Article(id=1207343645649375340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405988, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723132800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782756482, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782756482, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782756482, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782756482, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7344, endPage=7350, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343646391767204, articleId=1207343645649375340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Influence of Environments on the Self-healing Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite, columnId=1207343630017208991, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Traffics and Transportations, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) have good crack width control ability and self-healing potential, which can effectively improve the performance and durability of concrete structures and has been used in various environmental conditions. The healing ability of ECC varies under different environmental conditions, and currently there is relatively little research on the healing behavior of ECC in different environments. In order to study the effects of different environmental conditions on the self-healing behavior of ECC, three different environments including 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution, saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, and natural environment were selected. Pre-cracked specimens were placed in each of the three environments, and the healing behavior and mechanism in different environments were explored through crack closure tests, strength recovery tests, electron microscopy scanning, and energy spectrum analysis. The experimental results show that the cracks in ECC under different healing environments have varying degrees of closure. As the healing cycle gradually increases, the degree of crack healing also gradually improves. NaCl solution and saturated Ca(OH)2 solution have a positive effect on the crack healing. The ranking of the healing ability of ECC under different environments is obtained as follows: saturated Ca(OH)2 solution > NaCl solution > natural environment. Healing materials in natural environment mainly include calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel and Ca(OH)2. The healing material at the crack site in NaCl solution is mainly filled in the form of ettringite and Ca(OH)2. In a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution environment, a large amount of healing material is generated at the cracks, mainly in the form of CaCO3 filling the crack.

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工程水泥基材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)具有良好的裂缝宽度控制能力和自愈合潜力,可有效提高混凝土结构的使用性能和耐久性,已应用于多种不同环境条件。ECC在不同环境条件下的愈合能力不同,而目前针对ECC在不同环境下的愈合行为研究相对较少。为了研究不同环境条件对ECC自修复行为的影响,选取3种不同愈合环境,分别为0.5 mol/L的NaCl溶液、饱和Ca(OH)2溶液、自然环境,将预裂纹ECC试件分别置于3种环境下,通过裂缝闭合试验、强度恢复试验、电镜扫描以及能谱分析来探究不同环境下ECC的愈合行为及机理。试验结果显示:不同愈合环境下ECC的裂缝均具有不同程度的缩小,且随着愈合周期的逐渐增长,裂缝的愈合程度也逐渐提高,NaCl溶液和饱和Ca(OH)2溶液对裂缝愈合具有积极作用。不同环境下ECC的愈合能力排序为:饱和Ca(OH)2溶液>NaCl溶液>自然环境。在自然环境下的愈合物质主要有水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)凝胶、Ca(OH)2;在NaCl溶液中裂缝处愈合物质主要以钙矾石、Ca(OH)2形式填充裂缝;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液环境中,裂缝处会产生大量愈合物质,主要以CaCO3的形式填充裂缝。

