Article(id=1208051027572531800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403777, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716220800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-21, revisedDate=1741104000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409475, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409475, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7812, endPage=7822, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051028633690734, articleId=1208051027572531800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=A Method for Identifying Cornering Stiffness Based on Real-time Estimation of Lateral Force and Slip Angle, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cornering stiffness of automobile tires is closely linked to the vehicle’s handling characteristics, and accurately estimating the tire cornering stiffness in real time is of significant importance for enhancing the stability of vehicle handling. Addressing the challenge of direct measurement of cornering stiffness, a real-time identification method based on the estimation of tire lateral force and slip angle was proposed. Firstly, considering the influence of longitudinal force on lateral force, a tire lateral force estimator was designed based on the yaw dynamics model and sliding mode observer algorithm, followed by the design of a slip angle feedback estimator based on the estimation error of lateral force. Secondly, a nonlinear tire force model that describes the relationship among tire lateral force, slip angle, and cornering stiffness was established. Taking the real-time estimated lateral force and slip angle as inputs, a recursive least squares online identification algorithm with limited memory was designed to address the issue of estimation error due to “data saturation” and improve identification accuracy. Finally, joint simulation experiments using Simulink and CarSim were conducted. The experimental results indicate that the estimation error of tire lateral force is approximately 4.153 9% on average, while the estimation error of tire slip angle is 3.285 2% on average. The identification model based on the recursive least squares method is robust to changes in road conditions, demonstrating good tracking accuracy and stability under both high and low adhesion conditions, with an average estimation accuracy of tire cornering stiffness of approximately 98.379 3%.

, correspAuthors=Peng-wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-ying FANG, Peng-wei WANG, Kai-chen CUI, Song GAO, Rong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051033780102067, articleId=1208051027572531800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=考虑轮胎实时侧向力及侧偏角的轮胎侧偏刚度辨识方法与效果, columnId=1156262730664366426, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·交通运输, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

汽车轮胎的侧偏刚度与汽车的操纵特性紧密联系,实时准确地估计轮胎侧偏刚度对提高车辆操控稳定性具有重要意义。针对侧偏刚度难以直接测量的难题,提出了一种基于轮胎侧向力和侧偏角估计的侧偏刚度实时辨识方法。首先,考虑前轮纵向力对侧向力的影响,基于横摆动力学模型及滑模观测算法设计了轮胎侧向力估计器,基于侧向力估计误差设计侧偏角反馈估计器;其次,建立了可描述轮胎侧向力、侧偏角、侧偏刚度三者关系的非线性轮胎力模型,以实时估计的侧向力、侧偏角为输入,设计限定记忆的递推最小二乘侧偏刚度在线辨识算法,解决算法因“数据饱和”存在估计误差的问题,提高辨识精度。最后,进行了Simulink与CarSim的联合仿真实验,实验结果表明:轮胎侧向力的估计误差平均约为4.153 9%,轮胎侧偏角的估计误差平均为3.285 2%;基于递推最小二乘法的侧偏刚度辨识模型对道路条件变化具有鲁棒性,在高、低附着条件下均具有较好的跟踪精度和稳定性,轮胎侧偏刚度估计精度平均约为98.379 3%。

, correspAuthors=王鹏伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 王鹏伟(1989—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能车辆运动决策与控制方法。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=/aLVLb0E/4TQQNOMpxnhJg==, magXml=QbbooVy/9F2QlXUtUyRMUQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=P6LizssUxCx2FLRlThrZzg==, pdfFileSize=5154636, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=vLDepYAaTzgl1waokPsZEQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sRSiWGxCIo9AfCaTKljxPQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

房玉莹(2000—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能汽车运动控制。E-mail:

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房玉莹(2000—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能汽车运动控制。E-mail:

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房玉莹(2000—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能汽车运动控制。E-mail:

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FyfFrf分别为前、后轴轮胎侧向力; F y f F y r分别为前、后轴轮胎侧向力的估计值;αfαr分别为前、后轴轮胎侧偏角; α f α r分别为前后轮侧偏角的估计值;Fxf为前轴纵向力;CfCr分别为前后轴轮胎侧偏刚度;Iz为车辆绕z轴的转动惯量;Iw为轮胎转动惯量;φ为横摆角; φ · ·为横摆角加速度;lflr分别为汽车质心至前、后轴的距离;m为整车质量;ay为侧向加速度;Rw为轮胎滚动半径;wf为前轮滚动的角速度;Twf为前轮驱动力矩与制动力矩的矢量和;x为当前系统状态;u为系统输入变量;d为有界的未知变量;Γ为系统所受扰动;L为反馈系数;EP为实常数;y为系统输出; θ 为侧偏刚度估计;K(k,k+L)为增益矩阵;P(k,k + L)为协方差矩阵;y(k+L)、ϕ(k+L)分别为输入、输出观测数据;I为单位矩阵; x 为当前系统状态估计值; x ·为系统滑模观测器输出值; d 为有界未知变量的估计值;L3L4分别为前后轮侧偏角估计值的修正系数;Vx为纵向速度

, figureFileSmall=VuD29QlboF9lg6CGTQSzOA==, figureFileBig=GUm7rU9UnrJleqlwBdHZ4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592160707239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Estimation of front axle longitudinal force on high adhesion, figureFileSmall=2LXYwOguDKZauTjJyIfR9A==, figureFileBig=FavjkSAGGkR9cmBr7oadww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592257176236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=高附着前轴纵向力估计, figureFileSmall=2LXYwOguDKZauTjJyIfR9A==, figureFileBig=FavjkSAGGkR9cmBr7oadww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592374616761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Estimation of front and rear axle lateral force on high attachment, figureFileSmall=La4KS8U8TyrCOyQ1fXCoEQ==, figureFileBig=eVL3RG+G20MKZLzBuBjz+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592492057290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=高附着前、后轴侧向力估计, figureFileSmall=La4KS8U8TyrCOyQ1fXCoEQ==, figureFileBig=eVL3RG+G20MKZLzBuBjz+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592617886420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Estimate