Article(id=1207343642612700134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407223, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782755759, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782755759, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782755759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782755759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7023, endPage=7030, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343648476336364, articleId=1207343642612700134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Progress in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Natural Gas Membrane Separation for Helium Extraction, columnId=1207343648191123671, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies-Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Helium is recognized as an extremely important yet highly scarce resource. In China, helium is primarily extracted from natural gas, where its low concentration presents significant challenges for extraction. Membrane separation technology for helium extraction from natural gas has been increasingly studied in recent years. However, the technology is still considered immature, and substantial experimental difficulties are encountered. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed as an effective approach to address these challenges. Recent advancements in membrane materials for MD simulations in helium extraction from natural gas were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the methods used for constructing membrane models, the selection of simulation force fields, and the techniques applied to evaluate the separation performance of membrane materials. Two dimensional graphene like thin films and hybrid membrane materials were currently popular membrane materials. COMPASS and UFF force fields have a wide range of applications. The energy barrier for helium to pass through most membrane materials is low, and most membrane materials have high selectivity and permeability for helium and methane. The research results have good guiding significance for the practical production of membrane separation and helium extraction from natural gas.

, correspAuthors=Jian ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hang DONG, Xiao-wan LIANG, Nan GUO, Shun-ke ZHANG, Jian ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343649277448498, articleId=1207343642612700134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=天然气膜分离提氦的分子动力学模拟研究进展, columnId=1177980717817540712, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·石油、天然气工业, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

氦气是一种极其重要却又十分稀缺的资源。在中国,氦气的主要来源是从天然气中提取。天然气中氦气的含量较低,因此提取的难度较大,天然气膜分离提氦技术是近年来比较热门的技术,但该项技术目前尚不成熟,实际实验的难度较大,通过分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟就可以很好地解决相关的问题。综述了近年来用于MD模拟天然气膜分离提氦热门的膜材料,采用MD模拟时膜模型的构建方法,模拟力场的选择以及对膜材料分离性能的评价方法。二维类石墨烯薄膜和混合膜材料是目前比较热门的膜材料,COMPASS和UFF力场的应用比较广泛,氦透过大多数膜材料的能量势垒较低,多数膜材料对氦气和甲烷的选择性和渗透率都较高,研究结果对膜分离天然气提氦实际投产具有很好的指导意义。

, correspAuthors=赵健, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵健(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江五常人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气储运系统优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
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董航(1988—),女,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气集输与处理技术。E-mail:

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董航(1988—),女,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气集输与处理技术。E-mail:

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Superlattices and Microstructures, 2020, 141: 106478., articleTitle=Helium selectivity of H-, B-, N-, and F-doped nanoporous graphene membranes in the presence of natural gas: a density functional theory study, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207768407974449631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, awardId=LH2023E014, language=CN, fundingSource=黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2023E014), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207768403557847306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207768403566235916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, companyId=1207768403557847306, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207768403574624524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, companyId=1207768403557847306, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东北石油大学石油工程学院, 大庆 163000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207768407269806513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Force fields corresponding to different membrane materials and research purposes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 选用力场 研究目的
g-C9N7[38] COMPASS 探究在可控菌株下的连续气体分离
石墨烯[39] COMPASS 不同温度下石墨烯对He和CH4等气体的分离性能
多孔氮化硼[40] COMPASS 通过精确调节孔径来分离和纯化He的能力
N-GDY[34] COMPASS 研究设计的一种氮修饰石墨炔单层膜的气体分离性能
NPG[36] COMPASS 研究新合成的具有哑铃形纳米孔的二维NPG膜材料的气体分离性能
g-C2O[41] COMPASS 不同温度下g-C2O膜的氦分离性能
多三氟甲基聚酰亚胺膜[42] COMPASSⅡ 验证含氟聚酰亚胺材料的气体分离性能
T-C3N2[43] COMPASS 研究T-C3N2单层膜从He、Ne、Ar、CO、N2、CO2、H2O和CH4混合气体中分离He的性能
585双空位缺陷多孔锗烯[44] COMPASS 研究双空位缺陷多孔锗烯的氦气分离性能
多孔g-C2N膜[35] COMPASS 研究多孔g-C2N膜的氦气分离性能
MOFs[45] UFF 对多种金属有机骨架(MOFs)进行硅基筛选,用于从天然气中分离氦气
g-C3N4[46] UFF 探索控制石墨烯的孔径之后的气体分离性能
Fe-PTC/Ni-PTC[32] UFF 对新发现的金属-有机骨架(MOF)材料的气体分离能力进行研究
多孔磷烯[33] UFF 自钝化磷烯在温和外部应变下对天然气分子中He的过滤性能
P2C3[47] UFF P2C3膜对He和He同位素的分离性能
层状磷烯[33] UFF 层状磷烯纳米通道分离氦气的性能
MOF/聚合物MMMs[48] UFF 模拟研究MOF/聚合物MMMs在He/H2、He/N2、He/CH4、N2/CH4、H2/N2、H2/CH4
O2/N2、CO2/N2、CO2/CH4、H2/CO2、He/CO2等11种不同气体分离时的渗透率和选择性
IGP[49] UFF 二维多孔IGP膜材料用于高效氦气分离的理论研究
2D MXene lamellar membrane[50] UFF 研究2D层状MXene膜材料的气体传输机制
不同种类的MOF[51] Dreiding 大规模的计算研究来预测各种MOF膜的He/CH4分离性能
石墨烯/GO膜[52] OPLS-AA 研究石墨烯和GO膜的气体分离性能
缺陷和掺杂的石墨烯[53] OPLS-AA 研究缺陷和掺杂的石墨烯膜对混合气体的分离性能
Si-RHO沸石膜[37] CHARMM 研究Si-RHO沸石膜对He/CH4分离的性能
多孔石墨烯[54] CHARMM 不同孔径和形状的多孔石墨烯作为H2/N2等气体的分离膜的分离性能
功能化石墨烯膜[55] CHARMM 通过功能化石墨烯膜进行模拟He/CH4的分离
石墨炔[56] ILJ 评估合成的石墨炔和2DPPH材料对氦气分离的能力
), ArticleFig(id=1207768407370469816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同膜材料及研究目的对应的力场

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 选用力场 研究目的
g-C9N7[38] COMPASS 探究在可控菌株下的连续气体分离
石墨烯[39] COMPASS 不同温度下石墨烯对He和CH4等气体的分离性能
多孔氮化硼[40] COMPASS 通过精确调节孔径来分离和纯化He的能力
N-GDY[34] COMPASS 研究设计的一种氮修饰石墨炔单层膜的气体分离性能
NPG[36] COMPASS 研究新合成的具有哑铃形纳米孔的二维NPG膜材料的气体分离性能
g-C2O[41] COMPASS 不同温度下g-C2O膜的氦分离性能
多三氟甲基聚酰亚胺膜[42] COMPASSⅡ 验证含氟聚酰亚胺材料的气体分离性能
T-C3N2[43] COMPASS 研究T-C3N2单层膜从He、Ne、Ar、CO、N2、CO2、H2O和CH4混合气体中分离He的性能
585双空位缺陷多孔锗烯[44] COMPASS 研究双空位缺陷多孔锗烯的氦气分离性能
多孔g-C2N膜[35] COMPASS 研究多孔g-C2N膜的氦气分离性能
MOFs[45] UFF 对多种金属有机骨架(MOFs)进行硅基筛选,用于从天然气中分离氦气
g-C3N4[46] UFF 探索控制石墨烯的孔径之后的气体分离性能
Fe-PTC/Ni-PTC[32] UFF 对新发现的金属-有机骨架(MOF)材料的气体分离能力进行研究
多孔磷烯[33] UFF 自钝化磷烯在温和外部应变下对天然气分子中He的过滤性能
P2C3[47] UFF P2C3膜对He和He同位素的分离性能
层状磷烯[33] UFF 层状磷烯纳米通道分离氦气的性能
MOF/聚合物MMMs[48] UFF 模拟研究MOF/聚合物MMMs在He/H2、He/N2、He/CH4、N2/CH4、H2/N2、H2/CH4
