Article(id=1208051027035656787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406482, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1743523200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409347, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409347, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7729, endPage=7742, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051027899683425, articleId=1208051027035656787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Concrete Beam with Different Reinforcements during Bending and Damage Process, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To analyze the crack development characteristics of different reinforcement concrete beams during bending failure, and to explore the acoustic emission characteristics and bending performance degradation of the beams, a four-point bending test was conducted in combination with acoustic emission technology to establish the relationship between the bending failure process and acoustic emission signals of three different concrete beams. The experimental results show that the RA(rise time/maximum amplitude)-AF(average frequency) signals during the damage evolution of concrete beams with different reinforcements have obvious differences, the proportion of shear crack signal RA of reinforced beams, less-reinforced beams, and super-reinforced beams is much higher than the proportion of diagonal crack signal AF. The common characteristics of the amplitude distribution of bending damage at various stages of differently reinforced beams are mainly reflected in the amplitude peaks in the frequency bands 4~6 kHz, 13.5~16 kHz, and 53~57 kHz. When the beam reaches a certain load, the amplitude peaks in the high-frequency band will suddenly rise, indicating the yielding of the internal reinforcement of the beam and the entry of the structure into the failure stage. This can be used as an important basis for monitoring the extent of internal damage to the structure through time-frequency transformation of acoustic emission signals.

, correspAuthors=Shi-yi ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Da-zhong ZHANG, Shi-yi ZHANG, S M CHAYAN, Ying-fang FAN, Jun-Jie ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051040503566515, articleId=1208051027035656787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程的声发射特性, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为分析不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程裂缝发展特征,探讨梁体破坏声发射特性及抗弯性能退化规律,采用四点弯曲试验,结合声发射技术,建立三种不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程与声发射信号的联系。实验结果表明,不同配筋混凝土梁损伤演化过程中的上升角(rise time/maximum amplitude, RA)、平均频率(average frequency, AF)信号具有明显差异,适筋梁、少筋梁、超筋梁剪切裂缝信号RA占比77.6%、80.9%、78.95%远高于斜拉裂缝信号AF占比,混凝土梁破坏以剪切破坏为主。不同配筋梁弯曲损伤各阶段振幅分布的共同特征主要由频率区间4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz以及53~57 kHz的振幅峰值体现,梁体达到特殊荷载阶段时均会产生高频区间的振幅峰值突起,预示梁体内部钢筋屈服、结构进入破坏失稳阶段,以此可作为声发射信号时频转换监测结构内部损伤程度的重要依据。

, correspAuthors=张世义, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 张世义(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:纳米高性能水泥基材料耐久性。E-mail:
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张大中(2001—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土木工程材料。E-mail:

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Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science Edition), 2024, 52(3): 350-359., articleTitle=Acoustic emission monitoring of damage and crack characteristics of corroded concrete beams subjected to bending, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1208085604726841670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, awardId=51908342, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51908342), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1208085604848476490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, awardId=ZR2018PEE021, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2018PEE021), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1208085591632224872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1208085591644807787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, companyId=1208085591632224872, 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journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, companyId=1208085591955186314, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 华中科技大学岩土与地下工程研究所, 武汉 430074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1208085596845745107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Reinforced concrete beam reinforcement design, figureFileSmall=TMtkY9WOVzlzk13JQp8l/g==, figureFileBig=hi5PPcvBszWtcoowZLsjQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085596958991323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图1, caption=钢筋混凝梁配筋设计, figureFileSmall=TMtkY9WOVzlzk13JQp8l/g==, figureFileBig=hi5PPcvBszWtcoowZLsjQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597080626151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental arrangement for flexural load capacity, figureFileSmall=qlTigZLNplWlmrIiVy+abA==, figureFileBig=kq8a4xu+HcbAT34NXmDJ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597223232498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图2, caption=抗弯承载能力实验布置, figureFileSmall=qlTigZLNplWlmrIiVy+abA==, figureFileBig=kq8a4xu+HcbAT34NXmDJ2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597370033151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Acoustic emission detection device, figureFileSmall=2Wsw2Vx9zQCvpDf0kb3tQw==, figureFileBig=Bf7kP+9B6kjX1VVQO976Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597554581516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图3, caption=声发射检测装置, figureFileSmall=2Wsw2Vx9zQCvpDf0kb3tQw==, figureFileBig=Bf7kP+9B6kjX1VVQO976Wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597667827728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Acoustic