Article(id=1208051026645586501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405483, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721577600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-22, revisedDate=1742486400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409255, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409255, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409255, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409255, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7823, endPage=7831, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051027085988437, articleId=1208051026645586501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Decision-making and Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicles in U-turn Scenarios, columnId=1156262728772735295, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the U-turn scenario of autonomous vehicles in two-way single lanes, a safety decision-making method was proposed by fuzzy reasoning, and a U-turn mathematical model was established based on the spatial distribution relationship of vehicles, seven key control points were determined, the search strategy of particle swarm optimization was improved, and an efficient and comfortable U-turn trajectory planning method was proposed. The safety decision-making method firstly establishes a membership relationship between the relative distance between the vehicle and the vehicle on the target lane and the minimum safety distance during steering when making a U-turn, and selects the time with higher safety to make a U-turn. The trajectory planning method combines the spatial distribution characteristics of vehicles, improves the constraints of particle swarm optimization, and proposes a new search strategy, which can quickly converge to the optimal extreme value and plan the optimal path of U-turn. The results show that the proposed decision-making and trajectory planning methods can complete the U-turn safely and efficiently.

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针对自动驾驶汽车在双向单车道下的掉头场景,采用模糊推理提出了一种安全决策方法并基于车辆空间分布关系建立掉头数学模型,确定7个关键控制点,改进粒子群算法的搜索策略,并提出一种高效舒适的掉头轨迹规划方法。安全决策方法首先将掉头时本车道和目标车道上的车辆与自车的相对距离和转向时最小安全距离的差值建立隶属关系,选择安全性更高的时刻进行掉头;轨迹规划方法结合车辆空间分布特征,改进粒子群算法的约束,提出一种新的搜索策略,使其能够快速收敛到最优极值,规划出掉头的最优路径。研究表明:所提出的决策与轨迹规划方法可以安全、高效地完成掉头。

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田国富(1968—),男,汉族,吉林长春人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、自动驾驶汽车决策、规划与控制技术。E-mail:

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田国富(1968—),男,汉族,吉林长春人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、自动驾驶汽车决策、规划与控制技术。E-mail:

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田国富(1968—),男,汉族,吉林长春人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、自动驾驶汽车决策、规划与控制技术。E-mail:

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M1为自车与本车道后方车辆的最小安全距离;M2为自车与本车道前方车辆的最小安全距离;M3为自车与目标车道前方车辆的最小安全距离

, figureFileSmall=Vm0wwUuW2A0gYoyfcvfgSQ==, figureFileBig=eJIEpMVuBEnWJqXbJRl6gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085586737468258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the vehicle’s location, figureFileSmall=e4baaSwIUQvBBhtHQRFU8w==, figureFileBig=4qPsgJVYH6UN1PdSgST1tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085586854908781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=CN, label=图2, caption=车辆位置示意图

front为本车道前方车辆;ego为自车;after为本车道后方车辆;c为目标车道前方车辆;D为自车与目标车道前方车辆的纵向距离;d为自车与本车道前方车辆的纵向距离

, figureFileSmall=e4baaSwIUQvBBhtHQRFU8w==, figureFileBig=4qPsgJVYH6UN1PdSgST1tA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085586989126523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=M1 membership function, figureFileSmall=FuT7jRez9dp1RlcQ7qZZxQ==, figureFileBig=VZgiqCOc3LJvEgRKfgaDhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085587102372744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=CN, label=图3, caption=M1隶属度函数, figureFileSmall=FuT7jRez9dp1RlcQ7qZZxQ==, figureFileBig=VZgiqCOc3LJvEgRKfgaDhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085587211424661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Schematic diagram of the mathematical model of the U-turn, figureFileSmall=PQkNrCKY6J1x4NkPvRxUpw==, figureFileBig=dBZ6SP6ijMtIPztxP2gpWQ==, tableContent=null), 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Fuzzy rules table

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模糊
规则
M2 模糊规则
M1 负负 很低 很低 很低 较低 M3
零零 较低 较低 较高
小小 较低 较高
中中 较低 较高 很高
大大 较低 较高 很高 很高
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模糊规则表

