Article(id=1208051030554682095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406815, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1743955200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951410186, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951410186, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951410186, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951410186, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7511, endPage=7523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051031062192929, articleId=1208051030554682095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Causative Factors of Ground Subsidence in Jiangdong New District, Haikou Based on SBAS-InSAR, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and causative factors of the ground subsidence in Jiangdong New District, SBAS-InSAR(small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar) technology was adopted to process and analyze 175 scenes of Sentinel-1A imagery data from January 2018 to February 2024, extracting the deformation parameters. The study found that the subsidence rate in Jiangdong New District has undergone a variation from very slow to fast and then back to slow, forming several severe subsidence areas mainly distributed along major traffic arteries and reclamation areas. The main causative factors of the subsidence were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, which include poor engineering geological conditions, consolidation in the reclamation areas, and land use change, etc. The acceleration of subsidence rate is closely related to the rapid development and construction of the region, among which the excessive load on the ground surface is becoming the main influencing factor of subsidence.

, correspAuthors=Lian-huan WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ya-xin XU, Qiong LIU, Yao-wu FENG, Lian-huan WEI, Shi-liu WANG, Meng AO, Dong-ling ZENG, Xian-ju LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051038121206040, articleId=1208051030554682095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于SBAS-InSAR的海口江东新区地面沉降时空特征与成因分析, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示江东新区地面沉降的时空特征及成因,采用小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar, SBAS-InSAR)技术,对2018年1月至2024年2月期间的175景Sentinel-1A影像数据进行处理,提取了地面形变参数。研究发现,江东新区的沉降速率经历了由极慢到快再到慢的变化,形成了多个严重沉降区域,主要分布在交通干线沿线及填海造陆区。在此基础上,定性及定量分析了地面沉降的主要诱发因素,包括不良工程地质条件、填海造陆区的固结沉降以及土地利用方式变化等。沉降速率的加剧与区域的快速开发建设紧密相关,其中地面的过度荷载已成为地面沉降的主要影响因素。

