漏风情况。
烟道内的湍流流动应满足三大基本控制方程,即质量方程、动量方程、能量方程。除此之外,系统还应满足组分守恒定律。
(1)质量方程。
$\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\left(\rho u_{i}\right)=0$
式(1)中:ρ为烟气密度,kg/m3;t为时间,s;ui为流体方向速度,m/s; xi为空间坐标,下标i表示xyz 3个空间方向。
(2)动量方程。
$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}\left(\rho u_{i}\right)+\operatorname{div}\left(\rho u_{i} u_{j}\right)=\operatorname{div}\left(\mu \operatorname{grad} u_{i}\right)-\frac{\partial p}{\partial x_{i}}+S_{i}$
式(2)中:div为黏度;uj为流体的速度分量,m/s;μ为动力黏度,N·s/m2;grad为梯度,gradui则为速度梯度,即速度在空间中的变化率; p为静压力, Pa;Si为阻力引起的动力量项。
(3)能量方程。
$\frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho T)+\operatorname{div}\left(\rho u_{i} T\right)=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{i}}\left[\left(\frac{\mu}{\operatorname{Pr}}+\frac{\mu_{\mathrm{r}}}{\sigma_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) \frac{\partial T}{\partial x}\right]$
式(3)中:T为温度,K;Pr为普朗特数;μr湍流黏度系数,Pa·s;σr为能量普朗特数。
(4)组分方程。
$\frac{\partial\left(\rho c_{\mathrm{s}}\right)}{\partial t}+\operatorname{div}\left(\rho u_{i} c_{\mathrm{s}}\right)=\operatorname{div}\left[D_{\mathrm{s}} \operatorname{grad}\left(\rho c_{\mathrm{s}}\right)\right]+S_{\mathrm{s}}$
式(4)中:cs为体积浓度;ρcs为质量浓度,mg/m3;Ds为扩散系数;Ss为系统内的一种化学组分的生成率。
烟气在烟道内的流动主要为湍流运动。由于飞灰颗粒在烟道内流动过程中不可避免地会与壁面发生碰撞,动量和能量也会随之发生较大变化,因此正确求解近壁面区域的气固两相流动,对提高颗粒运动计算的精确性具有重要意义。本文研究中使用Realizable k-ε模型来求解湍流区的气固两相流,并运用壁面函数法对其进行修正。标准Realizable k-ε模型的输运方程[21]
$\begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho k)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\rho k u_{j}\right)=\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{k}}\right) \frac{\partial k}{\partial x_{j}}\right]+ \\ G_{\mathrm{k}}+G_{\mathrm{b}}-\rho \varepsilon-Y_{\mathrm{M}}+S_{k} \end{array}$
$\begin{array}{l} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}(\rho \varepsilon)+\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left(\rho \varepsilon u_{j}\right)=\frac{\partial}{\partial x_{j}}\left[\left(\mu+\frac{\mu_{t}}{\sigma_{\varepsilon}}\right) \frac{\partial \varepsilon}{\partial x_{j}}\right]+ \\ \rho C_{1} S \varepsilon-\rho C_{2} \frac{\varepsilon^{2}}{k+\sqrt{v \varepsilon}}+C_{1 \varepsilon} \frac{\varepsilon}{k} C_{3 \varepsilon} C_{\mathrm{b}}+S_{\varepsilon} \end{array}$
