Article(id=1207343643388646386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406464, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782755943, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782755943, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782755942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782755942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7115, endPage=7121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343644336558117, articleId=1207343643388646386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Brazing Flow Using VOF Method, columnId=1207343637592122209, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the actual welding process of rectifier sample structure, the numerical simulation of high temperature vacuum nickel-based alloy brazing process was carried out, and the flow model of melting-wetting filling weld of nickel-based alloy filler metal in high temperature brazing vacuum furnace was established. The numerical calculation was based on the volume of fluid(VOF)method. Considering the factors such as surface tension, gravity, and latent heat of phase change, the laminar flow model was used to solve the flow behavior of the solder with time. The distribution of solid and liquid solder and the distribution of temperature field were calculated. The phenomenon of braze material loss and weld bead formation on the surface of the base material, along with a good filling effect of the braze material inside the weld seam, verifies the rationality of the arrangement of solder and temperature control in this brazing process. An empirical formula for the volume ratio of braze material filling the weld seam with respect to time and temperature has been provided, offering guidance for actual brazing processes.

, correspAuthors=Yi ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fan REN, Shan-cong TAO, Jin-lei HE, Xuan ZHENG, Yi ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343652662252067, articleId=1207343643388646386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于流体体积模型的真空钎焊流动数值模拟, columnId=1156264152306930605, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·矿冶工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为改善某整流器试样结构焊接工艺,对高温真空镍基合金钎焊过程展开了数值模拟研究,建立了高温钎焊真空炉中镍基合金钎料融化-润湿填充焊缝的流动模型。数值计算基于流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)方法,综合考虑表面张力、重力、相变潜热等因素,采用层流模型求解得到了钎料随时间变化的流动行为。得到了固、液态钎料体积分布和温度场分布。虽然母材表面出现少部分钎料流失行为,并且在局部观察到有焊瘤的形成,但焊缝内钎料的整体填充效果良好,验证了钎焊工艺的钎料布置和温度控制的合理性。给出了关于时间和温度的钎料填充焊缝体积比的经验公式,为实际钎焊过程提供参考。

, correspAuthors=周毅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周毅(1986—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:湍流理论。E-mail:
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任凡(2000—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:计算流体力学。E-mail:

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任凡(2000—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:计算流体力学。E-mail:

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红色部分为钎料;蓝色部分为空气区域;灰色部分为母材,且不发生形变与溶解

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红色部分为钎料;蓝色部分为空气区域;灰色部分为母材,且不发生形变与溶解

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Physical parameters of silicone oil

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接触角/(°) 表面张力/(N·m-1) 黏度/(mPa·s)
10.93 0.02 100
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硅油物性参数

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接触角/(°) 表面张力/(N·m-1) 黏度/(mPa·s)
10.93 0.02 100
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Grid parameters and independence verification

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网格数量/个 体积占比/% 相对误差/%
A 353 874 53.19 -3.94
B 479 706 53.99 -2.50
C 821 503 55.37
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网格参数及无关性验证

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网格数量/个 体积占比/% 相对误差/%
A 353 874 53.19 -3.94
B 479 706 53.99 -2.50
C 821 503 55.37
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基于流体体积模型的真空钎焊流动数值模拟
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任凡 1 , 陶善聪 1 , 贺金雷 2 , 郑轩 2 , 周毅 1, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025,25(17): 7115-7121
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·矿冶工程 2025, 25(17): 7115-7121
基于流体体积模型的真空钎焊流动数值模拟
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任凡1 , 陶善聪1, 贺金雷2, 郑轩2, 周毅1, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 南京 210094
  • 2 合图智造科技(北京)有限公司, 北京 100083
  • 任凡(2000—),男,汉族,安徽亳州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:计算流体力学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*周毅(1986—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:湍流理论。E-mail:
Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Brazing Flow Using VOF Method
Fan REN1 , Shan-cong TAO1, Jin-lei HE2, Xuan ZHENG2, Yi ZHOU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2 Hetu Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406464
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为改善某整流器试样结构焊接工艺,对高温真空镍基合金钎焊过程展开了数值模拟研究,建立了高温钎焊真空炉中镍基合金钎料融化-润湿填充焊缝的流动模型。数值计算基于流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)方法,综合考虑表面张力、重力、相变潜热等因素,采用层流模型求解得到了钎料随时间变化的流动行为。得到了固、液态钎料体积分布和温度场分布。虽然母材表面出现少部分钎料流失行为,并且在局部观察到有焊瘤的形成,但焊缝内钎料的整体填充效果良好,验证了钎焊工艺的钎料布置和温度控制的合理性。给出了关于时间和温度的钎料填充焊缝体积比的经验公式,为实际钎焊过程提供参考。