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模糊
规则
M2 模糊规则
M1 负负 很低 很低 很低 较低 M3
零零 较低 较低 较高
小小 较低 较高
中中 较低 较高 很高
大大 较低 较高 很高 很高
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Intensity of willingness to change lanes and decision table

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换道意愿强度 车辆决策
0<N1≤0.4 继续行驶
0.4<N1≤0.6 等待掉头
0.6<N1≤1 直接掉头
), ArticleFig(id=1208085592378806578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051026645586501, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

换道意愿强度及决策表

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换道意愿强度 车辆决策
0<N1≤0.4 继续行驶
0.4<N1≤0.6 等待掉头
0.6<N1≤1 直接掉头
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掉头场景下自动驾驶汽车的决策与轨迹规划
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田国富 , 郑佳强
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(18): 7823-7831
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(18): 7823-7831
掉头场景下自动驾驶汽车的决策与轨迹规划
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田国富 , 郑佳强
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110870
  • 田国富(1968—),男,汉族,吉林长春人,博士,教授。研究方向:智能制造技术与装备、自动驾驶汽车决策、规划与控制技术。E-mail:

Decision-making and Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicles in U-turn Scenarios
Guo-fu TIAN , Jia-qiang ZHENG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405483
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针对自动驾驶汽车在双向单车道下的掉头场景,采用模糊推理提出了一种安全决策方法并基于车辆空间分布关系建立掉头数学模型,确定7个关键控制点,改进粒子群算法的搜索策略,并提出一种高效舒适的掉头轨迹规划方法。安全决策方法首先将掉头时本车道和目标车道上的车辆与自车的相对距离和转向时最小安全距离的差值建立隶属关系,选择安全性更高的时刻进行掉头;轨迹规划方法结合车辆空间分布特征,改进粒子群算法的约束,提出一种新的搜索策略,使其能够快速收敛到最优极值,规划出掉头的最优路径。研究表明:所提出的决策与轨迹规划方法可以安全、高效地完成掉头。

自动驾驶  /  模糊推理  /  轨迹规划  /  粒子群算法  /  数学模型

Aiming at the U-turn scenario of autonomous vehicles in two-way single lanes, a safety decision-making method was proposed by fuzzy reasoning, and a U-turn mathematical model was established based on the spatial distribution relationship of vehicles, seven key control points were determined, the search strategy of particle swarm optimization was improved, and an efficient and comfortable U-turn trajectory planning method was proposed. The safety decision-making method firstly establishes a membership relationship between the relative distance between the vehicle and the vehicle on the target lane and the minimum safety distance during steering when making a U-turn, and selects the time with higher safety to make a U-turn. The trajectory planning method combines the spatial distribution characteristics of vehicles, improves the constraints of particle swarm optimization, and proposes a new search strategy, which can quickly converge to the optimal extreme value and plan the optimal path of U-turn. The results show that the proposed decision-making and trajectory planning methods can complete the U-turn safely and efficiently.

