Article(id=1208051025668313656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405935, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722960000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-07, revisedDate=1743436800000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765951409016, onlineDateStr=2025-12-17, pubDate=1751040000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765951409016, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765951409016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951409016, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1208051024368083510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='18', pageStart='7455', pageEnd='7883', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765951408712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765951896766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208053071507198944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1208051024368083510, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7502, endPage=7510, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1208051026117104189, articleId=1208051025668313656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Analysis of Land Subsidence and Influencing Factors in the Beijing Plain Area Based on PS-InSAR Technology, columnId=1156262729351549255, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers·Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Further analysis is needed to comprehend how the trend of land subsidence in the Beijing plain area evolves following the implementation of a series of prevention and control measures. Based on the Sentinel-1A image data from 2017 to 2022, the PS-InSAR technique was employed to assess the current situation of land subsidence in the plain area of Beijing, and the geographical detector was utilized to analyze the main influencing factors of land subsidence and their interaction effects. The findings reveal the following: The main conclusions were as follows. The distribution of land subsidence in Beijing plain is uneven, and the maximum subsidence rate reaches 90 mm/a. The subsidence rate of non-funnel area shows a certain degree of slowing trend from 2020 to 2021, while the slowing trend of subsidence rate in funnel area is not obvious. Groundwater as the primary influencing factor of land subsidence, with the thickness of the compressible layer closely following. The interaction among all influencing factors demonstrates a factor enhancement relationship, with the interaction between groundwater and subway infrastructure exerting the most significant impact on land subsidence. This highlights that groundwater and urban construction jointly propel land subsidence in the Beijing plain area. These research findings provide a scientific foundation for the comprehensive assessment, precise prediction, and integrated prevention and control of land subsidence in the Beijing plain.