of front and rear axle slip angles on high adhesion, figureFileSmall=k9LfHCj8HYLUSEM5b633qA==, figureFileBig=H4Cqw0jmNuDDhV4+Gocemw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592705966818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=图6, caption=高附着前、后轴侧偏角估计, figureFileSmall=k9LfHCj8HYLUSEM5b633qA==, figureFileBig=H4Cqw0jmNuDDhV4+Gocemw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592806630121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Identification of front axle cornering stiffness, figureFileSmall=J+6dBCh5QkciQMIRMntvsQ==, figureFileBig=sWd6W4QvekUEKkH294HaiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085592966013688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=图7, caption=前轴侧偏刚度辨识, figureFileSmall=J+6dBCh5QkciQMIRMntvsQ==, figureFileBig=sWd6W4QvekUEKkH294HaiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085593066676993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Identification of rear axle cornering stiffness, figureFileSmall=PDPVZqRrUbXYu9U4HubMag==, figureFileBig=O7w6R6ESeUROzT2oJkxEDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085593158951695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=图8, caption=后轴侧偏刚度辨识, 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Error analysis under high adhesion condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
指标
前轴纵
向力
前轴侧
向力
后轴侧
向力
前轴侧
偏角
后轴侧
偏角
MAE 8.264 8 118.594 2 89.835 5 0.001 4 0.003 4
RMSE 13.135 2 300.315 8 182.739 9 0.002 1 0.004 9
NRMSE/% 2.020 1 5.113 0 2.557 9 1.118 3 5.226 7
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595910415252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高附着条件下误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
指标
前轴纵
向力
前轴侧
向力
后轴侧
向力
前轴侧
偏角
后轴侧
偏角
MAE 8.264 8 118.594 2 89.835 5 0.001 4 0.003 4
RMSE 13.135 2 300.315 8 182.739 9 0.002 1 0.004 9
NRMSE/% 2.020 1 5.113 0 2.557 9 1.118 3 5.226 7
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596073993122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Error analysis under low adhesion condition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
指标
前轴纵
向力
前轴侧
向力
后轴侧
向力
前轴侧
偏角
后轴侧
偏角
MAE 5.330 6 159.883 2 77.287 8 0.001 2 0.002 4
RMSE 5.463 1 336.865 5 115.182 9 0.001 7 0.003 1
NRMSE/% 2.954 1 5.835 5 3.109 2 0.832 1 5.963 5
), ArticleFig(id=1208085596191433640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027572531800, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

低附着条件下误差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价
指标
前轴纵
向力
前轴侧
向力
后轴侧
向力
前轴侧
偏角
后轴侧
偏角
MAE 5.330 6 159.883 2 77.287 8 0.001 2 0.002 4
RMSE 5.463 1 336.865 5 115.182 9 0.001 7 0.003 1
NRMSE/% 2.954 1 5.835 5 3.109 2 0.832 1 5.963 5
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考虑轮胎实时侧向力及侧偏角的轮胎侧偏刚度辨识方法与效果
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房玉莹 , 王鹏伟 * , 崔凯晨 , 高松 , 张榕
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(18): 7812-7822
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(18): 7812-7822
考虑轮胎实时侧向力及侧偏角的轮胎侧偏刚度辨识方法与效果
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房玉莹 , 王鹏伟* , 崔凯晨, 高松, 张榕
作者信息
  • 山东理工大学交通与车辆工程学院, 淄博 255000
  • 房玉莹(2000—),女,汉族,山东济宁人,硕士研究生。研究方向:智能汽车运动控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 王鹏伟(1989—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能车辆运动决策与控制方法。E-mail:
A Method for Identifying Cornering Stiffness Based on Real-time Estimation of Lateral Force and Slip Angle
Yu-ying FANG , Peng-wei WANG* , Kai-chen CUI, Song GAO, Rong ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Transport and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403777
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汽车轮胎的侧偏刚度与汽车的操纵特性紧密联系,实时准确地估计轮胎侧偏刚度对提高车辆操控稳定性具有重要意义。针对侧偏刚度难以直接测量的难题,提出了一种基于轮胎侧向力和侧偏角估计的侧偏刚度实时辨识方法。首先,考虑前轮纵向力对侧向力的影响,基于横摆动力学模型及滑模观测算法设计了轮胎侧向力估计器,基于侧向力估计误差设计侧偏角反馈估计器;其次,建立了可描述轮胎侧向力、侧偏角、侧偏刚度三者关系的非线性轮胎力模型,以实时估计的侧向力、侧偏角为输入,设计限定记忆的递推最小二乘侧偏刚度在线辨识算法,解决算法因“数据饱和”存在估计误差的问题,提高辨识精度。最后,进行了Simulink与CarSim的联合仿真实验,实验结果表明:轮胎侧向力的估计误差平均约为4.153 9%,轮胎侧偏角的估计误差平均为3.285 2%;基于递推最小二乘法的侧偏刚度辨识模型对道路条件变化具有鲁棒性,在高、低附着条件下均具有较好的跟踪精度和稳定性,轮胎侧偏刚度估计精度平均约为98.379 3%。

侧向力  /  侧偏角  /  非线性特性  /  递推最小二乘法  /  侧偏刚度辨识

The cornering stiffness of automobile tires is closely linked to the vehicle’s handling characteristics, and accurately estimating the tire cornering stiffness in real time is of significant importance for enhancing the stability of vehicle handling. Addressing the challenge of direct measurement of cornering stiffness, a real-time identification method based on the estimation of tire lateral force and slip angle was proposed. Firstly, considering the influence of longitudinal force on lateral force, a tire lateral force estimator was designed based on the yaw dynamics model and sliding mode observer algorithm, followed by the design of a slip angle feedback estimator based on the estimation error of lateral force. Secondly, a nonlinear tire force model that describes the relationship among tire lateral force, slip angle, and cornering stiffness was established. Taking the real-time estimated lateral force and slip angle as inputs, a recursive least squares online identification algorithm with limited memory was designed to address the issue of estimation error due to “data saturation” and improve identification accuracy. Finally, joint simulation experiments using Simulink and CarSim were conducted. The experimental results indicate that the estimation error of tire lateral force is approximately 4.153 9% on average, while the estimation error of tire slip angle is 3.285 2% on average. The identification model based on the recursive least squares method is robust to changes in road conditions, demonstrating good tracking accuracy and stability under both high and low adhesion conditions, with an average estimation accuracy of tire cornering stiffness of approximately 98.379 3%.

