Article(id=1208051028847600245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405699, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722182400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-29, revisedDate=1743091200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409780, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409780, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409780, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409780, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7832, endPage=7842, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051029329945226, articleId=1208051028847600245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=The Impact of Machine Learning-based Community Built Environment on Walking Time of the Elderly, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the impact of the community built environment on the walking time of elderly people, and considering gender differences among the elderly group, a CatBoost model was constructed and the SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) explanation method was integrated. The relative importance and nonlinear relationships of the community built environment features with the walking time of elderly people of different genders were comparatively analyzed. The study findings indicate that the community built environment variables have a more significant influence on the walking time of the elderly compared to personal socioeconomic attributes. However, the impact varies between genders. Compared to elderly males, elderly females pay more attention to built environment variables closely related to social needs, such as NDVI and population density. In contrast, the walking time of elderly males is more closely associated with personal socioeconomic attributes, often linked to transportation convenience and travel efficiency.

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为探究社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响,考虑到老年群体的性别差异,构建CatBoost模型并结合SHAP解释方法(Shapley additive explanations,SHAP),对比分析社区建成环境与不同性别老年人步行时间的特征相对重要度及非线性关系。研究结果表明:相较于个人社会经济属性变量,社区建成环境变量对老年人步行时间影响更显著,但对不同性别老年人的影响效应有所差异。其中,相较于老年男性,老年女性更关注与社交需求密切的建成环境变量,如归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、人口密度等。而老年男性的步行时间与个人社会经济属性联系更加紧密,步行时间多与交通便捷性、出行效率相关。

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朱震军(1990—),男,汉族,江苏宜兴人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧交通规划、建成环境治理、出行行为建模。E-mail:

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朱震军(1990—),男,汉族,江苏宜兴人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧交通规划、建成环境治理、出行行为建模。E-mail:

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朱震军(1990—),男,汉族,江苏宜兴人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧交通规划、建成环境治理、出行行为建模。E-mail:

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Science Technology and Engineering, 2024, 24(11): 4698-4710., articleTitle=Evaluation and optimization of neighborhood walkability based on Kano model and multi-source data, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208085598259224618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, awardId=52402385, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52402385), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208085599496544308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, awardId=2020SJA0125, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2020SJA0125), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208085599668510786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, awardId=163106041, language=CN, fundingSource=南京林业大学高学历(高层次)人才科研启动基金项目(163106041), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208085599836282956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597277758455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Summary of sample research variables

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类型 变量名称 变量含义 女性 男性
均值 标准差 均值 标准差
出行特征 步行时间 老年人完成一次出行的累计步行时间/min 15.31 10.03 16.04 9.02
社会经济属性 年收入 0为低于2万元,
1为[2,5)万元,
2为[5,8)万元,
3为[8,12)万元,
4为[12,15)万元,
5为15万元及以上,
0.94 1.11 0.98 1.10
学龄前儿童数量 家庭学龄前儿童数量 1.04 1.05 1.02 0.99
自行车数量 家庭自行车拥有量/辆 0.86 0.70 0.92 0.71
小汽车数量 家庭小汽车拥有量/辆 0.61 0.76 0.69 0.69
社区建成环境属性 社区人口密度 人口密度/(人·km-2) 34 210.68 12 250.13 32 060.55 11 974.63
社区居住密度 住宅数量/(个·km-2) 22.37 12.38 23.55 11.68
土地利用混合度 缓冲区内土地利用的多样性 0.57 0.04 0.56 0.04
NDVI 归一化植被指数 0.26 0.04 0.26 0.03
公园数量 公园数量 0.46 0.64 0.53 0.62