autonomous driving  /  fuzzy inference  /  trajectory planning  /  particle swarm algorithm  /  mathematical models
田国富, 郑佳强. 掉头场景下自动驾驶汽车的决策与轨迹规划. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7823 -7831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405483
Guo-fu TIAN, Jia-qiang ZHENG. Decision-making and Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicles in U-turn Scenarios[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7823 -7831 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405483
随着科技的发展,人工智能在我们的工作和生活中越来越重要。其中,自动驾驶技术已经成为最热门的研究方向之一,并且对交通安全具有重要影响。在交通拥挤的城市环境中,双向单车道道路十分常见。所以,当车辆掉头时,由于行车空间的限制,需要同时考虑安全性、行驶效率和利他性等问题。掉头作为一种常见的行车场景,当前对其进行安全决策和轨迹规划的研究较少。
自动驾驶汽车主要包含感知定位、行为决策、路径规划与跟踪控制等技术[1]。自动驾驶汽车的设计以乘员的安全性为首要前提,而行为决策的好坏直接影响安全性,轨迹规划则是自动驾驶汽车能够按照既定轨迹正确行驶的首要前提。
在自动驾驶的行为决策中,应用最广泛的是基于规则的方法,该方法具有结构简单、易于实现等优点,因此在自动驾驶汽车中特别受欢迎,且该方法[2]根据驾驶状态或驾驶需求,在人工制定的规则库或知识库中选取最合适的行为决策策略,极大缩短了自动驾驶汽车做出决策的计算时间,兼顾了安全性和效率。
文献[3]提取了车辆换道时车辆间相对距离和车速等参数,基于模糊推理建立车辆二元换道决策模型,准确率可达到85%。文献[4]基于强化学习的方法优化了驾驶行为决策模型,改善了控制量突变问题,具有更高的控制精度。文献[5]将粒子群算法与人工鱼群算法进行结合,提出一种混合规划方法,提高了算法的收敛速度和收敛精度,规划出最优路径。文献[6]结合了图卷积神经网络和长短期记忆网络并加入了注意力机制建立轨迹预测模型,生成S-T图,规划出确信轨迹。文献[7]采用了凸空间约束方法对车辆行驶的边界条件进行限制,然后通过设计多目标函数对轨迹进行平滑处理,规划出车辆行驶轨迹。文献[8]改进了人工蜂群算法,设计了新的搜索策略,提高了算法的搜索精度和收敛速度,并结合五次多项式规划出了车辆行驶的最优轨迹。文献[9]采用了有限状态机进行决策,通过构建Frenet曲线坐标系,利用动态规划算法求出粗解,再通过二次规划进行平滑处理,规划出无碰撞的车辆掉头轨迹。
针对自动驾驶汽车在双向单车道下的掉头场景,综合考虑本车道前、后方车辆和目标车道前方车辆以及自车的空间分布关系,现提出一种基于模糊推理的安全决策方法。为了兼顾自动驾驶汽车行驶时的安全性和效率,建立车辆掉头数学模型,设计新的约束条件,提出一种基于新的搜索策略而改进的粒子群算法,规划出一条最优轨迹。
当自动驾驶汽车在双向单车道下行驶时,在掉头工况下,需要进行安全决策。通过对本车道与目标车道的掉头条件进行安全评估,当车辆减速到0时的位置设为掉头点。①当两车道均满足掉头条件时,车辆减速到掉头点后开始进行掉头;②当目标车道满足条件,本车道不满足或两车道均不满足条件时,车辆减速但继续向前行驶,待两车道均满足时再进行掉头;③当目标车道不满足条件,本车道满足时,车辆减速到掉头点后停车等待,待到目标车道满足条件后再进行掉头。自动驾驶汽车掉头策略图如图1所示。
为了避免发生事故,计算自车与本车道前、后方车辆以及目标车道前方车辆的安全掉头距离[10],以自车与前、后方车辆紧急制动距离的差值为最小安全距离,考虑人的反应时间,设反应时间为0.5 s,车辆位置示意图如图2所示。
则自车在本车道上行驶到掉头点的距离为
$ S_{\mathrm{ego}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{ego}}^{2}}{2 a_{\mathrm{ego}}}$
式(1)中:Vegoaego为自车的车速和加速度。
本车道后方车辆的紧急制动距离为