, correspAuthors=魏恋欢, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 魏恋欢(1986—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害遥感监测。E-mail:
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徐亚欣(1999—),女,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害雷达遥感监测。E-mail:

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徐亚欣(1999—),女,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害雷达遥感监测。E-mail:

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between the thickness of soft soil and subsidence rate, figureFileSmall=XPWpsyIyeR1ePlQVqR9XfQ==, figureFileBig=OIxrbIkhv1mY9ABbNWL/1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085602117984490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051030554682095, language=CN, label=图13, caption=软土厚度与沉降速率关系, figureFileSmall=XPWpsyIyeR1ePlQVqR9XfQ==, figureFileBig=OIxrbIkhv1mY9ABbNWL/1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085602243813618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051030554682095, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical characteristics of the subsidence in the five key areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 最大沉降速率/
(mm·a-1)
平均沉降速率/
(mm·a-1)
标准差/
(mm·a-1)
A -34.40 -12.96 6.73
B -34.97 -13.76 5.04
C -43.42 -11.55 5.77
D -50.12 -14.11 7.60
E -24.64 -10.54 3.74
), ArticleFig(id=1208085602361254136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051030554682095, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

五个重点区域的沉降统计特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 最大沉降速率/
(mm·a-1)
平均沉降速率/
(mm·a-1)
标准差/
(mm·a-1)
A -34.40 -12.96 6.73
B -34.97 -13.76 5.04
C -43.42 -11.55 5.77
D -50.12 -14.11 7.60
E -24.64 -10.54 3.74
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基于SBAS-InSAR的海口江东新区地面沉降时空特征与成因分析
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徐亚欣 1 , 刘琼 2 , 冯耀武 1 , 魏恋欢 1, * , 王世留 1 , 敖萌 1 , 曾东灵 2 , 李显巨 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(18): 7511-7523
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(18): 7511-7523
基于SBAS-InSAR的海口江东新区地面沉降时空特征与成因分析
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徐亚欣1 , 刘琼2, 冯耀武1, 魏恋欢1, * , 王世留1, 敖萌1, 曾东灵2, 李显巨3
作者信息
  • 1 东北大学资源与土木工程学院, 沈阳 110000
  • 2 海南水文地质工程地质勘察院, 海口 570100
  • 3 中国地质大学(武汉)计算机学院, 武汉 430000
