Article(id=1208051029485134484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404884, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719676800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-30, revisedDate=1742313600000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409932, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7852, endPage=7858, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051030063948477, articleId=1208051029485134484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Investigation on Porous Wall Parameters on Transonic Wind Tunnel Flow Characteristics, columnId=1156262731079607234, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Aeronautics and Astronautics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The perforated walls of transonic wind tunnels with different parameters have a considerable influence on the flow field quality of the test section, therefore, the characterization of the perforated wall parameters is extremely essential for the design of the test section of transonic wind tunnels. The relationship between the characteristic parameters near the perforated wall of three-dimensional and two-dimensional perforated wall models was studied using the single straight perforated hole of the FL-3 wind tunnel. The mass and velocity distributions of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional perforated wall show obvious linear characteristics under different pressure difference coefficients. It is proposed that the two-dimensional perforated wall can be equivalent to the flow characteristic parameters of the three-dimensional perforated wall by the corresponding coefficient transformation under the same incoming flow Mach number when the wall pressure difference coefficient and the boundary layer displacement thickness are satisfied. A two-dimensional calculation model of the transonic wind tunnel was established, and the effects of perforated wall parameters and free stream Mach number on the flow field and flow characteristic parameters near the wall in the test section were analyzed by numerical method. When l / d = 1, the increase in perforated wall size makes the wall pressure difference coefficient increase, otherwise, the relative area of flow in the perforated wall decreases. As d = 2 mm, the flow field was proposed. When l / d > 2, ΔCp tends to be stable. When l / d = 3, m' and S / d are the maximum values, in the Ma = 0.8 ~ 0.9 range, m' is positively correlated with the incoming Mach number, but ΔCp changes little. The pressure difference coefficient and velocity component obtained under different perforated wall parameters have certain guiding significance for understanding the perforated wall flow and adjusting the perforated wall of the test section.

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跨声速风洞不同参数开孔壁对实验段流场品质影响很大,孔壁参数特性的研究对于设计跨声速风洞实验段极其重要。在不同实验段壁压差系数下,对FL-3风洞单直孔壁在二维与三维模型下得到了质量流量与速度分量线性关系。因此提出了在满足壁压差系数和边界层位移厚度等条件下,二维孔壁流动特性可通过系数变换等效为三维孔壁的流动特征参数。在二维与三维孔壁特征参数对应的基础上,对实验段多孔壁进一步研究了在二维简化模型下孔壁参数及来流马赫数对实验段内流场及壁面附近流动特征的影响规律。在l/d=1时增大孔尺寸d=1、2、4,ΔCp从0.001增大到0.004 5,S/d从4%减小到2.5%。增大孔长径比l/d=1、2、3、4,ΔCpl/d>2时趋于不变,在l/d=3时m'S/d为最大值。m'Ma呈正相关变化,在Ma=0.8 ~ 0.9,提高来流马赫数对壁压差系数影响很小。二维与三维模型流动特征参数转换及孔壁参数研究对于深入理解孔壁流动和计算实验段多孔壁具有一定意义。

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李国文(1978—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高/低速风洞设计。E-mail:

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李国文(1978—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高/低速风洞设计。E-mail:

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李国文(1978—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高/低速风洞设计。E-mail:

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p为静压;U为直流电压

, figureFileSmall=FGdvQ8oelDY6VmnMq+Sxvw==, figureFileBig=mev2z1jY4ObXQmBZfBbkUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085595587453825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simplified model of single perforated wall of FL-3 wind tunnel, figureFileSmall=3VdSs1TVAuZVfD8pw3TKhQ==, figureFileBig=NWZM9syQl8R+n3cryDs5LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085595734254476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=图2, caption=FL-3风洞单孔壁简化模型, figureFileSmall=3VdSs1TVAuZVfD8pw3TKhQ==, figureFileBig=NWZM9syQl8R+n3cryDs5LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085595918803862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Velocity component characteristics of the boundary layer at different wall pressure differences for Ma =0.8, figureFileSmall=8RiItkq7AWT0pRZFofVKJw==, figureFileBig=Yh0SIh3T1cFEjyMbvu5wUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596082381732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Ma =0.8不同壁板压差下边界层速度分量特性, figureFileSmall=8RiItkq7AWT0pRZFofVKJw==, figureFileBig=Yh0SIh3T1cFEjyMbvu5wUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596212405163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Velocity components between the wall and the outer edge of the boundary layer at Ma =0.8, figureFileSmall=Xe5Le0maNSl1gj52kwMTLQ==, figureFileBig=gE09cZS9h4akjRyE7kMYzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596329845681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Ma =0.8壁面与边界层外缘线上速度分量关系