$ S_{\mathrm{after}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{after}}^{2}}{2 a_{\mathrm{after}}}+0.5 V_{\mathrm{after}}$
式(2)中:Vafteraafter为本车道后车的车速的加速度。
自车与本车道后方车辆的最小安全距离为
$ M_{1}=S_{\mathrm{ego}}-S_{\mathrm{after}}+H+c$
式(3)中:Hc分别为自车的车长和冗余距离。
自车与本车道前方车辆的最小安全距离为
$ M_{2}=\left(V_{\text {ego }}-V_{\text {front }}\right) \frac{d}{V_{\text {ego }}}$
式(4)中:Vfront为本车道前车车速;d为本车道前车与自车的纵向距离。
自车在掉头过程中所行驶的最大纵向距离为
$ S_{\text {Lon }}=S_{\text {ego }}+R_{\min } \sin \gamma+2 R_{\min }\left(\cos \beta_{2}-\cos \beta\right)$
式(5)中:Rmin为车辆最小转弯半径;γβ2为车辆转向过程中的转向角度;β为用于计算的数学角度,如图7所示。
目标车道前方车辆的紧急制动距离为
$ S_{\mathrm{c}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}}{2 a_{\mathrm{c}}}+0.5 V_{\mathrm{c}}$
式(6)中:Vcac分别为目标车道前方车辆的车速和加速度。
考虑车身结构,则自车与目标车道前方车辆的最小安全距离为
$ M_{3}=D-S_{\mathrm{c}}-S_{\mathrm{Lon}}-R_{0} \sin \theta$
式(7)中:D为自车与目标车道前方车辆的纵向距离;R0为车辆质心到车尾的距离;θ为车身与水平方向的夹角。
当车辆紧急制动时,为避免车辆发生侧翻、摆尾等危险情况,需要对车辆的横向加速度进行约束,则根据车辆静态稳定性方程[式(8)]可得车辆瞬时平衡方程[式(9)]。
$ \mathrm{SSF}=\frac{l_{\mathrm{w}}}{2 h}$
$ m a_{y} h+F_{z l} l_{\mathrm{w}}-m g \frac{l_{\mathrm{w}}}{2}=0$
式中:lw为车轮轮距;h为车辆质心高度;m为车辆的质量;ay为车辆横向加速度;Fzl为左侧车轮的垂直载荷;g为重力加速度。
由式(9)可得,当左侧车轮载荷为0时,车辆横向加速度最大,则最大横向加速度为
$ a_{y \max }=\frac{l_{\mathrm{w}}}{2 h} g$
此时为车辆发生侧翻的临界点,则aymax为车辆发生侧翻的阈值[11]。而在实际驾驶中,横向加速度一般为阈值的30%~50%[12]。结合车辆数据可得aymax= 1.3g,则选取阈值的30%,可得
$ a_{y \max } \leqslant 0.39 g$
当车辆满载或空载时,车辆的纵向加速度均不低于0.6g[13],可得车辆纵向加速度取值范围为
$ a_{x} \geqslant 0.6 g$
则车辆在实际行驶时,车辆加速度的临界值为
$ a=\sqrt{a_{y \max }^{2}+a_{x}^{2}}$
所以为了避免车辆在制动时发生危险,根据实际驾驶情况,设aegoaafterac均为a
将自车与本车道后方车辆的最小安全距离M1作为模糊输入1,模糊化为5个等级,子集设置为{负,零,小,中,大},论域取值范围为[-10,50],其中子集“负”的范围设置为[-10,5],子集“零”的范围设置为[0,10],子集“小”的范围设置为[5,15],子集“中”的范围设置为[10,20],子集“大”的范围设置为[15,50]。隶属度图像如图4所示。
自车与本车道前方车辆的最小安全距离M2作为模糊输入2,模糊化为5个等级,子集设置为{负,零,小,中,大},论域取值范围为[-10,50],其中子集“负”的范围设置为[-10,5],子集“零”的范围设置为[0,10],子集“小”的范围设置为[5,15],子集“中”的范围设置为[10,20],子集“大”的范围设置为[15,50]。隶属度图像如图5所示。
自车与目标车道前方车辆的最小安全距离M3作为模糊输入3,模糊化为5个等级,子集设置为{负,零,小,中,大},论域取值范围为[-10,50],其中子集“负”的范围设置为[-10,5],子集“零”的范围设置为[0,10],子集“小”的范围设置为[5,15],子集“中”的范围设置为[10,20],子集“大”的范围设置为[15,50]。隶属度图像如图6所示。
输出为换道意愿N1,模糊化为7个等级,子集设置为{很低,低,较低,中,较高,高,很高},论域取值范围为[-1,1],隶属度函数图像如图7所示。模糊规则表如表2所示,换道意愿决策表如表3所示。
