Article(id=1208051027367006810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405904, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=1743436800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409427, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409427, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409427, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409427, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7613, endPage=7620, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051036833551326, articleId=1208051027367006810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Design and Optimization of High Pressure and Large Displacement Compressor Testing System for Tank Trunk Filling, columnId=1156262732765717457, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Mechanical and Instrumental Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The transportation via high-pressure long-tube trailers serves as a crucial method for medium-short distance transfer of flammable and explosive gases such as hydrogen and natural gas. As the core equipment in this system, the trailer filling compressor operates under continuously varying discharge pressures across wide ranges during gas loading processes. Current research and development phases face challenges in fully replicating real-world operating conditions for thermal performance testing. Addressing this requirement, this study proposes a closed-loop experimental system with gas staged recovery and continuous release functions, featuring continuous backpressure regulation capability for trailer filling compressors. The system enables the simulation of actual filling processes by creating both stable and dynamic operating conditions with wide-ranging discharge pressure variations for comprehensive compressor testing. A mathematical model of the testing system was established using zero-dimensional simulation methodology. Systematic investigations were conducted on parameter variations and operational characteristics throughout complete testing procedures, including initial pressurization, compressor startup/shutdown, and wide-range operational testing. Through optimized improvements in system configuration and component matching, critical operational constraints were achieved: gas reservoir temperatures were maintained below 85 °C during testing, and post-recovery system pressures were reduced below 1.5 MPa. These optimizations resulted in the development of a refined and rational testing system and methodology for trailer filling compressors, effectively addressing the technical challenges in simulating actual working conditions during compressor development phases.

, correspAuthors=Xiu-feng GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hao SHI, Lei WANG, Xiu-feng GAO, Yun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051044895003232, articleId=1208051027367006810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=槽车充装用高压大排量压缩机测试系统设计与优化, columnId=1156262732954461139, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·机械、仪表工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高压长管拖车运输是氢气、天然气等易燃易爆气体中短途转运的重要手段,其中压缩机是核心设备,槽车充装压缩机的排气压力始终处于大范围连续变化状态,其研发阶段存在难以完全模拟真实工况进行热力性能测试的问题。基于这一需求,提出了一种具有气体分级回收和连续释放功能,具备压缩机背压连续调控能力的槽车充装压缩机闭式实验系统及其测试方案,能为压缩机营造排气压力宽幅变化的稳定及动态工况,以模拟真实充装过程实现压缩机系统测试。基于零维仿真方法建立了测试系统数学模型,详细研究了系统首次充压、压缩机启动与停机、压缩机宽工况测试等全测试流程中系统的参数变化与工作特性,并对系统流程和部件匹配进行优化改进,避免试验过程气库温度超过85 ℃,并在气体回收后系统压力降至1.5 MPa以下,获得了一套完善合理的槽车充装压缩机测试系统和方案。

, correspAuthors=高秀峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 高秀峰(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:
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史昊(1998—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:

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史昊(1998—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Intake pressure variation curve, figureFileSmall=PRTt5UG5VG/goFOeiW2HMA==, figureFileBig=FhAwxL6o67Xduym7Yph9rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085600939384976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027367006810, language=CN, label=图11, caption=进气压力变化曲线, figureFileSmall=PRTt5UG5VG/goFOeiW2HMA==, figureFileBig=FhAwxL6o67Xduym7Yph9rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085601061019803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027367006810, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Temperature curves of medium pressure gas storage under different volumes, figureFileSmall=MHbm6gjHXyUQ9mJLPMMKXA==, figureFileBig=I2FwSPnLIufe91IegEYdkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085601186848932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027367006810, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同容积中压储气库温度曲线, figureFileSmall=MHbm6gjHXyUQ9mJLPMMKXA==, 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Calculation results of gas volume under various operating conditions of the target compressor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 压缩