lateral force  /  slip angle  /  nonlinear characteristics  /  recursive least squares method  /  identification of cornering stiffness
房玉莹, 王鹏伟, 崔凯晨, 高松, 张榕. 考虑轮胎实时侧向力及侧偏角的轮胎侧偏刚度辨识方法与效果. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7812 -7822 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403777
Yu-ying FANG, Peng-wei WANG, Kai-chen CUI, Song GAO, Rong ZHANG. A Method for Identifying Cornering Stiffness Based on Real-time Estimation of Lateral Force and Slip Angle[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7812 -7822 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403777
在最新的研究调查中显示,超过90%的交通事故是由于驾驶员操作不当引发车辆失控所导致的[1]。对此,中外研究人员开发了一系列车辆控制方法避免类似情况发生。特别是主动安全控制系统,如自适应巡航控制(adaptive cruise control, ACC)[2-3]、防抱死制动系统(anti-lock braking system, ABS)[4-5]、电子稳定控制系统(electronic stability controller, ESC)[6]、碰撞避免(collision avoidance, CA)[7]、四轮转向(four wheel steering, 4WS)[8-10]等。车辆运动状态及参数对主动安全控制来说至关重要,其中横摆角速度、车速、加速度、方向盘转角等可通过传感器较为廉价地得到。轮胎作为车辆与地面直接接触的唯一部件,其侧偏刚度作为表征轮胎非线性特性的重要参数,并且与轮胎侧向力、侧偏角息息相关,进而直接影响车辆行驶稳定性,是主动安全控制中不可或缺的参数。虽然它们也可通过传感器测量得到,但仅限于试验车[11],由于传感器测量成本较高和缺乏可靠性,将其安装在量产车上是不现实的。因此,中外学者针对轮胎侧偏刚度估计展开了广泛的研究。Lu等[12]基于实时估计的轮胎侧偏刚度及侧向力数据提出了一种最优制动力分配的横摆力矩控制方法,实现对目标车辆的稳定性控制。Ni等[13]基于在线估计的轮胎侧偏刚度利用极点配置法设计了一种RSS稳定性控制方法,在改善操纵性能的基础上附加偏航力矩,显著提高了车辆行驶稳定性。梁艺潇等[14]对“魔术轮胎”加以简化成线性轮胎模型,对轮胎侧偏刚度实时在线估计,解决了模型预测控制器发生模型失配问题,进一步提高了控制器的跟踪精度和行驶稳定性。罗玉涛等[15]基于车辆行驶状态将侧偏刚度划分线性区及非线性区,对侧偏刚度进行分段辨识,更新横向控制器中线性侧偏刚度,以提高控制器路径跟踪精度。轮胎侧偏刚度不仅对主动安全控制来说至关重要,对于自动驾驶车辆的路径跟踪控制也是重要的影响因素,因此,研究行车过程中实时轮胎侧偏刚度具有非常重要的意义。
目前,获取轮胎侧偏刚度主要有两种方法:实验测定方法和参数估计方法。李玲等[16]首先基于二自由度模型建立轮胎侧偏刚度辨识模型,并通过低速圆周运动测定车辆状态变量从而估计轮胎侧偏刚度,并通过前轮转角及魔术公式验证其准确性。但车辆状态变量是在车辆线性状态下测得,所辨识的轮胎侧偏刚度仅能表征线性侧偏刚度。由于实验设备昂贵且在测量非线性侧偏刚度时存在安全隐患,现有研究开发了多种参数估计方法辨识轮胎侧偏刚度。Ye等[17]基于刷子轮胎模型计算轮胎力,利用改进卡尔曼滤波算法建立了自适应轮胎侧偏刚度,并验证了该方法在高低路面附着系数条件下的准确性。但轮胎模型参数较多且复杂,对于不同车型参数也不同,准确地调参仍是一个比较复杂烦琐的过程。陈建锋等[18]提出一种含时变轮胎侧偏刚度的车辆质心侧偏角鲁棒估计方法,解决了非线性区域的时变轮胎侧偏刚度表征问题,但实验验证不够全面,未对低附着工况进行验证。Giseo[19]假设轮胎侧偏刚度与垂直载荷之间存在线性函数关系,基于垂直载荷动态变化实时更新轮胎侧偏刚度,虽提高了车辆稳定性,但其本质为轮胎侧偏刚度动态范围的确定,对轮胎侧偏刚度估计的准确性有待提高。张志达[20]基于实时轮胎力数据,设计侧偏刚度修正因子估计轮胎侧偏刚度,虽提高了控制器性能,但是此方法得到的只是侧偏刚度的修正值,只能反映轮胎的侧偏状态,不能准确表达轮胎的侧偏刚度。高松等[21]利用侧向力与侧偏角直接相除的方法直接辨识侧偏刚度,不仅估计残差会导致出现奇异值,而且侧偏角为0时导致求解失败。卢兴华等[22]采用递推最小二乘法对轮胎侧偏刚度进行估计,但算法因“数据饱和”存在估计误差的问题,导致估计精度降低。
针对上述问题,在不依赖轮胎模型的基础上实时估计轮胎侧向力、侧偏角,现建立一种可描述轮胎侧向力、侧偏角、侧偏刚度三者关系的非线性轮胎力模型,并基于此模型设计一种限定记忆的递推最小二乘侧偏刚度在线辨识算法。首先,分析不同条件下轮胎侧向力、侧偏角与侧偏刚度之间的关系;基于车轮动力学模型及李亚普诺夫理论设计前轴纵向力估计器,其估计结果用于轮胎侧向力估计;基于横摆动力学模型及滑模观测算法设计轮胎侧向力估计器,根据侧向力估计误差设计侧偏角反馈估计器。其次,建立可描述轮胎侧向力、侧偏角、侧偏刚度三者关系的非线性轮胎力模型,以实时估计的轮胎侧向力、侧偏角为输入,设计基于限定记忆的最小二乘侧偏刚度辨识算法,解决算法因“数据饱和”存在估计误差的问题,提高侧偏刚度的辨识精度;最后,进行CarSim与Simulink的联合仿真,分别选取高、低附着路面在连续大曲率弯道工况下对轮胎侧偏刚度辨识方法进行验证。
车辆行驶过程中因自身转弯、变道等工况或因斜坡、侧向风等外界干扰轮胎会产生侧向力、侧偏角。当车速较低或变道激烈程度较低时,轮胎保持在线性区,其侧向力、侧偏角之间保持线性关系,即侧偏刚度为定值;随着车辆行驶激烈程度的增加,侧向力与侧偏角之间不再是线性关系,即侧偏刚度不再是定值。侧偏刚度不仅受侧向力、侧偏角的影响,还受到路面附着系数、垂直载荷、胎压等因素的影响,为更直观、清楚地分析轮胎侧偏刚度的影响因素,在Simulink中建立了刷子轮胎模型。
刷子轮胎模型可以很好地表达轮胎各个物理量(侧向力、侧偏角、侧偏刚度)与垂直载荷、路面附着系数之间的关系,本文研究重点关注轮胎的横向侧偏刚度,所以其侧向力刷子轮胎模型的表达式为
$ F_{y}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} C \sigma-\frac{(C \sigma)^{2}}{3 \mu F_{z}}+\frac{(C \sigma)^{3}}{27\left(\mu F_{z}\right)^{2}}, & |\sigma|<\sigma_{\mathrm{m}} \\ \mu F_{z}, & |\sigma| \geqslant \sigma_{\mathrm{m}} \end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:C为轮胎侧偏刚度,C=4a2bke,其中ab分别为轮胎接地的长度和宽度,ke为接触区的单元刚度;σm=3μFz/C为起滑极限;μ为路面附着系数;Fz为垂直载荷;σ为侧向滑移率。
为更好地探究轮胎侧偏刚度的影响因素,设置轮胎模型垂直载荷输入为3 500 N,探究一定垂直载荷条件下侧向力、侧偏角、路面附着系数与侧偏刚度的关系。图1所示为不同路面附着系数条件下的轮胎侧偏刚度,图1中4条曲线的斜率分别代表各自的侧偏刚度。当垂直载荷一定时,随着路面附着系数的降低,导致轮胎在较小的侧向力及侧偏角条件下就达到了轮胎侧滑极限,此时轮胎侧偏刚度达到最小值。路面附着系数的越低,线性侧偏刚度与轮胎实际的侧偏刚度相差越大,所带来的计算误差也就越大,造成车辆跟踪精度及稳定性下降的可能性就越大。