  • 徐亚欣(1999—),女,汉族,山东潍坊人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地质灾害雷达遥感监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 魏恋欢(1986—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害遥感监测。E-mail:
Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Causative Factors of Ground Subsidence in Jiangdong New District, Haikou Based on SBAS-InSAR
Ya-xin XU1 , Qiong LIU2, Yao-wu FENG1, Lian-huan WEI1, * , Shi-liu WANG1, Meng AO1, Dong-ling ZENG2, Xian-ju LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China
  • 2 Hainan Hydrogeological and Engineering Geological Survey Institute, Haikou 570100, China
  • 3 School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences(Wuhan), Wuhan 430000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406815
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为揭示江东新区地面沉降的时空特征及成因,采用小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar, SBAS-InSAR)技术,对2018年1月至2024年2月期间的175景Sentinel-1A影像数据进行处理,提取了地面形变参数。研究发现,江东新区的沉降速率经历了由极慢到快再到慢的变化,形成了多个严重沉降区域,主要分布在交通干线沿线及填海造陆区。在此基础上,定性及定量分析了地面沉降的主要诱发因素,包括不良工程地质条件、填海造陆区的固结沉降以及土地利用方式变化等。沉降速率的加剧与区域的快速开发建设紧密相关,其中地面的过度荷载已成为地面沉降的主要影响因素。

地面沉降  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  江东新区  /  时空分布  /  成因分析

In order to reveal the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and causative factors of the ground subsidence in Jiangdong New District, SBAS-InSAR(small baseline subsets interferometric synthetic aperture radar) technology was adopted to process and analyze 175 scenes of Sentinel-1A imagery data from January 2018 to February 2024, extracting the deformation parameters. The study found that the subsidence rate in Jiangdong New District has undergone a variation from very slow to fast and then back to slow, forming several severe subsidence areas mainly distributed along major traffic arteries and reclamation areas. The main causative factors of the subsidence were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, which include poor engineering geological conditions, consolidation in the reclamation areas, and land use change, etc. The acceleration of subsidence rate is closely related to the rapid development and construction of the region, among which the excessive load on the ground surface is becoming the main influencing factor of subsidence.

ground subsidence  /  SBAS-InSAR  /  Jiangdong New District  /  spatiotemporal distribution  /  causative factor analysis