, correspAuthors=Yun SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chang GE, Yun SHI, Wen-yu GONG, Xin LIAO, Guo-hong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1208051028654658161, articleId=1208051025668313656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于PS-InSAR技术的北京平原区地面沉降与影响因素, columnId=1156262730077163858, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·天文学、地球科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采取系列防治措施后北京平原区的地面沉降发展趋势如何变化尚待深入分析。基于2017—2022年Sentinel-1A影像数据,采用PS-InSAR技术评估北京平原区地面沉降现状,利用地理探测器分析影响地面沉降的主要影响因素及其交互作用。结果表明: 北京平原区地面沉降分布不均匀,最大沉降速率达到90 mm/a,非漏斗区的沉降速率自2020—2021年表现出一定程度的减缓趋势,漏斗区的沉降速率的减缓趋势则较不明显。地面沉降的主要影响因素首先是地下水,其次是可压缩层厚度。所有影响因素交互作用后均表现为因子增强关系,其中地下水与地铁交互作用对地面沉降的影响最为显著,反映出地下水开采和城市建设共同驱动北京平原区的地面沉降。研究结果可为北京平原区地面沉降的全面评估、准确预测与综合防治提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=石云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 石云(1981—),女,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士研究生,副教授。研究方向:地壳形变与地震流体关系。E-mail:
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葛畅(2000—),女,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震动力学与地球探测技术。E-mail:

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葛畅(2000—),女,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震动力学与地球探测技术。E-mail:

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葛畅(2000—),女,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震动力学与地球探测技术。E-mail:

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Data source of the study area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 时间 来源(网站)
Sentinel-1A数据 2017—2022年 美国航天航空局(https://search.asf.alaska.edu/)
卫星精密轨道
数据
2017—2022年 欧空局哥白尼数据中心(https://scihub.copernicus.eu/gnss)
水准数据 2018—2019年 中国测绘科学院(http://www.casm.ac.cn/)
铁路、地铁线路图 2022年 地理国情监测中心(https://ngcc.cn)
断层数据 2003年 中国地理空间数据集(https://github.com/gmt-china/)
30 m分辨率数字高程模型 2014年 美国地质勘探局(https://earthExplorer.usgs.gov)
地下水数据 2017—2022年 中国地质环境监测院(http://www.cigem.cgs.gov.cn/)
可压缩层厚度图 2010年 地质云平台(https://cgs.gov.cn)
10 m土地利用 2017—2022年 欧洲航天局(https://viewer.esa-worldcover.org)
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593247027591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025668313656, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 时间 来源(网站)
Sentinel-1A数据 2017—2022年 美国航天航空局(https://search.asf.alaska.edu/)
卫星精密轨道
数据
2017—2022年 欧空局哥白尼数据中心(https://scihub.copernicus.eu/gnss)
水准数据 2018—2019年 中国测绘科学院(http://www.casm.ac.cn/)
铁路、地铁线路图 2022年 地理国情监测中心(https://ngcc.cn)
断层数据 2003年 中国地理空间数据集(https://github.com/gmt-china/)
30 m分辨率数字高程模型 2014年 美国地质勘探局(https://earthExplorer.usgs.gov)
地下水数据 2017—2022年 中国地质环境监测院(http://www.cigem.cgs.gov.cn/)
可压缩层厚度图 2010年 地质云平台(https://cgs.gov.cn)
10 m土地利用 2017—2022年 欧洲航天局(https://viewer.esa-worldcover.org)