V为法向速度;U为主流速度;e为边界层外源线位置; wall为实验段壁面;∞为无穷远处

, figureFileSmall=Xe5Le0maNSl1gj52kwMTLQ==, figureFileBig=gE09cZS9h4akjRyE7kMYzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596501812156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Processing block diagram of 2D and 3D perforated wall characteristics, figureFileSmall=8L0NZLNR4uXkhq93n0UmVA==, figureFileBig=129JWo9ZmG6suOb3kHd1yA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596623446979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=图5, caption=二维与三维孔壁特性处理框图

V为法向速度;U为主流速度;e为边界层外源线位置;3D为三维计算模型;2D为二维计算模型

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S/d为孔内有效流动区域与孔直径比值

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Flow field parameters in the test section with different perforated wall sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d/mm Ma σM dMa/dX
1 0.80 1.28×10-4 -5.54×10-4
2 0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.04×10-4
4 0.80 1.24×10-4 -8.42×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601178460324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同孔壁尺寸下实验段流场参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
d/mm Ma σM dMa/dX
1 0.80 1.28×10-4 -5.54×10-4
2 0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.04×10-4
4 0.80 1.24×10-4 -8.42×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601304289450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of flow field distribution on the centreline of the test section with different hole wall thicknesses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
l/mm Ma σM dMa/dX
2 0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.04×10-4
4 0.80 5.44×10-4 -1.42×10-4
6 0.80 5.37×10-4 -3.71×10-4
8 0.80 5.19×10-5 -1.86×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601442701492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同孔壁厚度实验段中心线上流场分布影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
l/mm Ma σM dMa/dX
2 0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.04×10-4
4 0.80 5.44×10-4 -1.42×10-4
6 0.80 5.37×10-4 -3.71×10-4
8 0.80 5.19×10-5 -1.86×10-4
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601555947708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Distribution of flow field characteristic parameters in the porous wall tset section

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ma σM dMa/dX
0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.05×10-4
0.85 6.81×10-5 -1.74×10-4
0.90 5.30×10-5 2.13×10-4
1.05 9.93×10-4 7.90×10-3
1.10 4.50×10-3 4.84×10-2
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601694359749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051029485134484, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多孔壁实验段流场特征参数分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ma σM dMa/dX
0.80 1.06×10-4 -4.05×10-4
0.85 6.81×10-5 -1.74×10-4
0.90 5.30×10-5 2.13×10-4
1.05 9.93×10-4 7.90×10-3
1.10 4.50×10-3 4.84×10-2
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多孔壁参数对跨声速风洞流动特性的影响
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李国文 , 吴子旭
科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025,25(18): 7852-7858
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·航空、航天 2025, 25(18): 7852-7858
多孔壁参数对跨声速风洞流动特性的影响
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李国文 , 吴子旭
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院, 沈阳 110136
  • 李国文(1978—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高/低速风洞设计。E-mail:

Investigation on Porous Wall Parameters on Transonic Wind Tunnel Flow Characteristics
Guo-wen LI , Zi-xu WU
Affiliations
  • School of Aero-engine, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404884
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跨声速风洞不同参数开孔壁对实验段流场品质影响很大,孔壁参数特性的研究对于设计跨声速风洞实验段极其重要。在不同实验段壁压差系数下,对FL-3风洞单直孔壁在二维与三维模型下得到了质量流量与速度分量线性关系。因此提出了在满足壁压差系数和边界层位移厚度等条件下,二维孔壁流动特性可通过系数变换等效为三维孔壁的流动特征参数。在二维与三维孔壁特征参数对应的基础上,对实验段多孔壁进一步研究了在二维简化模型下孔壁参数及来流马赫数对实验段内流场及壁面附近流动特征的影响规律。在l/d=1时增大孔尺寸d=1、2、4,ΔCp从0.001增大到0.004 5,S/d从4%减小到2.5%。增大孔长径比l/d=1、2、3、4,ΔCpl/d>2时趋于不变,在l/d=3时m'S/d为最大值。m'Ma呈正相关变化,在Ma=0.8 ~ 0.9,提高来流马赫数对壁压差系数影响很小。二维与三维模型流动特征参数转换及孔壁参数研究对于深入理解孔壁流动和计算实验段多孔壁具有一定意义。

空气动力学  /  跨声速风洞  /  实验段孔壁参数  /  孔壁流动特性

The perforated walls of transonic wind tunnels with different parameters have a considerable influence on the flow field quality of the test section, therefore, the characterization of the perforated wall parameters is extremely essential for the design of the test section of transonic wind tunnels. The relationship between the characteristic parameters near the perforated wall of three-dimensional and two-dimensional perforated wall models was studied using the single straight perforated hole of the FL-3 wind tunnel. The mass and velocity distributions of the two-dimensional and three-dimensional perforated wall show obvious linear characteristics under different pressure difference coefficients. It is proposed that the two-dimensional perforated wall can be equivalent to the flow characteristic parameters of the three-dimensional perforated wall by the corresponding coefficient transformation under the same incoming flow Mach number when the wall pressure difference coefficient and the boundary layer displacement thickness are satisfied. A two-dimensional calculation model of the transonic wind tunnel was established, and the effects of perforated wall parameters and free stream Mach number on the flow field and flow characteristic parameters near the wall in the test section were analyzed by numerical method. When l / d = 1, the increase in perforated wall size makes the wall pressure difference coefficient increase, otherwise, the relative area of flow in the perforated wall decreases. As d = 2 mm, the flow field was proposed. When l / d > 2, ΔCp tends to be stable. When l / d = 3, m' and S / d are the maximum values, in the Ma = 0.8 ~ 0.9 range, m' is positively correlated with the incoming Mach number, but ΔCp changes little. The pressure difference coefficient and velocity component obtained under different perforated wall parameters have certain guiding significance for understanding the perforated wall flow and adjusting the perforated wall of the test section.