交叉口数 交叉口数量 20.85 10.58 19.43 10.46
公交站点数 公交站点数量 8.18 4.40 8.44 3.98
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597395197953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本研究变量描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 变量名称 变量含义 女性 男性
均值 标准差 均值 标准差
出行特征 步行时间 老年人完成一次出行的累计步行时间/min 15.31 10.03 16.04 9.02
社会经济属性 年收入 0为低于2万元,
1为[2,5)万元,
2为[5,8)万元,
3为[8,12)万元,
4为[12,15)万元,
5为15万元及以上,
0.94 1.11 0.98 1.10
学龄前儿童数量 家庭学龄前儿童数量 1.04 1.05 1.02 0.99
自行车数量 家庭自行车拥有量/辆 0.86 0.70 0.92 0.71
小汽车数量 家庭小汽车拥有量/辆 0.61 0.76 0.69 0.69
社区建成环境属性 社区人口密度 人口密度/(人·km-2) 34 210.68 12 250.13 32 060.55 11 974.63
社区居住密度 住宅数量/(个·km-2) 22.37 12.38 23.55 11.68
土地利用混合度 缓冲区内土地利用的多样性 0.57 0.04 0.56 0.04
NDVI 归一化植被指数 0.26 0.04 0.26 0.03
公园数量 公园数量 0.46 0.64 0.53 0.62
交叉口数 交叉口数量 20.85 10.58 19.43 10.46
公交站点数 公交站点数量 8.18 4.40 8.44 3.98
), ArticleFig(id=1208085597533609990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051028847600245, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Model performance evaluation results

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性别 迭代次数 学习率 深度 L2叶正则化 边界计数 装袋温度
老年女性 3 000 0.004 9 9.356 773 20
老年男性 164 0.758 9 17 600 0.758
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模型超参数值

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性别 迭代次数 学习率 深度 L2叶正则化 边界计数 装袋温度
老年女性 3 000 0.004 9 9.356 773 20
老年男性 164 0.758 9 17 600 0.758
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Model performance evaluation results

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参数 CatBoost模型 随机森林模型 线性模型
老年
女性
老年
男性
老年
女性
老年
男性
老年
女性
老年
男性
RMSE 8.830 6.018 9.143 6.388 11.029 7.741
MSE 5.958 4.621 6.048 4.924 8.492 6.055
R2 0.397 0.515 0.354 0.453 0.060 0.197
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模型性能评估结果

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参数 CatBoost模型 随机森林模型 线性模型
老年
女性
老年
男性
老年
女性
老年
男性
老年
女性
老年
男性
RMSE 8.830 6.018 9.143 6.388 11.029 7.741
MSE 5.958 4.621 6.048 4.924 8.492 6.055
R2 0.397 0.515 0.354 0.453 0.060 0.197
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基于机器学习的社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响
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朱震军 1 , 何展鹏 1 , 俞佳雯 2 , 韩吉 1 , 李晴 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(18): 7832-7842
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(18): 7832-7842
基于机器学习的社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响
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朱震军1 , 何展鹏1, 俞佳雯2, 韩吉1, 李晴1
作者信息
  • 1 南京林业大学汽车与交通工程学院, 南京 210037
  • 2 东南大学交通学院, 南京 211189
  • 朱震军(1990—),男,汉族,江苏宜兴人,博士,副教授,硕士研究生导师。研究方向:智慧交通规划、建成环境治理、出行行为建模。E-mail:

The Impact of Machine Learning-based Community Built Environment on Walking Time of the Elderly
Zhen-jun ZHU1 , Zhan-peng HE1, Jia-wen YU2, Ji HAN1, Qing LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
  • 2 School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405699
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为探究社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响,考虑到老年群体的性别差异,构建CatBoost模型并结合SHAP解释方法(Shapley additive explanations,SHAP),对比分析社区建成环境与不同性别老年人步行时间的特征相对重要度及非线性关系。研究结果表明:相较于个人社会经济属性变量,社区建成环境变量对老年人步行时间影响更显著,但对不同性别老年人的影响效应有所差异。其中,相较于老年男性,老年女性更关注与社交需求密切的建成环境变量,如归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、人口密度等。而老年男性的步行时间与个人社会经济属性联系更加紧密,步行时间多与交通便捷性、出行效率相关。

社区建成环境  /  老年人  /  步行时间  /  CatBoost模型  /  SHAP解释方法

To explore the impact of the community built environment on the walking time of elderly people, and considering gender differences among the elderly group, a CatBoost model was constructed and the SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) explanation method was integrated. The relative importance and nonlinear relationships of the community built environment features with the walking time of elderly people of different genders were comparatively analyzed. The study findings indicate that the community built environment variables have a more significant influence on the walking time of the elderly compared to personal socioeconomic attributes. However, the impact varies between genders. Compared to elderly males, elderly females pay more attention to built environment variables closely related to social needs, such as NDVI and population density. In contrast, the walking time of elderly males is more closely associated with personal socioeconomic attributes, often linked to transportation convenience and travel efficiency.