设置路面附着系数为1改变垂直载荷的大小,探究一定路面附着系数条件下轮胎侧向力、侧偏角、垂直载荷与轮胎侧偏刚度的关系。图2所示为不同垂直载荷条件下轮胎的侧偏刚度,图2中4条曲线的斜率分别代表其轮胎侧偏刚度。在一定垂直载荷范围内,随着垂直载荷的增加,轮胎侧偏刚度也会一定程度的增加,如图所示,当垂直载荷为1 500 N时,实际轮胎侧偏刚度小于线性侧偏刚度,当垂直载荷为5 500 N时,实际轮胎的侧偏刚度反而超过了线性侧偏刚度,但随着侧偏角及侧向力的增加,轮胎侧偏刚度逐渐下降。
通过对图1图2的分析可知,路面附着系数与轮胎垂直载荷是影响轮胎侧偏刚度的因素之一。在车辆实际行驶过程中,其车身行驶状态及路面总是不断地发生变化,进而影响轮胎的垂直载荷大小及侧滑极限,从而影响轮胎的侧偏刚度,使得侧偏刚度一直处于时变状态。此外,轮胎的充气胎压及材料也会影响轮胎侧偏刚度,随着胎压的变大,轮胎侧偏刚度会相应增大,当充气压力过大时,轮胎侧偏刚度进入饱和区不再发生变化。不同材质的轮胎也会影响轮胎侧偏刚度。
提出了基于Lyapunov、滑模观测器、反馈观测器等理论的轮胎侧偏刚度层级估计策略,如图3所示。完全脱离先验轮胎模型,仅以可观的横摆角速度、侧向加速度、纵向加速度、发动机转矩、轮缸制动压力、轮速为估计系统的输入,建立输入变量与每个子模块、子模块与子模块之间的联系便可最终完成实时轮胎侧偏刚度的精确辨识。
在滑膜观测器原理的基础上,建立了前、后轴侧向力估计器,考虑前轴纵向力对前轴侧向力的影响,设计了前轴纵向力估计器并基于李雅普诺夫理论验证了其稳定性。上层联级估计器以直接可测的横摆角速度、侧向加速度等物理量为输入,实时输出下层递推最小二乘法侧偏刚度辨识器所需的侧向力、侧偏角数据。
滑模控制对于非线性模型参数及未知的外界扰动具备较强实时性、鲁棒性等优点。轮胎作为一个非线性系统在车辆行驶过程中因侧向风、路面不平度等原因极易受到干扰,故本文研究依据滑模理论设计侧向力滑模观测器。
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \dot{x}=E u+P d+\Gamma \\ y=x \end{array}\right.$
定义系统的观测误差为 x ~=x- x ,并令s= x ~,选取Lyapunov函数V1,即
$ V_{1}=\frac{s^{2}}{2}$
对式(3)求导可得
$ \dot{V}_{1}=s \dot{s}=s \dot{\tilde{x}}=s(\dot{x}-\hat{x})$
将观测误差 x ~作为估计效果的反馈,则滑模观测器可设计为
$ \hat{x}=E u+P \hat{d}+\Gamma+L(x-\hat{x})$
将式(2)和式(5)代入式(4)可得
$ \begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{2}= & s\{(E u+P d+\Gamma)-[E u+P \hat{d}+\Gamma+ \\ & L(x-\hat{x})]\}=-s P \hat{d}+s[P d-L(x-\hat{x})] \end{aligned}$
假设存在一个足够大的数σ1,使得
$ |P d-L(x-\hat{x})| \leqslant \sigma_{1}$
将式(7)代入式(6)中可得
$ \begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{1}= & -s P \hat{d}+s[P d-L(x-\tilde{x})] \\ & \leqslant-s P \hat{d}+s \sigma_{1} \leqslant-s P \hat{d}+|s| \sigma_{1} \end{aligned}$
为保证系统稳定,满足 V ·≤0,令
$ \hat{d}=P^{-1} \sigma_{1} \operatorname{sgn}(s)$
为提升估计效果,考虑观测误差的变化率,当观测误差收敛时 x ~ ·=0,因此有
$ \begin{aligned} \dot{\tilde{x}}= & (\dot{x}-\hat{x})=E u+P d+\Gamma- \\ & {\left[E u+\sigma_{1} \operatorname{sgn} s+\Gamma+L(x-\hat{x})\right] } \\ & =P d-\sigma_{1} \operatorname{sgn} s-L(x-\hat{x}) \end{aligned}$
根据Pd-σ1sgns-L(x- x )=0可得
$ \hat{d}=P^{-1} \sigma_{1} \operatorname{sgn} s+P^{-1} L(x-\hat{x})$
为避免抖振,利用饱和函数代替符号函数,则滑模观测器的最终形式为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{x}=E u+P \hat{d}+\Gamma+L(x-\hat{x}) \\ \hat{d}=P^{-1} \sigma_{1} \text { sat } s+P^{-1} L(x-\hat{x}) \end{array}\right.$
$ \operatorname{sat}(s)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \operatorname{sgn}(s), & |s|>\zeta_{1} \\ \frac{s}{\zeta_{1}}, & s \leqslant \zeta_{1} \end{array}\right.$
式中:ζ1>0,为边界层厚度。
根据式(1)和式(2)可得
$ F_{\mathrm{yr}}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}} m a_{\mathrm{y}}-I_{z} \ddot{\varphi}}{l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}}$
进一步可转化为
$ \ddot{\varphi}=\frac{a_{\mathrm{y}} l_{\mathrm{f}} m}{I_{z}}-\frac{F_{\mathrm{yr}}\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right)}{I_{z}}$
代入式(12)可得后轴侧向力估计器为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{\varphi}=\frac{a_{\mathrm{y}} l_{\mathrm{f}} m}{I_{z}}-\frac{\hat{F}_{\mathrm{yr}}\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right)}{I_{z}}+L_{1}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi}) \\ \hat{F}_{\mathrm{yr}}=-\left(\frac{I_{z}}{l_{\mathrm{f}}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right)\left[\sigma_{1} \operatorname{sat}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})+L_{1}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})\right] \end{array}\right.$
根据式(1)和式(2)可得
$ F_{\mathrm{yf}}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} m a_{\mathrm{y}}+I_{z} \ddot{\varphi}-F_{\mathrm{xf}}\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \sin \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}$
进一步可化为
