Article(id=1208051032614085523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406762, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725811200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-09, revisedDate=1743523200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410678, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410678, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7604, endPage=7612, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051033868182460, articleId=1208051032614085523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Blind Deconvolution Algorithm Based on NRBO to Optimize Filter Coefficients and Its Application in Early Weak Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In traditional blind deconvolution algorithms, recalculating the gradient or redesigning the optimization approach for filter coefficients becomes necessary when altering the characterization index. This requirement can render the development process of new blind deconvolution algorithms inflexible. To address these issues, a blind deconvolution algorithm that employs NRO(Newton-Raphson optimizer) to seek out the optimal filter coefficients was proposed. Initially, generalized spherical coordinate transformation was used to define the search range for the filter coefficients. Subsequently, the generalized lp/lq norm of the envelope spectrum was adopted as the characterization index. The proposed blind deconvolution algorithm is then utilized for the early detection of minor faults in rolling bearings. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, demonstrating its faster convergence rate compared to classical PSO(particle swarm optimization).

, correspAuthors=Zhang DANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-yue YANG, Zhang DANG, Tian-ci XIA, Rui YUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051039031370102, articleId=1208051032614085523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于NRBO优化滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法及其在滚动轴承早期弱故障诊断中的应用, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

传统的盲解卷积算法在更换刻画指标时,需要重新计算梯度或重新设计滤波器系数的优化方式,这使得构建新的盲解卷积算法的过程缺乏自适应性。针对上述问题,提出了一种利用牛顿-拉夫逊优化器(Newton-Raphson optimizer,NRBO)搜索最优滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法。首先通过广义球面坐标变换确定滤波器系数的搜索范围,然后选择包络谱广义lp/lq范数作为刻画指标,最后将所构建的盲解卷积算法应用于滚动轴承的早期弱故障诊断。仿真和试验结果验证了所提算法的有效性,且所提算法收敛速度相比经典的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)更快。

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* 党章(1986—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:
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杨明悦(2001—),男,汉族,湖北十堰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:

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杨明悦(2001—),男,汉族,湖北十堰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:

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杨明悦(2001—),男,汉族,湖北十堰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:

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Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2006, 289(4/5): 1066-1090., articleTitle=Wavelet filter-based weak signature detection method and its application on rolling element bearing prognostics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208085591934210302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032614085523, awardId=52305125, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52305125), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208085581725274606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032614085523, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085581729468911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051032614085523, companyId=1208085581725274606, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China), 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Bearing simulation signal parameters

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τk/s ak fm/z βA/rad γ/rad cA B fn/Hz
0.01 3.5 0 0 0 1 800 2 000
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轴承仿真信号各参数

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τk/s ak fm/z βA/rad γ/rad cA B fn/Hz
0.01 3.5 0 0 0 1 800 2 000
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Parameters of random impulse n1(t)

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D1 D2 M tc(1)/s tc(2)/s ξ f /Hz
10 12 2 0.26 0.76 1 500 2 000
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随机冲击n1(t)的各项参数

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D1 D2 M tc(1)/s tc(2)/s ξ f /Hz
10 12 2 0.26 0.76 1 500 2 000
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基于NRBO优化滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法及其在滚动轴承早期弱故障诊断中的应用
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杨明悦 1, 2, 3 , 党章 1, 2, 3, * , 夏天赐 1, 2, 3 , 袁锐 1, 2, 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(18): 7604-7612
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(18): 7604-7612
基于NRBO优化滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法及其在滚动轴承早期弱故障诊断中的应用
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杨明悦1, 2, 3 , 党章1, 2, 3, * , 夏天赐1, 2, 3, 袁锐1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 武汉科技大学机械工程学院, 武汉 430081
  • 2 武汉科技大学冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430081
  • 3 武汉科技大学机械传动与制造工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430081
  • 杨明悦(2001—),男,汉族,湖北十堰人,硕士研究生。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 党章(1986—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:
Blind Deconvolution Algorithm Based on NRBO to Optimize Filter Coefficients and Its Application in Early Weak Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings
Ming-yue YANG1, 2, 3 , Zhang DANG1, 2, 3, * , Tian-ci XIA1, 2, 3, Rui YUAN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Equipment and Its Control, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
  • 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission and Manufacturing Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406762
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传统的盲解卷积算法在更换刻画指标时,需要重新计算梯度或重新设计滤波器系数的优化方式,这使得构建新的盲解卷积算法的过程缺乏自适应性。针对上述问题,提出了一种利用牛顿-拉夫逊优化器(Newton-Raphson optimizer,NRBO)搜索最优滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法。首先通过广义球面坐标变换确定滤波器系数的搜索范围,然后选择包络谱广义lp/lq范数作为刻画指标,最后将所构建的盲解卷积算法应用于滚动轴承的早期弱故障诊断。仿真和试验结果验证了所提算法的有效性,且所提算法收敛速度相比经典的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization,PSO)更快。

