Article(id=1208051025966113337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405366, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721145600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-17, revisedDate=1742486400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409092, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7743, endPage=7751, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051026414903872, articleId=1208051025966113337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Mechanical Characteristics and Degradation Patterns of Solidified Sediment during Freeze-thaw Cycles, columnId=1156262729917780302, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To evaluate the micro-structural degradation characteristics and strength attenuation law of multi source solid waste solidified lake sediment under freeze-thaw cycle conditions, the macroscopic engineering characteristics of the solidified sediment material under freeze-thaw cycle conditions, such as unconfined compressive strength, volume deformation and permeability coefficient were observed through multiple repeated freeze-thaw cycle tests on samples of granulated blast furnace slag, desulfurization gypsum, and construction waste co solidified sediment. By combining micro testing methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, then the mineral composition, functional groups, surface morphology and elemental composition of solidified sediment materials during freeze-thaw cycles were systematically analyzed, revealing the micro mechanism of structural degradation of solidified sediment under freeze-thaw cycles. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, fibrous ettringite and columnar gypsum and other cementitious products fracture and overlapped with each other to form a network, and the internal pores increased. This may be the reason for the decrease in strength and increase in permeability coefficient of the solidified sediment. The obtained mechanical characteristics and degradation patterns of solidified sediment during freeze-thaw cycles can provide basic data for the application and promotion of this material in regions with significant freeze-thaw cycle characteristics such as northwest and northeast of China.

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为评估多源固废固化湖泊底泥在冻融循环条件下的微结构劣化特征以及强度衰减规律,针对粒化高炉矿渣、脱硫石膏、建筑垃圾协同固化底泥试样,通过多次反复冻融循环试验,观察固化底泥材料在冻融循环条件下的无侧限抗压强度、体积变形、渗透系数等宏观工程特征的演变规律。结合X射线衍射试验、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜和能谱分析等微观测试手段,系统地分析了冻融循环过程中固化底泥材料的矿物组构、官能团、表面形貌和元素构成,揭示了冻融循环作用下固化底泥结构劣化微观机理。结果表明,随冻融循环次数的增多,纤维状的钙矾石和柱状石膏等胶凝产物发生断裂,且相互交叠成网络状,内部孔隙增多,这可能是造成固化底泥强度减少、渗透系数增大的原因。获取的固化底泥在冻融循环过程中的力学特征及劣化规律,可为该种材料在西北、东北等具有显著冻融循环特征地区的应用与推广提供基础数据。

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* 陆海军(1979—),男,满族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境岩土工程与灾害控制技术。E-mail:
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臧濛(1988—),女,汉族,湖北荆门人,博士,副教授。研究方向:特殊土的改性与处置技术。E-mail:

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Print Mag为打印放大倍数;FoV为视野;WD为工作距离;Det为检测器;Energy为电子束能量;Date为日期;Mag为物镜放大倍数

, figureFileSmall=J9e7QCmQ8JT7CmTCfF8wFQ==, figureFileBig=pwqWxXybSoRtfFRovEwutg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085588419383320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025966113337, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=EDX element distribution and total spectrum of solidified sediment after freeze-thaw cycles, figureFileSmall=tIMeKlF75903lGhluJ/poQ==, figureFileBig=fvb5iI5hJ2H3Wa6tJNKmuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1208085588528435237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025966113337, language=CN, label=图7, caption=冻融循环后固化底泥的EDX元素分布和面总谱图

低温-15 ℃,高温50 ℃

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低温:-35 ℃,高温:50 ℃

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Basic mechanical parameters of sediment

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含水率/
%
液限/
%
塑限/
%
塑性指数/% 比重 颗粒组成/%
砂粒
(0.02~2 mm)
粉粒
(0.002~0.02 mm)
黏粒
(<0.002 mm)
67.56 60.5 35.3 25.2 2.65 23.3 56.4 20.3
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底泥的基本力学参数

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含水率/
%
液限/
%
塑限/
%
塑性指数/% 比重 颗粒组成/%
砂粒
(0.02~2 mm)
粉粒
(0.002~0.02 mm)
黏粒
(<0.002 mm)
67.56 60.5 35.3 25.2 2.65 23.3 56.4 20.3
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The main chemical components and contents of dredging sediment, slag powder, desulfurization gypsum, and construction waste powder