aerodynamic characteristics  /  transonic wind tunnel  /  perforated wall parameters  /  flow characteristics of hole wall
李国文, 吴子旭. 多孔壁参数对跨声速风洞流动特性的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7852 -7858 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404884
Guo-wen LI, Zi-xu WU. Investigation on Porous Wall Parameters on Transonic Wind Tunnel Flow Characteristics[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7852 -7858 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404884
跨声速域流动情况十分复杂,对航空、航天飞行器设计提出了更高的标准。风洞实验段采用孔壁或槽壁实现气流跨声速域流动,开孔壁外侧连通一个较大的驻室。开孔壁流动特性主要受到通气孔几何参数、实验条件和实验模型参数等影响,分析孔壁参数特性对多孔壁简化建模和实验段孔壁参数设计具有一定参考意义。
Nambu等[1]对JAXA跨声速风洞简化研究单孔壁模型,对开孔壁压差、孔长径比和边界层参数实验研究并得出孔壁穿流线性特性关系。曹世坤[2]对FL-3风洞简化为单直孔壁并建立了壁面流动模型,国力强[3]验证了二维多孔透气壁模型流动规律。王祥云[4]计算研究了渗流孔两侧压差对孔流动特性的影响,得出孔壁穿流线性特性规律。牟斌等[5]研究FL-26风洞简化单孔壁模型,得到孔壁抽吸质量与开孔壁压差的关系。屈科等[6]计算研究了跨声速风洞引射缝尺寸、实验段开孔壁孔隙率参数对流场均匀性的影响。Glazkov等[7]实验测量了T-128风洞实验段透气壁扰动速度分量关系,并指出多孔壁抽吸流量与压差不是线性关系。Neyland等[8]采用实验方法分析了开孔壁切向、法向速度分量和壁面静压分布关系,研究了开孔壁Darcy边界条件。Chan[9]实验分析了实验段边界层特征参数对孔壁流入、流出特性的影响,得到边界层位移厚度与多孔壁流动特性的关系式。Ivanov等[10]在风洞实验段入口布置尖劈控制边界层发展规律,有效降低了壁面干扰影响。刘光远等[11-12]采用实验方法对2.4 m跨声速风洞分析了壁板参数对实验段核心流的影响,研究得到了斜孔壁近壁区域气流偏角和压力系数分布关系。金佳林等[13]对NF-6风洞简化为二维孔壁模型,采用数值计算方法研究了孔壁开孔率对翼型试验的影响。Buntov等[14]采用瞬态的雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯方程数值计算研究了二维风洞模型孔壁条件对计算结果准确性的影响。Shah等[15]研究了不同湍流计算模型对风洞二维模型结果准确性的影响。数值计算方法[16-20]被广泛应用求解风洞流场,对优化风洞设计及减小壁面及支撑干扰发挥着积极作用。
目前跨声速风洞开孔壁参数特性研究工作多为单孔壁参数研究,关于不同参数下多孔壁研究法向、切向速度分量与边界层压力分布的工作不足。现采用数值计算方法研究FL-3风洞二维与三维单孔壁流动特性,并分析二维多孔壁参数对实验段流场品质和多孔壁壁面流动特性的影响规律。多孔壁参数特性研究对于跨声速风洞设计实验段开孔壁和降低开孔壁面干扰影响具有一定的研究意义。
采用有限体积法求解流场分布,积分形式的动量控制方程如式(1)所示,湍流模型选用二方程SST k-ω。求解设置方法为基于压力法的求解器,在压力-速度关联形式中采用Coupled耦合算法并设置为二阶迎风格式进行离散,时间推进采用稳态求解。通量类型选为Rhie-Chow: distance based,应用距离加权高阶插值方法,对压力梯度差进行Rhie-Chow校正。空间离散格式设置为梯度方案采用基于单元体的最小二乘法,离散动量方程中的对流项和扩散项,离散精度均为二阶迎风格式。基于文献[21]直孔壁流动特性实验示意图1的实验方法,监测渗流孔中心线法向方向上的静压值以计算来流速度v,并假定驻室内侧孔附近静压值等于驻室出口边界给定的压力值pplenum。定义符号d为渗流孔的直径,l为孔厚度。将距渗流孔前缘2.5d上游壁面上的静压值作为pwall计算开孔壁压差系数。