盲解卷积  /  NRBO  /  参数优化  /  故障诊断  /  滚动轴承

In traditional blind deconvolution algorithms, recalculating the gradient or redesigning the optimization approach for filter coefficients becomes necessary when altering the characterization index. This requirement can render the development process of new blind deconvolution algorithms inflexible. To address these issues, a blind deconvolution algorithm that employs NRO(Newton-Raphson optimizer) to seek out the optimal filter coefficients was proposed. Initially, generalized spherical coordinate transformation was used to define the search range for the filter coefficients. Subsequently, the generalized lp/lq norm of the envelope spectrum was adopted as the characterization index. The proposed blind deconvolution algorithm is then utilized for the early detection of minor faults in rolling bearings. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, demonstrating its faster convergence rate compared to classical PSO(particle swarm optimization).

blind deconvolution  /  NRBO  /  parameter optimization  /  fault diagnosis  /  rolling bearing
杨明悦, 党章, 夏天赐, 袁锐. 基于NRBO优化滤波器系数的盲解卷积算法及其在滚动轴承早期弱故障诊断中的应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7604 -7612 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406762
Ming-yue YANG, Zhang DANG, Tian-ci XIA, Rui YUAN. Blind Deconvolution Algorithm Based on NRBO to Optimize Filter Coefficients and Its Application in Early Weak Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7604 -7612 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406762
随着工业的发展,旋转机械设备不断趋向于高速化、集成化和智能化。《中国制造2025》[1]和《机械工程学科发展战略报告》[2]中不断增长的多样化生产需求和日趋复杂的工况条件,对旋转机械的“关节”滚动轴承的故障诊断技术提出了更高的要求。由于噪声的干扰以及复杂传递路径的影响,通过振动传感器采集到的滚动轴承原始故障信号是由若干激励源耦合的结果,这导致信号中的故障特征被噪声淹没而难以有效提取,给故障诊断带来了挑战。
随着信号分析技术的不断进步,盲解卷积(blind deconvolution,BD)[3]作为一种自适应滤波技术,正在成为研究人员关注的焦点。盲解卷积能够通过解卷积运算使得滤波信号的故障刻画指标达到最值,从而显著增强原始信号中隐藏的故障脉冲特征。该方法的核心在于3个关键要素:刻画指标、滤波器类型(常见的是有限冲击响应滤波器)以及优化算法。盲解卷积本质上是一个优化过程,其中刻画指标作为目标函数,而滤波器系数则是需要优化的对象。通过组合这3个要素,可以构建出多种盲解卷积算法,以应对不同的故障诊断场景。根据刻画指标是否含有与故障脉冲周期相关的参数,盲解卷积算法可分为两类:非参数化的盲解卷积和参数化的盲解卷积。
非参数化的盲解卷积技术中,最小熵解卷积(minimum entropy deconvolution, MED)[4]是一种有效方法,它通过迭代的方式优化滤波器的系数,使得滤波后的信号峭度(Kurtosis)最大化。从而通过提高信号的峭度来增强信号中的脉冲成分,方法简单高效。受随机冲击的干扰,MED(最小熵解卷积)算法的滤波器系数在迭代优化过程中容易陷入局部最优解,这些解往往偏向于强调信号中那些与真实故障不直接相关的单一脉冲噪声(即随机冲击成分)。
参数化的盲解卷积技术,包括最大相关峭度解卷积(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution, MCKD)[5]、多点最优最小熵解卷积(multipoint optimal minimum entropy deconvolution adjusted, MOMEDA)[6]以及最大二阶循环平稳解卷积(maximum second-order cyclostationarity blind deconvolution, CYCBD)[7],都旨在通过利用故障脉冲的周期性特征来克服传统峭度指标对随机冲击的敏感性。然而,在缺乏先验的故障周期信息时,这些参数化方法的参数选择变得尤为困难。针对该问题,研究人员提出了多种策略,如粒子群算法[8]、包络谱稀疏度[9]、循环谱分析[10]和包络谐波积谱[11]等。