式中:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} C_{1}=\max \left[\frac{\eta}{\eta+5}\right] \\ \eta=S \frac{k}{\varepsilon} \\ S=\sqrt{2 S_{i j} S_{i j}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:k为湍流动能,m2/s2;Gk为平均速度梯度引起的湍流动能;Gb为浮力引起的湍流动能;ε为湍流耗散率,m2/s3;YM为可压缩湍流中的波动膨胀在总耗散率中的贡献;C1C2C1εC3ε为常数;σεσk为湍流普朗特数;SεSk为自定义源项;μt为湍流黏度,kg/(m·s);xj为笛卡尔坐标系的3个坐标方向。
离散相模型(discrete phase model, DPM)就是采用欧拉-拉格朗日,DPM模型[22]通过对颗粒轨迹求解来模拟流场中的所有颗粒,可以直观地揭示颗粒的运动规律及灰斗的收集效率。在计算流体域颗粒体积分数较小的情况下,选用离散相模型可以避免数值解的扩散问题,计算由整体平均转向局部瞬时,相较于双流体模型计算精度更高,因此采用颗粒轨迹模型进行数值分析。
颗粒在气相流场中运动时,会受到多种作用力的影响[23-25]如重力、曳力、Basset力、虚假质量力、Saffman升力、压力梯度力等。这些力在流场中是真实存在的,但根据流场的不同,每种力的地位和作用大小也是不同的。压力梯度力和虚假质量力与曳力相比较小了3个数量级,因此可以合理地忽略这两个力。本文流体密度与颗粒密度之比小于0.002,可以忽略Basset力[26]。同时,将颗粒看作光滑的球型进行模型,所以因旋转产生的Magnus升力也忽略不计。而曳力和重力是影响颗粒运动的最基本的两个力,不可忽略。烟道中的流场由于变截面和弯道的存在使得气流在流经时速度梯度有较大的变化,需要将Saffman升力考虑进模拟计算,才能更准确地描述颗粒运动[27]。因此只考虑曳力[28]、重力以及Saffman升力的共同作用。颗粒受力表达式[29]
$\begin{aligned} m_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} u_{\mathrm{p}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}= & \frac{3 \pi \mu d_{\mathrm{p}}}{\rho_{p}} \frac{C_{\mathrm{D}} R e_{\mathrm{p}}}{24}\left(u_{\mathrm{g}}-u_{\mathrm{p}}\right)+\frac{\pi d_{\mathrm{p}}^{3} g}{6} \\ & \left(\rho_{\mathrm{p}}-\rho_{\mathrm{g}}\right)+1.61 d_{\mathrm{p}}^{2}\left(\rho_{\mathrm{g}} u_{\mathrm{g}}\right) \\ & \left(u_{\mathrm{g}}-u_{\mathrm{p}}\right)\left|\frac{\mathrm{d} u_{\mathrm{g}}}{\mathrm{~d} y}\right|^{1 / 2} \end{aligned}$
式(9)中:ug为气体速度,m/s;up为颗粒速度,m/s;ρg为流体密度,kg/m3;ρp为颗粒密度,kg/m3;dp为颗粒直径,m;CD为曳力系数或阻力系数;Re为相对雷诺数,其定义为Rep= ρ g d p u g - u p μ
飞灰收集率是直接评价系统的除灰性能指标,为含灰烟气流经带有灰斗的烟道时,灰斗收集的飞灰颗粒量占进入烟道总飞灰颗粒量的百分比。表达式为
$\eta=\frac{N_{\text {deposition }}}{N}$
式(8)中:Ndeposition为被灰斗收集的颗粒数;N为入射的颗粒总数;η为灰斗飞灰收集率,%。
经网格无关性验证,最终选择267×104网格的模型进行数值模拟研究。烟道入口采用速度入口,入口参数具体数值根据所获得的电厂实际运行数据进行设置。在对入口边界进行设置时,还需给定烟气各组成成分及含量,烟气入口参数及烟气组分分别如表1表2所示。