经过模糊推理所得到的输出仍是模糊子集,为使推理结果用于决策模型的输出,需将模糊子集进行去模糊化。去模糊化是将通过模糊推理得到的变量输出为用于实际的清晰量。本文研究中采用“重心法”去模糊化。所以,当车辆掉头时,将自车与前、后车辆的最小安全距离分别输入,并查找模糊规则,然后解模糊求出相应掉头意愿的值,比较值的大小,再进一步控制车辆进行掉头。
粒子群算法是通过模拟鸟群觅食行为而发展起来的搜索算法,其本质思想是通过群体中个体的协作与信息共享来寻找最优解[14]。粒子群算法的原理是通过一群随机的粒子不断迭代,然后根据迭代找到最优解,并且在每次迭代的过程中,更新个体极值,最终形成全局极值的过程。但粒子群算法具有很大的随机性,在寻优的过程中,计算时间过长,效率较低,且易陷入局部最优。
基于车辆空间分布特征,通过建立车辆掉头的数学模型来确定车辆在掉头过程中的多个关键点,进而对粒子群进行约束,避免粒子群算法在无用的空间内进行迭代,降低了粒子群算法的随机性。
本文研究针对的是双向单车道路况,由于道路宽度限制,自动驾驶汽车需要进行倒车调整。为了便于计算,在不影响模型准确的前提下,做出以下假设:①在建立掉头数学模型过程中将车辆看作一个质点;②假设车辆转弯时的转弯半径均为车辆最小转弯半径。
自动驾驶汽车的行驶情况如下。
(1)车辆在本车道以某一初速度行驶,当需要掉头时,车辆开始减速,当车速减为0时到达A1点,准备掉头。
(2)车辆到达A1点后开始转向,因为在掉头或泊车等工况下,车速一般为5 km/h左右[15],属于低速工况,所以假设车辆掉头时纵向速度恒定。设车辆距离边界的安全距离为0.3 m,所以车辆行驶至A2点停车。
(3)车辆在A2点切换倒挡,开始倒车,行驶至A3点停车。
(4)车辆在A3点切换前进档位,向前行驶,行驶至A5点,车辆完成掉头。掉头数学模型示意图如图7所示。
当车辆行驶至A1点时,可得车辆行驶的距离 L A 0 A 1
$ L_{A_{0} A_{1}}=\frac{v_{\mathrm{ego}}^{2}}{2 a_{y \max }^{2}}$
当车辆从A1点行驶至A2点时,可得车辆行驶的距离 L A 1 A 2
$ L_{A_{1} A_{2}}=R_{\min } \alpha$
$ \alpha=\sin ^{-1} \frac{E_{\mathrm{safe}}}{R_{\min }}+\frac{\pi}{2}$
当车辆从A2处开始倒车,行驶至A3点时,可得车辆行驶的距离 L A 2 A 3
$ L_{A_{2} A_{3}}=R_{\min } \beta_{1}$
$ \beta_{1}=\beta-\beta_{2}$
$ \beta_{2}=\sin ^{-1} \frac{2 E_{\mathrm{safe}}}{2 R_{\mathrm{min}}}$
$ \beta=\sin ^{-1} \frac{2 E_{\mathrm{safe}}+R_{\min }}{2 R_{\min }}$
当车辆从A3点行驶至A4点且继续行驶至A5点完成掉头时,可得车辆行驶的距离 L A 3 A 4 L A 4 A 5
$ L_{A_{3} A_{4}}=R_{\min } \gamma$
$ \gamma=\frac{\pi}{2}-\beta$
$ L_{A_{4} A_{5}}=\frac{v_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}-v_{\mathrm{x}}^{2}}{2 a_{\max }}$
式中:vegovcvx分别为自车车速、目标车道的前车车速以及自车当前车速;aymaxamax分别为自车在掉头时最大侧向加速度、最大纵向加速度;αβ1γ分别为 L A 1 A 2 L A 2 A 3 L A 3 A 4对应的弧度角。
结合车辆掉头数学模型,确定车辆掉头过程中的7个控制点,分别为点A1A2A3A4O1O2O3,其中O1是弧A1A2的圆心,O2是弧A2A3的圆心,O3是弧A3A4的圆心,A1A2A3A4是车辆掉头轨迹中的关键控制点。
在自动驾驶汽车行驶的过程中,当车辆有掉头需求时,车辆减速,车速为0时到达A1点,同时以大地坐标系为基准,初始化车辆坐标,设A1点为起始点,坐标为(x0,y0),结合车辆掉头数学模型,可得7个控制点的坐标如式(13)所示。
针对自动驾驶汽车在行驶过程中的合法性和安全性,需要对自动驾驶汽车规划轨迹的边界进行约束,如图8所示。