传统的盲解卷积算法在适应不同信号特性时,面临重新计算梯度或设计滤波器系数的需求,这一局限性降低了算法的灵活性与自适应性[12-13]。 Cheng等[14]通过引入广义球面坐标变换来定义滤波器系数的优化域,采用粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)以寻找包括MED算法、MCKD算法和MOMEDA算法在内的最优滤波器系数,有效地提升了滚动轴承故障诊断的性能。但是PSO缺乏速度的动态调节,容易陷入局部最优,导致收敛精度低和不易收敛。
因此,现提出一种改进滚动轴承故障诊断算法,增强解的质量和全局搜索效率。采用牛顿-拉夫逊优化器(Newton-Raphson based optimizer, NRBO)[15]来替换PSO,用于最优滤波器系数的求解过程。提出一种结合NRBO和广义lp/lq范数的盲解卷积算法框架,为滚动轴承的早期微弱故障诊断提供一个更好的解决方案。
滚动轴承故障源信号的传递过程可近似用线性时不变系统(linear time-invariant system,LTI)的卷积表示[16],即振动传感器采集到的滚动轴承故障观测信号x表示为
$\boldsymbol{x}=\boldsymbol{d} * \boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{d}}+\boldsymbol{u} * \boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{u}}+\boldsymbol{g} * \boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{g}}+\boldsymbol{e} * \boldsymbol{h}_{\mathrm{e}}$
式(1)中:d为故障冲击;u为谐波干扰;g为随机冲击;e为高斯白噪声;hdhuhghe分别为机械系统的单位脉冲响应;*为卷积运算符。
盲解卷积过程示意图如图1所示。盲解卷积旨在寻找一个最优的有限冲击响应滤波器(finite impulse response, FIR),使得滤波后信号的故障刻画指标达到最值,从而抑制噪声成分,最大程度恢复故障脉冲,即
$y=x * f \approx d$
式(2)中:f= [ f 1 , f 2 , , f L ] T表示长度为L的FIR滤波器系数向量;y为滤波信号。
设观测信号x= [ x 1 , x 2 , , x N ] T,根据卷积公式yn= k = 1 L fkxn-k+L,其中n=1,2,…,N-L+1)可将卷积运算表示为矩阵乘积形式,即
$y=X^{\mathrm{T}} f$
式(3)中:X由观测信号x构造得到
$\boldsymbol{X}=\left[\begin{array}{ccccc} x_{L} & x_{L+1} & x_{L+2} & \cdots & x_{N} \\ x_{L-1} & x_{L} & x_{L+1} & \cdots & x_{N-1} \\ x_{L-2} & x_{L-1} & x_{L} & \cdots & x_{N-2} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x_{1} & x_{2} & x_{3} & \cdots & x_{N-L+1} \end{array}\right]$
综上,盲解卷积可归纳为如下优化问题,即
$\underset{f}{\operatorname{argmin}} \text { or } \max J(\boldsymbol{y}), \text { s. t. } \boldsymbol{y}=\boldsymbol{X}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{f}$
式(5)中:J(y)为滤波信号的故障刻画指标,即目标函数。
盲解卷积的优化过程一般情况下是一个非凸优化问题[17],优化的结果一般为局部最优解。
NRBO(Newton-Raphson-based optimizer)[15]优化算法融合了牛顿迭代法的快速局部收敛与群体智能的全局搜索优势,通过创新的牛顿-拉夫逊搜索规则(Newton-Raphson search rule, NRSR)和陷阱规避操作(trap avoidance operation,TAO),有效探索并收敛至全局最优解。对于一元函数,可通过牛顿迭代法求其近似零点,即
$\boldsymbol{x}_{n+1}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\frac{f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)}{f^{\prime}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)}, \quad n=1,2, \cdots, i$
当相邻迭代点的绝对差小于阈值10-6时停止迭代,即 x n + 1 - x n≤ 10-6时停止迭代。同理,求一元函数的极值点相当于求其导数的零点,即
$\boldsymbol{x}_{n+1}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\frac{f^{\prime}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)}{f^{\prime \prime}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)}, \quad n=1,2, \cdots, i$