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刘剑(1982—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程。E-mail:

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刘剑(1982—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程。E-mail:

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刘剑(1982—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=愈合产物)], refs=[Reference(id=1207400973736186735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王海龙, 朱亚鹏, 孙晓燕, journalName=混凝土, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王海龙, 朱亚鹏, 孙晓燕, 等. 纤维增强水泥基复合材料自愈合性能研究[J]. 混凝土, 2018(2): 32-36., articleTitle=纤维增强水泥基复合材料自愈合性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207400973845238642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Wang Hailong, Zhu Yapeng, Sun Xiaoyan, journalName=Concrete, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Hailong, Zhu Yapeng, Sun Xiaoyan, et al. 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1DIV/0.02 mm表示显微镜刻度尺寸上的1小格等于实际尺寸0.02 mm

, figureFileSmall=13Ag++kIeh8vQ9kMsIr1FQ==, figureFileBig=LvCVZmO/VLIyrYl2N2R7Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972305928997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface crack closure rate of specimens in different healing environments, figureFileSmall=p/0svNesttlcV010l9cqHA==, figureFileBig=6gNA0s2Nyt5aPEobyRHVMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972419175208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同愈合环境的试件表面裂缝闭合率, figureFileSmall=p/0svNesttlcV010l9cqHA==, figureFileBig=6gNA0s2Nyt5aPEobyRHVMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972503061298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Cross-section of crack in ECC, figureFileSmall=tzgsXYN7S5dKnWUzQ+L95g==, figureFileBig=l6F5TzjnLkYHtbeobmgqew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972624696116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ECC裂缝横切面, figureFileSmall=tzgsXYN7S5dKnWUzQ+L95g==, figureFileBig=l6F5TzjnLkYHtbeobmgqew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972746330939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Recovery degree of compressive performance of ECC after self-healing, figureFileSmall=8NEjt1uG3zheC/39rSmjZQ==, figureFileBig=X9fe0aJJj0Rhh8YCUbGRsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972863771456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=CN, label=图5, caption=自愈合后ECC抗压性能的恢复程度, figureFileSmall=8NEjt1uG3zheC/39rSmjZQ==, figureFileBig=X9fe0aJJj0Rhh8YCUbGRsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400972939268935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Crack healing in different