community built environment  /  elderly people  /  walking time  /  CatBoost model  /  SHAP explanation method
朱震军, 何展鹏, 俞佳雯, 韩吉, 李晴. 基于机器学习的社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7832 -7842 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405699
Zhen-jun ZHU, Zhan-peng HE, Jia-wen YU, Ji HAN, Qing LI. The Impact of Machine Learning-based Community Built Environment on Walking Time of the Elderly[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7832 -7842 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405699
随着新生人口出生率逐年下降,中国正逐步进入人口老龄化的新阶段。根据第七次全国人口普查公告显示,中国60岁及以上的老年人口已达2.64×108,占总人口比例的18.7%[1]。迅速的人口老龄化给社会福利体系与社区环境治理带来了巨大挑战,中国政府高度重视此问题,制定实施了一系列的政策措施。其中《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》要求改善公共健康设施,加强社区环境治理,提高老年人生活环境质量。为满足老年人的养老需求,2021年发布的《“十四五”国家老龄事业发展和养老服务体系规划》中明确指出构建适老宜居的生活环境,推进社区适老化改造,建设老年友好型社区。
建成环境(built environment)通常指由人类设计建造的所有类型环境,包括建筑、基础设施、公共空间、交通系统等[2]。社区是老年人的基本生活单位,为老年人提供各种基础设施和养老服务的同时,承担着重要的社会功能[3]。在当前城市更新与老龄化叠加背景下,社区建成环境的适老化改造受到各方关注。作为建成环境的微观反映,社区建成环境更强调区域性、个性化的需求,对社区居民,尤其是老年人的日常生活具有直接影响。相较于一般建成环境,社区建成环境结构更加复杂,涉及因素更加多元,研究内容更加丰富。根据社区建成环境的特点,王厚雷等[4]将社区建成环境分为主观、客观两类,进一步揭示了不同社区建成环境如何影响老年人户外体育活动。Han等[5]以多尺度视角,挖掘社区建成环境与老年人休闲活动的相互作用机制,为全面评估社区建成环境与老年人休闲活动之间的关系提供新思路。因此,在研究社区建成环境对老年人步行行为的影响时,需要采用更为精细化、灵活的研究方法和策略。
步行作为中国老年人主要出行方式和体育活动,适当的步行可以促进其身心健康,提升社会参与感[6]。然而,随着年龄增长,老年人的性别差异体现在生理、心理、家庭角色等多个层面。相较于老年男性,老年女性由于体脂率更高,削弱了肌肉力量,无法长时间在复杂环境中行走[7-8]。相关研究证实,老年女性和男性在情绪反应和社会感知等心理方面存在显著差异,老年女性更注重家人陪伴和社会支持[9]。此外,由于历史、文化背景等原因,老年女性和男性在家庭中扮演着不同的角色[10]。这些差异可能导致不同性别老年人在面对同样的建成环境时,产生不同的步行行为。
