Article(id=1208051031850722148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407398, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728316800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-08, revisedDate=1743609600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410496, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410496, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7793, endPage=7802, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051033335505814, articleId=1208051031850722148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Pavement Mixed Disease Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv9-c, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Aiming at the problems of poor real-time detection, low accuracy, and false detection and omission of pavement disease detection including hole and crack, an improved algorithm based on YOLOv9 was proposed to resolve the problem. Firstly, AKConv (alterable kernel convolution) was introduced into the backbone network to replace the convolution module in RepNCSPELAN4, which improves the feature extraction ability of the network for different diseases and effectively solve the problem that road disease is difficult to distinguish from background environment features. Secondly, selective image attention mechanism (SimAM) and DySample sampling modules were introduced to focus on the key information in the detection head, and the capability to extract information features was enhanced more efficiently. Finally, the inner-IOU function was used to optimize the weight parameters of the model to improve the learning ability of mixed samples. The experimental comparison between YOLOv9-c and our model showed that the accuracy, recall rate and MAP of the improved model are increased by 40.17%, 15.99% and 20.95% respectively. The performance has been significantly improved, and the detection effect is more accurately and efficiently, and the accuracy and generalization ability of pavement disease detection algorithm are improved.
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针对坑槽和裂缝两种路面病害检测实时性差、准确率低、易误检漏检等问题,提出了一种改进YOLOv9的路面混合病害算法,实现路面裂缝的自动化检测和识别。首先,在骨干网络中引入AKConv(alterable kernel convolution)替换RepNCSPELAN4中的卷积模块,提高网络对不同病害的特征提取能力,有效解决路面病害与背景环境特征难以区分的问题;其次,在检测头中引入了SimAM注意力机制(selective image attention mechanism)和DySample上采样模块,提高网络聚焦特性并增强提取关键特征信息的能力;最后,采用inner-IoU函数优化模型的权重参数,提升对混合样本的学习能力。实验结果表明,改进后的模型与YOLOv9-c相比较,性能有了显著提升,平均精度提升40.17%、召回率提高了15.99%、mAP模型精度提高了20.95%,该优化算法能够更加精准高效的对路面混合病害进行检测,提高了路面病害检测的准确率和泛用性。
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张颖(1981—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授。研究方向:深度学习、工程结构健康监测方法。E-mail:hbuzy@163.com。
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1 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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1 河北大学建筑工程学院, 保定 071002
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张颖(1981—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授。研究方向:深度学习、工程结构健康监测方法。E-mail:hbuzy@163.com。
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张颖(1981—),女,汉族,河北石家庄人,博士,副教授。研究方向:深度学习、工程结构健康监测方法。E-mail:hbuzy@163.com。
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1 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085584850034835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, companyId=1208085584837451920, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 河北大学建筑工程学院, 保定 071002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1208085586057994403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586062188708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, companyId=1208085586057994403, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Engineering Research Center of Zero-Carbon Energy Buildings and Measurement Techniques, Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085586095743147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, companyId=1208085586057994403, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 河北大学零碳能源建筑与计量技术教育部工程研究中心, 保定 071002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208085591095353898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Improved YOLOv9 network architecture diagram, figureFileSmall=s3bZOSkJKhzzHTvJJ9OEBg==, figureFileBig=K3ijC5nd0/j8FeqUzlhL8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591242154555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
改进的YOLOv9网络构架图 Silence为输入数据的起始占位;Conv为卷积层;SPPELAN为特殊池化与特征增强模块;CBFuse为YOLOv9中用于特征融合的层;concat为拼接层;conv-reg为卷积回归层;conv-cls为卷积分类层;P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6为特征金字塔层级1~6层