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材料 主要化学成分/%
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O P2O5 其他
清淤底泥 57.31 17.440 9.650 6.95 2.240 0.601 0.17 5.639
矿渣微粉 27.36 12.470 1.410 37.21 7.330 0.480 0.01 13.730
脱硫石膏 2.38 0.898 0.483 45.36 0.619 49.16 0.165 0.02 0.915
建筑垃圾粉末 39.87 8.930 6.030 35.07 2.010 3.09 1.030 0.17 3.800
), ArticleFig(id=1208085590713667727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025966113337, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

清淤底泥、矿渣微粉、脱硫石膏、建筑垃圾粉末的主要化学成分及含量

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材料 主要化学成分/%
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 Na2O P2O5 其他
清淤底泥 57.31 17.440 9.650 6.95 2.240 0.601 0.17 5.639
矿渣微粉 27.36 12.470 1.410 37.21 7.330 0.480 0.01 13.730
脱硫石膏 2.38 0.898 0.483 45.36 0.619 49.16 0.165 0.02 0.915
建筑垃圾粉末 39.87 8.930 6.030 35.07 2.010 3.09 1.030 0.17 3.800
), ArticleFig(id=1208085590881439897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025966113337, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Orthogonal experimental design table and results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 清淤底泥占比/% 矿渣微粉∶脱硫石膏∶矿渣 占比/% 抗压强度/MPa
矿渣微粉 脱硫石膏 矿渣 生石灰
GH1 65 1∶1∶1 11.00 11.00 11.00 2.0 6.85
GH2 65 1∶2∶2 6.60 13.20 13.20 2.0 6.42
GH3 65 1∶3∶3 4.71 14.14 14.14 2.0 10.96
GH4 65 2∶1∶2 13.20 6.60 13.20 2.0 8.81
GH5 65 2∶2∶3 9.43 9.43 14.14 2.0 8.97
GH6 65 2∶3∶1 11.00 16.50 5.50 2.0 1.65
GH7 65 3∶1∶3 14.14 4.71 14.14 2.0 13.22
GH8 65 3∶2∶1 16.50 11.00 5.50 2.0 6.85
GH9 65 3∶3∶2 12.38 12.38 8.25 2.0 7.91
), ArticleFig(id=1208085591086960815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025966113337, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

正交试验设计表及结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号 清淤底泥占比/% 矿渣微粉∶脱硫石膏∶矿渣 占比/% 抗压强度/MPa
矿渣微粉 脱硫石膏 矿渣 生石灰
GH1 65 1∶1∶1 11.00 11.00 11.00 2.0 6.85
GH2 65 1∶2∶2 6.60 13.20 13.20 2.0 6.42
GH3 65 1∶3∶3 4.71 14.14 14.14 2.0 10.96
GH4 65 2∶1∶2 13.20 6.60 13.20 2.0 8.81
GH5 65 2∶2∶3 9.43 9.43 14.14 2.0 8.97
GH6 65 2∶3∶1 11.00 16.50 5.50 2.0 1.65
GH7 65 3∶1∶3 14.14 4.71 14.14 2.0 13.22
GH8 65 3∶2∶1 16.50 11.00 5.50 2.0 6.85
GH9 65 3∶3∶2 12.38 12.38 8.25 2.0 7.91
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冻融循环条件下固化底泥的力学特征及劣化规律
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臧濛 1 , 易先虎 2 , 彦湘 2 , 陈小宁 2 , 陆海军 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(18): 7743-7751
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(18): 7743-7751
冻融循环条件下固化底泥的力学特征及劣化规律
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臧濛1 , 易先虎2, 彦湘2, 陈小宁2, 陆海军1
作者信息
  • 1 武汉轻工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430023
  • 2 湖北华夏水利水电股份有限公司, 荆州 434007
  • 臧濛(1988—),女,汉族,湖北荆门人,博士,副教授。研究方向:特殊土的改性与处置技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 陆海军(1979—),男,满族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境岩土工程与灾害控制技术。E-mail:
Mechanical Characteristics and Degradation Patterns of Solidified Sediment during Freeze-thaw Cycles
Meng ZANG1 , Xian-hu YI2, Xiang YAN2, Xiao-ning CHEN2, Hai-jun LU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
  • 2 Hubei Huaxia Water Resources and Hydropower Co., Ltd., Jingzhou 434007, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405366
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为评估多源固废固化湖泊底泥在冻融循环条件下的微结构劣化特征以及强度衰减规律,针对粒化高炉矿渣、脱硫石膏、建筑垃圾协同固化底泥试样,通过多次反复冻融循环试验,观察固化底泥材料在冻融循环条件下的无侧限抗压强度、体积变形、渗透系数等宏观工程特征的演变规律。结合X射线衍射试验、傅里叶红外光谱、扫描电镜和能谱分析等微观测试手段,系统地分析了冻融循环过程中固化底泥材料的矿物组构、官能团、表面形貌和元素构成,揭示了冻融循环作用下固化底泥结构劣化微观机理。结果表明,随冻融循环次数的增多,纤维状的钙矾石和柱状石膏等胶凝产物发生断裂,且相互交叠成网络状,内部孔隙增多,这可能是造成固化底泥强度减少、渗透系数增大的原因。获取的固化底泥在冻融循环过程中的力学特征及劣化规律,可为该种材料在西北、东北等具有显著冻融循环特征地区的应用与推广提供基础数据。