钎焊  /  钎料流动  /  流体体积方法  /  表面张力

Based on the actual welding process of rectifier sample structure, the numerical simulation of high temperature vacuum nickel-based alloy brazing process was carried out, and the flow model of melting-wetting filling weld of nickel-based alloy filler metal in high temperature brazing vacuum furnace was established. The numerical calculation was based on the volume of fluid(VOF)method. Considering the factors such as surface tension, gravity, and latent heat of phase change, the laminar flow model was used to solve the flow behavior of the solder with time. The distribution of solid and liquid solder and the distribution of temperature field were calculated. The phenomenon of braze material loss and weld bead formation on the surface of the base material, along with a good filling effect of the braze material inside the weld seam, verifies the rationality of the arrangement of solder and temperature control in this brazing process. An empirical formula for the volume ratio of braze material filling the weld seam with respect to time and temperature has been provided, offering guidance for actual brazing processes.

braze welding  /  solder flow  /  volume of fluid  /  surface tension
任凡, 陶善聪, 贺金雷, 郑轩, 周毅. 基于流体体积模型的真空钎焊流动数值模拟. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7115 -7121 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406464
Fan REN, Shan-cong TAO, Jin-lei HE, Xuan ZHENG, Yi ZHOU. Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Brazing Flow Using VOF Method[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7115 -7121 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406464
钎焊,是指低于焊件熔点的钎料和焊件同时加热到钎料熔化温度后,利用液态钎料填充固态工件的缝隙使金属连接的焊接方法[1]。航空涡轮发动机是钎焊应用最广泛的领域之一,其工作环境十分恶劣,伴随着很高且分布不均匀的工作温度、高应力和氧化、热腐蚀[2],故其所采用的铸造材料多为具有较高强度和良好抗氧化、抗腐蚀能力的镍基高温合金。镍基高温合金熔焊性能较差,通常利用真空钎焊连接工件[3]。真空状态下,炉内气体非常稀薄,对流传热作用极其微弱[4],压气机整流器叶片与外环之间的焊接结构便是通过真空钎焊形成的。整流器不断对空气做功,其制造工艺直接影响压气机的工作性能,所以保证较高的焊接强度是非常重要的[5]