O2/N2、CO2/N2、CO2/CH4、H2/CO2、He/CO2等11种不同气体分离时的渗透率和选择性
IGP[49] UFF 二维多孔IGP膜材料用于高效氦气分离的理论研究
2D MXene lamellar membrane[50] UFF 研究2D层状MXene膜材料的气体传输机制
不同种类的MOF[51] Dreiding 大规模的计算研究来预测各种MOF膜的He/CH4分离性能
石墨烯/GO膜[52] OPLS-AA 研究石墨烯和GO膜的气体分离性能
缺陷和掺杂的石墨烯[53] OPLS-AA 研究缺陷和掺杂的石墨烯膜对混合气体的分离性能
Si-RHO沸石膜[37] CHARMM 研究Si-RHO沸石膜对He/CH4分离的性能
多孔石墨烯[54] CHARMM 不同孔径和形状的多孔石墨烯作为H2/N2等气体的分离膜的分离性能
功能化石墨烯膜[55] CHARMM 通过功能化石墨烯膜进行模拟He/CH4的分离
石墨炔[56] ILJ 评估合成的石墨炔和2DPPH材料对氦气分离的能力
), ArticleFig(id=1207768407450161601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Energy barrier of gas molecules passing through different membrane materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 Eb/eV
He CH4
T-C3N2 membranes[43] 0.06 1.48
555777 divacancy-defective germanene[44] 0.532 2.689
P2C3 membranesp[47] 0.10 1.66
Metal-organic framework Fe-PTC[32] 0.15 1.92
Metal-organic framework Ni-PTC[32] 0.13 1.78
层状磷烯[33] 6.3 kbT
g-C3N4[46] 0.354 4.216
IGP[49] 0.06
多孔磷烯D6[33] 0.114 1.191
多孔磷烯D8[33] 0.101 0.819
纳米多孔CN[60] 0.03
g-C9N7[38] 0.04 1.01
Nitrogen-modified graphdiyne[34] 0.05 0.79
PBN-BNH[40] 0.46 3.35
PBN-NH[40] 0.02 0.84
555777 porous germanene[61] 0.42 2.27
纳米多孔C9N4[62] 0.07 1.45
), ArticleFig(id=1207768407546630599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气体分子透过不同膜材料的能量势垒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 Eb/eV
He CH4
T-C3N2 membranes[43] 0.06 1.48
555777 divacancy-defective germanene[44] 0.532 2.689
P2C3 membranesp[47] 0.10 1.66
Metal-organic framework Fe-PTC[32] 0.15 1.92
Metal-organic framework Ni-PTC[32] 0.13 1.78
层状磷烯[33] 6.3 kbT
g-C3N4[46] 0.354 4.216
IGP[49] 0.06
多孔磷烯D6[33] 0.114 1.191
多孔磷烯D8[33] 0.101 0.819
纳米多孔CN[60] 0.03
g-C9N7[38] 0.04 1.01
Nitrogen-modified graphdiyne[34] 0.05 0.79
PBN-BNH[40] 0.46 3.35
PBN-NH[40] 0.02 0.84
555777 porous germanene[61] 0.42 2.27
纳米多孔C9N4[62] 0.07 1.45
), ArticleFig(id=1207768407676654031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Selectivity and permeability of different membrane materials for helium separation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 选择性
(He/CH4)
渗透率/
GPU
T-C3N2 membranes[43] 1.4×1060 1.52~1.73×107
Metal-organic framework Fe-PTC[32] 9.1×1017 1.9×106
Metal-organic framework Ni-PTC[32] 2.2×1015 2.1×106
585 divacancy-defective germanene[44] 6×1036
层状磷烯[33] 106~107
多孔g-C2N[35] 7×1031 1×107
IGP[47] 7×1031 1.8×106
多孔磷烯D6[33] 1.2×1018 6.5×106
多孔磷烯D8[33] 1.2×1012 7.4×106
纳米多孔CN[60] 5.17×106 1.94×107
g-C9N7[38] 1.98×1016 1.1×107
Polyimide membrane with multiple
trifluoromethyl groups(6FDA-TFMB)[42]
247 73Barrer
Nitrogen-modified graphdiyne[34] 2.23×1012 1.43×107
PBN-BNH[40] 5×1079 6.87×106
PBN-NH[40] 4×1048 2.75×108
Si-RHO zeolite membrane[37] 8.25×105
COF membrane[67] 0.026~4.5 1.2×1012
COF-based MMMs[67] 3 041 2.68×109
g-C2O[41] 1.5×106 1×107
CTF-0[68] 2.0×1027 1.0×103
g-C2N[35] 7.0×1031 1×107
6N-PG[69] 6.0×108 6.9×107
BG[70] 1.28×1014
g-C3N4[46] 1065
纳米多孔C9N4[62] 1.5 × 1023
), ArticleFig(id=1207768407764734419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343642612700134, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同膜材料对氦气分离的选择性和渗透率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
膜材料 选择性
(He/CH4)
渗透率/
GPU
T-C3N2 membranes[43] 1.4×1060 1.52~1.73×107
Metal-organic framework Fe-PTC[32] 9.1×1017 1.9×106
Metal-organic framework Ni-PTC[32] 2.2×1015 2.1×106
585 divacancy-defective germanene[44] 6×1036
层状磷烯[33] 106~107
多孔g-C2N[35] 7×1031 1×107
IGP[47] 7×1031 1.8×106