冻融循环  /  底泥  /  力学特征  /  微观机理

To evaluate the micro-structural degradation characteristics and strength attenuation law of multi source solid waste solidified lake sediment under freeze-thaw cycle conditions, the macroscopic engineering characteristics of the solidified sediment material under freeze-thaw cycle conditions, such as unconfined compressive strength, volume deformation and permeability coefficient were observed through multiple repeated freeze-thaw cycle tests on samples of granulated blast furnace slag, desulfurization gypsum, and construction waste co solidified sediment. By combining micro testing methods such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, then the mineral composition, functional groups, surface morphology and elemental composition of solidified sediment materials during freeze-thaw cycles were systematically analyzed, revealing the micro mechanism of structural degradation of solidified sediment under freeze-thaw cycles. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, fibrous ettringite and columnar gypsum and other cementitious products fracture and overlapped with each other to form a network, and the internal pores increased. This may be the reason for the decrease in strength and increase in permeability coefficient of the solidified sediment. The obtained mechanical characteristics and degradation patterns of solidified sediment during freeze-thaw cycles can provide basic data for the application and promotion of this material in regions with significant freeze-thaw cycle characteristics such as northwest and northeast of China.

freeze-thaw cycle  /  sediment  /  mechanical characteristics  /  microscopic mechanism
臧濛, 易先虎, 彦湘, 陈小宁, 陆海军. 冻融循环条件下固化底泥的力学特征及劣化规律. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7743 -7751 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405366