增量优化的理念和低密度、蔓延式的城市发展模式,使得既有研究大多从线性视角探讨建成环境对老年人步行行为的影响[11-13],但线性模型往往事先假设变量之间存在线性关系,导致无法捕捉变量复杂的交互作用,缺乏灵活性。随着机器学习类模型和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术运用到相关研究中,更多学者从非线性视角挖掘出建成环境与老年人步行之间的复杂关系。Sun等[14]通过构建随机森林模型结合结构方程模型,揭示建成环境与老年人步行之间的非线性关系,进一步说明这种关系存在阈值效应。刘吉祥等[15]基于极端梯度提升模型,对出行距离、住房大小、容积率等主要建成环境变量进行分析,探索了影响老年人活力出行的主要影响因素及变量间的非线性关系。
综上所述,既有研究大多将老年人视为一个群体,而对不同性别老年人的关注较少,这也许会导致老年女性与男性的某些步行特征被忽视,现有设施无法满足其对步行环境需求。虽然已经有研究开始关注建成环境对老年人步行时间的影响,但是对于性别差异是如何通过社区建成环境影响老年人步行时间,有待进一步解释。此外,既有研究较多关注线性回归以及支持向量机、随机森林这些传统的机器学习模型,它们的训练速度较慢,需要大量计算资源,泛化性能较弱,有过拟合等风险。因此,可考虑基于梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree,GBDT)的机器学习算法,如CatBoost模型,以分析建成环境对不同性别老年人步行出行的影响。
基于此,现采用2021年汕头市居民出行调查数据、地理空间大数据等多源统计数据,构建CatBoost模型并结合夏普利加性解释(Shapley additive explanations,SHAP)解释方法,以性别差异视角,深入挖掘社区建成环境对老年女性和男性步行时间的特征相对重要度及非线性影响,对比分析不同性别老年人步行时对社区建成环境的需求特点。以期揭示社区建成环境与不同性别老年人步行时间的关系,提高资源配置效率,为城市规划与社区建成环境适老化改造提供新的视角和方法。
数据来源于2021年汕头市居民出行调查数据、城市POI数据与城市遥感影像数据等多源统计数据。其中2021年汕头市居民出行调查数据由政府部门组织调查并进行搜集处理,以发放问卷的方式获取,问卷内容包括居民的出行时间、出行方式、出行频率以及个人和家庭社会经济属性,为尊重保护调查对象的隐私,所有数据均已脱敏处理。
城市POI数据与城市遥感影像数据为建成环境相关数据,主要通过高德地图、OpenStreetMap、MODIS获取,获取的数据集包括POI点的名称、类别、经纬度、红外影像数据、高光谱影像数据等,运用ArcGIS对相关数据进行空间校正、社区位置定位、影像特征提取。
选取汕头市金平区作为研究区域。金平区作为汕头市的中心城区,是汕头市政治、文化中心[16]。截至2020年年底,全区有60 岁以上老年人口159 590人,占全区总人口20.54%[17],属于典型的老龄化社会。因此,从2021年汕头市居民出行调查数据中,筛选金平区88 个社区60 岁以上老年人步行出行样本2 006 份,包括男性老年人样本1 076 份,女性老年人样本930 份,具体的抽样社区分布如图1所示。
既有研究大多采用由3Ds发展得到的5Ds作为建成环境评价指标体系,5Ds分别指密度、多样性、设计、目的地可达性、到换乘点距离。而社区建成环境是建成环境的微观表示,其评价指标可参考建成环境评价指标。由于步行时间作为一项指标,直接反映了个体参与日常活动的能力,对老年人特别是老年女性而言,步行时间不仅代表着身体活动量,更是评估其独立完成日常任务能力的重要参数。结合当前研究现状与已采集的数据,采用加入个人社会经济属性(socio-demographics)的建成环境评价指标选取研究解释变量,老年人的步行时间作为研究响应变量。考虑到老年人身体机能的下降导致出行距离衰减,主要对社区500 m缓冲区内的建成环境特征进行统计[18]。社区建成环境变量中,以社区人口密度、社区居住密度表示密度;以土地利用混合度表示多样性,缓冲区内土地利用混合度以熵的形式表征,熵值越大表示缓冲区内不同类型的土地利用在空间上分布更加均匀,其计算公式[19]