多孔磷烯D6[33] 1.2×1018 6.5×106
多孔磷烯D8[33] 1.2×1012 7.4×106
纳米多孔CN[60] 5.17×106 1.94×107
g-C9N7[38] 1.98×1016 1.1×107
Polyimide membrane with multiple
trifluoromethyl groups(6FDA-TFMB)[42]
247 73Barrer
Nitrogen-modified graphdiyne[34] 2.23×1012 1.43×107
PBN-BNH[40] 5×1079 6.87×106
PBN-NH[40] 4×1048 2.75×108
Si-RHO zeolite membrane[37] 8.25×105
COF membrane[67] 0.026~4.5 1.2×1012
COF-based MMMs[67] 3 041 2.68×109
g-C2O[41] 1.5×106 1×107
CTF-0[68] 2.0×1027 1.0×103
g-C2N[35] 7.0×1031 1×107
6N-PG[69] 6.0×108 6.9×107
BG[70] 1.28×1014
g-C3N4[46] 1065
纳米多孔C9N4[62] 1.5 × 1023
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天然气膜分离提氦的分子动力学模拟研究进展
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董航 , 梁筱万 , 郭男 , 张顺克 , 赵健 *
科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025,25(17): 7023-7030
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·石油、天然气工业 2025, 25(17): 7023-7030
天然气膜分离提氦的分子动力学模拟研究进展
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董航 , 梁筱万, 郭男, 张顺克, 赵健*
作者信息
  • 东北石油大学石油工程学院, 大庆 163000
  • 董航(1988—),女,汉族,黑龙江大庆人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气集输与处理技术。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*赵健(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江五常人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气储运系统优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
Progress in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Natural Gas Membrane Separation for Helium Extraction
Hang DONG , Xiao-wan LIANG, Nan GUO, Shun-ke ZHANG, Jian ZHAO*
Affiliations
  • School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407223
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氦气是一种极其重要却又十分稀缺的资源。在中国,氦气的主要来源是从天然气中提取。天然气中氦气的含量较低,因此提取的难度较大,天然气膜分离提氦技术是近年来比较热门的技术,但该项技术目前尚不成熟,实际实验的难度较大,通过分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟就可以很好地解决相关的问题。综述了近年来用于MD模拟天然气膜分离提氦热门的膜材料,采用MD模拟时膜模型的构建方法,模拟力场的选择以及对膜材料分离性能的评价方法。二维类石墨烯薄膜和混合膜材料是目前比较热门的膜材料,COMPASS和UFF力场的应用比较广泛,氦透过大多数膜材料的能量势垒较低,多数膜材料对氦气和甲烷的选择性和渗透率都较高,研究结果对膜分离天然气提氦实际投产具有很好的指导意义。

分子动力学模拟  /  氦气  /  天然气提氦  /  膜分离

Helium is recognized as an extremely important yet highly scarce resource. In China, helium is primarily extracted from natural gas, where its low concentration presents significant challenges for extraction. Membrane separation technology for helium extraction from natural gas has been increasingly studied in recent years. However, the technology is still considered immature, and substantial experimental difficulties are encountered. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed as an effective approach to address these challenges. Recent advancements in membrane materials for MD simulations in helium extraction from natural gas were reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the methods used for constructing membrane models, the selection of simulation force fields, and the techniques applied to evaluate the separation performance of membrane materials. Two dimensional graphene like thin films and hybrid membrane materials were currently popular membrane materials. COMPASS and UFF force fields have a wide range of applications. The energy barrier for helium to pass through most membrane materials is low, and most membrane materials have high selectivity and permeability for helium and methane. The research results have good guiding significance for the practical production of membrane separation and helium extraction from natural gas.