Meng ZANG, Xian-hu YI, Xiang YAN, Xiao-ning CHEN, Hai-jun LU. Mechanical Characteristics and Degradation Patterns of Solidified Sediment during Freeze-thaw Cycles[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7743 -7751 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405366
中国每年河湖疏浚底泥产生量超10×108 m3,底泥由于含水率高、细颗粒含量高、比表面积大,易造成重金属、营养盐等富集,使得大方量底泥处置成为环境治理清淤工程中的重点。淤泥固化是当前大规模底泥资源化利用的主要方法,既可有效解决底泥占用土地和污染环境的问题,又可为工程建设提供填料。中外许多学者针对底泥固化开展了一系列深入研究,研究了固化材料和固化机理[1-3]、固化土的力学特性和变形规律[4-6]、固化土的结构性等[7-8],并取得一些研究成果。王志等[9]以粉煤灰和水泥对底泥进行固化,利用无侧限抗压强度试验探究压实时间对固化底泥干密度和强度的影响。底泥掺入固化剂后随着放置时间的增强,水化反应使土体颗粒形成较大的土颗粒团聚体,导致土体结构疏松,强度降低。李芳菲等[10]对不同水泥掺量的固化淤泥试样进行干湿循环试验下的抗剪强度和固结特性研究,发现干湿循环后抗剪强度和屈服应力都出现增大的趋势。
上述研究中改性河湖清淤底泥的固化材料多集中在传统的水泥、粉煤灰、炉渣、磷石膏等,近年来新兴的固化剂配方逐渐转向低聚物胶凝材料及类似的环保复合材料,而工业固废和建筑垃圾协同改性河湖底泥的研究较少[11]。卢立海等[12]的研究表明,使用以粉煤灰、硅灰、建筑拆除垃圾粉以及其他工业和建筑固体废弃物等为主要来源的地聚物生态固化剂对滨海滩涂淤泥进行原位固化,固化强度高于同等条件下的石灰和水泥,有效节约工程造价。李胜等[13]基于响应面法对碱激发矿渣-粉煤灰基地聚物固化滩涂淤泥的配合比进行优选,并结合宏观性能和微观形貌对地聚物受碱性溶液激发后固化淤泥的机理进行分析,证明了碱激发地聚物固化淤泥质土的可行性与经济性。采用工业固废和建筑垃圾联合固化清淤底泥,使底泥成为力学性能良好且具备一定结构性的土体,实现工业废物、建筑垃圾、清淤底泥的绿色资源化利用。
随着中国淤泥固化处理技术越来越成熟,固化后底泥逐步应用在场地回填、堤防加固、边坡修复、填埋场衬垫等工程中,但大多数模拟自然工况对河湖清淤底泥改性材料的试验研究多集中于干湿循环作用[10,14],而针对西北、东北等地区冻融循环作用下固化底泥材料劣化特性未可知,无法准确判断固化底泥的实际运用效果。为评估多源固废固化湖泊底泥在冻融循环条件下的微结构劣化特征以及强度衰减规律,在前期试样体积收缩率和强度预实验结果的基础上,现针对粒化高炉矿渣、脱硫石膏、建筑垃圾协同固化底泥试样,设计了+50 ℃,-15 ℃;+50 ℃,-25 ℃;+50 ℃,-35 ℃三个冻融循环工况,综合采用无侧限压缩试验、渗透试验检测分析在1~20次冻融循环过程中固化底泥试样的体积变形、无侧限抗压强度、渗透系数等力学特征参数的变化规律。结合X射线衍射试验XRD(X-ray diffraction)、傅里叶红外光谱FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)、扫描电镜和能谱分析SEM+EDS(scanning electron microscopy+energy dispersive spectrometer)等微观测试手段,检测冻融循环过程中固化底泥材料的矿物组构、官能团、微观形貌、元素构成,揭示冻融循环作用下固化底泥结构劣化微观机理。
试验以清淤底泥为主要材料,选定固化剂材料为矿渣、脱硫石膏和建筑垃圾粉末,控制清淤底泥的总量(材料质量的65%),以质量分数为2%的生石灰为激发剂,改性清淤底泥制样。清淤底泥取自湖北省武汉市东湖沉积底泥,采用人工清挖的方式进行多点随机取样,将底泥装入塑料桶后密封保存运回实验室。清淤底泥的基本物理性质如表1所示。脱硫石膏产自于湖北某石膏公司,为二级烟气脱硫石膏,呈白色粉末状;矿渣微粉等级为S95级,由武汉某环保公司生产,呈灰白色粉末状,所见无明显颗粒物,粒径主要分布范围为2~37 μm,比表面积为428 m2/kg,密度2.9 g/cm3,矿渣的碱性系数Kb=1.12>1,该矿渣为碱性矿渣。建筑垃圾来自某建筑垃圾回收工厂,建筑垃圾于50 ℃干燥箱内烘干后过0.15 mm筛,装入密封袋密封保存。为了提高石膏强度和降低材料的含水率将脱硫石膏置于115 ℃干燥箱内进行烘干得到半水石膏,选用生石灰作为碱激发剂。清淤底泥、脱硫石膏、矿渣和建筑垃圾的化学组成成分如表2所示。