environments, figureFileSmall=S44+09emYkYdKAwKER+rDw==, figureFileBig=T0BLBBh7z12DsUUs8E9W1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973018960712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同环境下裂缝愈合情况, figureFileSmall=S44+09emYkYdKAwKER+rDw==, figureFileBig=T0BLBBh7z12DsUUs8E9W1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973090263885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Energy spectrum analysis of healing products in different environments, figureFileSmall=wSUvSMggglk1bBeWH7o5DA==, figureFileBig=9OqsA77358I4o8DbEPRLZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973174149970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同环境下愈合产物成分的能谱分析结果, figureFileSmall=wSUvSMggglk1bBeWH7o5DA==, figureFileBig=9OqsA77358I4o8DbEPRLZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400973266424665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343645649375340, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

ECC mix ratio (mass ratio)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥 粉煤灰 圆粒砂 PVA 减水剂
1.0 3.0 0.36 0.30 2.0 0.01
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ECC配合比(质量比)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水泥 粉煤灰 圆粒砂 PVA 减水剂
1.0 3.0 0.36 0.30 2.0 0.01
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愈合环境对工程水泥基材料自愈合行为的影响
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刘剑 1 , 王双印 1 , 张明伟 1 , 杨若冲 2 , 高雪 3
科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025,25(17): 7344-7350
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·交通运输 2025, 25(17): 7344-7350
愈合环境对工程水泥基材料自愈合行为的影响
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刘剑1 , 王双印1, 张明伟1, 杨若冲2, 高雪3
作者信息
  • 1 中电建冀交高速公路投资发展有限公司, 石家庄 050031
  • 2 东南大学交通学院, 南京 211189
  • 3 山东科技大学土木工程与建筑学院, 青岛 266590
  • 刘剑(1982—),男,汉族,河北唐山人,正高级工程师。研究方向:道路工程。E-mail:

Influence of Environments on the Self-healing Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite
Jian LIU1 , Shuang-yin WANG1, Ming-wei ZHANG1, Ruo-chong YANG2, Xue GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhong Dian Jian Ji Jiao Expressway Investment Development Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050031, China
  • 2 School of Transportation, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 3 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405988
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工程水泥基材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)具有良好的裂缝宽度控制能力和自愈合潜力,可有效提高混凝土结构的使用性能和耐久性,已应用于多种不同环境条件。ECC在不同环境条件下的愈合能力不同,而目前针对ECC在不同环境下的愈合行为研究相对较少。为了研究不同环境条件对ECC自修复行为的影响,选取3种不同愈合环境,分别为0.5 mol/L的NaCl溶液、饱和Ca(OH)2溶液、自然环境,将预裂纹ECC试件分别置于3种环境下,通过裂缝闭合试验、强度恢复试验、电镜扫描以及能谱分析来探究不同环境下ECC的愈合行为及机理。试验结果显示:不同愈合环境下ECC的裂缝均具有不同程度的缩小,且随着愈合周期的逐渐增长,裂缝的愈合程度也逐渐提高,NaCl溶液和饱和Ca(OH)2溶液对裂缝愈合具有积极作用。不同环境下ECC的愈合能力排序为:饱和Ca(OH)2溶液>NaCl溶液>自然环境。在自然环境下的愈合物质主要有水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)凝胶、Ca(OH)2;在NaCl溶液中裂缝处愈合物质主要以钙矾石、Ca(OH)2形式填充裂缝;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液环境中,裂缝处会产生大量愈合物质,主要以CaCO3的形式填充裂缝。

ECC  /  自愈合  /  环境条件  /  愈合产物