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593448354197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025668313656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Interaction detection judgment[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断标准 作用类型
q(X1X2)>q(X1)+q(X2) 非线性增强
q(X1∩X2)>max[q(X1),
q(X2)]且q(X1X2)<q(X1)+q(X2)
双因子增强
q(X1X2)<min[q(X1),q(X2)] 非线性减弱
min[q(X1),q(X2)]<q(X1X2)<
max[q(X1),q(X2)]
单因子非线性减弱
q(X1X2)=q(X1)+q(X2) 相互独立
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593599349154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025668313656, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

交互作用探测判断[17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断标准 作用类型
q(X1X2)>q(X1)+q(X2) 非线性增强
q(X1∩X2)>max[q(X1),
q(X2)]且q(X1X2)<q(X1)+q(X2)
双因子增强
q(X1X2)<min[q(X1),q(X2)] 非线性减弱
min[q(X1),q(X2)]<q(X1X2)<
max[q(X1),q(X2)]
单因子非线性减弱
q(X1X2)=q(X1)+q(X2) 相互独立
), ArticleFig(id=1208085593779704237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025668313656, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detection of land subsidence impact factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 q p
地下水位标高X5 0.300 0.000
可压缩层厚度X6 0.182 0.000
距离地铁的距离为X3 0.090 0.000
土地利用X7 0.021 0.000
距离铁路的距离X1 0.016 0.000
高程数据为X4 0.014 0.000
距离断层的距离为X2 0.006 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1208085595021218229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1208051025668313656, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

地面沉降影响因子探测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 q p
地下水位标高X5 0.300 0.000
可压缩层厚度X6 0.182 0.000
距离地铁的距离为X3 0.090 0.000
土地利用X7 0.021 0.000
距离铁路的距离X1 0.016 0.000
高程数据为X4 0.014 0.000
距离断层的距离为X2 0.006 0.000
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基于PS-InSAR技术的北京平原区地面沉降与影响因素
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葛畅 1, 2 , 石云 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 龚文瑜 2, 3 , 廖欣 1, 4 , 张国宏 2, 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(18): 7502-7510
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(18): 7502-7510
基于PS-InSAR技术的北京平原区地面沉降与影响因素
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葛畅1, 2 , 石云1, 2, 3, 4, * , 龚文瑜2, 3, 廖欣1, 4, 张国宏2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 防灾科技学院地球科学学院, 廊坊 065201
  • 2 中国地震局地质研究所地壳形变研究室, 北京 100029
  • 3 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
  • 4 资源环境灾变机理及风险监控重点实验室, 廊坊 065201
  • 葛畅(2000—),女,汉族,山东德州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:地震动力学与地球探测技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

* 石云(1981—),女,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士研究生,副教授。研究方向:地壳形变与地震流体关系。E-mail:
Analysis of Land Subsidence and Influencing Factors in the Beijing Plain Area Based on PS-InSAR Technology