$ \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \iiint_{V} \boldsymbol{Q} \mathrm{~d} v+\iint_{S} F(\boldsymbol{Q}) \hat{\boldsymbol{n}} \mathrm{d} s=\iint_{S} G(\boldsymbol{Q}) \hat{\boldsymbol{n}} \mathrm{d} S$
式(1)中:VS分别为控制体体积和表面积;Q为矢量形式的守恒方程;F(Q)与G(Q)分别为无黏通量和黏性通量项通过控制体的通量项; n 为控制表面的单位外法向矢量。
FL-3风洞单孔壁简模型如图2所示,孔直径d=18 mm,壁厚l=35 mm。计算网格是采用ICEM软件划分的结构性网格,二维模型网格数量为180×104,三维模型划分的网格数量为1 280×104。孔渗流特性的参数定义式为式(2)和式(3)所示。改变驻室压力研究了渗流孔边界层外缘法/切速度分量和孔壁静压差的关系,并分析了开孔壁压差与孔质量流动特性的关系。将数值计算结果与文献[4]中的数据进行比较曲线分布规律性和数值基本一致,验证了本文方法的准确性。
$ \Delta C_{\mathrm{p}}=\frac{p_{\text {wall }}-p_{\text {plenum }}}{0.5 \rho_{\infty} v_{\infty}^{2}}$
$ m^{\prime}=\frac{(\rho v)_{\mathrm{wall}}}{(\rho v)_{\infty}}$
式中:ΔCp为多孔壁静压差系数;p为静压值;ρ为密度;U为电压;v为速度;m'为无量纲质量;下标wall为实验段壁面;plenum为驻室;∞为无穷远处。
Ma =0.8下对二维和三维单孔壁模型进行数值计算,得到了不同壁压差下孔的流动特性合曲线如图3所示。二维和三维直孔壁模型流动特性相同,边界层外缘线上的法向速度分量相对于切向速度分量比值和孔渗流质量均随开孔壁静压差增大而增大,近似线性规律变化。二维孔与三维孔在边界层外缘线上速度分量比值显著不同点是三维下计算的速度分量曲线斜率是二维k倍,而对孔壁面流出质量方面,发现在三维模型下获得的质量特性曲线与二维工况下得到的曲线区别是相差一个y轴截距b图4是壁面流出速度与边界层法向速度分布曲线,在二维与三维下壁面法向速度均要高于边界层外缘上法向速度,这种差异在三维模型下表现更为突出。二维孔计算三维孔流动规律是一致的,但要正确表示三维孔的流动特性需要对二维下获得的数据进行系数修正,在同一马赫数和压差系数且边界层位移厚度比直径δ*/d相同时,系数变换流程图如图5所示。
孔流动特性分析得到三维与二维孔壁速度分量和质量特性表现线性变化,因此对0.2 m小型跨声速风洞开孔壁实验段并建立如图6所示的二维计算模型。开孔壁基本参数如下:孔隙率22.5%,实验段孔壁参数研究为孔直径d=2 mm下,研究l/d=1、2、3、4;在l/d=1下,研究d=1 mm、2 mm、4 mm。孔参数研究依据是基于0.6 m实验段开孔壁的孔直径一般为8 mm,而孔直径与实验段尺寸基本成正比关系,因此对0.2 m实验段研究最大孔直径为4 mm。分析当实验段速度均匀区的Ma= 0.8时,不同参数孔壁对实验段流场分布和开孔壁流动特性的影响。
在孔径比为1时研究不同渗流孔尺寸对实验段流场分布特性的影响,调节进口总压使得不同开孔壁参数下的实验段稳定区速度为0.8 Ma。不同孔尺寸下开孔壁实验段流场品质特征参数如表1所示,孔尺寸对轴向速度梯度σM和均方根偏差dMa/dX影响较大,在d=2 mm时取得最小值。孔尺寸太小会限制气流通过开孔壁在实验段与驻室质量传递,而孔尺寸过大则会破坏流场均匀性。
渗流孔尺寸影响着实验段流场分布特性和开孔壁压力分布,不同孔尺寸下开孔壁压差系数如图7所示。压差系数随着孔尺寸的增大而增大,实验段壁压和驻室静压与渗流孔尺寸成正相关变化规律,但驻室内压增大于相同孔尺寸下实验段壁压增。在Ma =0.8时,开孔壁实验段压力分布规律是实验段壁压略小于驻室静压,比值约为1。不同尺寸渗流孔内有效流通大小与孔直径比值的关系如图8所示,孔内有效流动面积随着孔尺寸的增大而降低,S/d<5%,对实验段抽吸作用不显著,但开孔壁调节了实验段内压力分布规律。