emission signal acquisition amplifier, figureFileSmall=aMARQKtKBuPqkuS+20ziwg==, figureFileBig=56iKDlLGepCsbf3fxwxIgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085597848182811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图4, caption=声发射信号采集放大器, figureFileSmall=aMARQKtKBuPqkuS+20ziwg==, figureFileBig=56iKDlLGepCsbf3fxwxIgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085598078869535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Sketch of the experimental design, figureFileSmall=TwXY4bUJub1g00YZi3cmHw==, figureFileBig=THz6SxMOZ1XwE38hbmbmfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085598271807531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图5, caption=实验设计简图

1~3为电子数显百分表;4~9为80 mm应变片;10~17为声发射采集点位

, figureFileSmall=TwXY4bUJub1g00YZi3cmHw==, figureFileBig=THz6SxMOZ1XwE38hbmbmfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085599500738614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Simplified reinforced concrete bond-slip constitutive model flowchart, figureFileSmall=QXBsDSL2p/U4464B9abetA==, figureFileBig=derXQbq19noq/2JBhP1nAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085599651733569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051027035656787, language=CN, label=图6, caption=钢筋混凝土粘结滑移本构模型简化流程图

τ为黏结应力;τu为极限黏结应力;Su为极限应力时损伤位移量;S为整体位移量;Sf为黏结失效对应损伤位移量

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Design of concrete beam reinforcement

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梁体分类 纵筋 架立筋 箍筋
适筋梁 2B14 2A10 A8@50
少筋梁 2A6 2A10 A6@100
超筋梁 2B22 2A10 A8@50
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混凝土梁配筋设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
梁体分类 纵筋 架立筋 箍筋
适筋梁 2B14 2A10 A8@50
少筋梁 2A6 2A10 A6@100
超筋梁 2B22 2A10 A8@50
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Concrete proportion design

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强度等级 水/
(kg·m-3)
水泥/
(kg·m-3)
砂/
(kg·m-3)
石子/
(kg·m-3)
C30 175 343 621 1 261
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混凝土配合比设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
强度等级 水/
(kg·m-3)
水泥/
(kg·m-3)
砂/
(kg·m-3)
石子/
(kg·m-3)
C30 175 343 621 1 261
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不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程的声发射特性
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张大中 1 , 张世义 1, 2, * , CHAYAN S M 1 , 范颖芳 2 , 郑俊杰 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(18): 7729-7742
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(18): 7729-7742
不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程的声发射特性
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张大中1 , 张世义1, 2, * , CHAYAN S M1, 范颖芳2, 郑俊杰3
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学建筑工程与空间信息学院, 济南 255000
  • 2 大连海事大学道路与桥梁工程研究所, 大连 116026
  • 3 华中科技大学岩土与地下工程研究所, 武汉 430074
  • 张大中(2001—),男,汉族,山东青岛人,硕士研究生。研究方向:土木工程材料。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 张世义(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:纳米高性能水泥基材料耐久性。E-mail:
Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Concrete Beam with Different Reinforcements during Bending and Damage Process
Da-zhong ZHANG1 , Shi-yi ZHANG1, 2, * , S M CHAYAN1, Ying-fang FAN2, Jun-Jie ZHENG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Architectural Engineering and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Technology, Jinan 255000, China
  • 2 Institute of Road and Bridge Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
  • 3 School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406482
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为分析不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程裂缝发展特征,探讨梁体破坏声发射特性及抗弯性能退化规律,采用四点弯曲试验,结合声发射技术,建立三种不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程与声发射信号的联系。实验结果表明,不同配筋混凝土梁损伤演化过程中的上升角(rise time/maximum amplitude, RA)、平均频率(average frequency, AF)信号具有明显差异,适筋梁、少筋梁、超筋梁剪切裂缝信号RA占比77.6%、80.9%、78.95%远高于斜拉裂缝信号AF占比,混凝土梁破坏以剪切破坏为主。不同配筋梁弯曲损伤各阶段振幅分布的共同特征主要由频率区间4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz以及53~57 kHz的振幅峰值体现,梁体达到特殊荷载阶段时均会产生高频区间的振幅峰值突起,预示梁体内部钢筋屈服、结构进入破坏失稳阶段,以此可作为声发射信号时频转换监测结构内部损伤程度的重要依据。

钢筋混凝土梁  /  四点弯曲  /  声发射  /  数值模拟

To analyze the crack development characteristics of different reinforcement concrete beams during bending failure, and to explore the acoustic emission characteristics and bending performance degradation of the beams, a four-point bending test was conducted in combination with acoustic emission technology to establish the relationship between the bending failure process and acoustic emission signals of three different concrete beams. The experimental results show that the RA(rise time/maximum amplitude)-AF(average frequency) signals during the damage evolution of concrete beams with different reinforcements have obvious differences, the proportion of shear crack signal RA of reinforced beams, less-reinforced beams, and super-reinforced beams is much higher than the proportion of diagonal crack signal AF. The common characteristics of the amplitude distribution of bending damage at various stages of differently reinforced beams are mainly reflected in the amplitude peaks in the frequency bands 4~6 kHz, 13.5~16 kHz, and 53~57 kHz. When the beam reaches a certain load, the amplitude peaks in the high-frequency band will suddenly rise, indicating the yielding of the internal reinforcement of the beam and the entry of the structure into the failure stage. This can be used as an important basis for monitoring the extent of internal damage to the structure through time-frequency transformation of acoustic emission signals.