级数
进气压力/
MPa
排气压力/
MPa
计算流量/
[(N·m3)·h-1]
1 2 1.2 5 2 112.24
2 2 1.2 11 1 696.25
3 3 1.2 18 1 773.13
4 3 1.2 25 1 716.69
5 3 1.2 32 1 666.86
6 2 1.6 5 2 891.40
7 2 1.6 11 2 445.38
8 3 1.6 18 2 370.66
9 3 1.6 25 2 310.59
10 3 1.6 32 2 257.49
), ArticleFig(id=1208085601883103446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027367006810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目标压缩机各工况下气量计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 压缩
级数
进气压力/
MPa
排气压力/
MPa
计算流量/
[(N·m3)·h-1]
1 2 1.2 5 2 112.24
2 2 1.2 11 1 696.25
3 3 1.2 18 1 773.13
4 3 1.2 25 1 716.69
5 3 1.2 32 1 666.86
6 2 1.6 5 2 891.40
7 2 1.6 11 2 445.38
8 3 1.6 18 2 370.66
9 3 1.6 25 2 310.59
10 3 1.6 32 2 257.49
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槽车充装用高压大排量压缩机测试系统设计与优化
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史昊 1 , 王磊 2 , 高秀峰 1, * , 李云 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025,25(18): 7613-7620
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·机械、仪表工业 2025, 25(18): 7613-7620
槽车充装用高压大排量压缩机测试系统设计与优化
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史昊1 , 王磊2, 高秀峰1, * , 李云1
作者信息
  • 1 西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院, 西安 710049
  • 2 中国石油化工股份有限公司天然气分公司重庆天然气销售中心, 重庆 400024
  • 史昊(1998—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 高秀峰(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:
Design and Optimization of High Pressure and Large Displacement Compressor Testing System for Tank Trunk Filling
Hao SHI1 , Lei WANG2, Xiu-feng GAO1, * , Yun LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 2 Chongqing Natural Gas Sales Center, Sinopec Natural Gas Branch, Chongqing 400024, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405904
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高压长管拖车运输是氢气、天然气等易燃易爆气体中短途转运的重要手段,其中压缩机是核心设备,槽车充装压缩机的排气压力始终处于大范围连续变化状态,其研发阶段存在难以完全模拟真实工况进行热力性能测试的问题。基于这一需求,提出了一种具有气体分级回收和连续释放功能,具备压缩机背压连续调控能力的槽车充装压缩机闭式实验系统及其测试方案,能为压缩机营造排气压力宽幅变化的稳定及动态工况,以模拟真实充装过程实现压缩机系统测试。基于零维仿真方法建立了测试系统数学模型,详细研究了系统首次充压、压缩机启动与停机、压缩机宽工况测试等全测试流程中系统的参数变化与工作特性,并对系统流程和部件匹配进行优化改进,避免试验过程气库温度超过85 ℃,并在气体回收后系统压力降至1.5 MPa以下,获得了一套完善合理的槽车充装压缩机测试系统和方案。

充装压缩机  /  热力性能  /  测试系统  /  零维仿真

The transportation via high-pressure long-tube trailers serves as a crucial method for medium-short distance transfer of flammable and explosive gases such as hydrogen and natural gas. As the core equipment in this system, the trailer filling compressor operates under continuously varying discharge pressures across wide ranges during gas loading processes. Current research and development phases face challenges in fully replicating real-world operating conditions for thermal performance testing. Addressing this requirement, this study proposes a closed-loop experimental system with gas staged recovery and continuous release functions, featuring continuous backpressure regulation capability for trailer filling compressors. The system enables the simulation of actual filling processes by creating both stable and dynamic operating conditions with wide-ranging discharge pressure variations for comprehensive compressor testing. A mathematical model of the testing system was established using zero-dimensional simulation methodology. Systematic investigations were conducted on parameter variations and operational characteristics throughout complete testing procedures, including initial pressurization, compressor startup/shutdown, and wide-range operational testing. Through optimized improvements in system configuration and component matching, critical operational constraints were achieved: gas reservoir temperatures were maintained below 85 °C during testing, and post-recovery system pressures were reduced below 1.5 MPa. These optimizations resulted in the development of a refined and rational testing system and methodology for trailer filling compressors, effectively addressing the technical challenges in simulating actual working conditions during compressor development phases.