徐亚欣, 刘琼, 冯耀武, 魏恋欢, 王世留, 敖萌, 曾东灵, 李显巨. 基于SBAS-InSAR的海口江东新区地面沉降时空特征与成因分析. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7511 -7523 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406815
Ya-xin XU, Qiong LIU, Yao-wu FENG, Lian-huan WEI, Shi-liu WANG, Meng AO, Dong-ling ZENG, Xian-ju LI. Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Causative Factors of Ground Subsidence in Jiangdong New District, Haikou Based on SBAS-InSAR[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7511 -7523 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406815
地面沉降是由自然地理和人为因素共同作用引起的地面局部或区域性下沉现象,通常会导致地下管线破坏、建筑物倒塌及基础设施的破坏等诸多危害。引起地面沉降的自然地理因素包括地质构造运动、松散沉积物的压实固结、可溶性岩层的岩溶作用、地下水位变化及气候变化等。人为因素通常包括地下资源的过度开发利用以及工程建设等。对于沿海城市,海平面上升、风暴潮和潮汐淹没等自然现象经常发生,在一定程度上加剧了海水倒灌与洪涝灾害风险,从而导致地面沉降灾害[1],严重威胁人民的生命与财产安全[2-3]。因此,对城市地面沉降进行动态监测并进一步探究其诱发因素,对于城市合理规划发展具有重要意义。
传统的地面沉降监测方法(如水准测量方法、地下钻孔埋设分层标、GPS测量技术等)可精确监测单个或少量点位的沉降参数,但存在费用高、工作效率低、测量时间长、监测难度大等劣势,无法高效获取大范围区域内地面沉降的时空分布特征[4]。21世纪以来,随着雷达卫星遥感技术的发展,合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR),尤其是时序InSAR(time series InSAR, TS-InSAR),凭借其高精度、穿透性、广覆盖、全天时、全天候工作等优势,在地面沉降、地壳运动、滑坡、地震等监测领域发挥着重要作用[5-10]。现有时序InSAR方法大体分为两种类型:一类是基于点目标的方法,以永久散射体干涉测量(permanent scatterers InSAR, PS-InSAR)方法[11]为典型代表;一类是基于分布式目标的方法,以基于短时空基线的小基线集干涉测量(small baseline subset InSAR, SBAS-InSAR)方法[12]为典型代表。相较于PS-InSAR方法,SBAS-InSAR采用短基线组合方式,能有效抑制时空去相关问题的影响,且对参与计算的雷达图像数量的要求更低,已被证实在大范围形变监测中具有巨大潜力[4,13-18]
海口市是海南岛地面沉降问题最严重的区域,部分地区甚至出现了明显的地下水位降落漏斗[2,19-21]。2018年以来,随着海口江东新区的不断开发建设,各类地上及地下空间持续开发利用,导致该区域的地面沉降问题逐渐加剧。围绕江东新区的地面沉降问题,部分学者开展了工程地质环境调查研究,并取得了一定成果。丁莹莹[22]分析了琼北铺前-清澜断裂北段的晚新生代构造特征,初步探讨了东寨港的沉降过程及沉降机制。李博等[23]分析了江东新区工程建设面临的不良岩土工程条件,包括软土、液化砂土、孤石、溶蚀裂隙、空洞、地下水等。梁定勇等[24]利用264个浅层地质钻孔数据,分析了江东新区新近纪-第四纪地层的分布范围、岩石组合和结构特征。王超群等[25]调查了江东新区活动断裂的空间展布、断层活动性及发震构造特征等,简要分析了活动断裂对工程建设的影响。虽然上述文献对江东新区的工程地质环境进行了初步分析,但仍缺乏有关地面沉降现状、发展趋势以及主要诱发因素的深入研究,难以为江东新区地面沉降防治工作提供可靠的数据支撑。
针对上述问题及研究需求,现利用时序InSAR技术,对2018年1月4日至2024年2月2日期间的175景Sentinel-1A影像进行处理,提取江东新区全域的地面沉降参数,揭示地面沉降的时空分布规律。在此基础上,结合工程地质资料,定性及定量分析其不同区域地面沉降的主要诱发因素,为地面沉降防治工作提供数据支撑。
海口市江东新区(19°53'N~20°4'N,110°22'E~110°38'E)位于海南岛东北部(图1),规划范围约300 km2。江东新区地势呈现南高北低、中高西低之势,高程最低处小于1 m,最高处约35 m。该区域气候类型为热带海洋性气候,年平均温度超过20 ℃,年均降水量超过1 600 mm。从江东新区的工程地质条件来看,可能诱发地面沉降的不良地层主要包括软土、液化砂土、膨胀土等。其中,软土主要分布在灵山镇、桂林洋经济开发区北部沿海地带和演丰镇东寨港一带,总面积约88.64 km2,主要由淤泥质粉质黏土组成,具有高压缩性。软土层也是主要的沼气生成层,浅层沼气主要分布于三角洲平原区和滨海平原区,赋存于第四系琼山组中。液化砂土主要分布于南渡江东岸一带,厚度在0.8~19.2 m。区域内的膨胀土层主要是多文组玄武岩风化土和秀英组杂色黏土。此外,江东新区作为海口市“一江两岸,东西双港驱动,南北协调发展”的东部核心区域,其经济的快速发展伴随着建筑设施与交通网络的快速建设,这些人为因素进一步促进了软弱土层的固结和压实过程,加剧了地面沉降问题[26]