molecular dynamics simulation  /  helium  /  helium extraction from natural gas  /  membrane separation
董航, 梁筱万, 郭男, 张顺克, 赵健. 天然气膜分离提氦的分子动力学模拟研究进展. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7023 -7030 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407223
Hang DONG, Xiao-wan LIANG, Nan GUO, Shun-ke ZHANG, Jian ZHAO. Progress in Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Natural Gas Membrane Separation for Helium Extraction[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7023 -7030 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407223
氦气是重要的战略性稀有气体资源[1],由于其化学性质非常稳定,因此在航空航天、医疗成像科学研究等多个领域有着重要的应用。氦气的获取主要依赖于天然气分离,目前从天然气中提取氦气的主要方法有:变压吸附法(pressure swing adsorption,PSA)、膜分离法、深冷法、深冷-膜分离联合法以及深冷-膜分离耦合法等[2]。传统提氦技术成本较高、能耗较大,且氦气回收率不高,中国是贫氦国家,在新时代“双碳”背景下迫切需要发展低能耗高效率的氦气提纯技术。膜分离技术以其低能耗、高处理能力以及持续性强等优势,在当今工业生产中扮演着关键角色[3]。然而大多数膜材料制备不易,膜的选择受实验条件制约较大,因此,很多学者运用分子动力学(molecular dynamics,MD)模拟技术对膜材料的性能和选择开展研究,极大地提高了膜材料选择的效率。
综述采用分子动力学对天然气膜分离提氦这一技术的研究进展,包括膜材料的选择、分子动力学模拟的方法、力场的选择以及膜性能的评价等,以期为膜材料的高效筛选以及膜分离技术提氦的进一步发展提供基础。
20世纪50年代,Wller等[4]首次提出了一种利用无孔塑料膜实现氦气分离的创新概念。进入60年代,Agrawal等[5]开始探索使用醋酸纤维素膜进行氦气分离的实验。膜分离技术的基本原理[6]是指利用天然或合成的薄膜对双组分或者多组分的气体进行分离提纯。分离的动力主要是膜两侧的压力差、浓度差、电位差、温度差等外界能量位差。按照膜材料的结构不同,一般将膜材料大致分为非多孔膜和多孔膜两类[7]。一般认为,非多孔膜的传质机理为溶解-扩散机理,多孔膜的传质机理则为微孔-扩散机理[8]
按照膜材料的介质不同,一般可分为无机膜、有机膜和混合膜等,无机膜分离气体具有流程简单、操作方便、分离效果好等优点[9],无机膜材料根据其孔隙结构可分为多孔膜和致密膜[10]。多孔膜具有较大的孔隙体积和比表面积,因此其渗透通量较大,但选择性相对较低。致密膜对气体的选择性较高,但其渗透通量相对较小,且制备成本较高。有机膜通常指有机高分子膜[6],其优点为成本较低、易于成膜且制备简单,具有热稳定性差、易被污染、气体分离性能受限等缺点。混合膜目前包括聚合物共混膜和混合基质膜[11-12]。将两种不同性能的聚合物通过一定的方法共混制备而成的复合膜兼具两者的优点,对于提升气体分离性能是一种非常有效的技术。或在聚合物膜中加入含有无机成分的填料制备而成的混合基质膜能够结合有机聚合物膜和无机膜的优点,以提高气体渗透率和选择性。
除上述常规膜材料以外,近年来还有一些新型热门膜材料,自2004年实验成功得到石墨烯[13]以来,一系列的二维多孔石墨烯衍生材料被提出并用于气体分离的研究。如多孔石墨烯、g-C3N4、g-C2O、N修饰的多孔石墨烯、多孔硅烯等[14-15],这些材料因其单原子层厚度、优异的机械稳定性和合适的孔径而成为氦气分离膜材料研究中的热点。金属有机骨架(metal organic framework,MOF)膜[16]也比较热门,这类膜因其高度可调节的孔径和表面化学性质而备受关注。例如,Han等[17]通过引入富勒烯(C60和C70)调节ZIF-8膜的结晶相,形成小而固定的孔径,从而用于选择性氦气透过。冠醚石墨烷[18]也是近几年比较热门的一类材料,这类材料具有均匀分布的周期性冠醚孔,孔径范围为2.7~5.7 Å(1 Å=10-10 m),因其热力学稳定性和潜在的氦气分离性能而备受关注。