, figureFileSmall=s3bZOSkJKhzzHTvJJ9OEBg==, figureFileBig=K3ijC5nd0/j8FeqUzlhL8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591401538126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Structure diagram of the RepNCSPELAN4-AKConv module, figureFileSmall=CorCOcVlpr9Ve+DZzqs76A==, figureFileBig=0T7yJFDs/N7KiBkOnvZtSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591531561566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
RepNCSPELAN4-AKConv模块结构图 X1、X2、X3、X4 为Split操作拆分过程;input为输入;output为输出;Concat为拼接层;RepNCSP为重参数化跨阶段局部连接
, figureFileSmall=CorCOcVlpr9Ve+DZzqs76A==, figureFileBig=0T7yJFDs/N7KiBkOnvZtSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591640613483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
SimAM mechanism diagram, figureFileSmall=o45slq7nHtCKr9/1/QVu1Q==, figureFileBig=hDAj0nZSghw5G1/enn9dEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591779025527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
SimAM机制图 C为通道数;H为图像的高度;W为图像的宽度;Generation为生成机制;Expansion为扩展机制;Fusion为融合机制
, figureFileSmall=o45slq7nHtCKr9/1/QVu1Q==, figureFileBig=hDAj0nZSghw5G1/enn9dEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085591942603400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Structure of the DySample module, figureFileSmall=6xlTo8+z0eWxgnMCm2/kmw==, figureFileBig=O/g5sU9L9nQLCR6KskzMsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592013906580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
DySample模块结构图 linear为线性变换;pixel shuffle为像素混洗操作
, figureFileSmall=6xlTo8+z0eWxgnMCm2/kmw==, figureFileBig=O/g5sU9L9nQLCR6KskzMsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592152318629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Evaluation indicator improvement visualization, figureFileSmall=tpx4j12GjyhYom9P9LfFWg==, figureFileBig=a5HKke1RM3KSjRmqu+IdzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592278147761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
评估指标改进可视化图, figureFileSmall=tpx4j12GjyhYom9P9LfFWg==, figureFileBig=a5HKke1RM3KSjRmqu+IdzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592412365508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Visualization of a single disease detection, figureFileSmall=nelYoVT1my79ziAAyDNYlw==, figureFileBig=lpoUnmjLtL5xqYEjstPmYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592534000332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
单一病害检测可视化结果, figureFileSmall=nelYoVT1my79ziAAyDNYlw==, figureFileBig=lpoUnmjLtL5xqYEjstPmYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592668218077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Visualization results of mixed disease detection, figureFileSmall=QI5iYzkD5z+BON3Yrprazg==, figureFileBig=/4VJjPttD8pHSkmLoHhPWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592781464294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
混合病害检测可视化结果, figureFileSmall=QI5iYzkD5z+BON3Yrprazg==, figureFileBig=/4VJjPttD8pHSkmLoHhPWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592856961773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Ratio ablation experiment
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| ratio | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| 0.5 | 55.4 | 42.3 | 44.9 | 27.2 |
| 0.7 | 54.2 | 42.4 | 44.1 | 26.8 |
| 1 | 56.2 | 42.2 | 45.0 | 27.4 |
| 1.25 | 54.4 | 43.7 | 45.2 | 27.6 |
| 1.5 | 54.3 | 43.1 | 44.7 | 27.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085592974402298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
ratio 消融实验
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| ratio | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| 0.5 | 55.4 | 42.3 | 44.9 | 27.2 |
| 0.7 | 54.2 | 42.4 | 44.1 | 26.8 |
| 1 | 56.2 | 42.2 | 45.0 | 27.4 |
| 1.25 | 54.4 | 43.7 | 45.2 | 27.6 |
| 1.5 | 54.3 | 43.1 | 44.7 | 27.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593125397256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Training hyperparameter settings
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目设置 | 设置策略 |
| 数据增强 | Mosaic |
| 更新学习率 | 余弦退火算法 |
| 优化器 | Auto |
| Epoch | 300 |
| Batch-size | 16 |
| Patience | 100 |
| Pretrained | False |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593251226391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
训练超参数设置
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 项目设置 | 设置策略 |
| 数据增强 | Mosaic |
| 更新学习率 | 余弦退火算法 |
| 优化器 | Auto |
| Epoch | 300 |
| Batch-size | 16 |
| Patience | 100 |