trailer filling compressor  /  thermal performance  /  testing system  /  zero-dimensional simulation
史昊, 王磊, 高秀峰, 李云. 槽车充装用高压大排量压缩机测试系统设计与优化. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7613 -7620 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405904
Hao SHI, Lei WANG, Xiu-feng GAO, Yun LI. Design and Optimization of High Pressure and Large Displacement Compressor Testing System for Tank Trunk Filling[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7613 -7620 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405904
高压长管槽车是中国目前氢气、天然气等高附加值气体中短途运输的主要手段,具有简单、方便、安全、可靠、运输成本低等优点。近年来氢能行业快速发展对氢气的槽车运输需求急剧增加[1-4],同时市场上出现了30 MPa-38 m3水容积的新型大容量槽车。为满足高压大容量槽车的快速充装需求,更高压力、更大排量的压缩机不断被开发。为保证充装压缩机安全可靠性,根据GB∕T 3853—2017《容积式压缩机验收试验》,新研发的压缩机在实际交付并投入使用前需对其进行性能测试。因此,需要开发一套能模拟槽车真实充装场景的充装压缩机测试系统。
闭式循环测试系统通过将高压气体减压后送回压缩机进气口完成介质循环。槽车充装压缩机,吸气压力高于大气压,且介质物性与空气存在较大差异,对于此类工况采用闭式方案构建实验系统更为合适。目前已有不少学者对闭式系统进行设计研究[5-7],但这些系统在气体回收方面的设计十分简单,无法充分回收系统气体,使压缩机停机再启动时背压过高;且这些系统功能单一,难以模拟槽车充装过程复杂的工况。此外,实验中气瓶内气体压缩导致温度升高不可避免,尤其是氢气介质,有明确规定温度上限为85 ℃,如何设计系统结构和实验流程避免气瓶温度超限以保证系统安全可靠也是一个难点。在正式测试前有必要进行模拟,以检验系统在氢气介质下复杂工况实现能力与温升带来的安全性。
因此,现设计一套实验介质分级回收与释放、压缩机进、排气压力连续调节的测试系统,并建立零维仿真模型,获得实验系统详细的动态特性,基于仿真结果对实验系统及流程进一步完善,为充装压缩机测试提供一定的指导。
根据实验测试目标,本文研究构建了模拟槽车充装闭式测试系统,其主要功能如下。
(1)内部设置储气库,能在实验过程中逐步释放气体供压缩机建立高排气压力工况,同时在低排气压力工况下存储多余的气体。
(2)能够自动调节回路中的气动薄膜压力调节阀,以建立所需的吸排气压力工况。
(3)每次实验结束后,将系统中的气体存储到高低压两级储气库中,以便压缩机停机后其回路能平衡在足够低的压力(如1 MPa以下),以保证再启机时电机扭矩足以启动压缩机。
(4)系统在每次启机和停机后,无需放空或者部分放空实验介质,节省实验介质消耗,降低易燃易爆气体排放的危险,简化测试系统操作流程。
(5)系统具有低压自动补气功能,以补入实验过程中压缩机自身(如填料等部位)的泄漏量。
所构建系统如图1所示,系统气路分为实验回路、补气支路、供气支路、回收支路。实验回路由低压缓冲容器、压缩机、高压缓冲容器及其管路阀门组成,是进行测试的主要回路。补气支路为补气集装格与实验系统连接的通路,供气支路为储气库与低压缓冲罐连接的通路,回收支路是压缩机排气口与储气库连接的通路。
储气库在实验过程和回收过程分别作为气源与气体回收存储的空间,其分为中压、低压两储气库,分别为650 L与390 L。低压缓冲容器用于稳定压缩机进气压力,具有1 500 L的大容积,内部装有防冲挡板。高压缓冲容器用于稳定排气压力、暂存高压气体,容积为110 L。V2、V17为气动薄膜调节阀,用于控制压缩机背压。V1、V3为减压阀,分别用于控制压缩机进气压力和系统补气压力。V4、V5、V8、V15、V16为气动球阀。V6、V7为电动球阀,用于调节中、低压储气库压力配比,回收气体。其余阀门均为开关阀。低压缓冲容器,低压储气库,中压储气库均装有温度压力传感器用于检测容器内气体温度和压力。