reinforced concrete beam  /  four-point bending  /  acoustic emission  /  numerical simulation
张大中, 张世义, CHAYAN S M, 范颖芳, 郑俊杰. 不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏过程的声发射特性. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7729 -7742 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406482
Da-zhong ZHANG, Shi-yi ZHANG, S M CHAYAN, Ying-fang FAN, Jun-Jie ZHENG. Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Concrete Beam with Different Reinforcements during Bending and Damage Process[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7729 -7742 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406482
在建筑工程中,钢筋混凝土梁主要承担承重作用,其抗弯性能对于整体结构安全性和稳定性至关重要。钢筋配筋率作为钢筋混凝土梁设计中的重要参数,对梁的受力性能及破坏形态有着较大影响,实际应用过程中配筋率过高会增加梁体脆性,降低其延性;配筋率过低则可能导致梁在达到极限状态前发生过大变形,影响结构安全,因此,为确保施工过程中结构构件可靠性和耐久性,对不同配筋钢筋混凝土梁抗弯性能的研究具有重要意义。
如今中外学者针对钢筋混凝土梁的受弯承载问题做了大量的理论与试验研究。现有研究表明钢筋混凝土梁试件的弯曲开裂荷载主要由混凝土主体结构所决定,极限荷载主要由混凝土内部配置的钢筋情况所决定;裂缝扩展相对值随着配筋率的增加呈线性增加;配筋率的变化对失稳断裂韧度有一定影响,但对起裂断裂韧度影响不大;配筋率的增加,可有效提高试件抵抗失稳破坏的能力[1-4]。徐晓良等[5]通过少筋梁三点弯曲试验,对梁的弯曲断裂全过程进行研究,提出了相对配筋率的概念。张敏[6]提出了加固试件的相对受压区高度的计算公式及加固层厚度的计算公式。屈文俊等[7]研究了混合配筋混凝土梁受弯裂缝发展规律,依据实测的裂缝间距和裂缝宽度对理论公式进行修正,提出了混合配筋混凝土受弯构件裂缝宽度计算公式。方江华等[8]应用正交试验法设计9组玄武岩纤维轻骨料混凝土(basalt fiber lightweight aggregate concrete, BF-LAC),进行抗压、劈裂抗拉及抗折强度试验,得出结论玄武岩纤维掺入轻骨料混凝土中能显著提升其强度,抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和抗折强度。目前,此类实验研究主要集中于内部掺料加固及混凝土强度的影响,对不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏的综合对比研究较少;数值模拟研究中,不同配筋混凝土梁受弯模拟结果差异不够明确,缺少与混凝土梁配筋率不同相应的模拟数值分析;因此有必要对不同配筋混凝土梁结构的抗弯性能开展更为全面的试验研究。
钢筋混凝土梁受弯开裂行为除通过高精度仪器检测外部明显破坏特征外,梁体内部同样存在关键隐性损伤需被进一步监测。近年来,各种无损检测技术已被成功应用于检测和识别梁体结构的裂缝或损伤,声发射技术(acoustic emission, AE)是一种动态无损检测技术,能够实时监测采集结构内部裂缝发展产生的声音信号变化并通过撞击数、振铃计数、能量等声发射参数来分析结构损伤动态演化过程及其破坏前预兆信息。
现如今中外学者针对声发射技术开展了深入研究,发现随着累积声发射能量和振铃次数的急剧增加可以定性地预测混凝土损伤[9-11]。Els等[12]讨论了在荷载测试期间应用AE技术对腐蚀钢筋混凝土构件进行状态评估,概述了有关腐蚀钢筋混凝土结构的现场AE监测研究报告。李旭等[13]在钢筋混凝土断裂过程中能量平衡基础上,结合声发射与断裂力学参数的耦合关系,得到裂纹稳定扩展过程中,声发射振铃计数与钢筋混凝土梁抗弯刚度关系。Jiao等[14]和Fan等[15]基于高斯混合模型和支持向量机的上升角(rise time/maximum amplitude, RA)和平均频率(average frequency, AF)的断裂模式自动分类,利用声发射技术对混凝土梁在弯曲载荷作用下的损伤演化过程进行了实时监测与表征分析。王少帅[16]和杨磊[17]将地震学经典G-R公式用于混凝土开裂损伤的声发射特性研究,计算出各梁不同加载阶段的声发射ab值,将a值取平均值作为已知量后修正拟合得到的ba值可作为梁体损伤演化的重要依据。目前,声发射(AE)技术在混凝土梁受弯损伤领域运用已相对成熟,各类声发射数据分析手段较为全面;因此,利用声发射技术研究不同配筋混凝土梁受弯损伤过程中的声发射特性。