收集了覆盖江东新区的175幅Sentinel-1A升轨单视复数影像数据,时间跨度为2018年1月至2024年2月,时间分辨率为12 d,空间分辨率约为20 m。为有效消减时序InSAR处理过程中的轨道误差、大气误差及地形误差,数据处理过程中还使用了Sentinel-1A卫星的精密定轨星历数据、InSAR通用大气校正在线服务(generic atmospheric correction online service for InSAR, GACOS)校正模型和30 m分辨率的航天飞机雷达地形任务数字高程模型(shuttle radar topography mission digital elevation model, SRTM DEM)数据。为深入分析地面沉降的诱发因素,收集了该区域的工程地质调查矢量数据,包括软土厚度、膨胀土厚度、液化砂土厚度等,如图2所示。
本文研究采用SBAS-InSAR方法提取江东新区的地面沉降参数。SBAS-InSAR方法[12]通过设置较短的时空基线阈值,将覆盖同一区域的若干幅SAR影像进行两两组合配对,生成具有短时空基线条件的序列差分干涉图。这些序列差分干涉图的相干性通常较好,在此基础上提取足够多的监测点,然后通过奇异值分解法求解时序形变量和形变速率[27]。这种短时空基线组合方式可以有效减弱时空失相干问题,通过充分利用所有高质量差分干涉图增加多余观测数,进而提高了形变解算的精度。SBAS-InSAR的具体原理如下。
假设有N+1幅覆盖研究区的单视复数SAR影像,影像获取时间为t0,ta,tb,tc,…,tn通过设置适合的时间基线和空间基线阈值,可组合生成M幅差分干涉图,其中 N + 1 2M N ( N + 1 ) 2。假设对于获取时间分别为tatb的一组影像对,经干涉处理后生成第i个干涉图,在去除地形、轨道、噪声等相位误差后,在该干涉图中坐标为(x,y)的像元处的差分干涉相位可表达为
$\begin{aligned} \delta_{\varphi i(x, y)} & =\varphi_{\mathrm{b}}-\varphi_{\mathrm{a}}=\varphi\left(t_{\mathrm{b}}, x, y\right)-\varphi\left(t_{\mathrm{a}}, x, y\right) \\ & \approx \frac{4 \pi}{\lambda}\left[d\left(t_{\mathrm{b}}, x, y\right)-d\left(t_{\mathrm{a}}, x, y\right)\right] \end{aligned}$
式(1)中:φbφatbta时刻的解缠相位;λ为雷达波长;d(tb,x,y)和d(ta,x,y)分别表示为tbta时刻相对于参考时刻t0(一般为起始影像时间)沿LOS向的地面累积形变量。
对生成的M幅差分干涉图,按N幅影像时间序列排序,构建差分干涉相位与形变量间的方程组,其解缠相位值可用矩阵形式表示为
$A \varphi=\delta$
式(2)中:A为[M×N]的系数矩阵,它的每一行表示每一幅差分干涉图,每一列对应一景SAR影像;φ为参数矩阵,由像元(x,y)在所有时刻对应的形变相位值构成;δ为所有干涉对的解缠相位值所构成的矩阵。
MN时,A为满秩,可直接通过最小二乘法求解相位速率;当M<N时,A为秩亏矩阵,如果用最小二乘法解算,会出现无穷解的情况。此时,需用两景SAR影像间的平均相位变化率来代替相位值,则未知像元(x,y)的形变速率可表示为
$\begin{aligned} v= & {\left[V_{1}=\frac{\varphi_{1}-\varphi_{0}}{t_{1}-t_{0}}, \cdots, V_{n}=\frac{\varphi_{n}-\varphi_{n-1}}{t_{n}-t_{n-1}}\right], } \\ & \varphi_{0}=0 \end{aligned}$
将式(3)代入式(2)可得
$\delta_{\varphi i}=\sum_{K=S_{i+1}}^{M_{i}}\left(t_{k}-t_{k-1}\right) V_{k}, \quad i=1,2, \cdots, M$
式(4)中:MiSi分别为第i个干涉对中主影像、从影像的获取时间;Vkk时刻对应像元的形变速率。
式(2)可简化为
$\boldsymbol{B} v=\boldsymbol{\delta}$
式(5)中:B为[M×N]的系数矩阵,且M<N;B为秩亏矩阵。
通过奇异值分解法求得最小范数解,即可得到相位速率v,再根据SAR影像间的时间区间积分得到形变时间序列。SBAS-InSAR方法经过了20余年的发展已经较为成熟,但该方法的解算精度还受到大气延迟相位误差的影响[28-29]。为减少大气延迟相位误差,本文研究采用GACOS模型进行大气校正。GACOS模型基于高分辨率欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)数据、全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)对流层延迟数据和全球数字高程模型(global digital elevation model, GDEM)数据集,使用迭代对流层分解模型分别估计垂直分层大气和湍流大气延迟[28,30-31]。GACOS已被证明是一种有效的InSAR大气校正方法,可削弱中长波长的大气效应以及与地形相关的大气信号的影响[14,32-34]