$ \begin{aligned} \ddot{\varphi}=- & -\frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} m a_{\mathrm{y}}}{I_{z}}+\frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} F_{\mathrm{yf}}+ \\ & \frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \sin \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} F_{\mathrm{xf}} \end{aligned}$
代入式(12)可得前轴侧向力估计器为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \ddot{\varphi}=-\frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} m a_{\mathrm{y}}}{I_{z}}+\frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} \hat{F}_{\mathrm{yf}}+ \\ \frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \sin \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} F_{\mathrm{xf}}+L_{2}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi}) \\ \hat{F}_{\mathrm{yf}}=\frac{I_{z}\left[\sigma_{2} \operatorname{sat}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})+L_{2}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})\right]}{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}} \end{array}\right.$
其中前轴纵向力未知,前轮作为驱动轮同时作为转向轮,其纵向力与侧向力相互影响。故应先估计出前轴侧向力估计器所需的前轴纵向力。
车轮动力学模型表达式为
$ F_{\mathrm{xf}}=\frac{-I_{\mathrm{w}} \dot{w}_{\mathrm{f}}+T_{\mathrm{wf}}}{R_{\mathrm{w}}}$
式(20)中:Iw为轮胎转动惯量;Rw为轮胎滚动半径;wf为前轮滚动的角速度; w · f为前轮滚动的角加速度;Twf为前轮驱动力矩与制动力矩的和。
根据其动力学模型,建立前轴纵向力估计器,即
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{\dot{F}}_{\mathrm{xf}}=\Gamma_{2}\left(\dot{w}_{\mathrm{f}}-\hat{\dot{w}}_{\mathrm{f}}\right) \\ \hat{\dot{w}}_{\mathrm{f}}=\frac{T_{\mathrm{wf}}}{I_{\mathrm{w}}}-\frac{\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}} R_{\mathrm{w}}}{I_{\mathrm{w}}} \end{array}\right.$
为了避免对wf直接微分,减小传感器测量误差带来的影响,令ρ=- R w Γ 1 I w,κ=-ρ w f,则前轮纵向力估计器可化为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}=-\frac{I_{\mathrm{w}}}{R_{\mathrm{w}}}\left(\kappa+\rho w_{\mathrm{f}}\right) \\ \dot{\kappa}=-\rho\left(\frac{T_{\mathrm{w}}}{I_{\mathrm{w}}}+\rho w_{\mathrm{f}}\right)-\rho \kappa \end{array}\right.$
为了验证估计器的稳定性,选取李雅普诺夫函数V2,即
$ V_{2}=\frac{1}{2}\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)^{2}$
V2求导可得
$ \begin{aligned} \dot{V}_{2} & =\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)\left(\dot{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right) \\ & =\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)\left[\dot{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}-\rho\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)\right] \\ & =-\rho\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)^{2}+\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right) \dot{F}_{\mathrm{xf}} \\ & \leqslant-\rho\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)^{2}+\frac{\rho}{2}\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)^{2}+\frac{\dot{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}^{2}}{2 \rho} \\ & \leqslant-\frac{\rho}{2}\left(F_{\mathrm{xf}}-\hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right)^{2}+\frac{\left|\dot{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}\right|_{\max }^{2}}{2 \rho} \end{aligned}$
Fxf为有界量,因此存在足够大的正实数ρ使得 V · 2≤0,从而验证了估计系统的稳定性。将估计出的前轴纵向力代入前轴侧向力估计器,最终可得前轴侧向力估计器为
$ \left\{\begin{aligned} \ddot{\varphi}=- & \frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} m a_{\mathrm{y}}}{I_{z}}+\frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} \hat{F}_{\mathrm{yf}}+ \\ & \frac{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \sin \delta_{\mathrm{f}}}{I_{z}} \hat{F}_{\mathrm{xf}}+L_{2}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi}) \\ \hat{F}_{\mathrm{yf}}= & \frac{I_{\mathrm{z}}\left[\sigma_{2} \operatorname{sat}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})+L_{2}(\dot{\varphi}-\hat{\varphi})\right]}{\left(l_{\mathrm{f}}+l_{\mathrm{r}}\right) \cos \delta_{\mathrm{f}}} \end{aligned}\right.$