基于不同配筋混凝土梁受弯开裂外部特征和声发射特性,现对其弯曲开裂行为进行分析,依托四点弯曲实验将钢筋混凝土梁进行分级加载直至破坏,根据不同加载时间点外部特征对比声发射监测过程中产生的能量、撞击次数、振铃计数等实验数据,通过RA-AF裂缝信号、FTT快速傅里叶变换(fast fourier transform, FTT)时频转换分析及改进、古登堡-里克特公式(Gutenberg-Richter relation, G-R)数据处理方法,评价分析不同配筋混凝土梁内部结构损伤与宏观表征之间的变化规律及发展态势,进一步验证声发射技术监测混凝土梁内部开裂可行性。同时,利用Abaqus软件进行数值模拟,结合不同配筋混凝土梁受弯破坏跨中挠度变化对比分析混凝土梁受弯破坏历程,根据模拟得到受拉损伤云图结合应力应变实验数据分析不同配筋混凝土梁受拉高度区及混凝土梁中性轴位置变化,进一步综合分析裂缝表征变化、声发射特性及数值模拟三者之间联系。
图1为钢筋混凝土梁配筋设计。表1表2为梁体配筋设计与混凝土配合比。水泥采用PO·42.5级水泥,粗骨料为普通碎石,粒径为5~40 mm,细骨料为天然中砂,细度模数为2.46,体积密度为1 657 kg/m3,表观密度为2 600 kg/m3。适筋梁、超筋梁纵筋采用HRB335级钢筋,箍筋采用HPB235级钢筋;少筋梁纵筋、箍筋采用HPB235级钢筋,箍筋采用HPB235级钢筋;混凝土保护层厚度为15 mm,试件尺寸为:b=120 mm,h=200 mm,l=1 800 mm。
图2所示为抗弯承载能力实验布置。采用两点集中受力加载,在混凝土梁跨中部位形成纯弯段,液压千斤顶加压,通过分配梁分配荷载,在跨中和支座两端设置电子数显百分表测定挠度。对钢筋混凝土梁进行分级加载,加载过程均匀连续,加载到开裂荷载后测量裂缝高度和裂缝间距变化,压力传感器输出各阶段荷载,应力-应变数据通过静态应变仪量测,应变片分别布置在距离梁底部15、70、130、185、200 mm位置测量各级荷载对应跨中应变,实验开始前,先在验梁上标画5 cm×5 cm网格,以便观察裂缝发展情况[18-19]
材料因裂纹扩展、塑性变形而快速释放应变能并产生应力波的现象称为声发射,声发射技术是一种无损检测方法,可以用于研究材料或结构性质、检测和诊断各种实际应用问题,以及评估结构的完整性,通过这种方法可以连续监测材料内部变化的整个过程。
图3为声发射采集页面。图4为声发射扩声采集器布置。根据构件尺寸设计声发射采集点,如图5所示,在梁上设置8个声发射点位,分别位于混凝土梁上下距离梁端400 mm处和梁前后分别距离梁端600 mm处,在各点采用断铅法调试设备,根据标准QJ2914—1996《复合材料建筑声发射检测方法》采用断铅信号进行声发射信号定位检测,调整声发射信号采集点位与混凝土梁上设计点位吻合[20-21]
使用Abaqus有限元数值分析方法对混凝土梁进行静态受弯模拟。采用混凝土损伤塑性模型对混凝土塑性进行定义[22]。在材料设置方面,混凝土标号为C30,杨氏模量设为25 490,泊松比设为0.2。3种梁架立筋为HPB235,屈服应力为235 MPa,适筋梁、超筋梁内置纵向钢筋为HRB335,屈服应力为335 MPa,少筋梁内置纵向钢筋为HPB235,屈服应力为235 MPa。塑性应变均为0,杨氏模量设为2×105,泊松比为0.3。箍筋设为HPB235,屈服应力为235 MPa,塑性应变为0,杨氏模量设为2.1×105,泊松比为0.3。垫块设为刚体。在材料和本构关系设置方面,混凝土模型采用多线性各向同性加固模型,钢筋采用双线性运动加固模型,本构关系根据《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010—2015)设置。ABAQUS6.9版本后在接触属性定义中增加了cohesive behavior及damage属性,可以在接触分析中考虑黏结特性。如图6所示,一般的黏结滑移本构较为复杂,在此次conhesive模型建立中进行了简化。如图8图9所示,创建独立纵向钢筋几何属性并将其装配到实体混凝土单元中,利用conhesive模型来分析钢筋混凝土间的黏结滑移,设定结点与表面间的有限滑移,在接触属性中增加cohesive behavior、damage属性模拟四点弯曲过程中纵筋与混凝土间的黏结滑移, 其本质是在接触面之间设置无厚度的黏结单元(cohesive elements)。