基于2018年1月4日至2024年2月2日期间获取的175景Sentinel-1A影像,将空间基线阈值设为临界基线的2%,时间基线阈值设为84 d,共计生成了800幅序列差分干涉图,这些差分干涉对的时空基线分布如图3所示。为提高差分干涉图质量,采用了Goldstein方法进行滤波。相位解缠采用基于Delauney三角网的最小费用流方法,解缠相干系数阈值设为0.2,随后进行形变参数反演。值得注意的是,通过SBAS-InSAR方法获取的形变参数为沿雷达视线方向(line of sight, LOS)的位移,而地面沉降通常主要发生在垂直方向。考虑到研究区地形起伏较小,本文研究基于忽略水平位移的假设,利用式(6)将LOS向形变转换为垂直形变。
$d_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{d_{\operatorname{los}}}{\cos \theta}$
式(6)中:dv为垂直形变;dlos为LOS向形变;θ为卫星入射角。
利用SBAS-InSAR方法提取了约60万个监测点,计算出了江东新区2018—2024年的平均形变速率,结果如图4所示,其中正值(用蓝色色标表示)代表地面抬升,负值(用红色色标表示)代表地面沉降。依据《地质灾害InSAR监测技术指南》[35],将形变速率小于-5 mm/a的点簇区认定为沉降区。从空间分布来看,江东新区的地面沉降整体呈斑块状分散分布,但也存在多个沉降速率超过-15 mm/a(橘黄色至红色)的严重沉降区,主要位于江东大道沿线(区域A、B、D)、白驹大道沿线至琼山大道(区域C)及美兰国际机场附近(区域E)。
江东新区地面形变速率的统计情况如图5所示。其中,约有66.74%的监测点的形变速率在±5 mm/a范围内,这些监测点的平均速率为-1.32 mm/a,表明大部分区域总体上处于稳定状态。形变速率大于5 mm/a(地面抬升)的监测点占比仅为0.32%,这些监测点的平均值为6.56 mm/a,表明江东新区内地面抬升现象不明显。形变速率小于-5 mm/a的监测点占比约32.94%,这些监测点均出现了不同程度的沉降现象。其中,形变速率在-10~-5 mm/a的监测点占比20.66%,平均值为-7.1 mm/a;形变速率在-15~-10 mm/a的监测点占比约8.09%,平均值为-12.09 mm/a;形变速率在-20~-15 mm/a的监测点占比2.85%,平均值为-17.05 mm/a;形变速率小于-20 mm/a的监测点占比约1.34%,平均值为-24.66 mm/a。
为了分析江东新区2018—2024年地面沉降的时间变化规律,绘制了不同年份的地面沉降量(用每年年底的累计沉降量减去上一年底累计沉降量),如图6所示。2018—2019年,江东新区的地面沉降量较小,仅在美兰国际机场附近存在成片的沉降区,其他区域的沉降主要呈零散的斑块状存在。2020—2021年,江东新区的地面沉降明显加剧,尤其以江东大道沿线及灵山镇区域较严重,而美兰国际机场区域的沉降逐渐减弱了。2022—2023年,江东新区的地面沉降量相较于2020—2021年略有减小,但总体上仍高于2018—2019年。
依据图5所示的沉降速率分级,分别计算了不同级别监测点的年均累计沉降量变化情况,如图7所示。总体而言,不同级别监测点的累计沉降量变化规律相似,都大致划分为3个典型的沉降阶段。第一个沉降阶段为2020年以前,各级别监测点的沉降速率都较小;第二个沉降阶段为2020—2021年,各级别的沉降速率都明显高于第一阶段,表明该区域的沉降问题加剧。自2019年底起,江东新区的开发建设强度显著增加,该时间节点与地面沉降加剧时间刚好吻合,表明开发建设活动对江东新区的地面沉降产生了显著影响。第三阶段为2022—2023年,各级别的沉降速率开始变缓,部分级别与第一阶段沉降速率相差较小。
针对江东新区的5个重点沉降区(如图4中黑框所示范围),分别统计了每个区域的最大沉降速率、平均沉降速率和标准差。标准差σ计算公式为
$\sigma=\sqrt{\frac{1}{S_{j}} \sum_{i=1}^{S_{j}}\left(v_{i}-\mu\right)^{2}}$
式(7)中:Sj为某个特定区域中沉降监测点的总数,j=1,2,3,4,5;vi为该区域中的第i个沉降监测点速率值;μ为该区域中沉降监测点速率的平均值。
$\mu=\frac{1}{S_{j}} \sum_{i=1}^{S_{j}} v_{i}$
各区域上述参数的统计结果如表1所示。5个重点区的最大沉降速率均在-24.64~-50.12 mm/a,平均沉降速率在-10.54~-14.11 mm/a。其中,区域D的最大沉降速率和平均沉降速率都最高,表明该区域的沉降问题最严重。为进一步揭示各重点区的沉降特征,选取了每个区域内的典型监测点和有代表性的剖面,绘制了累计沉降量变化曲线及沉降速率分布剖面,并结合相关资料对沉降演化规律及成因进行了详细分析。