由孔尺寸参数分析得出渗流孔直径为2 mm时,流场品质较好。因此在渗流孔直径为2 mm时,研究二维直孔壁模型不同壁厚参数对实验段和多孔壁特征参数的影响规律。数值计算中通过改变收缩段入口压力值,使得实验段中心线上速度稳定段区域的平均马赫数为0.8。实验段中心线上马赫数均方根偏差和轴向梯度如表2所示,多孔壁壁厚增加对于降低轴线速度最大偏差、马赫数均方根偏差是有益的,而对轴向梯度影响是当l/d=2时,轴向梯度变化最小。实验段中心法向处的孔流动特性参数随长径比分布曲线如图9所示,多孔壁长径比对壁面边界层外缘线上的速度分量影响很小,长径比对压差影响规律是随着长径比增大而减小,当l/d>2时压差基本不变。多孔壁上速度与无量纲化的孔质量流量成正相关变化,并在l/d=3时出现峰值。不同壁厚影响孔内流动区域如图10所示,参数定义S/d表示孔内流通面积无量纲化比值。图11所示为不同长径比下孔内流通面积相对大小关系,孔内有效流动区域与孔直径比值S/d随着l/d的增大是先上升后降低,并在l/d=3时取得最大值,S/d=18%。在亚音速来流条件下,研究发现随着孔长径比l/d的增大,驻室内静压值和实验段壁面上压力值均在变大。
图12图13是孔内采样线上压力和速度分布曲线,压力沿着孔内法向分布是先降低后趋于不变,多孔壁长径比增大,孔内法向压力分布更短距离达到稳定值。下面以图12l/d=2曲线为例分析法向压力分布规律,在Δy/l < 0.1时,渗流孔内采样线上的压力是大于驻室内压力,流动情况为顺压梯度。当0.1< Δy/l <0.4,采样线上压力表现为继续降低后升高,当0.4 < Δy/l时,采样线上压力基本保持不变,但孔内压力却小于驻室静压。渗流孔出口处压力值小于驻室内压力,孔内形成涡,不同长径比孔内涡分布规律不同,影响孔内流通区域大小。图13为渗流孔采样线上法向速度分布,Δy/d=0.22处速度达到最大值80 m/s,然后降低,随着l/d的变大,孔出口处法向速度更接近0。
多孔壁参数d=2 mm,l/d=1,研究实验段模型区马赫数分别为0.8、0.85、0.9、1.05和1.1条件下,实验速度对多孔壁实验段流动特性分布的影响规律。多孔壁压差系数和质流特性随马赫数分布如图14所示,在实验条件小于/Ma时,多孔壁压差系数和引射出流质量随来流速度成变化较小,随着马赫数接近一,多孔壁压差系数趋于零。当实验速度大于/Ma,多孔壁两侧静压差值实现由负变正,实验段壁压大于驻室内静压,两曲线变化变化趋势一致,曲线斜率均随马赫数增大而增大。实验段中心线0.6 ~0.9 m采样线上速度均方根偏差和轴向速度梯度在不同实验马赫数下分布数据如表3所示,实验段均方根分布和速度梯度在亚音速条件下显著低于超声速下条件。
二维多孔壁模型马赫数云图分布如图15所示,实验段入口约20%的区域内为加速膨胀区,实验段内气流速度跨越声速并趋于稳定。为分析壁面附近流动情况,在距离壁面为2.5d处绘制两个采样线。图16为采样线上密度分布,在加速膨胀区内a处,密度受孔作用变化显著,受孔前缘膨胀区影响流体密度变小,而孔后缘压缩区域密度变大,然后又受到下游孔前缘作用又变小。在稳定区内b处采样线上密度受孔前后缘膨胀、压缩区域影响较小,密度减小。
(1)在M=0.8条件下研究二维与三维单孔壁质流和压差分布得到存在相似的线性特性。
(2)研究多孔壁长径比为1时,增大渗流孔直径分别为1、2、4 mm,孔壁面压差系数增大,孔内相对流通面积减小。d=2 mm对应的多孔壁实验段流场分布较好。
(3)研究在孔直径为2 mm下,增大多孔壁长径比为1、2、3、4,得到当l/d>2时ΔCp趋于稳定,m'l/d=3时取得最大值,适当增大多孔壁厚度对实验段流场品质时有益的。
(4)增大来流马赫数,多孔壁引射气流质量增大和压差由负变正。在亚音速下随马赫数增大而实验段流场品质变好,但在低超声速下随马赫数增大而变差。
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404884
  • 接收时间:2024-06-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-03-19
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    沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院, 沈阳 110136
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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