钢筋与混凝土黏结极限应力参考美国新版混凝土结构设计规范ACI318-08[23],计算公式为
$ \tau_{\mathrm{u}}=\frac{9.5 \sqrt{f_{\mathrm{c}}}}{d_{\mathrm{b}}}$
式(1)中:fc为混凝土强度;db为钢筋直径。
计算得适筋梁τu为25.65 MPa、少筋梁τu为59.85 MPa、超筋梁τu为16.32 MPa;按混凝土弹塑性本构,在damage定义中,τu对应模拟设置中的法向屈服应力(normal only)、切向屈服应力(shear-1、shear-2 only)。依据雷婷婷[24]研究所得拟合公式对极限应力时损伤位移量Su与黏结失效对应损伤位移量Sf进行计算,即
$ S_{\mathrm{u}}=0.0368 d$
$ S_{\mathrm{f}}=0.54 d$
式(3)中:d为不同钢筋直径。
由式(2)计算得适筋梁Su为0.52 mm、少筋梁Su为0.22 mm、超筋梁Su为0.81 mm,由式(3)计算得适筋梁Sf为7.56 mm、少筋梁Sf为3.24 mm、超筋梁Sf为11.88 mm;由于少筋梁钢筋直径较小,在达到极限黏结应力前钢筋就已屈服,于是设定少筋梁Sf为0 mm;Su对应接触面的法向刚度(Knn)、接触面的切向刚度(KssKtt),Sf对应模拟黏结滑移总塑性位移;其余线单元箍筋、架立筋与混凝土之间利用 Embedded region刚性黏结设置内置区域约束,支座作与混凝土梁主体绑定,混凝土梁主体网格划分采用中性轴算法,箍筋、架立筋线单元网格设为桁架。
混凝土梁表面损伤程度宏观描述主要从每级荷载下裂缝高度和裂缝数量发展变化进行分析,如图10所示,为不同配筋梁各阶段荷载裂缝高度发展曲线,由图10(a)可看出,适筋混凝土梁的荷载随着加载时间延长而不断增加,导致混凝土梁在达到开裂荷载后裂缝稳步发展,损伤弹性阶段裂缝高度发展维持在2.5 cm水平左右,在达到屈服荷载和极限荷载时裂缝发展水平显著增加,加载至 120 kN 后,裂缝高度发展由2.75 cm加快至4.25 cm,跨中纯弯段两侧斜裂缝几乎贯通梁体,此时结合适筋混凝土梁荷载挠度曲线斜率突变,可以得出混凝土梁达到了屈服荷载,直至加载到190 kN梁体到达极限荷载。由图10(b)可得,少筋混凝土梁从初始加载阶段裂缝高度发展不断加快呈递增趋势,加载至25 kN时,梁底部纵筋已屈服,继续加载至35 kN过程中裂缝高度发展维持较高水平且此时纵筋被拉断正反两面已形成竖向贯通裂缝,继续加载至梁体破坏,此时裂缝发展已接近完成,破坏主要由贯穿裂缝发展进行,不再有新裂缝产生,所以裂缝高度发展水平大幅降低。由图10(c)可看出,超筋梁瞬时破坏前的加载过程中裂缝发展水平较为均匀且缓慢,原因是底部纵筋刚度较大,除了持续加载使得混凝土产生压碎裂缝外,梁体未出现明显变形,一直处于裂缝稳定扩展阶段。达到极限荷载时,梁体发生瞬间破坏,顶部混凝土发生崩裂,裂缝发展水平突增,对比实验与模拟的裂缝结果也能明显判定此时超筋混凝土梁的破坏处于底部纵筋未屈服顶部混凝土崩裂瞬时坏阶段。
使用 Abaqus仿真软件对混凝土梁构件进行有限元分析后得出结果与实际实验结果进行对比。如图11~图13所示,对比3种不同配筋混凝土梁在持续加载工况下正面裂缝分布情况,在四点弯曲试验过程中,混凝土梁内部配筋不同其裂缝发展存在明显差异。整体分析发现,在梁体破坏过程中,裂缝产生数量超筋梁>适筋梁>少筋梁,主要原因是不同配筋梁抗弯承载力大小差异较大,在加载过程中裂缝不断发展,致使加载历程越长梁体表面裂缝密度越大。对比分析发现,适筋梁加载至极限荷载后跨中纯弯段裂缝分布匀称且裂缝高度随荷载等级发展均衡,少筋梁裂缝发展主要集中在受力点竖向位置,存在两条较长长度贯穿裂缝,其余多为长度较小的新开裂缝和荷载等级跨度较小的微裂缝。超筋梁裂缝数梁最多且竖向裂缝发展均匀缓慢,在达到极限荷载时跨中顶部瞬时出现横向崩坏裂缝,由于配筋刚度较大,受压破坏过程中梁体两侧还伴随着贯通斜裂缝的产生。对不同配筋混凝土梁四点弯曲实验与数值模拟得到的荷载挠度曲线进行比较,在荷载位移曲线上选取相似节点进行误差分析,得出实验荷载位移曲线与模拟荷载位移曲线高度吻合,整体平均误差控制在15%左右,其中少筋梁实验、模拟荷载位移曲线存在明显屈服点,屈服点前后误差控制在20%以内,分析原因可能是由钢筋混凝土梁浇筑过程中混凝土配合比、养护条件等不稳定性因素导致;其中超筋梁的受弯破坏过程中底部纵筋强度占主导地位,钢筋混凝土之间黏结滑移等因素影响较小,整体平均误差控制在10%左右。从整体损伤历程来看,混凝土梁的实验与模拟损伤历程以及荷载和挠度的发展曲线基本吻合,数值模拟能清晰地反映混凝土梁各损伤阶段裂缝的发展情况。