此系统接近一阶系统,PID控制器采用带有预限削弱积分功能的PI控制器。
实验系统的操作主要包括系统初始化准备、压缩机启停、实验过程工况建立及动态调控,如图2所示,具体操作流程如下。
(1)系统初始化:首先对系统进行吹扫,然后对储气库进行首次充压,充压过程需要开启压缩机,分别将中压储气库充到15 MPa,将低压储气库充到7.5 MPa。充压结束后,压缩机停机并旁通吸排气口,令系统主回路压力平衡在1.5 MPa以下。
(2)实验测试过程:实验测试过程启动压缩机后由低排气压力工况开始,通过逐步关小V2阀门升高排气压力,实验工况建立所需的气体首先由低压储气库提供,当低压储气库压力低于2 MPa后切换到中压储气库。通过连续关小调节阀V2,使排气压力连续上升到所需的最高压力(如20 MPa或30 MPa),模拟单辆槽车充装过程排气压力连续变化情况。也可以通过PID控制V2阀门停留在某一开度使排气压力稳定在固定值,测试压缩机在某特定工况下的热力性能。
(3)压缩机启停:实验完成后,先用中压储气库回收主回路中的气体,再用低压储气库进一步回收,然后停机并旁通压缩机吸排气,平衡系统内压力。在此过程中,也可给系统适当补充气体。
本文依据如下假设建立零维仿真模型:①低压缓冲容器换热面积大、压力波动小,其内气体温度视为恒定;②储气库各气瓶换热为自然对流换热,各气瓶间互不影响,且不考虑储气瓶壁热容;③在各管路中气体气量小、停留时间短,进而忽略管路与环境换热量;④阀、管路内气体流动为等熵流动;⑤压缩机高速运转,气体与气缸壁瞬态换热可忽略不计,缸内气体压缩可视为绝热过程。
本次研究的目标压缩机为一台两列三级往复式氢气压缩机,其设计进气压力为1.2~1.6 MPa,排气压力32 MPa,具有2 000 (N·m3)/h的大排量。为满足实验需求,实验系统设计时各储罐应具备足够大的容积以免大流量下工况突变。此外,实验过程中总压比超过8.5时,压缩机三级吸气阀压开。其部分热力计算结果如表1所示。
本文研究的压缩介质为氢气实际气体,其热力学物性通常采用状态方程法或经验拟合公式法计算,其中PR(Peng-Robinson)方程[8]是一种结构简单、精度较高的立方型状态方程。牛奕等[9]在氢气泄露研究中对比多项氢气实验工况数据与PR方程计算结果,证明在400 MPa内PR方程与实验工况具有较好的吻合度。本文研究选用PR方程计算介质物性参数,其表达式为
$p=\frac{R T}{\nu-b}-\frac{a\left[1+m\left(1-\sqrt{T / T_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)\right]^{2}}{\nu^{2}+2 b \nu-b^{2}}$
$a=\frac{27 R^{2} T_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}{64 P_{\mathrm{c}}}$
$b=\frac{R T_{\mathrm{c}}}{8 P_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式中:p为压力,Pa;R为气体常数,J/(mol·K);T为温度,K;ν为气体摩尔体积,m3/mol;Tc为气体临界温度,K;pc为气体临界压力,Pa;m为校正因子;ab为修正因数。
压缩机气缸、气库储罐、管路等容积元件满足热力学第一定律,得
$\frac{\mathrm{d} Q}{\mathrm{~d} t}+\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {in }}}{\mathrm{d} t} h_{\text {in }}-\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {out }}}{\mathrm{d} t} h_{\text {out }}=p_{\mathrm{gc}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} V_{\mathrm{gc}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}+\frac{\mathrm{d}\left(m_{\mathrm{gc}} u_{\mathrm{gc}}\right)}{\mathrm{d} t}$