烟气出口设为压力出口。飞灰速度与烟气速度一致,根据实际烟尘浓度计算出飞灰浓度,颗粒粒径为10~200 μm并分10个区间,平均粒径为70 μm,粒径分布为1.15,通过Rosin-Rammlar分布导入Fluent中。
首先验证所建立模型的准确性,将模拟所获得的数据与电厂实际参数进行比较,模拟值与实际参数的对比结果如表3所示。可以看出模拟所获得的出口质量流量和飞灰收集率与电厂实际参数误差较小。 因此,认为数值模拟可以正确反映烟气在尾部烟道内的流动,进而可以利用数值模拟分析流场问题。
图2图3可以看出,烟气在弯道转弯时由于变截面的存在产生了较为明显的速度变化,其中内壁面90°弯角的存在使得气流在内壁面转弯时发生较大的偏折,混合器之前的水平烟道上方的烟气流量逐渐减少,最终形成湍流涡流;当灰斗中的气流转入水平烟道时,由于气流方向和导流板布置角度的原因,气流在导流板上下分布极不均匀。气流在流经混合器时由于混合器自上而下交错的排列方式导致气流速度和压力变化较大。烟道出口弯道处设置了两排导流板,烟气在流经出口烟道转弯时未出现明显的二次流现象,烟道出口流场的均匀性良好。
图4可知,灰斗内部中心位置的烟气速度略大于壁面的烟气速度,且不同位置的灰斗内部气流速度有所差异,这是因为灰斗为锥形结构,气流运动到灰斗底部碰到壁面改变了运动方向会形成 “涡”,由于烟道壁面附近的气流速度较低,而烟道中间的气流速度较高,靠近壁面的灰斗在速度梯度下的作用形成了较为明显的一个涡。中间灰斗由于气流的速度梯度较小,所以中间灰斗形成的涡与靠近壁面灰斗形成的涡有所差异,这也就造成了灰斗内部气流速度上的差异。由于灰斗锥形的结构,灰斗底部的烟气速度较小,但内部的压力较大,灰斗内气流的流动是一种类似旋风分离器中的旋转流动,灰斗底部气流速度越小,越利于灰斗收集飞灰颗粒,图5中灰斗底部浓度较大证实了这一点。从图6图7可以看出烟气在4个灰斗中的流动特性差异不大。
为研究飞灰的运动规律,分别模拟了飞灰颗粒从前烟井射出和从后烟井射出的运动轨迹,如图8所示。可以看出,飞灰从不同位置射入流场时,其运动轨迹有着较大的差别。前烟井射出的飞灰沿着下壁面运动,在经过弯道时由于惯性和离心等作用发生了分离现象,一部分飞灰进入了灰斗中。灰斗底部的烟气速度很小,气流和颗粒在灰斗底部速度越小越容易被收集。灰斗上方的颗粒速度较大,容易流向水平烟道再流向出口。后烟井射出的飞灰大多数都在烟道上方运动,几乎不经过灰斗而是直接流向水平烟道再流向出口。
由飞灰的运动轨迹可以发现省煤器灰斗能收集到少量从前烟井射出的飞灰,对后烟井射出的飞灰基本没有影响,因此单靠省煤器灰斗来收集系统中的飞灰效果并不理想。因为飞灰颗粒在弯道处由于惯性和离心等作用会发生分离的特点,本文考虑对上升烟道下方壁面进行飞灰沉积模拟,位置如图9所示。分析此处飞灰沉积情况,以便提出合理的方案降低烟气中的飞灰浓度。飞灰沉积结果与沉积壁面中心的沉积量如图10图11所示。
图10可以看出,弯道处的飞灰颗粒沉积数量较多,水平壁面的飞灰沉积较为均匀,沿着烟气的运动方向,飞灰颗粒沉积量逐渐增加。从图11可以看出,水平壁面的飞灰沉积浓度较小,这是因为在混合器的扰流作用下使得水平壁面前端颗粒沉积较少。在17 m之后,飞灰的沉积浓度明显增加,一方面是由于变截面的存在,飞灰颗粒的运动方向和动能都发生了变化,使得更多的飞灰沉积在此处;另一方面斜面下方的壁面由于飞灰直接冲刷的作用,沉积严重;两者共同作用使得弯道两侧夹角处的飞灰沉积浓度迅速上升,在18.5 m处飞灰沉积浓度达到最大值0.26 kg/m3。在18.5 m之后,飞灰的沉积量逐渐减少,是因为烟气携飞灰从水平烟道转向上升烟道时,飞灰碰撞斜面下方壁面,使其运动方向和动能均发生改变,掠过斜面上侧的飞灰就比较少了,飞灰沉积不明显。弯道处总的飞灰沉积量为1.12 kg/s,占进入烟道飞灰总量的11.33%。由此可见,烟道弯道处壁面颗粒沉积较为严重,需采取合理的措施进行除灰。
省煤器灰斗的存在,虽然能够收集一部分的飞灰,但是飞灰收集率只有9.99%,这并不能解决系统脱硝效率下降和氨逃逸增大等问题。由图10可知,上升烟道弯道处壁面飞灰沉积较为严重,为此本文考虑在上升烟道下方设计脱硝灰斗进行飞灰收集,以增加系统的飞灰收集效率。
通过对颗粒沉积模拟结果的分析,确定了在烟气流向上升烟道的弯道处飞灰沉积量较大,为改善这一情况,考虑在混合器之后的水平烟道布置脱硝灰斗进行飞灰颗粒收集,提高系统的飞灰收集率。电厂灰斗的设计一般分两种:一种是沿弯道斜面方向直接设置灰斗,即灰斗斜面与烟道斜面的夹角为180°;另一种则是灰斗斜面与水平壁面的夹角略大于烟道斜面与水平壁面的夹角。本文烟道模型中,上升烟道下方斜面与水平夹角为45°。因此,设计灰斗斜面与水平壁面的夹角为45°和60°两种新增灰斗的方案。考虑系统输灰方式,灰斗底面边长与省煤器灰斗底面边长一致,单烟道脱硝灰斗共4个,均匀分布在水平烟道下方,脱硝灰斗设计如图12所示。