随着加载过程荷载等级不断提高,弯曲裂纹不断向上发展,裂缝高度发展不断变化,伴随着梁体中性轴的上移,不同配筋混凝土梁受拉区高度均有不同程度提高。将数值模拟加载过程分为了4个阶段25%、50%、75% 和 100%,对应每个阶段输出拉伸损伤示意图,并与实际试验测量结果结合分析。经实验与模拟得出的混凝土梁截面高度应力应变曲线及应力应变云图如图14~图16所示。
图15可得,适筋混凝土梁在加载初期,混凝土纤维应变较小,模拟得到梁体受拉区截面高度不明显,实验对应数据均为正数与受压相关。达到开裂临界点后,伴随着混凝土梁开裂,受拉边缘处的混凝土达到极限拉伸应变,模拟得到梁体受拉截面高度区不断增长,实验对应数据由正转负与受拉相关。与此同时,混凝土梁中性轴向上移动,沿截面高度的应变呈线性变化。由图16可得,少筋混凝土梁加载过程应力-应变发展较为集中且整体变化范围较小,仅集中于上部垫块施加力的竖直方向,加载初期拉压截面高度区分界明显,随着模拟时间步数增长受拉区截面高度仅有小幅提高,符合脆性破坏发展规律。由图17可得,由于超筋混凝土梁底部纵筋刚度较大,整个加载过程在达到瞬时破坏之前底部监测到的应变浮动水平极低,持续加载达到瞬时破坏时间点时梁底部15 mm处应变信号突增,模拟超筋混凝土梁弯曲过程中,底部受拉区截面高度变化并不明显,反而顶部应力-应变水平持续快速攀升与实际实验结果相吻合,在达到极限加载水平时,顶部混凝土瞬时压碎印证了利用数值模拟帮助进行实验规律分析的可行性。
采用声发射技术对混凝土梁受弯破坏进行微观层面损伤检测,声发射监测数据振铃计数表示超过阈值并导致震荡的声发射信号,反映声发射活动的总量和频率,用于声发射活动评估。声发射监测数据幅度代表产生的声发射信号幅值变化,与信号大小有直接关系,不受门槛影响且直接决定事件的可测性,常用于波源的类型鉴别、强度及衰减量的测算[25-26]。由此依托声发射实验过程中得到的振铃计数和幅度结合四点弯曲实验荷载时间曲线来进行声发射技术的时域分析。
图17显示了不同配筋梁相应时间内荷载与振铃计数和幅度的阶段对比。分析图17(a)图17(b)可得,在适筋混凝土梁从工作初期0 kN加载至屈服荷载130 kN水平之前,声发射监测信号值相对较低,增长模式也较为平缓,幅度发展水平维持在接近40 000 mV,声发射振铃计数保持在15 000~20 000次上下浮动,进一步加载至130 kN后混凝土梁的声发射监测信号值发生了突变,相应荷载下的振铃计数及幅度均有明显增加。此时,可以判断适筋混凝土梁破坏进入了屈服阶段。继续加载声发射监测信号值维持在相对屈服荷载前较高的稳定浮动水平,此时对应梁体随荷载等级提高不断开裂,裂缝高度稳步发展直至达到极限荷载梁体破坏,与梁体表观观测结果相对应。图17(c)图17(d)的少筋混凝土梁整体加载过程声发射信号变化,可得出除了初始0~10 kN及末尾阶段35~45 kN的信号波动,整体压弯破坏过程信号波动不大,振铃计数维持在10 000次上下波动,幅度维持在25 000 mV水平上下波动,中段破坏历程整体趋势相对平稳,在加载至35 kN时,声发射信号值均有大幅下降,此时对应梁体表观观测,梁底纵筋断裂,竖向贯穿裂缝已经形成,裂缝发展几乎达到最高水平,继续加载裂缝发展水平降缓。分析图17(e)图17(f)超筋混凝土梁整体加载过程声发射信号变化,可得出除去最终瞬时破坏阶段,整体声发射信号水平较低,振铃计数维持在4 000次以下,幅度水平几乎不超过20 000 mV,由此可推断超筋混凝土梁内部在加载至瞬时破坏阶段前不断产生细小微裂缝与表观缓慢地裂缝发展速率相对应,在加载至极限荷载梁体发生瞬时破坏时,监测振铃计数发生5倍突增达到13 087次,监测幅度也发生突变至36 695 mV,结合表观监测直接印证了利用声发射系统检测混凝土梁内部损伤的可行性。
不同配筋混凝土梁断裂过程中裂缝可分为剪切裂缝和拉伸裂缝,两种裂缝产生的声发射信号波形有所不同,通过RA和AF两个参数来对混凝土断裂过程中剪切和拉伸两个类型裂缝做出鉴定,RA值高,AF值低,说明声发射信号波形梯度小,符合剪切裂缝产生的特征信号,反之则符合拉伸裂缝的特征信号。本节利用MATLAB数字分析软件对RA-AF信号进行高斯(Gaussian mixed model,GMM)聚类分析,通过RA-AF信号拟合曲线斜率、RA-AF信号分布规律以及RA-AF信号占比对不同配筋混凝土梁损伤裂缝特征进行系统分析。