式(4)中:Q为元件与外界热交换变量,J;mi为进、出元件的气体质量,kg; mgc为元件内气体质量,kg;hi为进、出元件的气体焓值,J;pgc为元件内压力,Pa;ugc为元件内气体内能,J;Vgc为元件容积,m3
对于气体,其内能变化可表达为
$\mathrm{d} u=c_{\mathrm{v}} \mathrm{~d} T+\left[T\left(\frac{\partial p}{\partial T}\right)_{\mathrm{v}}-p\right] \mathrm{d} v$
式(5)中:cv为气体定容比热容,J/(kg·K)。
联立方程并考虑物性变化,能量方程最终可表达为
$\begin{array}{c} {\left[m\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial p}\right)_{\mathrm{T}}-V_{\mathrm{gc}}\right] \frac{\mathrm{d} p}{\mathrm{~d} t}+m\left(\frac{\partial h}{\partial T}\right)_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} T}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {in }}}{\mathrm{d} t} h_{\text {in }}-} \\ \frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {out }}}{\mathrm{d} t} h_{\text {out }}-h\left(\frac{\mathrm{~d} m_{\text {in }}}{\mathrm{d} t}-\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {out }}}{\mathrm{d} t}\right)+\frac{\mathrm{d} Q}{\mathrm{~d} t} \end{array}$
式(6)中:ρ为气体密度,kg/m3;h为元件内气体焓值。
元件内气体质量变化是由于气体流入流出,以流入为正,流出为负,连续性方程可表达为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\mathrm{gc}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\mathrm{s}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}+\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\mathrm{d}}}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {in }}}{\mathrm{d} t}-\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {out }}}{\mathrm{d} t}$
式(7)中:msmd为流入、流出元件的气体质量,kg。
考虑物性变化,质量方程可写为
$\left[\frac{\partial(\rho)}{\partial p}\right]_{\mathrm{T}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} P}{\mathrm{~d} t}+V\left[\frac{\partial(\rho)}{\partial T}\right]_{\mathrm{P}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} T}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {in }}}{\mathrm{d} t}-\frac{\mathrm{d} m_{\text {out }}}{\mathrm{d} t} \rho \frac{\mathrm{~d} V}{\mathrm{~d} t}$