图13为不同方案下灰斗中心高度上的速度,图14为增设脱硝灰斗后烟道截面的局部速度矢量图。从图13可以发现,在方案一的设计下,距离灰斗底部略大于0.75 m的位置烟气速度达到最低,在此之后速度迅速上升;方案二的设计也有相同的情况,但烟气速度最低的位置却在2 m的地方,这是由于两种方案下灰斗内部形成位置不同的涡造成的。从图14中可以看出方案一中新增灰斗内部的烟气流量较多,且在灰斗的底部也有一些烟气经过。通过图14中的烟气流动规律可以发现,方案一中灰斗内部产生的涡靠近灰斗底部,而方案二中形成的涡远离灰斗底部。当烟气从灰斗的上方流过时,远离灰斗底部的涡没有靠近灰斗底部的涡对来流烟气的约束强,引导烟气进入灰斗内部的作用效果较差,所以方案二中灰斗内部的烟气量较少;同时靠近灰斗底部的涡将近壁面的气流引入灰斗下方,此时灰斗内的烟气量增多,进入灰斗的颗粒数量也越多,飞灰颗粒被收集的概率也有所增加。
不同方案下的飞灰收集率和压降如图15所示。可以看出,方案一的飞灰收集率比方案二的要高,通过在上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗使得系统飞灰收集率明显提高,同时压降也有所升高。相比于方案二,方案一的飞灰收集率更高,且压降更低。方案一的飞灰收集率为18.37%,相比于原始工况飞灰收集率提升了8.38%,此时压降为46.39 Pa,相比于原始工况,上升了2.25 Pa。灰斗的存在能有效收集烟气中的颗粒,方案一的收集率更高是因为进入灰斗内的烟气量更多,灰斗内的颗粒数量也越多,飞灰颗粒被收集的概率也有所增加。压降升高是因为灰斗的锥形结构会使烟气在流经时产生涡流从而增大系统能量损失,增设新的灰斗系统压降会增大。没有布置灰斗前,烟气流经上升烟道下方时能量损失主要来自烟气与水平壁面的摩擦及烟气与斜面的撞击。而灰斗的存在相当于增大了烟道截面,烟气流速减小,减少了烟气的摩擦损失。由图13可知,方案一中灰斗内所形成涡靠近灰斗底部,将壁面气流引入灰斗当中,减弱了烟气与斜面的碰撞,使得压降变化并不明显。而方案二的设计与原始方案相比飞灰收集率提高了6.42%,压降升高了9.51 Pa。压降升高明显是因为方案二中灰斗内所形成涡远离了灰斗底部,不能将壁面气流引入灰斗当中,烟气与斜面的碰撞并没有得到减弱,使得压降变化明显。为此方案一无论在飞灰收集效率上还是压力损失上都是最优的。模拟结果表明,通过在上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗的方案,可以在有效地提高系统飞灰收集效率的同时,使系统压降变化不大,为降低烟道中飞灰浓度结构设计和改造提供参考。
采用数值模拟的方法,从烟气流动特性、飞灰沉积特性以及增设脱硝灰斗来提高飞灰收集效率3个方面对省煤器出口至上升烟道入口段烟道进行了研究。得出如下结论。
(1)前烟井射出的飞灰一部分进入灰斗并被收集,后烟井射出的飞灰大多都不经过灰斗直接流向水平烟道。虽然烟道内存在变截面,但对灰斗上方的烟气流速影响较小。灰斗内部的烟气压力较大,速度较小;气流速度越小,越利于灰斗收集飞灰颗粒。
(2)烟气在转向上升烟道的弯道处壁面飞灰沉积较为严重,弯道处总的飞灰沉积量为1.12 kg/s,占进入烟道飞灰总量的11.33%。
(3)在上升烟道下方布置脱硝灰斗能有效提高系统的飞灰收集率,当灰斗斜面与水平壁面的夹角为45 °时飞灰收集率最大,为18.37%,相比于原始方案飞灰收集率提升了8.38%,压降上升2.25 Pa。
  • 国家电投集团贵州金元股份有限公司科技项目(138006JX0120220018)
  • 贵州省科技计划(黔科合支撑[2022]一般018)
  • 贵州大学人才引进科研项目(贵大基合字[2022]72号)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404505
  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-18
基金
国家电投集团贵州金元股份有限公司科技项目(138006JX0120220018)
贵州省科技计划(黔科合支撑[2022]一般018)
贵州大学人才引进科研项目(贵大基合字[2022]72号)
作者信息
    1 贵州大学电气工程学院, 贵阳 550025
    2 国家电投集团贵州金元茶园发电有限公司, 毕节 551800

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* 龚德鸿(1977—),男,彝族,贵州六枝人,博士,副教授。研究方向:清洁燃烧技术。E-mail:
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