近年来,随着膜分离技术的不断发展,人们一直致力于寻找具备高渗透率和高选择性的膜材料,抑或采用一些方法来提高膜材料的渗透率和选择性。然而大多数膜材料的制备方法复杂、成本较高,且实验仪器的要求较高,分子动力学模拟能很好地解决这一问题。分子动力学(MD)[19]模拟是一种计算机模拟实验方法,通过积分运动方程,可以得到体系随时间演化的轨迹,从而分析体系的热力学和动力学等相关性质。孟筠青等[20]采用分子动力学研究了表面活性剂对乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯聚合物胶膜的润湿性影响。吕杨等[21]以分子动力学模拟为主要方法,揭示了高含水稠油低温输送黏附的微观机理。为了充分挖掘天然橡胶的力学性能潜力,江鑫禹等[22]借助分子动力学深入探究了温度以及炭黑含量对天然橡胶静态与动态性能的影响。李智等[23]通过分子动力学模拟揭示了ZIF-8颗粒对天然气水合物形成过程的微观影响机理。夏广等[24]利用分子动力学揭示了超声振动辅助抛光(UVAP)氮化镓(GaN)的微观作用机制,进而为优化超声参数实现GaN材料高效去除和改善表面质量提供指导意见。
在膜分离气体方面,分子动力学能够实现对气体通过膜的选择性和分离效果进行微观尺度的模拟,对于进一步探究膜分离机理及发现功能优良的新型膜材料具有重要意义。Takaba等[25]模拟了He和N2在硅膜中的输运行为,研究表明气膜亲和力和气体进入圆柱形孔隙的方向控制了气体混合物的渗透。Chang等[26]计算了硅膜圆柱形孔中气体分子轴与流动孔方向夹角的分布。Yoshioka等[27]在玻璃二氧化硅膜模型中模拟了压力驱动的气体渗透情况,结果表明CO2与膜孔表面的相互作用强于He与膜孔表面的相互作用。这些研究表明,通过分子动力学模拟方法,可以有效模拟不同气体分子与膜孔之间的作用及渗透效果。而在分子动力学模拟天然气提氦中,膜材料的选取至关重要。目前已发展的多种膜材料如MOF膜、多孔石墨烯、混合基质膜(mixed matrix membranes,MMMs)、碳分子筛膜等[28-31]对于氦气的选择性和渗透性方面均有优异的表现。而在对不同的膜进行分子动力学模拟计算时,膜模型的构建方式也不同。
一般而言,无机膜主要通过切割晶胞的方式,而有机膜一般则通过在分子库中寻找相对应的分子材料导入模拟软件中。一般构建的模型都是将膜材料放置在一个盒子中,而后将气体分子按照一定比例填充在盒子里并给予相应的初始条件进行模拟,盒子的尺寸因材料而异。
Wang等[32]将He、Ne、CO2、N2、Ar、CO和CH4等7种气体分子(每种50个分子)随机放入由石墨烯片和Fe/Ni-PTC膜构成的空腔中,模拟盒子尺寸为4.068 nm×4.698 nm×90 nm。石墨烯片在系统中充当活塞,施加相当于100 bar(1 bar =100 000 Pa)的恒定压力,而Fe/Ni-PTC膜的坐标保持固定。Lei等[33]在建立模拟模型时,将100个He、50个N2、50个CO、50个CO2和50个CH4随机放置在石墨烯和多孔磷烯膜之间,石墨烯充当活塞,在Z方向上对活塞石墨烯施加恒定力,以促使气体穿过多孔磷烯。Xu等[34]将尺寸为49 Å×49 Å×119 Å的盒子用两层N-GDY单层膜等分成气藏和两个真空区,周期边界条件在3个方向上使用。最初,气体混合物为60个He、60个CH4、40个CO、40个CO2、40个N2、20个Ne、20个Ar和20个H2O。祝磊[35]构建了一个近似正方形的g-C2O单层膜(尺寸为99.65 Å×99.68 Å)作为单原子膜,混合气体由200个H2分子、100个CO分子、100个CO2分子、100个N2分子和100个CH4分子组成。Tian等[36]设计的模拟盒子的尺寸为3.24 nm×2.57 nm×12 nm,用两层纳米多孔石墨烯(nanoporous graphene,NPG)膜将箱体分成3个部分,两侧气室空间与中部进料室空间的容积比为2∶1,在3个方向上都应用了周期边界条件。