图18所示,分析声发射信号占比适筋梁RA/AF为77.6/22.4,少筋梁RA/AF为80.9/19.1,超筋梁RA/AF为78.95/21.05,不同配筋梁在压弯破坏过程中RA信号值占比普遍高于AF信号值占比,说明声发射信号波形梯度较小,与混凝土梁剪切裂缝特征信号相吻合,且适筋梁RA信号占比相较于超筋、少筋梁更高可推断梁体塑型破坏相较于脆性破坏剪切特征更为突显。对比3种不同配筋梁声发射信号拟合斜率,适筋梁斜率(3.776)>少筋梁斜率(3.508)>超筋梁斜率(3.323),拉伸信号大都与表面宏观裂缝相关,剪切信号大都与梁体内部微裂缝相关,此时斜率越大对应拉伸信号伴随剪切信号产生的比例越高,相应梁体结构延性越好。
FFT(fast fourier transformation)变换是一种将时域信号转换为频域信号的算法。它基于傅里叶变换并利用信号周期性和对称性,相较于传统傅里叶变换更快[27]。利用MATLAB软件对声发射时域波形进行快速傅里叶变换。
图19为不同配筋混凝土梁各个阶段声发射波形信号经FFT时频变换后的频域信号分布结果;通过整体分析振幅分布频率区间可知,钢筋混凝土梁弯曲损伤各阶段振幅分布的共同特征主要由频率区间4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz以及53~57 kHz的振幅峰值体现,适筋混凝土梁由带裂缝工作阶段转至屈服阶段后4~6 kHz与13.5~16 kHz的振幅峰值比由18.64%提高至68.84%,且屈服阶段至极限荷载阶段频率区间53~57 kHz产生新的波峰,表明结构内部破坏加重,钢筋屈服逐渐退出工作,混凝土损伤升级;少筋混凝土梁在压实、屈服和极限荷载阶段在53~57 kHz频率区间产生极高振幅峰值,对应特殊阶段的损伤突发加剧趋势,其余破坏阶段优势峰值均在4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz频率区间内,损伤突发加剧阶段频域特征明显异常;超筋混凝土梁整体加载过程振幅峰值处于4~6 kHz、53~57 kHz频率区间内,在加载至瞬时破坏阶段时,频率区间205~210 kHz间产生振幅峰值,崩裂时段频域特征明显;由此频域分析可作为声发射信号时频转换监测结构内部损伤程度的重要依据,对建筑结构安全维护与建筑施工灾害预防具有重大意义。
在前人研究基础上,采用基于声发射技术改进的 G-R 公式分析分阶段加载混凝土梁破坏产生的声发射信号,明确相关声发射参数之间关系,公式为
$ \lg N=a-b \frac{A_{\mathrm{dB}}}{20}$
式(4)中:AdB为以分贝为单位的振幅值;N为在给定时间段内事件中的声发射事件数;ab为经验常数[28]
在对声发射事件数具体分析过程中,由于初始加载阶段千斤顶刚刚与梁体接触并开始加载,加载过程不稳定,收集到的声发射信号不连续、不完整且容易出错,这不利于进行G-R公式处理,因此不考虑荷载初始阶段。分析拟合结果可得出ab。通常根据ab之间的关系进一步分析混凝土损坏情况,由于在使用最小二乘法拟合过程中得到的ab是不断变化的,且两个常数相互影响,因此只分析b值是不合适的。利用先前学者的解决方案,本文研究将多个阶段的a值的平均值作为固定值,然后将该值代入式(1),得到各阶段子阶段的b值,并将各阶段得到的b的平均值表示为ba,以比较ba的变化情况。
图20为3种不同配筋梁对应声发射撞击数、时间荷载曲线及改进G-R模型ba的综合对比分析图,分析适筋混凝土梁各阶段ba变化规律如图20(a)所示,前期ba变化浮动趋势相对稳定,在达到130 kN屈服荷载时,ba由1.23降至0.9产生明显波动,此时对应梁体破坏已进入屈服阶段,且依据表观观察此时纯弯段已形成即将贯穿的斜裂缝,屈服阶段后ba浮动趋势有所增强,表明此时梁体破坏越发不稳定,对应屈服荷载后裂缝高度发展加快,整体ba波动变化与混凝土梁破坏历程十分契合。分析少筋混凝土梁各阶段ba变化规律如图20(b)所示,前期加载阶段ba存在下降趋势,表明此时随着荷载增加裂缝以较快的速率不断发展,在荷载等级达到30~35 kN时ba由1.14突变增至1.21,对应表观观察此时梁底纵筋屈服,梁体竖向形成了贯穿裂缝,继续加载裂缝高度发展水平下降,发展趋势趋于平稳对应ba波动平缓,整体ba波动与梁体破坏事件相适应。超筋混凝土梁各阶段ba的变化规律如图20(c)所示,前期加载过程中由于梁体刚度较大,大部分为发生在混凝土上的剪切脆性破坏,新裂缝不断产生所采集的声发射撞击信号呈现上升趋势,对应ba波动的大幅下降趋势,加载中期新裂缝几乎不再产生,伴随着已有裂缝的匀速发展,对应ba波动水平维持在1.05~1.1趋势平缓,加载至破坏荷载时,ba波动突发下降由1.08降至0.91,此时据表观观察混凝土梁发生了瞬时崩裂,梁体完全破坏,整体ba波动变化与混凝土梁破坏历程十分契合。由此,通过不同配筋混凝土梁四点弯曲实验的宏观表征、声发射时域分布及G-R地震模型ba的综合分析进一步支持验证了通过拟合系数确定 ba进而判断混凝土梁破坏阶段的可靠性方法。