$ H=\frac{-\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{i} \ln P_{i}\right)}{\ln n}$
式(1)中:H为研究区域内土地利用混合度;Pi为第i种用地占比;n为缓冲区内总的用地类型数。
根据老年人步行出行特征,主要选取居住、商业、绿地、公共服务和其他5种用地类型。
以缓冲区内归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、公园数量表示设计,NDVI是通过红光和近红外光波段的反射率差异来评估地表植被的覆盖度,可以用来评估绿色空间或自然环境的分布和质量。本研究所涉及的NDVI均来源于Landsat 8卫星拍摄的2021年汕头市1 km精度遥感影像数据,利用ArcGIS的栅格计算器和表格分区统计工具处理缓冲区内的NDVI值;以缓冲区内交叉口的数量表示目的地可达性;以缓冲区内公交站点的数量表示到换乘点距离。
表1汇总了各个变量类型及其含义。调查样本中,不同性别老年人的年收入、学龄前儿童数量差异较小。45%的男性老年人和50%的女性老年人年收入低于2 万元,男性老年人家庭平均拥有0.91 辆自行车、0.69 辆小汽车,略高于女性老年人的0.86 辆自行车、0.61 辆小汽车。除社会经济属性变量外,表1还描述了500 m缓冲区内建成环境属性相关变量,包括社区人口密度、社区居住密度、土地利用混合度、NDVI、公园数量、交叉口数、公交站点数7个指标,上述指标均已被证实与老年人步行行为存在密切关联[20-21]
CatBoost模型(categorical boosting)是一个基于梯度提升决策树的机器学习模型,通过迭代地训练一系列决策树,使得每棵新树都修正上一棵树的错误,从而逐步提高模型的性能[22]。不仅具有梯度提升决策树模型鲁棒性强、可解释性高、自定义损失函数等优点,而且在对类别特征处理与降低过拟合风险方面表现优异,对于非线性关系有很好的拟合能力。如式(2)和式(3)所示,CatBoost模型目标是最小化损失函数,在每一步迭代中,对损失函数的梯度进行近似,并添加一个新的决策树来最小化这个近似的损失。
$ L[y, f(x)]=[y-f(x)]^{2}$
$ f_{m}(x)=f_{m-1}(x)+h_{m}(x)$
式中:L为损失函数;fm(x)为第m步迭代后的模型;fm-1(x)为第m-1步迭代的模型;hm(x)为第m步迭代中新添加的决策树。
虽然CatBoost模型在预测性能上表现优秀,但由于它是基于梯度提升决策树的集成模型,无法直观展现模型内部各个特征变量如何影响模型决策,直接解释其预测结果可能较为困难。SHAP解释方法(Shapley additive explanations)是一种用于解释机器学习模型预测结果的方法,它基于博弈论中的Shapley值,将预测结果的解释分解为每个特征的贡献,提高模型的可解释性。SHAP解释方法计算原理如式(4)所示。
$ y_{i}=y_{\text {base }}+f\left(x_{i 1}\right)+f\left(x_{i 2}\right)+\cdots+f\left(x_{i n}\right)$
式(4)中:xin为第i个老年人样本的第n个特征;f(xin)为xin的SHAP值;yi为模型对xi的预测结果;ybase为所有老年人样本步行时间的均值。
因此,本文研究将CatBoost模型与SHAP解释方法结合,以解释社区建成环境与不同性别老年人步行之间复杂的非线性关系。在构建CatBoost模型时,为改善模型的性能,使用贝叶斯优化方法(Bayesian optimization)进行超参数调优。此外,SHAP解释方法的SHAP包中嵌入了一种改进的TreeExplainer方法,可以有效导出Shapley值。在此基础上,CatBoost模型能够输出各变量相对重要度与SHAP值的部分依赖图。