为探究矿渣、脱硫石膏和建筑垃圾粉末这三种材料的最优比例,以矿渣、脱硫石膏和建筑垃圾粉末为主要影响因素设计的正交试验如表3所示,以28 d无侧限抗压强度为响应结果,探究最佳配比方案。试验配比优选结果顺序为:GH7、GH3、GH5、GH4、GH9、GH1、GH8、GH2、GH6,又因为试样GH2、GH5、GH8的体积收缩率较大,故优选试样GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9试样进行冻融循环试验及微观机理分析。
将清淤底泥从密封桶中取出沥水后放入JJ-5型水泥胶砂搅拌机中,按不同配比依次加入建筑垃圾粉末、脱硫石膏和矿渣。先低速搅拌2 min使其搅拌均匀,其中将质量百分数为2%的生石灰加入500 mL的蒸馏水中制成固化剂溶液倒入混合,再低速搅拌5 min,使改性材料与清淤底泥充分混合均匀,将混合物取出压入中规定尺寸模具中。圆柱形试样尺寸为ϕ5 cm×10 cm,采用三层击实法,所制得试样的密度为1.78~1.88 g/cm3,pH为8.5~10。
将在自然条件下养护28 d后的GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9固化底泥试样放置在冷冻箱中冷冻24 h,其后将试样置于恒温干燥箱中干燥24 h,完成1次冻融循环。为了模拟不同的低温与高温的冻融循环效果,在试验中冷冻箱的温度分别设置3中不同低温,即-15 ℃、-25 ℃、-35 ℃;干燥箱的温度被设置为50 ℃。以上冻融循环过程共计开展20次。
针对不同循环次数下(1次、2次、3次、4次、5次、10次、15次、20次)的GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9固化湖泊底泥试样,试样为直径50 mm、高100 mm的圆柱体,按照《土工试验方法标准》(GB/T50123—2019)[15],采用YAW-2000型微机控制电液伺服压力试验机检测固化底泥试样的无侧限抗压强度,同步检测试样的体积变形。采用GEOEQUIP环境岩土柔性壁渗透仪检测固化底泥试样的渗透系数,试验围压为300 kPa,反压设置为60 kPa,顶压设置为30 kPa。以固化底泥GH3试样为检测对象,采用XRD、FTIR、SEM+EDS检测5次(FT5)、10次(FT10)、15次(FT15)、20次(FT20)冻融循环后固化污泥的矿物组构、水化产物、矿物官能团、表面微观形貌和元素组成。基于GH3试样冻融循环过程中的微观特征的演变规律,揭示固化底泥的冻融循环劣化机理。
冻融循环过程中GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9固化底泥试样的体积收缩率如图1所示。由图1可以发现,在低温-15 ℃、-25 ℃、-35 ℃与高温50 ℃冻融循环作用20次后,固化底泥试样的体积收缩率由1.30%~2.60%分别增加至1.35%~2.94%、1.94%~3.02%、2.08%~3.46%,相对于养护28 d后固化底泥试样的体积收缩率,冻融循环20次后分别增加了20.98%~26.92%、24.28%~49.23%、42.39%~60.00%。以上数据可以反映出在低温-15 ℃的冻融循环作用下固化底泥的体积收缩率增加较少,但随着低温的降低,冻融循环对固化底泥的结构破坏明显加剧,体积收缩率显著增加。此外,在整个冻融循环持续20次的过程中,固化底泥试样均未出现掉块、起皮、裂纹等结构破损的现象,固化底泥试样依然保持完成的结构形态,这也说明矿渣、脱硫石膏的水化反应生成的C-S-H等胶凝产物与建筑垃圾构成的骨架结构具有显著的抗冻融循环破坏的性能,这对于固化底泥材料在寒冷地区的工程应用至关重要。