当相邻迭代点的绝对差小于阈值10-6时停止迭代,即 x n + 1 - x n≤ 10-6时停止迭代。对于不可导的目标函数,其导数可通过数值法求解,根据泰勒公式可得f(x)在点x附近的一阶、二阶导数分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f(\boldsymbol{x}+\Delta \boldsymbol{x})=f(\boldsymbol{x})+f^{\prime}(\boldsymbol{x}) \Delta \boldsymbol{x}+\cdots+\frac{f^{n}(\boldsymbol{x})}{n!}(\Delta \boldsymbol{x}) n \\ f(\boldsymbol{x}-\Delta \boldsymbol{x})=f(\boldsymbol{x})-f^{\prime}(\boldsymbol{x}) \Delta \boldsymbol{x}+\cdots+\frac{f^{n}(\boldsymbol{x})}{n!}(\Delta \boldsymbol{x}) n \end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f^{\prime}(x)=\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x-\Delta x)}{2 \Delta x} \\ f^{\prime \prime}(x)=\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x-\Delta x)-2 f(x)}{(\Delta x)^{2}} \end{array}\right.$
此时式(7)变为
$\boldsymbol{x}_{n+1}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\frac{\left[f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}+\Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right)-f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right)\right] \Delta \boldsymbol{x}}{2\left[f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}+\Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right)+f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right)-2 f\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)\right]}$
对于多元函数的单目标无约束优化问题,即
$\begin{array}{l} \min f\left(x_{1}, x_{2}, \cdots, x_{\operatorname{dim}}\right), l_{\mathrm{b}} \leqslant x_{j} \leqslant u_{\mathrm{b}}, \\ j=1,2, \cdots, \operatorname{dim} \end{array}$
初始化种群矩阵为
$\boldsymbol{X}_{\mathrm{Np}}^{\mathrm{dim}}=\left[\begin{array}{cccc} x_{1}^{1} & x_{1}^{2} & \cdots & x_{1}^{\mathrm{dim}} \\ x_{2}^{1} & x_{2}^{2} & \cdots & x_{2}^{\mathrm{dim}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ x_{\mathrm{np}}^{1} & x_{N_{\mathrm{p}}}^{2} & \cdots & x_{\mathrm{np}}^{\mathrm{dim}} \end{array}\right]$
$\begin{aligned} x_{i}^{j}= & l_{\mathrm{b}}+\left(u_{\mathrm{b}}-l_{\mathrm{b}}\right) \text { rand } \\ & i=1,2, \cdots, N_{\mathrm{p}}, j=1,2, \cdots, \operatorname{dim} \end{aligned}$
式中:Np为种群数;dim为搜索空间维度;种群中每个元素 x i j的搜索范围限制在区间[lb,ub]内;rand为0~1的随机数。
类比式(10),以自变量的位置代替适应度函数,得
$\boldsymbol{N}_{\mathrm{RSR}}=\operatorname{rand}_{n} \frac{\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{w}}-\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}\right) \odot \Delta \boldsymbol{x}}{2\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{w}}+\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-2 \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)}$
$\boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{x}=\operatorname{rand}(1, \operatorname{dim}) \odot \operatorname{abs}\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)$
式中:xwxb分别为种群中适应度最差和最好的个体位置;xn为当前个体位置(n=1,2,…,Np,所有个体位置均以行矢量表示);randn为标准正态分布随机数;rand(1,dim)为1×dim的随机数矢量(取值范围0~1);abs(·)为绝对值运算符;☉为哈达玛积。