往复式压缩机气缸容积与活塞位移相关,其表示为
$x=\frac{S}{2}\left\{1-\cos (\theta+\pi)+\frac{\lambda}{4}[1-\cos 2(\theta+\pi)]\right\}$
$V=\frac{\pi}{4} x D^{2}$
式中:x为活塞位移,m;S为活塞行程,m;θ为曲柄转角,rad;λ为连杆比;D为气缸直径,m。
气缸内气体变化可视作绝热过程,管道换热量极小可忽略,取dQ/dt=0。
气库储气罐视为圆柱形固定容积,取dV/dt=0,其通过自然对流换热方式与环境换热,方程式为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} Q}{\mathrm{~d} t}=\frac{N u \lambda_{\mathrm{air}}}{L} A_{\mathrm{h}}\left(T_{\mathrm{a}}-T_{\mathrm{w}}\right)$
$N u=\left\{0.60+\frac{0.387 R a^{1 / 6}}{\left(1+0.721 P r^{-9 / 16}\right)^{8 / 27}}\right\}^{2}$
式中:λair为空气导热系数,W/(m·K);L为特征长度,m;Ah为换热面积,m2;TaTw为大气与储罐壁温度,K;Ra为瑞利数;Pr为普朗特数;Nu为努塞尔数。
气体流动发生在管路和阀门中,其流动阻力在工程中常用流量系数CqCV表征,两者间关系为
$C_{\mathrm{q}}=\frac{1.6982 \times 10^{-5}}{A} C_{\mathrm{v}}$
式(13)中:A为阀门通流面积,m2
其内流量公式表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d} m}{\mathrm{~d} t}=A C_{\mathrm{q}} C_{\mathrm{m}} \frac{P_{\mathrm{up}}}{\sqrt{T_{\mathrm{up}}}}$
$C_{\mathrm{m}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l} \sqrt{\frac{2 \gamma}{R_{\mathrm{g}}(\gamma-1)}} \sqrt{\left(\frac{P_{\mathrm{dn}}}{P_{\mathrm{up}}}\right)^{\frac{2}{\gamma}}-\left(\frac{P_{\mathrm{dn}}}{P_{\mathrm{up}}}\right)^{\frac{\gamma+1}{\gamma}}}, \\ \frac{P_{\mathrm{dn}}}{P_{\mathrm{up}}}>p_{\mathrm{cr}} \\ \sqrt{\frac{2 \gamma}{R_{\mathrm{g}}(\gamma+1)}}\left(\frac{2}{\gamma+1}\right)^{\frac{1}{\gamma-1}}, \\ \frac{P_{\mathrm{dn}}}{P_{\mathrm{up}}} \leqslant p_{\mathrm{cr}} \end{array}\right.$
式中:Pup为上游压力,Pa;Tup为上游温度,K;γ为气体比热容比;Rg为气体常数,J/(kg·K);Pdn为阀后压力,Pa。
流量系数只与阀门结构有关[10],经实验测量,本次实验中所选V2阀Cv=5.53,V3阀Cv=2。球阀、闸阀等开关阀,介质流动复杂[11],流量系数难以测量,采用工程经验值Cq=0.6。
对于气体管路,其流量系数与其管道粗糙程度有关,计算式为
$C_{\mathrm{q}}=\sqrt{\frac{D_{1}}{L f_{\mathrm{f}}}}$
式(16)中:Dl为管路内径,m;ff为摩擦系数。
系统各元件初始状态均为0 MPa、20 ℃,首次充压依流程由外部15 MPa、20 ℃ 稳定气源供气,各阶段终态为下一阶段初态。压缩机末级冷却器认为是理想冷却器,设定末级冷却器流出气体温度为40 ℃,质量流量与冷却前保持一致。储气库换热环境始终为20 ℃大气。