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) have good crack width control ability and self-healing potential, which can effectively improve the performance and durability of concrete structures and has been used in various environmental conditions. The healing ability of ECC varies under different environmental conditions, and currently there is relatively little research on the healing behavior of ECC in different environments. In order to study the effects of different environmental conditions on the self-healing behavior of ECC, three different environments including 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution, saturated Ca(OH)2 solution, and natural environment were selected. Pre-cracked specimens were placed in each of the three environments, and the healing behavior and mechanism in different environments were explored through crack closure tests, strength recovery tests, electron microscopy scanning, and energy spectrum analysis. The experimental results show that the cracks in ECC under different healing environments have varying degrees of closure. As the healing cycle gradually increases, the degree of crack healing also gradually improves. NaCl solution and saturated Ca(OH)2 solution have a positive effect on the crack healing. The ranking of the healing ability of ECC under different environments is obtained as follows: saturated Ca(OH)2 solution > NaCl solution > natural environment. Healing materials in natural environment mainly include calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel and Ca(OH)2. The healing material at the crack site in NaCl solution is mainly filled in the form of ettringite and Ca(OH)2. In a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution environment, a large amount of healing material is generated at the cracks, mainly in the form of CaCO3 filling the crack.

ECC  /  self-healing  /  environmental condition  /  healing products
刘剑, 王双印, 张明伟, 杨若冲, 高雪. 愈合环境对工程水泥基材料自愈合行为的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7344 -7350 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405988
Jian LIU, Shuang-yin WANG, Ming-wei ZHANG, Ruo-chong YANG, Xue GAO. Influence of Environments on the Self-healing Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7344 -7350 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405988
水泥基材料的裂缝自愈合是指水泥基材料损伤部分未水化或水化反应不彻底的胶凝材料自身反应生成愈合产物物质进行封堵和修复裂缝,进而实现裂缝自愈合[1-6]。水泥基材料在不同条件下的愈合能力也不同,一些学者对此展开研究[7-12]。Du等[13]对10~50 °C的温度范围内混凝土的自愈能力进行了研究,观察到自愈能力随温度升高而增强。高温可以促进自愈机制中涉及的化学反应,伴随外界环境温度的提高,试件的愈合能力和愈合速度会加快,在一定范围内,愈合能力与温度成正比。Oliveira等[14]发现混凝土裂缝可以在相对湿度较高的环境中有效密封,表明高湿度有助于加速愈合过程。Yi等[15]发现,当混凝土试件周围的水压力增强时,试件开裂后周围的CaCO3晶体在裂缝中沉积越多,裂缝处的生成物质增多,试件的愈合能力增强。Sisomphon等[16]发现带有裂缝的试件在干燥环境中经过养护后基本没有愈合现象,当养护环境中水分充足时,试件的裂缝处会有大量碳酸钙晶体生成。除了温度和湿度,环境中存在的pH和离子也会影响影响混凝土的自愈效果,适量氯化钠对试件的自愈有一定积极影响[17-18]。Cuenca等[19]则指出在反复加载下,暴露条件和裂纹宽度对纤维增强混凝土愈合效率起着主导作用。
水泥基材料的自愈合能力可以抑制裂缝的发展,使得结构的安全性和耐久性得到显著提高,大大增加使用寿命,还可以降低后期的维修费用,自愈合性能的提高对于结构的力学性能的恢复也有着极其重要的影响。工程水泥基材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)具有良好的裂缝宽度控制能力和自愈合潜力[20-22]。相比于一般水泥基材料,ECC的裂缝控制能力较强,由多缝开裂产生的是细密裂缝,裂缝的平均宽度一般控制在100 μm,对自愈合行为十分有利。同时ECC材料中添加聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)纤维,由于纤维本身具有亲水性,也能够在一定程度上促进ECC材料的自愈合行为。因此,在相同条件下ECC材料具有更高的自愈性能。考虑到材料本身的自愈合能力有限,一些学者还研究了在混合料中添加矿物掺合料、膨胀剂、结晶外加剂等材料来改善ECC材料的自愈合能力[23-25]