前后轮侧偏角的表达式为
$ \left\{\begin{array}{l} \alpha_{\mathrm{f}}=\beta+\frac{l_{\mathrm{f}} \dot{\varphi}}{v_{\mathrm{x}}}-\delta_{\mathrm{f}} \\ \alpha_{\mathrm{r}}=\beta-\frac{l_{\mathrm{r}} \dot{\varphi}}{v_{\mathrm{x}}} \end{array}\right.$
β= v v x代入(26)并结合式(1)和式(2)可得
α · f = 1 m v x + l f 2 I z v x F y f + 1 m v x - l f l r I z v x - φ · · - δ · f α · r = α · f + δ f - ( l f + l r ) φ · · v x
将上文估计的前后轴侧向力代入,考虑直接积分可能会带来误差累积,将侧向力估计误差作为侧偏角估计器的反馈,可得前后轮侧偏角估计器为
α · f = 1 m v x + l f 2 I z v x F y f + 1 m v x - l f l r I z v x F y r - φ · · -     δ · f + L 3 ( m a y - F y f - F y r ) α · r = α · f + δ f - ( l f + l r ) φ · · v x + L 4 ( m a y - F y f - F y r )
基于上述侧向力、侧偏角估计器,以实时估计的侧向力及侧偏角数据为输入设计侧偏刚度辨识策略。
图1图2可知,在较小的轮胎侧偏角下,侧向力与侧偏角大致呈线性关系,即轮胎侧偏刚度为定值,其具体表达式为
F y f =   C f α f F y r = C r α r
随着车辆行驶状态的改变,当车辆以较高车速行驶或转向时,轮胎侧偏角较大,轮胎进入非线性区,侧向力、侧偏角、轮胎侧偏刚度三者之间不再是线性关系。传统的线性轮胎模型进入非线性区后存在很大的误差,因此建立非线性轮胎侧向力模型。
轮胎侧向力是指当汽车进行转向或者在曲线道路上行驶时,轮胎与地面之间产生的垂直于轮胎滚动方向的力。这种力是由于汽车的重心在车辆转弯时向外侧倾斜,导致轮胎需要足够的侧向力抵抗侧滑的趋势,从而与地面形成一种侧向的摩擦力,轮胎侧向力有利于车辆实现稳定的转向行驶。设汽车在转向行驶的过程中侧向加速度为ay,整车离心力应为may,汽车圆周运动的半径为,此时有如下关系,即
$ a_{\mathrm{y}}=\frac{v^{2}}{\rho}$
假设汽车左右对称,则同轴轮胎的侧向力相等,前、后轴轮胎的侧向力表达式为
2 F y f = - m a y a L 2 F y r = - m a y b L
由Fiala轮胎侧偏特性公式,可以假设轮胎侧向力以地面附着力为饱和状态,可得以轮胎侧偏角的二次式近似表示的侧向力为
2 F y f = 2 C f α f - L C f 2 μ m g b α f 2 2 F y r = 2 C r α r - L C r 2 μ m g a α r 2
由式(32)可以看出,此时的轮胎前后轴侧向力、侧偏角及侧偏刚度之间呈非线性关系,由此得到非线性轮胎侧向力模型。通过前文建立的轮胎模型可知轮胎的侧向力及侧偏角表达式,从而实现对轮胎侧偏刚度的估计。
为解决上述问题,该部分基于递推最小二乘法得轮胎侧偏刚度拟合模型,实现非线性轮胎侧向力模型对轮胎侧偏刚度进行实时在线估计。首先将非线性轮胎侧向力模型转化为递推最小二乘算法的标准形式如式(33)所示,对应的输入、输出及待估计参数公式为
F y f = C f α f - L C f 2 2 μ m g b α f 2 F y r = C r α r - L C r 2 2 μ m g a α r 2
y ( k ) = F y f F y r φ ( k ) = [ α f - L 2 μ m g b α f 2 ] [ α r - L 2 μ m g a α r 2 ] θ = [ C f C c f 2 ] T [ C r C c r 2 ] T
理论上来说,递推最小二乘法进行在线辨识随着观测时间的延长,待估计参数的估计精度也会越来越高。递推最小二乘法在处理大量数据时,由于信息过载或者数据处理速度有限,导致算法的性能下降,从过多的数据采样中得到的信息量相对减少,使得估计误差增大,这种现象称为“数据饱和”。针对递推最小二乘法“数据饱和”所带来的问题,本文研究采用限定记忆的递推最小二乘法(recursive least squares with limited memory,RLS-LM),通过限制观测数据的有效记忆长度L,来避免过拟合,特别是当输入信号或数据具有循环特性时,可以有效防止“数据饱和”问题。
递推最小二乘法方程[23]
θ ( k + 1 ) = θ ( k ) + K ( k + L ) [ y ( k + 1 ) -           φ T ( k + 1 ) θ k K ( k + 1 ) = P ( k ) φ ( k + 1 ) I + φ T ( k + 1 ) P ( k ) φ ( k + 1 ) P ( k + 1 ) = [ I - K ( k + 1 ) φ T ( k + 1 ) ] P ( k )
将式(35)设计的基于递推最小二乘法的侧偏刚度辨识模型进行改写:第k+L-1个数据序列的输入输出观测数据为y(k+L-1)、φ(k+L-1),假设从第k个量测时段到第k+L-1个量测时段之间得到的侧偏刚度估计值为 θ (k,k+L-1),协方差矩阵为P(k,k+L-1),增益矩阵为K(k,k+L-1)。然后新增第k+L数据序列的新数据,此时可以知道第k量测时段到第k+L量测时段之间包含的信息为: θ (k,k+L)、P(k,k+L)、K(k,k+L),可以得
θ ( k , k + L ) = θ ( k , k + L - 1 ) + K ( k , k + L ) ×     [ y ( k + L ) - φ T ( k + L ) ×     θ ( k , k + L - 1 ) ] P ( k , k + L ) = [ I - K ( k , k + L ) φ T ( k + L ) ] ×     P ( k , k + L - 1 ) K ( k , k + L ) = P ( k , k + L - 1 ) φ ( k + L ) ×     [ I + φ T ( k + L ) P ( k , k + L - 1 ) ×     φ ( k + L ) ] - 1
为了维持数据序列在每次采样时的记忆长度L不变,当引入新的第k+L个数据序列时,需要移除原有的第k数据序列的旧数据,以保持序列的时序特征和动态变化的一致性。去除旧数据后第k+1量测时段到第k+L量测时段之间包含的信息为: θ (k+1,k+L)、P(k+1,k+L)、K(k+1,k+L)。
协方差矩阵P(k)为
$ \boldsymbol{P}(k)=\left(\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k}\right)^{-1}=\sum_{i=1}^{k} \boldsymbol{\varphi}(i) \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(i)=\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k}$
$ \begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{P}(k-1) & =\left(\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k-1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k-1}\right)^{-1}=\sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \boldsymbol{\varphi}(i) \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(i) \\ & =\boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k-1}^{\mathrm{T}} \boldsymbol{\Phi}_{k-1} \end{aligned}$