由于传统高温焊接试验成本较高,并且内部焊接过程难以直接观测,许多学者开始采用数值模拟方法来预测焊接成型过程[6-10]。Takeshita等[11]基于有限元方法提出了一种预测钎焊接头抗拉强度的方法,并且预测结果和实验值吻合良好。汪殿龙等[12]对导管感应钎焊过程进行了数值模拟,给出了钎焊温度场的分布规律。陈兴等[13]利用内聚力模型对三点弯钎焊接头裂纹扩展过程进行了数值模拟,得到的裂纹起裂最大载荷和实验值非常接近,并根据损失累积解释了裂纹扩展规律。这些预测钎焊接头性能 (应力场、残余应力分布等)的数值模拟已较为成熟[14],但仅涉及钎焊接头的力学性能。而完整的钎焊包括钎料的涂覆、融化、毛细填充等过程,对这些过程进行一体化研究能够还原真实的钎焊过程,为焊缝设置、钎料布置等提供参考。
在微小尺寸焊缝中,毛细力作为主要驱动力,主导了液态钎料填充过程,故研究毛细流动的规律对改善生产工艺具有重要意义。李昊宸等[15]通过实验研究了液-液两相毛细流动的机理,发现两相驱替时的动态接触角余弦与外加压差存在线性关系,并基于该结论得到两相驱替时的液体流动规律。Wang等[16]基于表面力模型和连续表面力(continuum surface force,CSF)模型分别模拟了毛细力驱动下的倒装芯片填充过程,结果表明表面力模型在预测流体前沿形状方面优于CSF模型,而CSF模型对焊点之间毛细力的预测更准确。姚兴军等[17]基于流体体积(volume of fluid,VOF)和CSF模型求解了4种不同间距的平行平板间毛细流动过程,数值结果与解析结果比较吻合,表明该方法对变截面的毛细流动模拟效果较好。Khor等[18]采用有限体积法对不同焊点排列形状的倒装芯片毛细填充过程进行了数值模拟,发现不同的焊点排列方式会导致毛细流动行为与填充时间也不同。娄建伟[19]对压气机和内外环之间的缝隙连接进行了钎焊仿真,得到了毛细填充过程中银钎料流动前沿运动和焊接圆角的形成过程。
综上所述,前人的钎焊研究多集中在固体热应力分析和接头成型,关于高温真空钎焊中钎料融化-流动填充过程的数值模拟报道较为稀少。为了更好地了解钎料融化过程,研究液态钎料润湿、铺展行为,为改善实际钎焊工艺及为生产过程提供指导,现开展整流器试样结构钎料融化、流动填充的数值计算,评估在表面张力和重力的驱动下液态钎料填充焊缝的效果。还原真空炉内固态钎料融化为液态钎料,并在毛细作用下填充焊缝的过程。验证本钎焊工艺的钎料布置、焊缝间距设置和温度控制的合理性。最终给出焊缝内钎料填充体积比的经验公式,为实际钎焊过程提供参考。
液态钎料的流动过程十分稳定,雷诺数很低,故采用不可压层流方法对流场进行求解。连续性方程为
$ \nabla \cdot \boldsymbol{u}=0$
VOF方法通过在动量方程中添加源项求解流动过程,该源项由表面张力和壁面黏附作用引起,表达式为
$ \begin{array}{c} \frac{\partial(\rho \boldsymbol{u})}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\rho \boldsymbol{u} \boldsymbol{u})=-\nabla p+\rho \boldsymbol{g}+ \\ \nabla \cdot\left\{\mu\left[\nabla \boldsymbol{u}+(\nabla \boldsymbol{u})^{\mathrm{T}}\right]\right\}+\boldsymbol{F}_{\mathrm{s}} \end{array}$
式中:u为速度矢量;t为时间;p为压力;ρ为密度;g为重力加速度;μ为动力黏度;Fs为作用在相界面上的界面力,即源项。
VOF方法捕捉流体界面的基本原理是利用流体体积分数 (α)表征两相流体在计算区域内的分布。α定义为每一相流体体积占据网格体积的百分数,取值为0~1,它的相传输方程表达式为
$ \frac{\partial \alpha}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(\alpha \boldsymbol{u})+\nabla \cdot\left[\alpha(1-\alpha) \boldsymbol{u}_{\mathrm{c}}\right]=0$
式(3)中:uc为压缩速度,大小取决于界面域中的最大速度。通过α计算出两相流体界面处的密度与动力黏度,表达式为
$ \rho_{\mathrm{m}}=\alpha \rho_{\mathrm{w}}+(1-\alpha) \rho_{0}$
$ \mu_{\mathrm{m}}=\alpha \mu_{\mathrm{w}}+(1-\alpha) \mu_{0}$