A 1 x = x 0 A 1 y = y 0 A 2 x = R m i n ( c o s α - 1 ) A 2 y = R m i n s i n α A 3 x = O 2 x + R m i n s i n ( α + β 1 ) A 3 y = O 2 y - R m i n c o s ( α + β 1 ) A 4 x = O 3 x - R m i n A 4 y = O 3 y O 1 x = - R m i n , O 1 y = y 0 O 2 x = R m i n 2 c o s α - 1 ) O 2 y = 2 R m i n s i n α O 3 x = A 3 x + R m i n s i n ( α + β 1 ) O 3 y = A 3 y - R m i n c o s ( α + β 1 )
式(24)中: A 1 x~ A 5 x A 1 y~ A 5 y分别为A1~A5点的横、纵坐标; O 1 x O 1 y O 2 x O 2 y O 3 x O 3 y分别为O1~O3点的横、纵坐标。
考虑自动驾驶汽车到达目标位置时的横向误差,由于道路宽度限制,双向单车道总宽度为7 m[16]。所以,如果自动驾驶汽车在掉头过程中的横向误差超过道路边界,即超过7 m,需添加惩罚项,可得横向误差惩罚函数为
$ \begin{aligned} f_{\mathrm{aerfa}}= & A_{3 x}+5.25+\sin \left[\alpha+\beta_{1}+\arctan \left(\frac{L_{\mathrm{w}}}{2 L_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)\right] \times \\ & \sqrt{\left(\frac{L_{\mathrm{w}}}{2}\right)^{2}+L_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}} \end{aligned}$
式(14)中:Lw为车辆宽度;Lr为后悬。
为了避免自动驾驶汽车在掉头过程中触碰道路边界,保证车辆与道路边界的安全距离,需对自动驾驶汽车进行碰撞检测,添加碰撞约束,可得碰撞惩罚函数为
$ \begin{aligned} f_{\text {beta }}= & \left(L+L_{\mathrm{f}}\right) \cos \left(\alpha+\beta_{1}\right)^{2}- \\ & \left(A_{2 x}+5.25\right)^{2}-A_{2 y}^{2} \end{aligned}$
式(15)中:Lf为前悬;L为车辆轴距。
为了保证自动驾驶汽车掉头换道后位于道路中心线,需对车辆在A3点处进行横向位置约束和角度约束,可得道路中心线惩罚函数为:
$ \begin{aligned} f_{\text {rou }}= & 1.75-\left[L_{\mathrm{r}} \cos \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\gamma\right)+\right. \\ & \left.\frac{L_{\mathrm{w}}}{2} \sin \left(\frac{\pi}{2}-\gamma\right)+A_{3 x}\right] \end{aligned}$
$ f_{\mathrm{gama}}=\left|A_{4 x}+1.75\right|$
各个约束条件可得
$ \text { s.t. }\left\{\begin{array}{l} f_{\text {aerfa }}-7 \leqslant 0 \\ f_{\text {beta }} \leqslant 0 \\ f_{\text {rou }} \leqslant 0 \\ f_{\text {gama }} \leqslant 0.05 \end{array}\right.$
粒子群算法在模拟鸟群寻优的过程中,随机性较大,效率较低,且易陷入局部最优。因此,基于车辆掉头数学模型与轨迹的误差惩罚函数改进粒子群算法,提出一种新的搜索策略。该方法首先设立一个容忍范围,再以A1A2A3A4关键点为圆心,以容忍范围为半径建立粒子群索引区域,则区域外的点均为无效点,然后基于轨迹的误差惩罚函数建立粒子群算法的适应度函数,再根据各个点的适应度值,在粒子群索引区域内进行寻优,规划出最优掉头轨迹。原理示意图如图9所示。
为了保证粒子群算法在容忍范围内规划出最优轨迹,减小误差;需建立适应度函数,通过比较索引区域内每个点的适应度值,进而得到最优解。
结合规划轨迹的误差惩罚函数可得,横向误差适应度函数为
$ F_{\text {aerfa }}=100000 \max \left(f_{\text {aerfa }}-7,0\right) \text { aerfa }$
碰撞适应度函数为:
$ F_{\text {beta }}=100000 \max \left(0, f_{\text {beta }}\right) \text { beta }$
道路中心线适应度函数为
$ F_{\text {rou }}=100000 \max \left(0, f_{\text {rou }}\right) \text { rou }$
$ F_{\text {gama }}=100000 \max \left(0, f_{\text {gama }}\right) \text { gama }$
式中:aerfa、beta、rou、S1S2分别为横向误差适应度函数、碰撞适应度函数、道路中心线适应度函数和转向角适应度函数的权重因子。
自动驾驶汽车在实际行驶中,考虑到车身机构等因素,车辆的前轮转角不会超过45°。因此,为了保证车辆的转向角度和转向角速度在合理范围内,避免过度转向,出现无解的情况,需对车辆转向角进行限制,确保转向角度在合理范围内变化,可得转向角适应度函数为
$ \begin{aligned} F_{\text {turn }}= & 1000 S_{1} \max \left(\alpha-\frac{\pi}{2}, 0\right)+ \\ & 1000 S_{1} \max (-\alpha, 0)+ \\ & 1000 S_{2} \max \left(\beta_{1}-\frac{\pi}{2}, 0\right)+ \\ & 1000 S_{1} \max \left(-\beta_{1}, 0\right)+ \\ & 10000 S_{2} \max \left(\gamma-\frac{\pi}{2}, 0\right)+ \\ & 10000 S_{1} \max (-\gamma, 0) \end{aligned}$
则粒子群适应度函数为
$ F=F_{\text {aerfa }}+F_{\text {beta }}+F_{\text {rou }}+F_{\text {gama }}+F_{\text {turn }}$
规划路径轨迹如图10所示。
利用MATLAB与CarSim联合仿真,在CarSim中选取C级车辆模型,其车辆长度为4 583 mm,轴距为2 776 mm,前悬为785 mm,后悬为1 074 mm,最大前轮等效转角为0.558 5 rad,道路按国家规定标准,单条道路宽度为3.5 m,仿真结果如图11所示。
图11图12可知,粒子群算法在迭代过程中,虽然收敛到极值的速度很快,但并不是最优极值,最终也没有收敛到最优适应度0,极易陷入局部最优;而结合车辆空间分布特征,基于数学模型改进的粒子群算法在迭代过程中,可以收敛到最优适应度0,且收敛到最优极值的速度更快,效率更高,收敛效果也更好。
图13~图15可知,在城市路况下,车辆在掉头过程中行驶时,车辆未出现抖动情况。根据轨迹跟踪图可知,自动驾驶汽车在整体的跟踪过程中,偏差较小,跟踪精度较高,且最大横向偏差为0.04 m,最大航向角偏差不超过0.05 rad,控制效果较好,结合实际情况,对车辆影响极小,因此本文提出的在掉头场景下自动驾驶汽车的决策与规划方法可以规划出质量较高的轨迹路径,易于车辆跟踪控制。
通过以上分析研究可得出以下结论。
(1)自动驾驶汽车需要掉头时,利用模糊算法和最小安全距离所建立的模糊规则生成的决策,可以防止车辆在动态行驶过程中与其他车辆产生冲突的问题,从而降低事故风险。
(2)基于车辆掉头轨迹建立掉头数学模型,确定7个关键点,基于关键点与容忍范围优化粒子群算法的约束条件,限制索引区域,改进粒子群算法,规划出自动驾驶汽车在掉头场景下的轨迹路径,并采用改进的Stanley控制方法进行跟踪控制,结果表明,规划的轨迹具有较高的跟踪精度,可以高效舒适地完成车辆掉头。
(3)结合仿真结果,在双向单车道路况的掉头场景下,自动驾驶汽车采用本文设计的决策与规划方法,既能保证车辆的安全性,也保证了车辆的掉头效率以及更适应当前工况的合理转向轨迹。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52375258)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405483
  • 接收时间:2024-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-22
  • 修回日期:2025-03-21
基金
国家自然科学基金(52375258)
作者信息
    沈阳工业大学机械工程学院, 沈阳 110870
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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