Chang GE1, 2 , Yun SHI1, 2, 3, 4, * , Wen-yu GONG2, 3, Xin LIAO1, 4, Guo-hong ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Institute of Disaster Prevention, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Langfang 065201, China
  • 2 Laboratory of Crustal Deformation, Institute of Geology, China Seismological Bureau, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Beijing 100029, China
  • 4 Key Laboratory of Resource and Environmental Disaster Mechanism and Risk Monitoring, Langfang 065201, China
出版时间: 2025-06-28 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405935
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采取系列防治措施后北京平原区的地面沉降发展趋势如何变化尚待深入分析。基于2017—2022年Sentinel-1A影像数据,采用PS-InSAR技术评估北京平原区地面沉降现状,利用地理探测器分析影响地面沉降的主要影响因素及其交互作用。结果表明: 北京平原区地面沉降分布不均匀,最大沉降速率达到90 mm/a,非漏斗区的沉降速率自2020—2021年表现出一定程度的减缓趋势,漏斗区的沉降速率的减缓趋势则较不明显。地面沉降的主要影响因素首先是地下水,其次是可压缩层厚度。所有影响因素交互作用后均表现为因子增强关系,其中地下水与地铁交互作用对地面沉降的影响最为显著,反映出地下水开采和城市建设共同驱动北京平原区的地面沉降。研究结果可为北京平原区地面沉降的全面评估、准确预测与综合防治提供科学依据。

北京平原区  /  地面沉降  /  影响因素  /  PS-InSAR  /  地理探测器

Further analysis is needed to comprehend how the trend of land subsidence in the Beijing plain area evolves following the implementation of a series of prevention and control measures. Based on the Sentinel-1A image data from 2017 to 2022, the PS-InSAR technique was employed to assess the current situation of land subsidence in the plain area of Beijing, and the geographical detector was utilized to analyze the main influencing factors of land subsidence and their interaction effects. The findings reveal the following: The main conclusions were as follows. The distribution of land subsidence in Beijing plain is uneven, and the maximum subsidence rate reaches 90 mm/a. The subsidence rate of non-funnel area shows a certain degree of slowing trend from 2020 to 2021, while the slowing trend of subsidence rate in funnel area is not obvious. Groundwater as the primary influencing factor of land subsidence, with the thickness of the compressible layer closely following. The interaction among all influencing factors demonstrates a factor enhancement relationship, with the interaction between groundwater and subway infrastructure exerting the most significant impact on land subsidence. This highlights that groundwater and urban construction jointly propel land subsidence in the Beijing plain area. These research findings provide a scientific foundation for the comprehensive assessment, precise prediction, and integrated prevention and control of land subsidence in the Beijing plain.

Beijing plain area  /  land subsidence  /  influencing factors  /  PS-InSAR  /  geographic detector
葛畅, 石云, 龚文瑜, 廖欣, 张国宏. 基于PS-InSAR技术的北京平原区地面沉降与影响因素. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7502 -7510 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405935
Chang GE, Yun SHI, Wen-yu GONG, Xin LIAO, Guo-hong ZHANG. Analysis of Land Subsidence and Influencing Factors in the Beijing Plain Area Based on PS-InSAR Technology[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (18) : 7502 -7510 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405935