由式(37)和式(38)推导可得
$ \begin{aligned} \boldsymbol{P}^{-1}(k+1, k+L) & =\sum_{i=k+1}^{k+L} \boldsymbol{\varphi}(i) \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(i) \\ & =\boldsymbol{P}^{-1}(k, k+L)-\boldsymbol{\varphi}(k) \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \end{aligned}$
使用矩阵反演公式可得
$ [A+B C D]^{-1}=A^{-1}-A^{-1} B\left(C^{-1}+D A^{-1} B\right) D A^{-1}$
推导可得
$ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{P}(k+1, k+L)=\left[I+\frac{\boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{\varphi}(k) \boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k)}{\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{\varphi}(k)}\right] \times \\ \boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \end{array}$
其中增益矩阵K(k)=P(k)φ(k),根据递推最小二乘估计公式可得参数估计值的表达式为
$ \begin{aligned} \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(k, k+L)=\left[\boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{\Phi}(k, k+L)\right]^{-1} \times \\ \boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{Y}(k, k+L) \times=\boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \\ \boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{Y}(k, k+L) \end{aligned}$
$ \begin{array}{l} +1, k+L)=\left[\boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k+1, k+L) \times\right. \\ \boldsymbol{\Phi}(k+1, k+L)]^{-1} \times \boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k+1, k+L) \\ \boldsymbol{Y}(k+1, k+L)=\boldsymbol{P}(k+1, k+L) \times \\ \boldsymbol{\Phi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k+1, k+L) \boldsymbol{Y}(k+1, k+L) \end{array}$
整理可得
$ \begin{array}{c} \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(k+1, k+L)=\hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(k, k+L)-\boldsymbol{P}(k+1, k+L) \boldsymbol{\varphi}(k) \times \\ {\left[\boldsymbol{y}(k)-\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \hat{\boldsymbol{\theta}}(k, k+L)\right]} \end{array}$
K(k+1,k+L)=P(k+1,k+L)φ(k),并将矩阵反演公式代入可得
$ \begin{array}{c} \boldsymbol{K}(k+1, k+L)=\boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{\varphi}(k) \times \\ {\left[\boldsymbol{I}-\boldsymbol{\varphi}^{\mathrm{T}}(k) \boldsymbol{P}(k, k+L) \boldsymbol{\varphi}(k)\right]^{-1}} \end{array}$
对式(36)~式(45)进行整理,可得限定记忆的递推最小二乘的辨识算法公式为
θ ( k , k + L ) = θ ( k , k + L - 1 ) + K ( k , k + L ) ×     [ y ( k + L ) - φ T ( k + L ) θ ( k , k + L - 1 ) ] K ( k , k + L ) = P ( k , k + L - 1 ) φ ( k + L ) ×     1 φ T ( k + L ) P ( k , k + L - 1 ) φ ( k + L ) ] - 1 P ( k , k + L ) = [ I - K ( k , k + L ) φ T ( k + L ) ] ×     P ( k , k + L - 1 ) θ ( k + 1 , k + L ) = θ ( k , k + L ) + K ( k + 1 , k + L ) ×     [ y ( k + L ) - φ T ( k + L ) θ ( k , k + L ) ] K ( k + 1 , k + L ) = P ( k , k + L ) φ ( k ) ×     [ I - φ T ( k ) P ( k , k + L ) φ ( k ) ] - 1 P ( k + 1 , k + L ) = [ I + K ( k + 1 , k + L ) φ T ( k ) ] ×     P ( k , k + L )
在式(46)中,每增加一组第k+L数据序列所提供的新信息,就通过abc三个公式来计算第k到第k+L之间的数据序列的参数估计 θ (k,k+L),增益矩阵P(k,k+L)和协方差矩阵K(k,k+L)。然后再通过def三个式子来除去第k数据序列所提供的旧信息,并计算第k+1至第k+L之间的数据序列参数估计 θ (k+1,k+L),增益矩阵P(k+1,k+L)和协方差矩阵K(k+1,k+L)。通过不断地进行迭代,可以保证每次参数估计时只有最新一组L个观测方程数据起作用,从而克服了递推最小二乘法“数据饱和”带来的不良影响,提高了参数估计的精确度。
平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)[24]、归一化均方根误差(normalized root mean square error, NRMSE)是常用的模型评价标准,它们能够从不同角度评价和分析算法的性能。MAE表示估计值与真实值的误差绝对值的平均值,RMSE是均方误差(mean square error,MSE)加了根号,RMSE在数量级上更加直观。以上两个指标是用来描述估计值与真实值的误差情况,它们之间在的区别在于,RMSE先对偏差做了一次平方,如果误差的离散度高,即最大偏差值大的话,RMSE就放大了。NRMSE通过将RMSE除以数据组中最大值来进行归一化,这样做的目的是为了消除不同特征尺度对结果的影响,使得不同数据集之间的模型性能可以公平比较,NRMSE=0表示完美模型,NRMSE>100%则表示劣质模型。计算公式为