自然条件下固化底泥中存在固、液、气三相介质,在低温(<0 ℃)条件下固化体孔隙中的部分液态水转化成固态的冰,此时该部分水的体积增加约9%,这种液态向固态的转变产生膨胀力,造成了对固体颗粒的挤压,引起固体颗粒产生位移或胶凝产物发生断裂,孔隙增多、孔径变大,破坏固化底泥的致密结构。此外,底泥中的部分矿物、胶凝产物在冻融循环过程中反复热胀冷缩,也会对固化底泥的结构造成损伤。在高温时(>0 ℃),固化底泥中固态冰转变成液态水被蒸发,底泥中的孔隙水减少,因此,在第1次冻融循环过程中孔隙水转变成冰造成的膨胀性破坏明显减小,这也解释了图1中固化底泥的体积收缩率在第1次冻融循环后基本稳定的原因。
冻融循环过程中固化底泥GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9试样的无侧限抗压强度如图2所示。在冻融循环的作用下,固化底泥的无侧限抗压强度总体呈现衰减的趋势,且随着冷冻温度的降低,这种衰减趋势更为严重。低温-15 ℃与高温50 ℃、低温-25 ℃与高温50 ℃、低温-35 ℃与高温50 ℃冻融循环作用20次后,固化底泥试样的无侧限抗压强度由6.85~10.96 MPa 分别减小至5.39~8.02 MPa、3.96~7.24 MPa、3.16~7.10 MPa。对比养护28 d的固化底泥试样,无侧限抗压强度分别下降了21.31%~30.82%、28.83%~55.50%、35.22%~60.05%。其中,受冻融循环破坏后,GH3试样依然保持着最高的无侧限抗压强度,GH9试样的无侧限抗压强度衰减幅度最大。水凝结成冰产生的膨胀力造成的对固化底泥结构性的破坏是导致试样无侧限抗压强度降低的主要原因。其次,冻融循环过程中会引起钙矾石、二水石膏等胶凝产物发生断裂,以及可溶盐矿物的溶解,也会破坏固化底泥的致密结构,造成无侧限抗压强度的下降。
冻融循环过程中固化底泥GH1、GH3、GH4、GH7、GH9试样的渗透系数如图3所示。由图3可以发现,冻融循环过程中固化底泥试样的渗透系数总体呈现增大的趋势,且随冷冻温度的降低,这种增大趋势更为显著。在低温-15 ℃、-25 ℃、-35 ℃与高温50 ℃冻融循环作用20次后,固化底泥试样的渗透系数分别由1.22×10-8~6.66×10-8 cm/s增加至8.71×10-8~11.43×10-8 cm/s、8.87×10-8~12.78×10-8 cm/s、9.77×10-8~13.43×10-8 cm/s,其中GH4试样的渗透系数受冻融影响最大,GH3和GH7试样的渗透系数受冻融循环的影响偏小。冻融融化过程中试样内部物质颗粒间距增大,骨架结构被破坏,孔隙增多,孔隙变大,这是导致试样渗透系数增大的主要原因。冻融循环作用下CaCO3晶体减少,在冻结阶段自由水结晶过程导致试样内部密实度降低。另外,水分子的物理形态发生改变导致试样的体积发生增减,颗粒团聚体在冻融循环发生破碎。随冻融循环次数的增加,水分含量减少,水与冰相互转化造成对土体结构的破坏效果逐渐减弱,并且该过程是逐渐由试样外部过渡到试样内部,水分冻结产生一定的冻胀力,该过程会增大土颗粒的内部间距,导致试样内部的骨架结构被破坏。
冻融循环条件下固化底泥试样的XRD图谱如图4所示。经冻融循环后固化底泥的矿物主要是石英、二水石膏、氢氧化铝锂的水合物、二硫化硅、磷酸铝、水合碳酸氢氧化镁铝、钙磷石、水滑石、绿锈、铬酸钾、托贝莫来石、钙矾石。另外,在冷冻温度为-35 ℃、高温50 ℃的冻融循环环境下固化底泥的矿物以氢氧化铝锂的水合物和铬酸钾为主,磷酸铝和钙磷石等物质逐渐消失。
冻融循环过程中固化底泥中盐离子被溶出,XRD图谱中氢氧化铝锂的水合物LiAl(OH)7·2H2O可能来自含锂的铝酸盐溶液,该物质是含有两个AlO4四面体共同形成的Al2O7骨架。大多学者认为在较稀的铝酸盐溶液中Al(OH ) 4 -是主要成分,这部分较稀的铝酸盐溶液出现在固化体融化阶段,存在孔隙水中,在可逆反应和化学平衡作用下生成LiAl(OH)7·2H2O。同样,属于LDHs的还有水合氢氧化镁铝,也是属于一种水滑石,该物质在-35 ℃冻融循环条件下未被发现。
二硫化硅Silicon Sulfide与SiO2类似,Si和S以为共价键形式结合,SiS2大分子结构通常以[SiS2]四面体为基本单元。以SiS2为单元,Si-S键的作用形成(SiS2)n+环链结构,二硫化硅则属于聚合物,该物质的生成可能和固化体处在长时间的融化加热和低温冷凝过程有关,在本试验中该物质主要出现在了冷冻温度为-15 ℃、高温50 ℃的冻融循环工况中。对比干湿循环条件下固化底泥的矿物组成,磷酸铝物质的产生是由于OH-与矿渣中的活性物质反应生成Al(OH ) 4 -,在融化过程中Al(OH ) 4 -与磷酸盐溶液反应生成具有胶结性能的黏合剂磷酸铝AlPO4。具有较强的碱性层状氢氧化物产物的水滑石Quintinite-2H,属于LDHs,该物质具有一定的热稳定性,200 ℃以下LDHs层板结构不会随温度的升高而改变。即使在温度变化波动范围较大的环境中,由于这些物质的存在固化底泥内部的物质结构也不会产生明显变化。