系统吹扫完成后启动压缩机对气库充压,此过程目的为向气库中充入足够支撑后续实验的气量,目标压力为中压储气库15 MPa,低压储气库7.5 MPa,此过程关闭供气支路,打开回收支路。系统压力、温度变化曲线如图3所示,0~1 000 s为中压储气库充压过程,1 000~1 250 s为低压储气库回收过程,此后压缩机关闭系统压力平衡。
低压储气库充气分为两个阶段:第一个阶段同时接受来自压缩机和高压缓冲容器的气体,由于高压缓冲容器和气库间存在较大压差,由于管路间无调节阀气流未形成阻塞,致使该过程流量较大压力升高较快,同时排气压力迅速下降,以排气压力下降至谷值为结束标志。在第一阶段开始时,V2调节阀设置目标压力切换至8 MPa, V2阀开度增加,低压缓冲容器短期内压力小幅升高,最高升至0.9 MPa。在第二阶段气库压力与排气压力同步上升,250 s后充压至7.5 MPa完成充压。
充压过程,由于焦汤效应,气库温度迅速上升[12-13],如图4所示。全过程中气库温度最高升至128 ℃,在低压储气库充气过程中,第一阶段高压缓冲容器内压力随排气压力迅速下降,气体膨胀温度下降,低压储气库接收来自高压缓冲容器的低温气体,因此温度升高幅度较中压储气库小,温度最高升至88 ℃ 。在两气库充压过程温度均超过85 ℃,需对系统及流程进行改进。
升温速度与压比变化速度相关,因此在中压气库充压前期温度升高极快,而最终温度超限是由于未能及时与环境交换足够热量。为改善此情况,充压流程改为“阶梯式”充压方式,将充压过程分为多段,尤其是充压开始阶段,并给予每一段时间足够的时间用于和环境换热。而低压气库快速升温主要发生在第一阶段,该阶段无调节阀控制因而温升不可控。为此采用“预增压”方式对低压储气库增压,即在前几个梯度低压储气库与中压储气库一同增压,此法即可以减缓中压气库开始阶段温升还能提高低压气库正式充压时的初始压力。根据实际气体绝热过程方程,即
$\frac{T_{2}}{T_{1}}=\left(\frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}}\right)^{\frac{k_{\mathrm{T}}-1}{k_{\mathrm{T}}}}$
式(17)中:T1p1分别为压缩前气体温度、压力;T2p2分别为压缩终了气体的温度、压力。
重新设置PID控制器,依次设置各梯度目标压力1.5、3、6、10、15 MPa,低压储气库在充压至3 MPa后停止充压,待中压储气库充压完成后回收系统剩余气体。阶段式充压曲线如图5图6所示。
中压储气库内压力阶梯式上升,各阶段气库温度最高温度处于70~85 ℃;低压储气库压力达到7.5 MPa,温度最高为67 ℃ ;充压后系统最终平衡在1.1 MPa,中、低压储气库充分冷却至20 ℃ 后压力分别为12 MPa和6.5 MPa。充压过程进气压力未超过1.6 MPa,表明该改进流程满足安全需求。
固定排压实验和模拟充车实验分别用于测试压缩机在固定工况和槽车充装工况下的性能,PID控制效果与阀门参数选型是实验成功与否的关键。该过程接首次充压过程,关闭回收支路,打开供气支路,由低、中压储气库先后作为气源向系统供气,实验中各储罐与排气压力曲线如图7~图9所示。
实验完毕后低压储气库压力降至2 MPa,中压储气库降至2.8 MPa,高压缓冲容器内压力32 MPa,低压缓冲容器维持在1.3 MPa。
需要提升排气压力时V2阀门开度减小,回流进低压缓冲容器的气体减少,造成其内压力下降,进而引起V3减压阀动作。V3阀在进气压力降低时开启,气体由气库进入试验回路,在排气压力达到V2阀PID设置值后系统再次进入稳态,在整个过程中进气压力存在小幅波动。若V2阀流量系数过小会导致流动阻力过大,背压难以稳定在低压力;V3阀过小会导致进气压力不稳定甚至出现负压。固定排压实验中按照PID设定阀门间歇,在模拟充车实验中V2阀缓慢动作,整个过程处于准平衡状态。仿真结果表明,排气压力变化过程满足实验目的的需求,固定排压实验未出现超调、压力不足情况;模拟充车实验背压与PID设置曲线基本重合。
在实验流程中,由于时间跨度大、气库压力降低缓慢,气库温度基本维持在稳定值,不存在安全风险。
在实验完成后回收实验回路中的气体,此时低压缓冲容器1.3 MPa,高压缓冲容器32 MPa,中压储气库2.8 MPa,低压储气库2 MPa。与首次充压过程类似,由中、低压储气库先后回收气体,当低压缓冲容器内压力低于0.1 MPa时停止,预期将系统压力回收至1.5 MPa以下,然后停机。气库回收过程动态曲线如图10所示。