地面沉降是一种不可逆转的环境和资源损失,其形成时间长,治理难度大,容易引发一系列的地质灾害[1]。地面沉降的不均匀性不仅会导致地面发生坍塌和建筑物墙体出现裂缝,还会给交通基础设施带来诸多负面影响,对人类的生命安全和社会的经济发展造成了严重威胁[2]。作为中国地面沉降严重的城市,北京采取了包括划定地下水禁采区和限采区范围、实施京版“水十条”、南水北调入京等一系列防治政策和措施之后,地面沉降趋势是否得到有效缓解甚至遏制,这个问题值得深入探讨。
监测地面沉降的传统大地测量技术包括水准测量、基岩和分层标记测量、全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)等,这些技术偏重定点测量,虽具备较高测量精度和精细监测能力,但监测范围小,实地测量人力成本高,且无法连续实时监测地面沉降变化[3]。为了研究北京平原区大范围和长时段连续的地面沉降,应用永久散射体合成孔径雷达干涉测量(permanent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar, PS-InSAR),该技术通过提取具有稳定特性的PS点,不仅可以进行长时间序列的监测,而且可以降低时空失相干的影响,在长期监测城市地面缓慢沉降方面具有明显优势[4]
前人围绕城市地面沉降的影响机制开展了系列研究,提出了地下水开采是北京、天津、上海等地区地面沉降的决定性因素[5],同时也指出地面沉降与其他多种影响因素之间存在联系,例如在上海地区,地面沉降与地下水开采、降水量和城市化进程之间存在一定的空间相关性[6],天津地区的沉降与地下水过度开采、地面载荷增加以及地质构造密切相关[7],北京地区的沉降受到地下水位变化、地质构造和人口密度等因素的共同影响[8]。目前在城市地面沉降监测和影响因素研究方面已经取得了丰硕的成果,但是大部分定量研究侧重从单因子角度分析影响机制,对于多个影响因素的交互综合作用讨论不足。因此,本文研究选取北京平原区作为研究区域,定量开展了多因素对地面沉降的影响及机制分析。
考虑到早期Sentinel-1卫星数据质量稳定性和标准分幅的调整,现以2017—2022年Sentinel-1A影像为数据源,基于PS-InSAR技术获取北京平原区地面沉降现状,采用外部水准观测方法对InSAR监测结果进行精度评定,并利用地理探测器模型揭示研究区地面沉降的主要影响因素及因素间的交互作用。以期为深入认识北京平原区地面沉降的影响机制,为进一步采取有效的防范措施提供参考依据。
北京位于华北平原,地势西北高,东南低,北部、东北部山地地形为燕山山脉西段支脉,西部山地地形为太行山脉的东北余脉,东南部为永定河、潮白河、北运河、拒马河等水系共同作用下形成的冲积扇平原。北京地区气候以暖温带半湿润大陆季风气候为主,是为数不多的以地下水为主要水源的特大城市。北京平原区第四系是在永定河、潮白河、温榆河、大石河等极大河流的冲、洪(湖)积作用下形成的,沉积环境复杂[9]。在西北部的山前地带和河流冲积扇的中上部,第四系厚度为20~40 m,为单一的砂、卵砾石层或砂、卵砾石顶部覆盖薄层黏性土[10]。作为高速发展的城市中心区,北京平原区的地面沉降问题给城市可持续健康发展带来严重威胁。本研究区的范围如图1所示。
本文数据主要包括获取沉降数据的Sentinel-1A数据和沉降影响因子数据。Sentinel-1A于2014年4月发射成功,同一区域单颗卫星的重访周期为12 d[11],该卫星搭载C波段雷达成像系统,具有4种成像模式。由于研究范围为北京平原区域,考虑到数据处理的效率,参照《时间序列InSAR地表形变监测数据处理规范》[12],每季度获取一景影像,选用2017年7月—2022年10月共22景Sentinel-1A影像进行处理,成像模式为干涉宽幅(interferometric wide swath,IW)成像模式,空间分辨率为5 m×20 m。另外,地面沉降的演变受到人为因素和自然因素的共同作用,在选取地面沉降的影响因素时,基于前人研究成果[13],考虑到数据可获取性,本文研究筛选出7种主要影响因素,包括距离铁路的距离、距离断层的距离、距离地铁的距离、高程、地下水标高、可压缩层厚度、土地利用,所用数据来源如表1所示。
2000年,意大利学者Ferretti等[14]提出了PS-InSAR技术。假设有N+1景覆盖同一地区的单视复数(single look complex,SLC)影像,通过分析这些影像的时空基线和多普勒质心频率差异,可以从中选择一张最佳的主影像,然后将其余N张副影像配准到主影像的坐标系下,利用精密轨道数据、成像几何模型和外部数字高程模型,对这些配准后的影像进行差分处理,以消除平地和地形相位的影响,得到N个差分干涉对[29]。此时干涉对ψi,j的差分相位为
$\psi_{i, j}=\psi_{\mathrm{def}, i, j}+\psi_{\mathrm{topo}, i, j}+\psi_{\mathrm{atm}, i, j}+\psi_{\mathrm{orbit}, i, j}+\psi_{\mathrm{noise}, i, j}$
式(1)中:ψdef,i,j为雷达视线(line of sight,LOS)向的形变相位;ψtopo,i,j为残余轨道误差;ψatm,i,j为大气不均匀所产生的延迟相位;ψorbit,i,j为引入DEM不精确导致的残余地形相位误差;ψnoise,i,j为随机噪声相位[15]
$\psi_{\mathrm{def}, i, j}=-\frac{4 \pi}{\lambda} v T^{k}$
$\psi_{\mathrm{topo}, i, j}=-\frac{4 \pi}{\lambda} \frac{B_{\perp}^{K}}{R \sin \theta} \sigma_{\mathrm{h}}$
式中:v为线性形变相位速率;λ为雷达传感器波长;Tk为第K个干涉对的时间跨度; B k为第K个干涉对的垂直基线;R为地面点目标与SAR传感器的距离;σh为引入的DEM的自身精度;θ为卫星入射角。
然后,移除大气延迟相位、残余轨道误差、DEM残余地形相位误差,结合相干系数(coherence coefficient, CC)阈值和振幅离差指数(amplitude dispersion index, ADI)阈值精选出PS点,最后通过一定的积分方法获取PS点LOS向的形变时间序列[16]