| Pretrained | False |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593439970080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Ablation test results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | RepNCSPELAN4- AKConv | SimAM | DySample | Inner-IOU | GFLOPs | MB | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| Yolov9-c | × | × | × | × | 236.6 | 100.0 | 49.01 | 50.52 | 44.40 | 23.01 |
| 方案1 | √ | × | × | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 35.90 | 59.30 | 38.60 | 21.70 |
| 方案2 | × | √ | × | √ | 236.6 | 102.7 | 63.10 | 48.90 | 55.00 | 26.50 |
| 方案3 | × | × | √ | √ | 236.7 | 102.8 | 51.60 | 57.90 | 54.80 | 27.90 |
| 方案4 | √ | √ | × | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 67.90 | 56.80 | 57.40 | 21.60 |
| 方案5 | √ | × | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 13.60 | 28.20 | 16.00 | 9.160 |
| 方案6 | × | √ | √ | √ | 236.7 | 102.8 | 54.70 | 56.80 | 53.20 | 25.50 |
| 方案7 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 64.60 | 57.90 | 53.70 | 19.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593603547956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
消融实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | RepNCSPELAN4- AKConv | SimAM | DySample | Inner-IOU | GFLOPs | MB | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| Yolov9-c | × | × | × | × | 236.6 | 100.0 | 49.01 | 50.52 | 44.40 | 23.01 |
| 方案1 | √ | × | × | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 35.90 | 59.30 | 38.60 | 21.70 |
| 方案2 | × | √ | × | √ | 236.6 | 102.7 | 63.10 | 48.90 | 55.00 | 26.50 |
| 方案3 | × | × | √ | √ | 236.7 | 102.8 | 51.60 | 57.90 | 54.80 | 27.90 |
| 方案4 | √ | √ | × | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 67.90 | 56.80 | 57.40 | 21.60 |
| 方案5 | √ | × | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 13.60 | 28.20 | 16.00 | 9.160 |
| 方案6 | × | √ | √ | √ | 236.7 | 102.8 | 54.70 | 56.80 | 53.20 | 25.50 |
| 方案7 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 64.60 | 57.90 | 53.70 | 19.20 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593762931520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Experimental results of additional protocols
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | RepNCSPELAN4-AKConv | SimAM | DySample | Inner-IOU | GFLOPs | MB | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| 方案8 | √ | √ | × | √ | 251.2 | 102.8 | 68.9 | 58.4 | 53.2 | 24.6 |
| 方案9 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 68.7 | 58.6 | 53.7 | 22.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593905537869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
附加方案实验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | RepNCSPELAN4-AKConv | SimAM | DySample | Inner-IOU | GFLOPs | MB | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 | mAP@0.5∶0.9 |
| 方案8 | √ | √ | × | √ | 251.2 | 102.8 | 68.9 | 58.4 | 53.2 | 24.6 |
| 方案9 | √ | √ | √ | √ | 251.2 | 108.5 | 68.7 | 58.6 | 53.7 | 22.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595084137304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
compares the test results
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 参数量/MB | GFLOPs | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 |
| Faster-RCNN | 136.52 | 370.2 | 47.90 | 42.60 | 49.10 |
| YOLOv3 | 207.80 | 282.3 | 58.00 | 43.80 | 45.30 |
| YOLOv5 | 5.30 | 7.2 | 44.60 | 32.60 | 33.10 |
| YOLOX | 8.94 | 13.4 | 50.20 | 49.70 | 52.60 |
| YOLOv7 | 6.03 | 13.2 | 51.80 | 44.30 | 53.50 |
| YOLOv8n | 3.01 | 8.2 | 57.20 | 50.40 | 56.50 |
| TMDet | 4.83 | 8.1 | 54.80 | 58.20 | 56.20 |
| PPYOLOE | 7.93 | 17.4 | 55.30 | 57.50 | 56.90 |
| YOLOv9c | 100.00 | 236.6 | 49.01 | 50.52 | 44.40 |
| Ours-v9 | 108.50 | 251.2 | 68.70 | 58.60 | 53.70 |
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595218355039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051031850722148, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
对比试验结果
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 模型 | 参数量/MB | GFLOPs | P/% | R/% | mAP@0.5 |
| Faster-RCNN | 136.52 | 370.2 | 47.90 | 42.60 | 49.10 |
| YOLOv3 | 207.80 | 282.3 | 58.00 | 43.80 | 45.30 |
| YOLOv5 | 5.30 | 7.2 | 44.60 | 32.60 | 33.10 |
| YOLOX | 8.94 | 13.4 | 50.20 | 49.70 | 52.60 |
| YOLOv7 | 6.03 | 13.2 | 51.80 | 44.30 | 53.50 |
| YOLOv8n | 3.01 | 8.2 | 57.20 | 50.40 | 56.50 |
| TMDet | 4.83 | 8.1 | 54.80 | 58.20 | 56.20 |
| PPYOLOE | 7.93 | 17.4 | 55.30 | 57.50 | 56.90 |
| YOLOv9c | 100.00 | 236.6 | 49.01 | 50.52 | 44.40 |
| Ours-v9 | 108.50 | 251.2 | 68.70 | 58.60 | 53.70 |
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