区域A位于江东大道沿线从琼山大道交叉口至海文北路路段附近,呈现出由3个椭圆形沉降漏斗串联的分布格局,如图8(a)所示。该区域内沿江东大道L1-L1'的沉降速率剖面线如图8(b)所示,3个漏斗中心的最大沉降速率都超过了-30 mm/a。与江东大道垂直的L2-L2'剖面线的沉降速率分布如图8(c)所示,呈现出以江东大道为中心、向两侧逐渐减小的分布格局。为了分析该区域地面沉降的时间演化特征,选取了位于3个沉降漏斗中心的监测点(P1-P3),绘制了沉降时间序列曲线,结果如图8(d)所示。3个监测点在2018年底之前的沉降量均较小,2019—2021年沉降速率明显增大,2022年之后又逐步减小。图8(e)图8(f)中的光学影像显示,该路段于2018年12月28日修建完成并实现功能性通车。工程地质资料显示,该区域存在厚度约为10 m的软土层。由于软土含水量大、孔隙比大、土质松软,在其自然固结过程中,会产生一定的地面沉降[36]。然而,软土分布并不是引起沉降加速的唯一原因。由于2019—2021年处于江东大道建成初期,土壤的自然固结叠加了道路运行初期的交通负荷,导致孔隙水压力和土压力增加,进而使土体产生压缩变形[37-39],加速地面沉降过程。
区域B为江东新区总部经济区(生态CBD),沉降时空分布特征如图9所示。如图9(a)所示,该区域大部分监测点呈现出不同程度的沉降,空间分布主要位于江东大道以北的CBD区。选取了3个典型监测点,绘制了沉降时序变化曲线,如图9(b)所示。这3个点2019—2022年的沉降速率较快,而2022年之后逐渐趋于稳定。图9(c)图9(d)的光学影像显示,该区域为填海造陆区,于2019年底开始进行填海,至2022年底基本完成造陆并开始进行上层建设。沉降速率较快的时段与围填海工程的时段一致,表明该区域沉降的产生原因主要是回填土的固结沉降。随着填土工程完成,该区域的沉降速率逐渐减小,最终将趋于平稳[40]
区域C位于南渡江琼州大桥东侧,西至琼山大道、东至灵山镇、北抵文越路、南至美灵南二路。该区域的沉降呈条带状分布,其中灵山镇北部区域由北西向南东方向沿河道展布,而灵山镇南部呈南北方向展布,如图10(a)所示。为了分析该区域沉降的时间特征,选取了2个沉降较严重的监测点,绘制了时间序列变化曲线,如图10(b)所示。2020年9月之前该区域的累计沉降量较小,而2020年9月至2022年初地面沉降速率较快,随后又逐渐减小。工程地质资料显示,该区域分布有厚度为10~15 m的软土,岩土类型主要为淤泥质粉质黏土,分布范围如图10(c)所示。地面沉降空间分布特征与软土分布范围并不完全一致,这可能是由于软土分布图是由稀疏分布的钻孔数据插值得出的,因而其空间分辨率和分布范围的精度有限。另一方面,地面沉降的空间分布特征与河道走向基本一致,可在一定程度上反映软土层的空间展布细节。此外,图10(d)中的光学影像显示,白驹大道于2020年夏季竣工通车,随后位于白驹大道附近的PC1点和位于白驹大道上的PC2点均出现了1~2 a的快速沉降期,表明道路建成对该区域软土层的稳定性造成了一定干扰。道路建成初期表层土壤的压实作用增加了土壤的密实度,同时由于该区域的软土层较厚,导致了地面沉降问题加剧[41]
区域D位于江东大道沿线、兴洋大道至林海三路路段附近,地面沉降呈纺锤状分布,如图11(a)所示。选取了位于该区域的3个监测点,绘制了沉降时序变化曲线,如图11(b)所示。这3个点的沉降均表现出长期的以线性形变为主导的趋势,各年度的沉降速率变化不大,各点的累计沉降量分别为-210.5、-181.7、-284.3 mm。工程地质资料显示,该区域的土质类型为淤泥类土,厚度10~15 m,如图11(c)所示。由于淤泥类土含水量大、孔隙比大、土质松软,极易产生地面沉降问题[36]。光学影像显示江东大道该路段于2020年修建完成并通车,通车前后地面沉降速率的差异并不明显,表明该区域的沉降主要是受淤泥质土层的影响,道路工程建设导致的扰动相对较小。此外,图10(d)的沉降速率剖面显示,江东大道沿线的沉降明显比周边区域更严重。这主要是由于道路作为交通的载体,其自身重量以及过往车辆的动载作用会对下方的土壤施加压力产生固结压实效应。当上层负荷过重,下层土质又具有含水率高、压缩性高的特性时,易发生明显沉降[39]
区域E位于海口美兰国际机场二期工程区,沉降空间分布格局如图12(a)所示,最大沉降速率超过了-20 mm/a。该区域的沉降空间分布格局与工程地质资料吻合度较高,如图12(b)所示。其中,沉降较严重的区域为冲积平原区,土质为黏土质砂,而周边较稳定的区域则是火山岩台地。为了揭示该区域地面沉降的时间变化特征,选取3个监测点绘制了沉降时序变化曲线,结果如图12(c)所示。三个点均表现出不同程度的累计沉降量,其中PE1点的累计沉降量最大,达到了-142.2 mm。从沉降量的时间变化来看,PE1和PE2点2018—2019年的沉降速率较大,2020年之后沉降速率逐渐减小;PE3点的沉降速率变化不大,呈现出以线性形变为主导的趋势,暂未出现减缓迹象。由历史光学影像如图12(d)图12(e)发现,2017年初美兰国际机场二期项目开始进行施工建设,2019年航站楼主体和飞行区道面工程基本完工。二期工程施工期间,黏土质砂由于黏土颗粒形成的胶体增加了颗粒间的粘附力,表现出较强的沉降特征[37,42]。施工完成后,由于地面扰动减少,沉降速率逐渐降低。综上可知,区域E的沉降速率与美兰国际机场二期工程的施工活动密切相关,且土质类型对沉降时空特征的影响显著。
江东新区的地面沉降与其不良工程地质条件密切相关。该区域为典型的三角洲平原区,浅层的淤泥质粉质黏土、松散状砂类土等均为欠固结软土。由于软土含水量大、孔隙比大、土质松软,在其自然固结过程中,会产生一定的地面沉降[36]。本文研究依据江东新区的软土厚度分布情况,统计了不同级别软土厚度所占面积比例,结果如图13(a)所示。其中,厚度在0~5 m的面积比例为50.2%,厚度在5~10 m的面积比例为41.21%,厚度在10~15 m的面积比例为8.04%,厚度在15~20 m的面积比例为0.55%。依据软土厚度的空间分布情况,将沉降点划分为不同的区域。