2017年,王劲峰等[17]提出了地理探测器模型,旨在探测空间分异性及其背后的驱动因素。因子探测的关键在于通过衡量环境因子和地理事物的空间变化模式,来识别出主导和影响地理事物分布的关键环境因素。这种一致性分析为揭示自然环境与人文地理过程之间的相互作用关系提供了重要依据[17]。交互探测是通过分析多个影响因素之间的耦合关系,探讨不同因素之间的相互作用机制,从而更全面地揭示事物发展的内在规律[17]。探测结果用q值来度量,其计算公式为
$q=1-\frac{\sum_{h=1}^{L} N_{h} \sigma_{h}^{2}}{N \sigma^{2}}$
式(4)中:h为发生风险指标的分层,h=1,2,…, L,其中L为分层的个数;NhN分别为层h的样本数; σ h 2σ2分别为层h的方差;q的范围为[0,1],q越接近0,表示因子X对地面沉降分布的空间格局影响力越弱。
为保证分析结论的可信度,用p值表征q的统计量显著性,在一般情形下,如果p低于预定的显著性水平,则认为结果在这个设定程度上存在着统计学显著性,如p<0.01表示通过99%的显著性检验[17],交互作用探测判断方式如表2所示。
本文研究基于PS-InSAR技术,通过SARscape软件对2017—2022年的22景Sentinel-1A影像数据进行处理,获取了2017—2022年北京平原区年平均沉降速率图,如图2所示。结果发现:北京平原区沉降速率呈现出空间不均匀分布,其中最大年平均沉降速率达到91 mm/a,最大累计沉降量达到467 mm,主要沉降区分布在海淀西北部、昌平东南部、朝阳东部、通州西部和大兴南部地区。本研究区的沉降区空间分布特征与Dong等[18]的研究结果一致。其中,位于海淀西北部沉降区的沉降面积约为111 km2,年平均沉降速率达45 mm/a;位于昌平东南部沉降区的沉降面积约为167 km2,年平均沉降速率达78 mm/a;位于朝阳区东部和的沉降面积约为283 km2,年平均沉降速率达91 mm/a;位于通州区西部沉降区的沉降面积约为243 km2,年平均沉降速率达89 mm/a;位于大兴南部沉降区的沉降面积约为337 km2,年平均沉降速率超过73 mm/a。
为了进一步明确地面沉降的速率变化特征,结合北京平原区的沉降信息,选择5个沉降漏斗的特征点和5个非沉降漏斗的特征点进行分析,分别为海淀区苏家坨和大牛坊(A1、A2)、昌平区史各庄和小汤山(B1、B2)、朝阳区金盏乡和青年路汽配城(C1、C2)、通州区新华小区和东小营(D1、D2)、大兴区安定镇和庞各庄(E1、E2)地区,特征点的具体位置如图2所示,并绘制其2017—2022年累积形变序列图,如图3所示。结果显示,在研究时段内,在沉降漏斗区选取的特征点A1、B1、C1、D1、E1的沉降速率较快(不低于71 mm/a),累计沉降量分别为-397、-369、-387、-449、-357 mm;在非沉降漏斗区选取的特征点中,C2点的沉降速率中等(达到44 mm/a),从2020年开始沉降速率有所减缓,累计沉降量为-222 mm;在非沉降漏斗区选取的特征点中,A2、B2、D2、E2点的沉降速率较缓(不高于19 mm/a),从2021年开始沉降速率有所减缓,累计沉降量分别为-96、-94、-66、-44 mm。由此表明,在2017—2022年间,在非沉降漏斗区,地面沉降速率表现出一定程度的减缓趋势;在沉降漏斗区,沉降速率减缓趋势较不明显。
为定量评定PS-InSAR技术的监测精度,利用2019—2020年的26个水准监测数据与PS-InSAR监测的相同时间段内的PS数据进行单点精度检验,由于水准数据为垂向数据,需要将PS-InSAR获取的视线向形变转换为垂直形变后进行比较,精度验证结果如图4所示。结果发现:PS-InSAR数据和水准数据表现出相同的形变特征,两者呈现出显著的线性相关性,相关系数(R2)达到0.94。由此表明,PS-InSAR监测的数据结果质量较好,能够较为准确地展示研究区的地面沉降现状。
基于PS-InSAR技术获取的北京平原区的地面沉降速率,发现研究区内地面沉降呈现出空间分异现象,因此本文研究利用地理探测器模型对地面沉降的影响因子进行定量分析。因变量Y为PS-InSAR获取的研究区的年平均沉降速率,自变量X为地面沉降影响因素,其中,距离铁路的距离为X1,距离断层的距离为X2,距离地铁的距离为X3,高程数据为X4,地下水位标高为X5,可压缩层厚度为X6,土地利用为X7。地理探测器模型处理的变量为离散型数据,本文研究采用自然间断法对地面沉降数据和影响因素数据进行离散化处理[17],然后依据时序处理时的PS点建立研究区的采样点,对数据进行重采样,生成地理探测器处理所需的数据。
利用地理探测器模型计算了地面沉降影响因素的影响力(q),结果如表3所示,影响力值由大到小分别为:地下水位标高X5 (q=0.300, p=0.000)、可压缩层厚度X6 (q=0.182, p=0.000)、距离地铁的距离X3 (q=0.090, p=0.000)、土地利用X7 (q=0.021, p=0.000)、距离铁路的距离X1 (q=0.016, p=0.000)、高程数据X4 (q=0.014, p=0.000)和距离断层的距离X2 (q=0.006, p=0.000)。所有的因子q均大于0.001,说明这些因子均对地面沉降的空间分异具有显著的解释力[17]。结果表明,以地下水位标高代表的地下水位下降是导致北京地面沉降的主要原因,这一结论与过往研究一致[19]。由于地下水位和可压缩层厚度的影响力比较大(q>0.1),下面进一步对这两个主要影响因素进行深入分析。
随着北京地区开展自备井置换、南水进京、地下水禁、限采以及地下水回补等一系列措施,地下水位得以有效回升。根据本文研究选取的10个地面沉降特征点,分析了地面沉降量与地下水位的相关性,结果如图5所示。结果发现,地下水位回升与地面沉降速率减缓存在明显不同步现象。其中,在地面沉降漏斗区域(A1、B1、C1、D1、E1),虽然地下水位呈现回升趋势,但是地面沉降速率并未表现出明显减缓趋势。由此可见,地下水位的回升尚未有效遏制沉降漏斗的持续发展趋势;在非沉降漏斗区域(A2、B2、C2、D2、E2),随着地下水位的回升,地面沉降速率有所减缓,在研究时间段内均表现出不同程度的减缓现象,如B2的沉降速率从19 mm/a减缓到12 mm/a。总之,在研究时段内,相较地下水位的普遍呈现明显回升趋势,地面沉降速率的减缓效果并不十分显著,这意味着地下水位回升对地面沉降的遏制一方面是一个长期缓慢的作用过程[20],另一方面仅依靠地下水位回升来治理地面沉降的效果可能相对有限,这进一步凸显了地面沉降是多种因素综合作用的结果。