式中:ρmρwρ0分别为钎料的密度、空气的密度和两相界面处的混合密度;umuwu0分别为钎料的动力黏度、空气的动力黏度和两相界面处的混合动力黏度。
应用连续表面力CSF模型,考虑表面张力的影响,并将表面张力作为体积力加到动量方程源项中,表达式为
$ \boldsymbol{F}_{\mathrm{s}}=\sigma \kappa \boldsymbol{n}$
式(6)中:Fs为界面力;σ为两相界面张力;κ为界面曲率;n为垂直于两相界面的单位法向向量。
在VOF模型中,通过壁面黏附模型设定液体和壁面的接触角,以此调整壁面附近两相界面的单位法向量n,计算方法如式 (7)所示。
$ \boldsymbol{n}=\boldsymbol{n}_{\mathrm{b}} \cos \theta+\boldsymbol{t}_{\mathrm{b}} \sin \theta$
式(7)中:θ为接触角;nbtb分别为两相界面与壁面接触的单位法向量和单位切向量。
高温真空钎焊过程的模拟环境较为极端,还会涉及钎料的相变,对真空状态下的钎焊流场求解十分困难。为计算钎料升温融化、润湿填充焊缝过程,根据实际钎焊过程做出如下假设。
(1)钎料的熔点为1 470 K。温度低于1 470 K时,钎料保持固态;温度高于1 470 K时,钎料为液态。
(2)将液态钎料视为不可压缩流体。
(3)所有固体结构在加热过程中不发生任何形变。
(4)忽视各构件之间的辐射热交换。
(5)以低真空度空气域模拟真空环境。
图1(a)为基于实际钎焊情况的试样结构简化模型,橙色部分为钎料涂覆区域,放置在焊缝上方,材料为镍基高温合金;黄色部分为待焊接区域,该焊缝两侧表面互相平行,间距为0.2 mm;灰色部分为母材,加热过程中不发生形变,不与钎料相互溶解。整流器试样结构对接焊缝尺寸如图1(b)所示。
计算方案基于VOF模型,以真空度为0.04 Pa的空气模拟真空环境,试样结构完全被空气包裹。计算时间步长为0.001 s;由于缺少液态镍基合金的接触角资料,故参考文献[19]中与本计算工况 (1 500 K左右)相近的银钎料滴在基板上的接触角,将静态接触角设置为10°。表面张力为2.0 N/m,由JMatPro软件拟合得到。钎料未融化时,计算域十分稳定,任意位置处速度为0 m/s,控制方程的收敛速度较快,为节省计算资源,将初始场的温度设为1 469.9 K,恰好低于钎料的熔点。为防止气体无法排出焊缝,导致局部压力过高从而阻碍液态钎料铺展,故在焊缝下端设置开口,确保钎料正常润湿铺展。真实钎焊过程中,升温及保温时间很长,在几十分钟以上,但钎料填充焊缝通常在几秒内就已完成[20],故将升温时间压缩,具体升温工艺如图2所示。
计算域网格截面 (x=0 mm)如图3所示,整体上采用多面体网格,在钎料涂覆区域内外均设置边界层网格,为准确捕捉多余钎料在母材表面的流失过程,对母材表面的网格进行加密。
根据式(6)与式(7)可以看出,这类由表面张力驱动的流动与边界处接触角紧密相关。为保证接触角施加方法的正确性,对表面张力驱动下的平行平板流动进行了计算,并将结果与前人的数值模拟结果[19-21]进行了对比。验证模型为15 mm×8 mm×0.4 mm的平行平板,所采用材料为硅油,具体物性参数如表1所示。首先将平板前端部分区域内充满硅油,以此为初始场进行计算[图4(a)]。图4(b)为计算一段时间后得到的流动前沿,最终得到的前沿最大高度随时间变化如图5所示,计算结果与前人数值模拟结果[19]及Washburn解析模型[21]吻合良好,证明了基于VOF模型的数值方法计算硅油填充平板过程的准确性。
为保证本文方法的准确性,首先对网格无关性进行验证。由疏至密设计了3套网格(网格A、B、C),对同一工况进行了计算,并对比了t=2 s时钎料相填充焊缝的体积分数,网格参数及无关性验证结果如表2所示。同一时刻下,网格A和B计算得到的焊缝内钎料相体积占比的相对误差分别为-3.94%和-2.50%,均在5%的误差内,在保证计算准确性的前提下,为节省计算时间,选用网格B进行数值计算。
整个计算过程内的两相体积分布如图6所示。根据图6可以看出焊缝内不同时刻下的钎料运动状态。固态钎料温度缓慢上升,当底部钎料达到熔点后开始融化,出现自由液面。钎料在表面张力和重力的作用下流入焊缝,整齐向下方流动,铺展过程较为缓慢。t=1.0 s时,液态钎料开始沿着焊缝通道向两侧运动,由于计算模型的限制,部分气体未及时排出,在壁面上黏附形成许多虚假小气泡。t=2.0 s时,由于毛细力的作用,壁面附近的钎料运动快于中心位置,由此形成了“凹”形的流动前沿。当t=3.2 s时,焊缝被钎料完全填充,流场达到稳定状态,但焊缝上方表面的两个角点直接暴露在空气中,故该位置处的钎料填充效果略差。