尽管多重共线性对CatBoost模型影响较小,但仍然会影响到其特征重要性分析。在存在多重共线性的情况下,高度相关特征之间的重要性得分被分散,导致分析结果产生偏差[23]。因此,在构建CatBoost模型分析社区建成环境与不同性别老年人步行时间的关系前,根据数据集中变量间存在非线性关系等特性,选择肯德尔相关系数检验变量间是否存在多重共线性。如图2所示,各个变量间的肯德尔相关系数均小于0.7,且p<0.05,通过共线性检验,可做进一步分析。
为了全面准确地评估CatBoost模型的性能,采用k折交叉验证法。k折交叉验证法是一种常用的模型验证技术,可以通过将数据集分割为k个子集进行多轮训练和测试,确保模型的评估不会受到数据分布偏差的影响,从而提高评估结果的准确性和稳定性。选用均方根误差(RMSE)、均方误差(MSE)和决定系数(R2)作为CatBoost模型性能评价指标。
基于此,以不同性别老年人的步行时间为响应变量,社区建成环境属性与社会经济属性为解释变量构建CatBoost模型。表2为经过贝叶斯优化方法寻找超参数后,不同性别老年人CatBoost模型的超参数值。两组老年人数据的最优超参数值有较大的区别,反映出社区建成环境对老年女性和男性步行时间的影响机制存在差异。老年女性数据需要更低的学习率和更多的迭代次数,说明不同性别老年人步行时间数据可能存在不同分布,社区建成环境对女性老年人步行时间的影响关系更复杂。
评价指标结果显示,对于不同性别老年人,模型的表现良好。其中男性老年人模型表现优于女性老年人模型表现,这可能是由于老年女性和老年男性对社区建成环境的需求和偏好的不同所导致。此外,与随机森林模型、线性模型相比,CatBoost模型中的老年女性与老年男性的RMSE、MSE均明显下降,R2均明显提高,说明CatBoost模型解释度更高,模型性能更稳定,不同性别老年人模型性能评估结果如表3所示。随机森林模型同样使用贝叶斯优化方法寻找最优超参数。
SHAP值可以定量反映每个特征变量对模型预测结果贡献度的大小,通过分析各个特征变量在CatBoost模型中的相对重要程度,进一步揭示不同性别老年人的步行时间与社区建成环境属性及社会经济属性之间的关系。图3展示了各变量在老年女性和老年男性步行时间预测模型中的总体可解释性概括图。结果表明:①对于老年女性,相对重要度由高到低分别是NDVI、交叉口数、土地利用混合度、社区人口密度、学龄前儿童数量、公交站点数、社区居住密度、年收入、公园数量、自行车数量、小汽车数量;②对于老年男性,交叉口数、社区人口密度和学龄前儿童数量相对重要度更高,而NDVI的相对重要性降低;③社区建成环境属性相对重要度一般高于社会经济属性,但是老年女性步行时间受建成环境属性影响较大,而个人社会经济属性对老年男性的步行时间影响显著。
根据图3结果分析,交叉口数对老年女性和老年男性步行时间影响均显著,这表明在未来的城市规划和社区适老化改造中,应注重缓冲区内交叉口数量,以满足老年女性和老年男性步行的安全性、便捷性和社交互动需求。此外,老年女性和老年男性在社区建成环境属性相对重要度上存在一定差异。例如,NDVI对老年女性的影响较大,而对老年男性的影响较小。这表明与老年男性相比,老年女性在步行时更加关注周围环境的绿化程度,既有研究证实绿化环境通常与户外休闲活动和社交互动相关[24-25]。为满足老年女性的步行环境需求,城市规划和社区适老化改造应考虑增加绿化空间,以提高其生活质量和社交互动的便利性。
图4~图10为各社区建成环境属性与不同性别老年人步行时间SHAP的部分依赖图,横坐标为建成环境属性特征值,纵坐标为对应的SHAP。图中的每个散点表示一个数据点,散点图反映了数据在不同特征值下的SHAP分布;红色折线上的点为特征区间对应的平均SHAP,红色折线则表示平均SHAP的整体趋势;红色虚线表示所有数据点SHAP的平均值,当某个特征区间对应的平均SHAP在虚线上方时,表示该特征区间与模型输出的结果正相关;反之,若在虚线下方,则该特征区间与模型输出的结果负相关。