冻融循环条件下固化底泥的FT-IR图谱如图5所示。结合自然养护、干湿循环条件下的固化底泥微观检测结果,冻融循环条件下矿物中出现了LDHs,可知在试样中存在4种类型的水,分别为以氢键的链接形式与碳酸盐离子结合的水、层间的自由水、与羟基基团连接形成的水、以及连接碳酸盐阴离子和Mg3(OH)的水。在530 cm-1附近出现了一个振动峰是因为水分子中的氢键与金属羟基表面连接振动导致的。随着冻融循环过程中冷冻温度的降低,明显观察到1 144 cm-1附近出现的Si-O振动峰消失,而在冷冻温度为-15 ℃条件下该波长所对应的Si-O峰在冻融5次后依然出现振动,如图5所示,这可能是由于外界环境温度降低,硅酸盐聚合反应被阻滞,水化产物随之减少。在1 474 cm-1附近出现层间的C O 3 2 -的特征吸收峰的振动可能与水滑石物质的出现有关。另外,冻融循环过程中C-O基团所在位置的波峰逐渐均由1 474 cm-1向更低频率偏移,这与干湿循环条件下固化底泥的FT-IR图谱测试结果一致。根据XRD检测结果可知,主要为LDHs产物生成,该物质层间里面需要C O 3 2 -保持电荷平衡,因此大量CaCO3矿物在冻融循环条件下被破坏。
冻融循环条件(低温-15 ℃,高温50 ℃)下固化底泥试样的表面微观形貌如图6所示。在低温-15 ℃、高温50 ℃冻融循环5次后,样品表面出现相互交错且杂乱无序长1.5~2.1 μm的柱状物,结合XRD检测结果可判定该物质为石膏晶体,且附着大量细小颗粒物。
另外,样品表面出现的白色针状物可能是SiS2晶体,这些晶体之间相互胶结连接,形成一个具有一定强度坚固的胶凝体骨架。冻融循环10次后,样品的孔洞增多,这可能是由于盐类物质被溶解引起矿物颗粒体积减小或消失。冻融循环15次后,样品表面出现蜂窝板块体以及针状、柱状物,这些物质可能是石膏和钙矾石晶体。冻融循环20次后,样品内部有长度约1.8~2.3 μm麦管状晶体出现。EDX图谱(图7)显示该处C、O、Si、Ca元素含量较高,S元素含量较低,由此可判断该处有网络状和麦管状的C-S-H生成。
在低温-25 ℃、高温50 ℃冻融循环5次后,试样中可观察到长约为1.8 μm的板状晶体堆叠在一起,并且周围由柱状、长块状晶体粘附成一个整体。根据EDS结果显示该处S、Ca元素较高,结合XRD试样结果可判断为石膏晶体,如图4所示。冻融循环10次,珊瑚状和网络状的C-S-H相出现在光滑且均匀的方解石表面,C-S-H相形貌突出,整体结构较紧密。试样内部结构表面结构较为光滑并未发现细小杂质存留在试样表面,薄片状的晶体相卷拢堆叠在一起,白色的晶体可能为矿渣水化反应产生的凝胶。冻融循环15~20次,纤维状的钙矾石和柱状石膏相互交替形成网络体生长于在试样内部孔洞之中,但是二者所构成的网络状骨架内部存在裂缝,这可能是造成强度减少、渗透系数增大的原因。
在低温-35 ℃、高温50 ℃冻融循环5次后,试样内部结构仍为一个致密的整体,几乎没有缝隙和孔洞存在。样品表面有白色的反应产物,该产物可能是未完全水化的矿渣或者石膏。冻融循环10次,根据EDX元素分析此时Ca、Si、O元素含量仍然很高,样品中出现直径约为1.2 μm的球状体,该球体可能为建筑垃圾粉末,如图8所示。冻融循环15次后,有块状的胶凝产物出现,该物质内部结构紧密,大量长为1.5~2.1 μm的针状钙矾石晶体散乱依附在胶凝产物表面。冻融循环20次后,试样内部结构较为疏松,大小不等的块状凝胶体相互包裹。固废发生水化反应生成该类胶凝产物,该胶凝产物在极端低温(-35 ℃)和极端高温(50 ℃)自然环境中并没有被破坏,这也证明了固化底泥材料具有良好的抗冻融循环破坏的工程性能。
融循环后固化底泥的EDX元素分布和面总谱如图7图8所示。由图7图8可知,固化底泥的元素构成以C、O、Si、Ca、S为主,其含量受冻融循环影响度较大,主要原因是冻融循环过程中方解石、石膏的含量发生了明显变化。冻融循环过程中C、O、Si、Ca元素含量总体分布在6.79%~36.52%、12.86%~40.91%、2.54%~23.55%、8.70%~50.16%范围内,相对于C、O、Si、Ca元素,S元素含量为1.94%~17.13%,明显偏少,这也说明试样的矿物主要是硅酸钙的水化胶凝相。