可压缩层厚度作为导致地面沉降的重要地质条件因素,其影响程度不可忽视。本文基于北京平原区第四纪可压缩沉积物的厚度分布[如图6(a)]和PS-InSAR技术获取的累计沉降数据,将研究区内的可压缩沉积物的厚度分为5类,通过ArcGIS软件计算了2017—2022年各可压缩沉积厚度的累计沉降量,发现不同压缩层的沉降量存在一定差异。如图6(b)所示,最大累积变形主要发生在可压缩沉积厚度为90~210 m的区域,其次为210~250 m的区域。据此推测,研究区地面沉降变形主要发生在厚度超过90 m的可压缩沉积物中。这暗示着,在平原和盆地等具有较厚可压缩层地质条件的地区,开展城市建设可能面临更高的地面沉降风险。
随着人口增长和城市建设的飞速发展,社会对水资源的需求不断增加,导致地下水被大量开采,进而引起地下水位下降,导致地层结构失衡,从而在地表出现沉降现象。地层中存在一些由黏土、泥炭等细粒土组成的可压缩性强的土层,在荷载作用下易发生压缩变形,从而导致地面下沉。基于上述影响因素分析认为,在北京平原区,地下水开采引起的水位下降是地面沉降形成的关键外在因素,可压缩层厚度则是地面沉降的关键内在因素。然而,地面沉降是由多种因素共同作用而造成,因此,需要进一步分析这些因素之间的交互作用,以综合评估它们对地面沉降的影响。
交互探测能够揭示不同影响因素之间的相互作用关系,并评估这种相互作用是否会增强或减弱对分析变量的解释力[17]。为进一步揭示影响因素之间的交互作用机制,将影响因素进行交互探测,结果如图7所示。结果表明,交互作用对地面沉降影响最大的因素为地下水和地铁,影响力达到0.388;其次为地下水位和可压缩层厚度,影响力为0.374。影响因素交互作用后均表现为因子增强的关系,其中大多数表现为非线性增强,即双因子综合作用大于单因子累加作用,少数表现为双因子增强,即双因子综合作用大于单因子作用。这就意味着必须采取综合防治措施,才能实现对地面沉降的有效遏制。
对于地下水和地铁交互作用后对地面沉降的贡献最大,推测认为,地铁沿线路段通常采用不透水材料作为地表覆盖,限制了地表降水的渗透补给能力,一定程度减少了地下水的自然补给[21],同时地铁运行期间,反复的动荷载和振动导致周边土层压实,可能导致沉降[22]。此外,长期运行的地铁沿线附近,往往城市建筑密度高,巨大的建筑重量增加了地面承载负荷,将进一步加剧地面沉降[23]。因此,地下水和地铁这两个因素交互作用的综合效果更加显著,可以更大程度加剧地面沉降的发生。然而,单影响力最大的地下水位和可压缩层厚度,交互作用后影响力并不是最大,推测认为,随着地下水位的下降,可压缩层内孔隙水被排出,土壤的有效应力增加,引发可压缩层变形,从而加剧地面沉降的发生[24];而可压缩层厚度越小,其孔隙中存储的地下水越少,在开采相同水量情况下,地下水位下降速率越快,最终导致地面沉降率越快[25]。两个因素之间存在明显的相互影响关系,因此,两者的综合作用反而小于两者作用的简单累加。
本文研究区为北京平原,以2017年7月—2022年10月的22景Sentinel-1A影像为数据源,基于PS-InSAR技术获取研究区地面沉降现状,采用外部水准观测方法对InSAR监测结果进行精度评定,并通过地理探测器模型分析地面沉降的主要影响因素及影响因素之间的交互作用,得出如下结论。
(1)北京平原区地面沉降空间分布不均匀,在非沉降漏斗区,沉降速率在2020—2021年间开始有所减缓;在沉降漏斗区,沉降速率的减缓趋缓并不明显。这意味着在沉降漏斗区,可能还需要更长时间或者采取更加综合的措施来遏制地面沉降的持续下降。
(2)影响因素分析表明,地下水位和可压缩层厚度是北京平原区地面沉降的两大主导因素。截至2022年10月,尽管已实施系列措施促使地下水位普遍呈回升,但地面沉降速率的减缓趋势并不同步。地面沉降变形主要发生在厚度超过90 m的可压缩沉积物中,因此在具备这类地质条件的区域开展城市建设时,需要更加重视地面沉降风险。
(3)影响因素交互作用后均为因子增强关系,其中地下水位与地铁的交互作用对地面沉降的影响力最大,地铁作为现代城市交通的重要组成部分,随着城市建设而迅速发展,因此,地下水开采和城市建设共同驱动着北京平原区的地面沉降。
总之,在未来北京平原区地面沉降的防治中,全面把握地面沉降的成因机制,不仅要考虑可压缩层厚度等自然条件,还需要考虑地下水开采和地铁运行等城市建设活动的相互影响和协同效应,采取综合性的防治措施,才能为北京平原区的健康可持续发展提供有力保障。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费研究生科技创新基金(ZY20240306)
  • 地震动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(LED2022B06)
  • 地震科技星火项目(XH23063A)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41602274)
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2025年第25卷第18期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405935
  • 接收时间:2024-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-07
  • 修回日期:2025-04-01
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费研究生科技创新基金(ZY20240306)
地震动力学国家重点实验室开放基金(LED2022B06)
地震科技星火项目(XH23063A)
国家自然科学基金(41602274)
作者信息
    1 防灾科技学院地球科学学院, 廊坊 065201
    2 中国地震局地质研究所地壳形变研究室, 北京 100029
    3 地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
    4 资源环境灾变机理及风险监控重点实验室, 廊坊 065201

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* 石云(1981—),女,汉族,湖南湘潭人,博士研究生,副教授。研究方向:地壳形变与地震流体关系。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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