图4为交叉口数与老年女性、老年男性步行时间关系的SHAP对比图,图中交叉口数对不同性别老年人步行时间均影响显著。对于老年女性,缓冲区内交叉口数量对步行时间影响呈现“减-增-减”的趋势,当交叉口数量达到26 个时,该特征值不再促进老年女性步行时间。对于老年男性,缓冲区内交叉口数量对步行时间影响趋势呈现先降低后平稳,当缓冲区内交叉口数量达到14 个时,该特征值对老年男性步行时间具有负向影响,随后缓冲区内交叉口数量在25 个时保持稳定。在交叉口数较多时,老年男性的步行时间减少更明显,这说明老年男性在步行过程中更加关注道路的连通性与复杂程度,交叉口数量的增加会增加道路的复杂性[26-27],反而降低了他们的步行意愿。
图5图6为NDVI、土地利用混合度与老年女性、老年男性步行时间关系的SHAP值对比图,由图7可知该特征值对不同性别老年人步行时间影响均呈现“互补”关系。如图5所示,NDVI对老年女性步行时间的影响先增加后减少,在值约为0.285时,正向影响最大;相对而言,NDVI对老年男性步行时间的影响先减少后增加,在值约为0.315时,负向影响最大。这说明NDVI对不同性别老年人步行时间影响具有明显的阈值效应,且对老年女性步行促进作用显著,而老年男性可能对周围绿化环境的关注相对较少。如图6所示,土地利用混合度对不同性别老年人影响具有差异性,较高的土地利用混合度对老年女性步行时间具有更大的正向影响,而对老年男性,当土地利用混合度值大于0.54时产生负向影响。城市规划者应重视该“互补”关系,充分考虑老年女性和老年男性之间的差异,以满足不同性别老年人对步行的环境需求。
图7为公交站点数与老年女性、老年男性步行时间关系的SHAP对比图,由图7可知公交站点数对不同性别老年人步行时间均具有正向影响,且缓冲区内公交站点数越多该影响越显著。这可能是由于缓冲区内公交站点的数量与周边设施的可达性以及出行选择的多样性密切相关[28-29],当缓冲区内公交站点数量较多时,老年人可以轻松地选择多种出行方式,同时也能更方便地访问周围的设施,从而提高步行出行的意愿和频率。图8为公园数量与老年女性、老年男性步行时间关系的SHAP对比图,图中缓冲区内公园数量对老年女性步行时间有促进作用,而对老年男性步行时间具有先正向后负向影响,这与NDVI对不同性别老年人步行时间影响的结果基本一致,说明老年女性对周边环境绿化程度关注度更高。
图9图10分别为社区人口密度、社区居住密度与老年女性、老年男性步行时间关系的SHAP对比图,由图9可知相对于老年女性,老年男性对社区人口密度更加敏感。随着社区人口密度的增加,老年男性的步行时间呈现逐渐减少趋势。较高的住宅、人口密度,通常伴随着更加拥挤的街道、复杂的道路网络、较低的步行适宜性[30-31],这些因素对男性老年人的步行时间具有较大影响,再次验证了老年男性相对于老年女性更加注重步行的便捷性与道路的复杂程度。图10反映出老年女性步行时间受社区居住密度影响更大,在高居住密度的社区中,生活设施丰富多样,伴随着更多的社交机会,这说明老年女性在步行过程中更关注社交互动方面的需求;而老年男性对社区居住密度则表现出较高的容忍度,可能由于老年男性在步行过程中更重视便捷性和效率,而不是社交互动等因素。
本文研究以汕头市为例,构建CatBoost模型并结合SHAP解释方法进行局部解释,基于特征变量间的SHAP值,从交叉口数量、NDVI、土地利用混合度、公交站点数、公园数量、社区人口密度和社区居住密度等方面分析了性别差异对老年人步行时间的特征相对重要度及非线性影响。
(1)对于不同性别老年人,缓冲区内交叉口数量、社区人口密度等变量对他们的步行时间影响均显著,但各变量特征重要度具有一定的差异性。相对于老年男性,老年女性更加关注周边环境绿化程度,而道路的复杂程度、便利性对老年男性步行时间有较大影响。此外,尽管建成环境变量的相对重要度大于社会经济属性变量,但老年女性的步行时间受建成环境变量影响较大,而社会经济属性变量,如家庭学龄前儿童数量、年收入等对老年男性的步行时间影响更加显著。