$\mu=\frac{1}{n_{k}} \sum_{i=1}^{n_{k}} v_{i}$
式(9)中:nk为某一级别软土厚度范围所包含的所有沉降监测点总数,其中k=1,2,3,4;vi为该区域中的第i个沉降监测点速率值;μ为该级别软土厚度范围所包含的沉降监测点速率的平均值。
分别计算了不同厚度级别所在区域所有沉降点的平均沉降速率。结果如图13(b)所示。随着软土厚度的增加,沉降速率明显加快,二者呈现出明显的正相关关系。其中,区域C和区域D范围内均存在厚度为10~15 m的软土,软土分布范围与沉降空间分布范围高度一致。此外,区域B和区域C内松散状的砂类土分布较多,在受人工振动时可能发生液化,液化后的土体在固结时也会产生地面沉降。然而,由各区域沉降的时间特征可知,当不良土层较厚的区域未发生工程建设时,其沉降速率明显小于工程建设期以及建成初期,当工程建设对软土区造成了扰动之后,会加剧地面沉降。
随着城市化的发展,江东新区作为沿海城市也开展了填海造陆工程(区域B)。填海造陆区域由于原本覆盖的淤泥和回填的松软土层具有较高的含水率和压缩性[43]。填海造陆区的填土不仅需要自身固结,而且作为大面积荷载,会对下层土壤造成压力,在长期填土荷载的作用下,下层软弱土层可能会发生次固结变形,导致沉降问题持续。因此,这些区域通常会经历一个长期的、不均匀的沉降过程。不同填海区域由于填海时间、软土排水固结作用、土层厚度和人类活动的差异,沉降情况不尽相同,这也是区域B中不同位置的地面沉降速率分布不均匀的主要原因。另外,值得一提的是,填海造陆活动引起的地面沉降现象是长期且不可逆的,应长期关注其沉降演化情况直至逐步稳定,该过程可能会持续多年时间。
2018年以来,海口市江东新区被设立为自由贸易区(港),该区域进入了大规模开发建设阶段[44]。自2019年底起,江东新区开发建设强度显著增加,对该区域的地面沉降产生了显著影响[45]。在图6中,江东新区各年度的地面沉降变化显示,2020—2021年沉降速率明显升高,这一趋势与江东新区的开发建设紧密相关。将地面沉降与光学影像进行叠加分析发现,沉降严重的区域多沿道路分布(如区域A和区域D),表明道路工程建设产生的地面荷载已成为地面沉降加剧的主要因素之一[16]。江东新区的地面载荷主要来源于地面建筑施工、道路建设和繁忙的交通物流活动,其中以动态车辆荷载的影响最为显著。当汽车载荷超过土体的承载强度时,可能导致地面沉降,引发道路裂纹甚至塌陷,对交通系统造成严重影响[46]
综上所述,江东新区的不良工程地质条件及快速开发建设都与沉降速率的加剧密切相关,填海造陆、建筑物及道路等土地利用方式的变化对地面沉降的加剧也具有显著影响[47]。未来随着开发强度的增高或荷载的持续增大,可能会进一步加剧地面沉降问题。
利用SBAS-InSAR技术监测了海口市江东新区2018年1月—2024年2月的地面沉降,识别了地面沉降的时空分布特征,定性与定量分析了其成因。主要得出如下结论。
(1)江东新区大部分区域总体上处于稳定状态,局部存在沉降速率超过-15 mm/a的严重区域,主要位于美兰国际机场、填海造陆区及沿主要交通干线分布区域。总体的沉降速率经历了先极慢后加快再变慢的过程。
(2)空间叠加分析发现,江东新区的地面沉降现象受多种因素影响。其中自然因素主要受地质岩土的构成影响,特别是软土与回填土对沉降的影响显著;人为因素主要包括大规模建设施工和地面过度载荷。
(3)研究结果中的沉降严重区域与软土分布、地质构造划分及工程建设区域的空间分布相吻合,验证了结果的可信度。
(4)将InSAR手段与地质资料相结合,运用大数据统计方法为江东新区大范围地面沉降探究提供了新的思路和方法,更进一步提高了研究的准确性。与前人研究相比,本文研究发现近年来大型工程建设逐渐成为影响江东新区地面沉降的主要原因,这一点在以往的研究中并未得到充分重视。这些新认识不仅丰富了我们对城市沉降机制的理解,也为城市规划和灾害管理提供了新的视角。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42071453)
  • 海南省自然科学基金(423RC550)
  • 海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024GXJS289)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406815
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2025-04-07
基金
国家自然科学基金(42071453)
海南省自然科学基金(423RC550)
海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024GXJS289)
作者信息
    1 东北大学资源与土木工程学院, 沈阳 110000
    2 海南水文地质工程地质勘察院, 海口 570100
    3 中国地质大学(武汉)计算机学院, 武汉 430000

通讯作者:

* 魏恋欢(1986—),女,汉族,辽宁沈阳人,博士,副教授。研究方向:地质灾害遥感监测。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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