根据文献[18],NRSR可进一步做出如下改进(NRSR公式内的除法为向量对应元素相除),即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{N}_{\mathrm{RSR}}=\operatorname{rand}_{n} \frac{\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{w}}-\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{b}}\right) \odot \Delta \boldsymbol{x}}{2\left(\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{w}}+\boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{b}}-2 \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)} \\ \boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{w}}=r_{1}\left[\operatorname{mean}\left(\boldsymbol{Z}_{n+1}+\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)+r_{1} \Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right] \\ \boldsymbol{y}_{\mathrm{b}}=r_{1}\left[\operatorname{mean}\left(\boldsymbol{Z}_{n+1}+\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)-r_{1} \Delta \boldsymbol{x}\right] \\ \boldsymbol{Z}_{n+1}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\operatorname{rand}_{n} \frac{\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{w}}-\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}\right) \odot \Delta \boldsymbol{x}}{2\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{w}}+\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-2 \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)} \end{array}\right.$
式(16)中:r1为0~1的随机数;mean(·)为按列求平均值。
NRSR在优化过程中考虑了随机动作来避免搜索到局部最优解。为了平衡种群的多样性和聚集性,采样用自适应系数δ来增强算法,即
$\delta=\left(1-\frac{2 \mathrm{iter}}{\max _{\mathrm{iter}}}\right)^{5}$
式(17)中:iter为当前迭代次数;maxiter为最大迭代次数。
此外,通过参数ρ将种群引导至正确方向,即
$\boldsymbol{\rho}=a\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)+b\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{R_{1}}-\boldsymbol{x}_{R_{2}}\right)$
式(18)中:ab为0~1的随机数;R1R2为从种群内(1~Np)随机选择的两个不重复的整数。
此时通过式(17)进一步改善种群多样性和聚集性。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \boldsymbol{x}_{1 n}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\boldsymbol{N}_{\mathrm{RSR}}+\boldsymbol{\rho} \\ \boldsymbol{x}_{2 n}=\boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-\boldsymbol{N}_{\mathrm{RSR}}+\boldsymbol{\rho} \\ \boldsymbol{x}_{3 n}=\boldsymbol{x}_{n}-\delta\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{2 n}-\boldsymbol{x}_{1 n}\right) \end{array}\right.$
式(19)中:x1nx2nx3n为更新当前位置的不同方式。
下一次迭代时的新位置为
$\begin{aligned} \left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)^{\mathrm{iter}+1}= & r_{2}\left[r_{2} \boldsymbol{x}_{1 n}+\left(1-r_{2}\right) \boldsymbol{x}_{2 n}\right]+ \\ & \left(1-r_{2}\right) \boldsymbol{x}_{3 n} \end{aligned}$
式(20)中:r2为0~1的随机数。
为增加算法处理现实问题的有效性,引入陷阱规避操作TAO,提高NRBO在处理实际问题时的有效性,通过使用TAO可以显著 改变 ( x n ) i t e r + 1的位置,他通过结合最佳位置xb 和当前向量xn 来生成一个更高的解xtao,如果随机数rand小于阈值DF,则用式(22)求解xtao