(2)缓冲区内交叉口数量、社区人口密度等社区建成环境变量对不同性别老年人的步行时间影响均有阈值效应,即当社区建成环境的某些特征达到一定水平时,它们对老年人的步行时间影响显著改变,但是对于不同性别老年人的影响机制有部分区别。例如,NDVI、土地利用混合度对老年女性、老年男性步行时间均呈现“互补”关系。在NDVI约为0.285时,土地利用混合度约为0.612对老年女性正向影响最大;而NDVI约为0.315时,土地利用混合度约为0.583对老年女性正向影响较大对老年男性负向影响最大。而社区居住密度对不同性别老年人步行时间的影响趋势较相似。
(3)老年女性步行更注重社交需求、周边环境绿化程度等因素,这表明随着年龄增长,老年女性更倾向于与他人互动,追求较高的生活品质,注重心理健康。而绿化环境能够为老年女性提供一个宜人、舒适的休闲空间,有利于她们进行社交活动及心理调适。而老年男性步行意愿较多与交通便捷性、出行效率相关,这可能由于男性在家庭中更多承担物资供应的责任。因此,他们在步行时可能更关注如何节省时间,选择较短的路线以及高效的出行方式。
尽管深入挖掘了社区建成环境对不同性别老年人步行行为的特征相对重要度及非线性影响,为城市规划及社区建成环境适老化改造提供新的视角与方法。然而,本文研究仍存在一些局限性:①受地区的文化的影响,不同地区的老年人步行行为存在差异。未来可以扩大研究范围,对更多城市的不同性别老年人步行行为进行对比分析;②CatBoost模型在揭示非线性关系方面具有优势,但仍存在一定的黑箱性,利用SHAP解释方法可以进行局部解释。未来研究可以尝试使用多种的机器学习模型或算法对比研究,以增强研究结果的可解释性;③未来研究可考虑老年人群体进一步划分,引入更多个体特征,如年龄段、健康状况、教育程度等,以揭示更丰富的步行行为差异。
综上所述,本文研究从性别差异视角探讨了社区建成环境对老年人步行时间的特征相对重要度及非线性影响,为社区建成环境适老化改造提供积极启示。例如,对于老年女性,可以加强社区安全措施,提升绿化水平和休闲空间质量等;而对于老年男性,可以优化交通设施,提高公共服务设施的完善程度。在未来的城市规划及社区建成环境适老化改造过程中,应充分考虑性别差异,在保证既有设施促进某一群体步行活动的同时,尽可能改善对另一群体的消极影响,以满足不同性别老年群体对步行环境的需求,促进城市可持续发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52402385)
  • 江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2020SJA0125)
  • 南京林业大学高学历(高层次)人才科研启动基金项目(163106041)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(KYCX21_0887)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405699
  • 接收时间:2024-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-29
  • 修回日期:2025-03-28
基金
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(52402385)
江苏高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2020SJA0125)
南京林业大学高学历(高层次)人才科研启动基金项目(163106041)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划(KYCX21_0887)
作者信息
    1 南京林业大学汽车与交通工程学院, 南京 210037
    2 东南大学交通学院, 南京 211189
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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