此外,根据EDX元素分布可知,样品还含有Mg、Al、P、Cl、K、Fe元素,但在冻融循环过程中含量较低且波动较小,其中Mg元素含量为0.16%~1.70%、Al元素含量为1.16%~7.59%、P元素含量为0.81%~1.93%、Cl元素含量为0~0.21%、K元素含量为0.30%~2.43%、Fe元素含量为0~9.03%,由以上数据可判断水化胶凝产物C-A-S-H几乎没有生成。Fe、Cl、K、P元素可能由建筑垃圾、矿渣和脱硫石膏内部的杂质,由于其含量很小对研究结果影响不大。矿渣和清淤底泥中Al、Fe、Mg和S元素的含量较高,但冻融循环后这些元素含量较小。结合XRD、SEM检测结果,认为Fe元素可能被水滑石类材料吸附或者生成了绿锈等LDHs产物。
(1)在低温-15 ℃、-25 ℃、-35 ℃与高温50 ℃冻融循环作用20次后,固化底泥试样的体积收缩率由1.30%~2.60%分别增加至1.35%~2.94%、1.94%~3.02%、2.08%~3.46%;无侧限抗压强度由6.85~10.96 MPa 分别减小至5.39~8.02 MPa、3.96~7.24 MPa、3.16~7.10 MPa;渗透系数由1.22×10-8~6.66×10-8 cm/s增加至8.71×10-8~11.43×10-8 cm/s、8.87×10-8~12.78×10-8 cm/s、9.77×10-8~13.43×10-8cm/s。经冻融循环破坏后,固化底泥材料表面未出现裂缝、起皮、掉块等现象,外观结构完整。其中,GH3号试样受冻融影响最弱,依然保持了较低的体积收缩率、较大的抗压强度和较低的渗透系数。
(2)冻融循环过程中固化底泥材料的矿物组构主要是石英、二水石膏、氢氧化铝锂的水合物、二硫化硅、磷酸铝、水合碳酸氢氧化镁铝、钙磷石、水滑石、绿锈、铬酸钾、托贝莫来石、钙矾石。冻融循环过程中硅酸盐聚合反应停止,水化产物减少。随冻融循环次数的增多,纤维状的钙矾石和柱状石膏等胶凝产物发生断裂,且相互交叠成网络状,内部孔隙增多。固化底泥的元素构成以C、O、Si、Ca、S为主,其含量受冻融循环影响度较大;Mg、Al、P、Cl、K、Fe元素含量较低且波动较小,说明水化胶凝产物C-A-S-H几乎没有生成。
(3)固化底泥材料中出现的层状氢氧化物主要为水滑石、绿锈、氢氧化铝锂的水合物等。该物质可作为催化剂载体,具有有毒阴离子交换、阳离子吸附等作用。因此,固化底泥材料被用于填埋场衬垫屏障系统建造时,在发挥传统垃圾承载和屏障防渗工程性能的同时还可以吸附渗沥液中重金属,提高了垃圾填埋场运行过程中的服役安全。此外,高炉灰渣、脱硫石膏等也可用于制备重金属污染土的固化剂。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2022CFA011)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405366
  • 接收时间:2024-07-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-17
  • 修回日期:2025-03-21
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湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2022CFA011)
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    1 武汉轻工大学土木工程与建筑学院, 武汉 430023
    2 湖北华夏水利水电股份有限公司, 荆州 434007

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* 陆海军(1979—),男,满族,河北秦皇岛人,博士,教授。研究方向:环境岩土工程与灾害控制技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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