$\left\{\begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{x}_{\text {TAO }}= & \left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)^{\text {iter+1 }}+\theta_{1}\left(\mu_{1} \boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-\mu_{2} \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)+ \\ & \theta_{2} \delta\left[\mu_{1} \operatorname{mean}\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{N_{\mathrm{p}}}^{\text {dim }}\right)-\mu_{2} \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right], \quad \mu_{1}<0.5 \\ \boldsymbol{x}_{\text {TAO }}= & \boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}+\theta_{1}\left(\mu_{1} \boldsymbol{x}_{\mathrm{b}}-\mu_{2} \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)+ \\ & \theta_{2} \delta\left[\mu_{1} \operatorname{mean}\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{N_{\mathrm{p}}}^{\text {dim }}\right)-\mu_{2} \boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right], \quad \text { 其他 } \end{aligned}\right.$
$\left(\boldsymbol{x}_{n}\right)^{\text {iter }+1}=\boldsymbol{x}_{\text {TAO }}$
式中:θ1θ2分别为区间(-1,1)和(-0.5,0.5)内的均匀随机数。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} \mu_{1}=3 \beta \mathrm{rand}+1-\beta \\ \mu_{2}=\beta \mathrm{rand}+1-\beta \\ \beta=1, \quad \text { rand }<0.5 \\ \beta=0, \quad \text { 其他 } \end{array}\right.$
只有当rand<DF时才引进TAO操作,DF为控制陷阱规避的决定因子,默认取0.5。NBRO算法的迭代过程如图2所示。
根据文献[19],FIR滤波器系数f=[f1, f2,…, fL]T可以用广义球坐标变换表示,即f表示为以原点为中心、半径为1的L维球面上的点,将cosθ1投影到f1,再将sinθ1分别投影到f2, f3,…, fL依次类推得到变换式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f_{1}=\cos \theta_{1} \\ f_{2}=\sin \theta_{1} \cos \theta_{2} \\ \quad \vdots \\ f_{L-1}=\sin \theta_{1} \sin \theta_{2} \cdots \sin \theta_{L-2} \cos \theta_{L-1} \\ f_{L}=\sin \theta_{1} \sin \theta_{2} \cdots \sin \theta_{L-2} \sin \theta_{L-1} \end{array}\right.$
式(24)中:-π≤θi≤π,其中i=1,2,…,L-1;θi为滤波器系数;此时可通过优化θi来间接搜索最优滤波器系数f
纯净的故障脉冲(重复瞬态冲击)可视为稀疏信号,当故障脉冲较为微弱或存在大量噪声干扰时,观测信号x的稀疏性较低,因此通过信号的稀疏性度量能够一定程度上刻画滚动轴承的故障特征。由于重复瞬态冲击的包络谱表现为一系列离散的谱线,而单一脉冲的包络谱表现为连续均匀的谱线[20],因此通过包络谱可区分故障脉冲和单一脉冲(随机冲击),即定义在包络谱中的稀疏性指标对随机冲击鲁棒。选取包络谱广义lp/lq范数(Env-G- l p / l q ) 21作为刻画指标,即
$J(\mathrm{ES})=\left(\frac{\|\mathrm{ES}\|_{l \mathrm{p}}}{\|\mathrm{ES}\|_{l \mathrm{q}}^{p}}\right)^{p}=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left|\mathrm{ES}_{i}\right|^{p}}{\left(\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left|\mathrm{ES}_{i}\right|^{q}\right)^{\frac{p}{q}}}$
式(25)中:ES为滤波信号y的包络谱;J(ES)为包络谱的G-lp/lq范数;N为信号采样点数。
不同的pq参数组合能从不同角度判定信号的稀疏性。当p/q<1时,随着信号的稀疏性的增加,G-lp/lq逐渐减小;当p/q>1时,随着信号的稀疏性的增加,G-lp/lq逐渐增大。根据文献[17],p<q时G-lp/lq范数具有较优的信号稀疏性刻画能力,特别是当p/q=0.5时信号特征的有效提取和增强故障诊断能力方面表现出了优越性。
Θ=[θ1,θ2,…, θ L - 1]T,将fΘ之间的映射关系表示为f=g(Θ),g为非线性变换。则本文所提出的盲解卷积算法(Env-G-lp/lq-NRBO)转化为如下优化问题,即