$ \text { 估计值: } \hat{y}=\left\{\hat{y}_{1}, \hat{y}_{2}, \cdots, \hat{y}_{n}\right\}$
$ \text { 真实值:} y=\left\{y_{1}, y_{2}, \cdots, y_{n}\right\}$
$ \text { MAE }=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|\hat{y}_{i}-y_{i}\right|$
$ \text { RMSE }=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\hat{y}_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}}$
$ \text { NRMSE }=\frac{\sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(\hat{y}_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}}}{\max \left|y_{i}\right|} \times 100 \%$
为验证本文设计的轮胎侧偏刚度实时辨识算法的有效性,搭建了一个基于CarSim和Simulink的联合仿真实验平台。鉴于我国公路普遍采用沥青作为路面材料,为了全面评估该模型在不同路况下的适应性,选择0.85模拟沥青路面良好的附着条件,即高附着系数,0.45则模拟沥青路面较差的附着条件,即低附着系数。在工况选取方面,Smooth路径包含两个连续大曲率弯道,不仅可以测试车辆在单个弯道上的性能,还能评估控制器在连续弯道中的能力,因此选取Smooth路径进行仿真验证。
车速设置72 km/h,图4为高附着条件下前轴纵向力估计值与真实值之间的关系图,图5图6为高附着条件下前轴和后轴侧向力、侧偏角估计值与真实值之间的关系图。由误差分析表1表2可以看出,估计值与真实值之间误差较小。综合考虑数据量级、实验工况等因素,基于噪声自适应容积卡尔曼滤波(noise adaptive cubature Kalman filter, NACKF)算法[25]估计的侧向力均方根误差(RMSE)在不同路面附着条件下均高于本文提出的侧向力参数估计方法;本文方法侧偏角估计值的均方根误差(RMSE)均在0.005以内,而基于自适应SCKF和积分校正的侧偏角观测融合算法[26]的均方根误差(RMSE)为0.009 4;本文估计的纵向力及侧向力的归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)均在6%以内,相比于卡尔曼滤波方案和改进的集员滤波方案[27],轮胎前轴纵向力、侧向力以及后轴侧向力的归一化均方根误差NRMSE分别降低了3.989 9%、1.387 0%、1.052 1%,得到更为精确的估计结果。
图9图10为高附着工况下前轴和后轴侧偏刚度辨识结果,实验结果表明,在车辆行驶过程中,基于非线性模型辨识出的侧偏刚度值能准确跟踪真实的侧偏刚度值,很好地贴合CarSim的计算结果,前后轴侧偏刚度辨识精度分别达到了98.348 4%、98.636 0%,表明该方法在高附着条件下具有较好的适用性。
车速设置54 km/h,图9为低附着条件下前轴纵向力估计值与真实值之间的关系图,图10图11为低附着条件下前轴和后轴侧向力、侧偏角估计值与真实值之间的关系图。通过仿真实验数据可知,估计值与真实值之间误差较小,参数估计输出结果较为准确。整体而言,设计的侧偏角、侧向力上层联级估计器在不同附着路面条件下,均具有较好的跟踪精度及稳定性,其估计结果为下层轮胎侧偏刚度辨识提供精准的输入。
图12图13为低附着工况下前轴和后轴侧偏刚度辨识结果,可以看出,车辆在行驶过程中,基于非线性模型辨识出的侧偏刚度值能准确跟踪真实的侧偏刚度值,很好的贴合CarSim的计算结果,前后轴侧偏刚度辨识精度分别达到了97.957 8%、98.574 9%,相比于采用EKF方法的侧偏刚度辨识[28]在低速条件下,侧偏刚度精度得到有所提升,表明该方法在低附着条件下同样具有较好的适用性。
综上所述,设计的侧偏角、侧向力的上层联级估计器,其估计结果误差小于其他模型算法,具有较高的估计精度,为下层轮胎侧偏刚度辨识提供准确的输入;基于非线性轮胎模型的侧偏刚度估计值可以实时准确地跟踪CarSim计算的参考侧偏刚度,整体侧偏刚度估计精度约为98.379 3%,相比于基于自适应FFRLS的汽车前后轴侧偏刚度估计方法[29]精度提高了3.139 5%;在考虑非线性轮胎力模型的基础上,本文提出的基于递推最小二乘法的侧片刚度估计方法可以更加准确地表征轮胎侧向力、侧偏角与侧偏刚度三者之间的关系,提高了侧偏刚度辨识的实时性、准确性、适用性。
(1)本文设计的侧向力及侧偏角估计器在高、低附着路面上均有较准确的估计结果,估计值与真实值的归一化均方根误差均在6%以内,为下层轮胎侧偏刚度辨识提供精确的输入。
(2)对模型进行CarSim与Simulink联合仿真,实验结果表明,本文设计的基于递推最小二乘法的轮胎侧偏刚度在线辨识策略可以实时准确的估计轮胎侧偏刚度,估计精度为98.3793%。
(3)本文提出的非线性轮胎力模型可以更加准确地表征轮胎侧向力、侧偏角和侧偏刚度三者之间的关系,本文提出的算法对道路条件变化具有鲁棒性,提高了侧偏刚度实时估计的准确性。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52475269)
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2024ME179)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52102465)
  • 山东重大科技创新工程项目(2023CXGC010111)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022MF230)
  • 山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2021QF039)
  • 山东省中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2022TSGC2277)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403777
  • 接收时间:2024-05-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-21
  • 修回日期:2025-03-05
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52475269)
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2024ME179)
国家自然科学基金(52102465)
山东重大科技创新工程项目(2023CXGC010111)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022MF230)
山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2021QF039)
山东省中小企业创新能力提升工程项目(2022TSGC2277)
作者信息
    山东理工大学交通与车辆工程学院, 淄博 255000

通讯作者:

* 王鹏伟(1989—),男,汉族,山东威海人,博士,副教授。研究方向:智能车辆运动决策与控制方法。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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