混凝土的自愈能力会受到环境条件的影响,ECC已应用于多种不同环境条件,但目前针对ECC在不同环境下的愈合行为研究较少。为此,现设置3种不同愈合环境:自然环境、NaCl溶液、饱和Ca(OH)2溶液,其中NaCl溶液浓度采用0.5 mol/L来模拟海水环境。通过裂缝闭合试验、强度恢复试验、微观试验分析愈合环境对ECC裂缝自愈合行为的影响。
采用P.C.42.5级复合硅酸盐水泥、70~120目圆粒砂、粉煤灰、PVA纤维、聚羧酸减水剂进行ECC的制备,材料配比如表1所示。
图1所示,采用劈裂方法进行裂纹预制,具体方法为在70.7 mm×70.7 mm×70.7 mm的立方体试件的上方放置一根钢棍,利用应力集中的形式进行劈裂试验,加载速率为0.05 mm/s,下降位移为1~2 mm。
将预制裂缝的立方体试件分为3组,设置3种愈合环境,分别为自然环境、浓度为0.5 mol/L的NaCl溶液、饱和Ca(OH)2溶液。在不同愈合环境中分别进行30 d的愈合周期,通过对带裂缝的ECC试件进行裂缝闭合试验、强度恢复试验以及扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能谱分析研究不同愈合环境对预裂试件愈合行为的影响。
在预制裂缝后首先对试件裂缝宽度进行位置标记和测量裂缝宽度,用读数显微镜对裂缝宽度变化进行定期观测,保证每次观测位置一致。利用裂缝宽度恢复率ξ验证ECC试件表面裂缝自愈合能力,计算公式为
$\xi =\frac{{l}_{1}-{l}_{2}}{{l}_{1}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式(1)中:l1为试件在养护之前的裂缝宽度,mm;l2为试件在一定养护时间之后的裂缝宽度,mm。
ECC试件预制裂缝后在不同愈合环境中进行养护,在不同养护周期下对同一位置进行观察,具有代表性的裂缝试件愈合过程如图2所示。
图2中可以看出,ECC试件在预制裂缝之后,在不同愈合环境进行一定周期的养护之后,各组别愈合效果差异较明显。在自然环境中下,由于愈合环境中缺少水分的长期供给,裂缝处水化反应非常缓慢甚至处于停止状态,基本没有愈合产物填充裂缝;在NaCl溶液下,宽度较大的裂缝可以明显看出有愈合产物生成,宽度较小的裂缝在14 d即有初步的愈合产物填充裂缝;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下,裂缝愈合状况十分理想,裂缝基本完成愈合。
对全部裂缝的闭合情况进行统计,结果如图3所示。相同的愈合周期下,不同环境愈合效果为自然环境<NaCl溶液<饱和Ca(OH)2溶液。在自然环境中试件存在极少裂缝完成闭合,在NaCl溶液中试件中存在部分裂缝完成闭合,饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中裂缝的愈合效果最好。
为更好地研究愈合环境对ECC试件裂缝愈合作用的影响,将不同组的试件在不同愈合环境中养护后,沿ECC试件裂缝处横断面做切割处理,观测裂缝断面处的愈合情况,与未损伤部位进行对比,如图4所示。在自然环境中养护的ECC试件切割面上裂缝清晰可见,裂缝处没有发生大量愈合物质填充,说明裂缝周围物质没有发生强烈水化作用。在NaCl溶液下养护的ECC试件断面愈合作用较强,裂缝宽度明显减小,裂缝处有结晶物质填充,说明在该愈合环境下裂缝周围物质发生水化作用大于自然环境。在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中养护的试件切割面可以看到有明显白色结晶物质封堵裂缝,说明裂缝周围物质水化作用比较强烈,在裂缝处生成了钙矾石、碳酸钙等物质填充了裂缝。对于大部分微裂缝可以完全封闭,说明在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下养护的试件不仅在试件表面完成愈合,在试件内部也完成了相应的愈合。
为了研究不同愈合环境对ECC材料强度恢复的影响,首先对完好ECC试件进行抗压试验,得到抗压强度标准值。随后将各组预裂试件分别在自然环境、饱和Ca(OH)2溶液、NaCl溶液下进行养护,待30 d愈合周期之后,对自愈合后的ECC试件进行抗压试验,得到自愈合后试件的抗压强度,与未损坏试件的抗压性能做比较,从而得到自愈合之后的ECC试件抗压性能的恢复程度。
ECC试件通过劈裂试验预制裂缝时,试件并未完全破坏且未达到极限抗压荷载,因此试件仍具备继续承载的能力。自愈合行为对试件抗压性能恢复作用机理在于:试件预制裂缝过程中产生了多条微裂缝,裂缝处纤维滑移或产生损坏。但在自愈合过程中,微裂纹处愈合物质生成,附着在纤维上并弥合裂缝,试件的抗压性能恢复。在不同愈合环境下养护30 d,ECC试件的强度值如图5所示。可以发现,在自然环境下愈合的试件抗压强度最小,NaCl溶液次之,饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中愈合的试件强度最大。各组试件抗压强度均有不同程度的恢复,在自然环境下试件的平均抗压强度值为47.1 MPa,强度恢复率为80.9%;在NaCl溶液中愈合的试件平均抗压强度值为49.6 MPa,强度恢复率为85.2%;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液中愈合的试件平均抗压强度值为57.3 MPa,强度恢复率为93.3%。以上数据表明:自然环境下ECC试件也具有一定的自愈合能力,但NaCl溶液和饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下恢复率更高,Ca(OH)2溶液下恢复效果最佳。
对试件裂缝部位进行取样,采用电镜扫描、能谱分析来分析愈合产物的形貌及元素组成。图6给出了3种愈合环境下试件自愈后的裂缝图片。可以看出,裂缝均有一定程度的愈合,愈合物质包裹呈不定型形态由裂缝两侧向中间靠拢。在自然环境中试件的愈合程度最低,裂缝处仅有部分物质填充,在电子显微镜下裂缝明显没有完成愈合;在NaCl溶液下的试件愈合程度较好,裂缝被愈合物质填充,但没有完全闭合;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下的试件愈合程度最优,裂缝被愈合物质填充较为完全,基本是闭合状态。
为了研究不同愈合环境下裂缝自愈合产物化学的组成,在电子显微镜下选取自愈合产物位置并利用能谱分析仪进行面扫,对产物的化学元素组成进行了分析。图7为不同环境下愈合产物成分的能谱分析结果。可以看出,在自然环境下裂缝处愈合的产物成分中Si的含量最高,其次是Al、Ca等元素,通过元素组成及含量占比,推测愈合产物主要有水化硅酸钙(calcium-silicate-hydrate,C-S-H)凝胶、Ca(OH)2,由于愈合环境没有发生改变,裂缝的愈合只能依靠试件中未水化水泥颗粒的二次水化以及粉煤灰的反应,愈合速度十分缓慢。其中Ca(OH)2晶体的生成主要是由未水化的水泥颗粒与空气中的水分发生反应。水化硅酸钙主要是由未水化的水泥颗粒中硅酸三钙和硅酸二钙的水化反应生成,方程如式(2)和式(3)所示。