液态钎料沿着焊缝下表面的填充距离如图7所示。前1 s内,钎料未润湿焊缝下表面,曲线上表示为钎料竖直向下运动的距离,此时铺展速度较为缓慢。当钎料直接接触焊缝下表面时,驱动力增强,加速了钎料的铺展。焊接过程中可能会出现微小气泡从而影响焊接强度,故统计了焊缝内不同时刻下钎料体积占总体积的比值 (图8)。在t=1 s之前,前沿流动速度较小,但由于填充截面面积较大,总体铺展速度仍处于较高的水平。当钎料开始向两侧流动,铺展速度略微下降。最终得到的钎料填充体积占比达到98.5%,表明焊缝填充效果良好。
为充分评估钎料填充焊缝的流动,给出了不同时刻下x=0 mm截面处的钎料体积分布 (图9),截面两侧钎料融化过程基本呈对称分布。涂覆钎料从底部开始融化,并不断填充焊缝,两侧慢慢形成了“凹”形液面。随着保温过程进行,钎料均融化为液态,液态钎料在表面张力的作用下收缩为半球形状。
钎料不断融化,当附着力大于自身内聚力时,壁面被润湿,并在焊缝内铺展。图10为钎料的总体分布,由于钎料的热量来自母材表面,所以固态钎料自下而上融化;但在涂覆位置的边缘,钎料融化略快于其他位置,如图9所示,底部钎料向内凹陷。随着液态钎料体积不断增大,部分钎料在母材表面铺展,并向两侧流动,逐渐堆积成长,形成尺寸较大的“焊瘤”。从图10(b)t=3.2 s时的钎料总体分布看出,母材的斜面底部同样堆积着部分钎料,形成长条形“焊瘤”,容易引起应力集中。
图11给出了不同时刻下的流场温度分布。不同时刻下的钎料顶端的温度场几乎没有变化,这是因为外部计算区域内充满空气,钎料与空气之间的热效率远低于钎料和母材之间,故空气对钎料的温度控制影响是微乎其微的。钎料底部温度随着母材升温迅速上升,由于相变潜热的存在,使得上方钎料温度分布始终保持在熔点以下 (1 470.0 K)。
钎焊过程中,难以直接观察到真空炉内钎料融化-填充过程,工人通常根据经验来把握钎焊的整个过程。在实际工艺中,为了准确把控钎料流动过程,提高接头成型质量,根据钎焊时间 (t)和温度 (T)拟合出关于焊缝内钎料体积比的经验公式为
$V\text{'}=\left(A\sqrt{t}+B\frac{t}{T}\right)\times 100\%$
式(8)中:V'为焊缝内钎料体积占比; AB均为常数,且A=0.178 5,B=276.839 1。
根据经验公式绘制的焊缝内钎料体积比曲线如图12所示。经验函数的钎料体积比随时间、温度的变化和数值模拟结果比较吻合,但在t=1 s内的预测结果略差。
基于VOF流体体积多相流方法,建立了高温合金钎焊真空炉中镍基钎料融化-润湿填充焊缝的流动模型,研究了液态钎料在表面张力与重力的驱动下,在焊缝中进行润湿、铺展的行为。得到结论如下。
(1)还原了真空炉内固态钎料融化为液态钎料,并在毛细作用下填充焊缝的过程。钎焊填充效果良好,焊缝内均匀充满钎料。验证了钎焊工艺的钎料布置、焊缝间距设置和温度控制的合理性。
(2)由于所设置涂覆钎料体积过大,通过钎料相的分布,观察到了钎料流失和“焊瘤”等钎焊不足的现象。
(3)给出了关于时间(t)和温度(T)的钎料填充焊缝体积比的经验公式,为实际钎焊过程中把控焊缝填充过程提供参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金(91952105)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(30921011212)
  • 江苏省六大人才峰会项目(2019-SZCY-005)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406464
  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(91952105)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(30921011212)
江苏省六大人才峰会项目(2019-SZCY-005)
作者信息
    1 南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院, 南京 210094
    2 合图智造科技(北京)有限公司, 北京 100083

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*周毅(1986—),男,汉族,江西丰城人,博士,教授。研究方向:湍流理论。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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