$\underset{\boldsymbol{\theta}}{\operatorname{argmin}} J(\mathrm{ES}), \text { s. t. } y=\boldsymbol{X}^{\mathrm{T}} g(\boldsymbol{\Theta})$
将所提算法法应用于滚动轴承的早期弱故障诊断,故障诊断流程如图3所示。
定义固有频率振荡函数S(t),第k次冲击响应的幅值Ak和噪声干扰n(t),则滚动轴承表面局部损伤振动信号x(t)可表述如式(27),式中T为故障脉冲周期,τk为第k次冲击时刻的微小波动,M为采样时间段内的冲击次数,ak为第k次冲击的能量, fm为调制频率,βAγ为初始相位,cA为随机常数,B为衰减系数, fn为固有频率。设转频fr=25 Hz,外圈故障特征频率fo=100 Hz,采样频率fs=10 000 Hz,采样点数N=10 000,式(27)中各参数选择如表1所示。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} x(t)=\sum_{k=1}^{M} A_{k} S\left(t-k T-\tau_{k}\right)+n(t) \\ A_{k}=a_{k} \cos \left(2 \pi f_{\mathrm{m}} t+\beta_{\mathrm{A}}\right)+c_{\mathrm{A}} \\ S\left(t-k T-\tau_{k}\right)=\exp \left[-B\left(t-k T-\tau_{k}\right)\right] \times \\ \quad \sin \left[2 \pi f_{n}\left(t-k T-\tau_{k}\right)+\gamma\right] \end{array}\right.$
噪声干扰由两部分组成,即n(t)=n1(t)+n2(t),分别为随机冲击和高斯白噪声。
$n_{1}(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{M} D_{i} \mathrm{e}^{-\xi\left[t-t_{\mathrm{c}}(i)\right]} \sin \left\{2 \pi f\left[t-t_{\mathrm{c}}(i)\right]\right\}$
式(28)中:随机冲击n1(t)各参数如表2所示;Di为第i个脉冲的幅值;M为随机冲击的个数;tc(i)为第i个随机脉冲出现的时刻;ξ为结构阻尼系数;f为共振频率;n2(t)取信噪比为-12的高斯白噪声。
最终得到仿真信号如图4所示,其中红色虚线为故障特征频率及其倍频。
上述仿真信号可用于模拟滚动轴承外圈的早期弱故障。设置滤波器长度L=300,NRBO算法参数:Np=200,maxiter=100,DF=0.6。故障观测信号x经Env-G-lp/lq-NRBO滤波后的时域和包络谱如图5所示。由图5(a)可知,故障脉冲和随机脉冲均被增强,从包络谱中可知,故障特征频率的1~3倍频被显著增强。采用PSO搜索滤波器系数(图6)也能增强1~3倍频特征,但从图7的迭代曲线可知NRBO算法相比PSO算法收敛更快。
采用辛辛那提大学智能维修中心(Intelligent Maintenance Systems,IMS)的轴承故障数据集[22]验证本文方法的有效性,该数据集来源于全寿命周期试验台。采集卡每隔10 min进行一次采样,采样频率为20 480 Hz,每次采样时间为1 s,从试验开始到结束共采集984组数据,每组保存4个通道信号,分别对应轴承1~4,整个试验过程共持续164 h。试验结束时轴承1的外圈出现损伤故障。外圈故障特征频率为236.4 Hz,转频为2 000 r/min。通道1共984段采样信号的均分根值如图8所示,在4 000~6 000 min数据段随机选取10 min数据作为早期弱故障探测点,其时域和包络谱如图9所示。
由于故障脉冲微弱,从图9(b)包络谱仅能观察到故障特征的1倍频峰值,而其他倍频成分被噪声淹没。该信号经过本文方法滤波后如图10所示,其中时域脉冲得到增强,包络谱中的1~2倍频幅值明显增强。而基于PSO的方法(图11)在红色点划线框内产生了虚假的峰值,此外PSO收敛速度较慢(图12)。综上,本文方法的诊断效果更好。
(1)提出了一种采用NRBO算法优化滤波器系数的包络谱最小广义lp/lq范数解卷积算法(Env-G-lp/lq-NRBO),仿真和试验结果验证了所提算法在滚动轴承故障诊断中的有效性。
(2)在更换刻画指标来构建新的盲解卷积算法时,采用NRBO优化滤波器系数能够避免重新设计滤波器系数的优化方式,大大提高了自适应性。
(3)本文研究仅针对滚动轴承的单一故障进行了研究,而工程实际中传感器采集到的信号可能是多种故障并存的,因此研究滚动轴承的复合故障诊断更贴合真实情况。后续研究考虑将刻画指标更换为参数化的指标以实现滚动轴承复合故障的诊断。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52305125)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406762
  • 接收时间:2024-09-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-04-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(52305125)
作者信息
    1 武汉科技大学机械工程学院, 武汉 430081
    2 武汉科技大学冶金装备及其控制教育部重点实验室, 武汉 430081
    3 武汉科技大学机械传动与制造工程湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430081

通讯作者:

* 党章(1986—),男,汉族,湖北武汉人,博士,副教授。研究方向:故障诊断理论与方法实现。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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