120~520 s为中压储气库回收过程,520~720 s为低压储气库回收过程,其后为系统平衡过程。进气压力变化如图11所示,在两储气库回收气开始短期内由于阀门动作发生突升现象,但幅度较小,最高升至1.75 MPa,在可接受范围内。在回收的3~4.5 min时模拟补气,由外部气源通过补气支路向系统输气,进气压力维持在0.5 MPa,将中压储气库压力补充至14 MPa。
两储气库回收过程与低压气库首次充压过程类似,分为两阶段,由于储气库内初始压力高,温度变化不如首次充压过程剧烈,仅中压储气库回收过程达到89 ℃,略微超限,低压储气库最高温度57 ℃,无安全问题。但回收过程仅靠流程改变难以有效降低温度,需要从系统结构上进行改进。
增加气库容量可以变相提高实验后气库内残留压力,降低储气库回收气体前后内部压比,以达到降低最高温度的目的。本次研究中储气库均有多个130 L气瓶集装而成,将中压储气库气瓶数增加一个,总容积增至780 L,此时回收过程温度曲线对比原系统如图12所示。此时回收流程初态发生改变,中压储气库初始压力由2.8 MPa变为3.5 MPa,系统其余参数不变。改进后中压气库最高温度为79 ℃,有了明显改善。
在气库回收过程第一阶段压力骤升产生的压力冲击可能会对储气瓶造成损伤,尤其是中压储气库。将V6、V7阀改为可控阀能更好地控制流量与换热时间,解决压力、温度变化造成的负面影响。若继续使用开关阀,可通过改变管路、阀门口径,调节压缩机转速等方法来解决这一难题,且在设备成本上更有优势。
减小回收支路管径可以改变回收过程管内气体流动状态,增大边界层所占比例,从而降低气体流速缓解第一阶段压力升高速度并延长第一阶段时间。将管径减小至5 mm,由图13可见升压过程明显变得平缓。由于第一阶段升压速度普遍高于第二阶段,因此总回收时间并没有明显延长,但改善了气体对气库冲击的风险。
减小压缩机转速可以减小整个系统中的循环气量以达到缓解压力升高的目的。在原系统及流程中降低气库回收过程压缩机转速,降至360、270 r/min,回收过程如图14所示。压缩机转速调整对储气库回收第一阶段影响极小,但对第二阶段影响较大,转速360 r/min下回收时间延长了23 s;转速270 r/min下回收时间延长了70 s,储气库最高温度下降了1.5 ℃ 。
为槽车充装用高压大排量压缩机设计了一种热力性能测试系统,基于零维模拟仿真方法,对测试系统的工作特性进行了模拟预测,并对系统结构及实验流程进行优化,得到以下结论。
(1)本次研究设计的实验系统通过阀门启闭、开度控制可实现压缩机在特定工况和模拟槽车充装变化工况的测试任务。系统设置低压、中压两级储气库,选用两级回收气方式在实验后充分回收系统中气体,使系统压力回到1.1 MPa较低值,便于压缩机再启机。
(2)在首次充压过程储气库内温度升幅大,中压储气库最高达128 ℃,通过采用“阶梯式”充压方式,由小至大设置各阶段压力升幅,并对低压储气库“预增压”,将储气库温度控制在85 ℃ 以下。
(3)气体回收过程分为两阶段,第一阶段升压、升温快,难控制,通过增加储气库容积可明显改善此过程温度过高问题,本文研究将中压储气库加至780 L使气体最高温度降至79 ℃;升压过快问题可通过减小回收支路管径至5 mm来改善,且较更换为调节阀更具经济性。第二阶段则采用减小压缩机转速等流程改进手段将最高温度降低了1.5 ℃。
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405904
  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
  • 修回日期:2025-04-01
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    1 西安交通大学化学工程与技术学院, 西安 710049
    2 中国石油化工股份有限公司天然气分公司重庆天然气销售中心, 重庆 400024

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* 高秀峰(1972—),男,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:流体装备研发。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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