利用声发射系统,结合有限元软件模拟对不同配筋混凝土梁四点弯曲实验进行综合分析后得出以下结论。
(1)不同配筋混凝土梁损伤演化阶段具有显著差异,依据实验应力-应变图对比分析混凝土梁数值模拟破坏过程可知,随着梁上拉压应力应变高度区变化,混凝土梁破坏产生裂缝不断发展。适筋梁受拉高度区分阶段不同程度提高并伴随着混凝土梁中性轴上移,受压高度不断减小直至混凝土梁破坏到达极限。少筋梁应力集中明显,仅分布在两点施加集中力的竖向方向,梁体竖向裂缝贯穿后拉压截面高度区不再有明显变化。超筋梁损伤发展过程中受拉区高度仅有小幅变化,受压高度区不断发展产生应力集中,最后达到极限荷载发生瞬时破坏。
(2)混凝土梁的弯曲破坏过程中,剪切裂缝信号出现频率远高于斜拉裂缝,信号占比适筋梁RA/AF为77.6/22.4,少筋梁RA/AF为80.9/19.1,超筋梁RA/AF为78.95/21.05, 破坏主要以剪切破坏为主,适筋梁RA信号占比相较于超筋、少筋梁更高,由此可推断梁体塑型破坏相较于脆性破坏剪切特征更为突显。对比3种不同配筋梁声发射信号拟合斜率,适筋梁斜率(3.776)>少筋梁斜率(3.508)>超筋梁斜率(3.323),拉伸信号大都与表面宏观裂缝相关,剪切信号大都与梁体内部微裂缝相关,此时斜率越大对应拉伸信号伴随剪切信号产生的比例越高,相应梁体结构延性越好。
(3)利用FFT傅里叶方程进行时频转换分析,钢筋混凝土梁弯曲损伤各阶段振幅分布的共同特征主要由频率区间4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz以及53~57 kHz的振幅峰值体现;适筋混凝土梁屈服阶段至极限荷载阶段频率区间53~57 kHz产生新的波峰,结构内部破坏加重,钢筋屈服逐渐退出工作,混凝土损伤升级;少筋混凝土梁在压实、屈服和极限荷载阶段在53~57 kHz频率区间产生极高振幅峰值,对应特殊阶段的损伤突发加剧趋势,其余破坏阶段优势峰值均在4~6 kHz、13.5~16 kHz频率区间内,损伤突发加剧阶段频域特征明显异常;超筋梁加载至瞬时破坏阶段时,频率区间205~210 kHz间产生振幅峰值,崩裂时段频域特征明显;由此频域分析可作为声发射信号时频转换监测结构内部损伤程度的重要依据,对建筑结构安全维护与建筑施工灾害预防具有重大意义。
(4)结合声发射信号与ba分析表明,梁体稳定开裂时,ba波动幅度相对平缓,对应不同配筋混凝土梁的特殊破坏阶段,ba均产生可观突变,适筋梁纯弯段斜向贯穿裂缝形成阶段ba由1.23降至0.9,少筋梁竖向贯穿裂缝形成阶段ba由1.14增至1.21,超筋梁顶部混凝土崩坏阶段ba由1.08降至0.91。研究验证了通过改进声发射ba实现对钢筋混凝土梁损坏过程的定性分析。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51908342)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2018PEE021)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406482
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2025-04-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(51908342)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2018PEE021)
作者信息
    1 山东理工大学建筑工程与空间信息学院, 济南 255000
    2 大连海事大学道路与桥梁工程研究所, 大连 116026
    3 华中科技大学岩土与地下工程研究所, 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

* 张世义(1986—),男,汉族,山东潍坊人,博士,副教授。研究方向:纳米高性能水泥基材料耐久性。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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