$\mathrm{C}_3 \mathrm{~S}+m \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{H}+(3-x) \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2$
$\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{~S}+n \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \mathrm{C}-\mathrm{S}-\mathrm{H}+(2-x) \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2$
与自然环境下的试件成分相比,NaCl溶液下愈合产物成分Ca元素占比明显增大。NaCl环境下试件的自愈合可以从两方面来解释,一方面,试件中未水化的水泥颗粒经过二次水化,生成了部分水化产物填充裂缝;另一方面,混凝土试件产生裂缝后提高了渗透性,溶液中的Cl-可以更快速地渗入裂缝,裂缝周围的Cl-浓度快速升高,氯盐不仅可以促进水泥颗粒的水化进程,还可以与水化产物经过反应生成钙矾石。相比自然环境下的试件,NaCl环境下填充裂缝的物质种类更多,裂缝处的物质密实度更高。反应方程如式(4)~式(6)所示。
$2 \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaCl}_2+2 \mathrm{NaOH}$
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2+\mathrm{CaCl}_2+n \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \\& \quad \mathrm{CaCl}_2 \cdot \mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2 \cdot n \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}& \mathrm{CaCl}_2+3 \mathrm{CaO} \cdot \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3 \cdot 6 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}+4 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \\& \quad 3 \mathrm{CaO} \cdot \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3 \cdot \mathrm{CaCl}_2 \cdot 10 \mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}\end{aligned}$
由方程式[式(2)~式(6)]可以看出,在反应的同时有大量的OH-生成,溶液中大量的OH-可以保证环境是碱性的,因为碱性环境可以使得水泥颗粒的水化进程加快。OH-的作用原理大概如下:在OH-的作用下,由水泥颗粒以及其他掺合料的硅氧四面体组成的玻璃体网络瓦解,由于Ca—O键、Si—O—Al键以及Si—O—Si键等的断裂,溶液中会产生大量的(SiO4)4-、(AlO4)4-和Ca2+等离子,从而使得水泥颗粒的水化反应得到激发。
饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下生成的愈合产物与自然环境下的愈合产物成分相差极大,但与NaCl溶液中生成的愈合产物成分相似。对比可知,3种环境中饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下生成的愈合产物中钙元素占比最高,且硅元素的含量有所降低。带裂缝的试件在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下养护时,主要是未水化水泥颗粒的二次水化以及Ca+扩散和OH-的作用,主要反应如式(7)所示。
$\mathrm{Ca}(\mathrm{OH})_2+\mathrm{CO}_2 \longrightarrow \mathrm{CaCO}_3+\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O}$
通过对以上3种愈合环境下的ECC试件的电镜扫描结果及不同环境下试件样品的物质组成分析可知,在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下愈合产物结构更为密实,裂缝处物质的填充作用及胶结作用有效地修复ECC试件的损伤。该微观试验结果与宏观试验结果相对应,由此推断:饱和Ca(OH)2溶液对试件的愈合作用影响最为显著,效果最优。
(1)通过对完成愈合周期后试件的裂缝进行表面以及横切面的观察,发现裂缝宽度均具有不同程度的缩小,说明裂缝不仅仅只是表面愈合,在材料内部也发生了有效愈合。随着愈合周期的逐渐增长,裂缝的愈合程度也逐渐提高,NaCl溶液和饱和Ca(OH)2溶液对裂缝愈合具有明显的积极作用。
(2)不同愈合环境下ECC的抗压强度有不同程度的恢复,在自然环境下ECC试件也具有一定的自愈合能力,但NaCl溶液和饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下试件均比自然环境下的强度恢复率高,饱和Ca(OH)2溶液下强度恢复效果最佳。
(3)带裂缝试件经过愈合周期后,在自然环境下的愈合物质主要有C-S-H凝胶、Ca(OH)2;在NaCl溶液作用下,裂缝处愈合物质主要以钙矾石、Ca(OH)2形式填充裂缝;在饱和Ca(OH)2溶液环境中养护的试件,裂缝处会产生大量愈合物质,填充裂缝主要以碳酸钙为主。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52378444)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405988
  • 接收时间:2024-08-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-09
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国家自然科学基金(52378444)
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    1 中电建冀交高速公路投资发展有限公司, 石家庄 050031
    2 东南大学交通学院, 南京 211189
    3 山东科技大学土木工程与建筑学院, 青岛 266590
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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