模拟开始前,在中部进料室内随机放置60个He分子和60个其他气体分子(即CH4、CO、CO2等)。Ghasemi等[37]设计了一个尺寸为29.838 Å×29.838 Å×100 Å的立方体盒子,膜位于盒子的中间,将盒子沿着Z轴分成两部分。进料段位于膜的右侧,包括100个He和100个CH4分子,真空段作为渗透段位于膜的左侧。一个石墨烯片被放置在进料部分的末端,作为一个屏障。为了防止石墨烯片和膜在模拟过程中移动,将其质心固定在各自的位置。总的来看,一般构建的模型包括3个主要的部分:第一部分为进料室,这个空间主要是用于初始气体分子的填充,包括单一组分或者多组分的气体填充。第二部分为膜材料放置区,这部分区域主要用于膜材料的放置,膜材料一般都是固定在这个空间的某一位置,然后通过施加一定压力使得进料室的气体分子穿过膜材料;同时膜材料也需要和进料室有一定的间隔,主要是防止进料室的气体分子一开始就和膜材料直接接触,影响计算结果。第三部分为观察室,主要是对透过膜材料的气体分子进行观察统计,进而得出准确的计算结果。除此之外,膜模型的构建必须依据所选膜材料的特点和气体分子的种类、数目等来进行。
在进行分子动力学模拟之前,要针对模拟的体系选择合适的力场。力场决定了分子间相互作用的计算方式,进而影响到模拟结果的准确性。选择力场时,要根据研究目标和模拟体系的特点,在确保精确度的基础上,尽量优化计算效率。在模拟天然气膜分离提取氦气方面,常用到的力场有COMPASS、UFF、OPLS、CHARMM等。根据不同膜材料的特性和研究目的,选择的力场也不尽相同,表1所示为对不同膜材料模拟时选用力场的总结。
在选择模拟的力场时,首先要根据膜材料本身的性质进行相应合适的力场选择。在所有的力场中,COMPASS和UFF适用于多数膜材料,应用也比较广泛,因此今后在对未知材料进行模拟时,可以优选这两种力场进行尝试模拟。但是根据表1也不难看出,在进行同一种或者同一类膜材料的性能评价时,不同的研究人员也可能选取不同的力场,这是因为不同研究人员对膜材料性能研究的侧重点不一样,从而得出的结果也可能存在差异,这就需要今后研究人员能够找到更为精确合理的方法。
对于膜性能的评价,主要从以下几个方面进行评价:能量势垒、选择性和渗透率。能量势垒的高低直接反映了单个气体分子透过膜材料的难易程度;而评价膜对混合气体的分离性能则主要从选择性和渗透率入手,选择性和渗透率共同决定了膜在混合气体分离过程中的性能。
能量势垒(energy barrier),简写为EbEbarrier,能量势垒[57]的定义为
${E}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}={E}_{\mathrm{T}\mathrm{S}}-{E}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}}$
式(1)中:ETSESS分别为在过渡态(TS)和稳定态(SS)下气体分子与膜材料的相互作用能。
许多研究人员对气体分子穿过膜材料的能量势垒进行了第一性原理和分子动力学模拟等相关计算。Zhu等[44]采用Materials Studio中的Dmol3模块[58]对He穿过585多孔缺陷锗烯的能量势垒进行了模拟计算,结果显示He透过585多孔缺陷锗烯膜的能量势垒为0.27 eV,而Ar、CH4、CO2通过该膜材料的能量势垒依次为1.667、1.210、0.965 eV,都远大于He的0.27 eV,这说明在几种气体组成的混合物之中,He是最容易透过585多孔缺陷锗烯的,证明了该膜的渗透率是可取的。Tian等[36]模拟计算得出He分子透过纳米多孔石墨烯薄膜的能量势垒为0.17 eV,同时还计算了其他几种气体透过纳米多孔石墨烯薄膜的能量势垒,最后将计算结果分为三类:第一类是He和H2,二者的能量势垒较低,较容易通过该种膜材料,第二类为Ne和O2,它们的能量势垒处于中等,较不容易通过纳米多孔石墨烯薄膜,第三类气体有CO2、CO、N2、Ar、NH3和CH4,它们透过膜材料的能量势垒均高于1.5 eV,较难通过膜材料,因此说明纳米多孔石墨烯薄膜对氦气具有较好的渗透性,是适用于天然气膜分离的备选材料之一。佟赞等[59]通过模拟计算得出He通过CG-n(n=3,4,5,6)膜的能垒最低分别为4.55、1.05、0.53和0.01 eV。其中,后两者较低的能垒可以实现He的筛分,特别是CG-6,该能垒数值是目前已知的最低值。对其他研究人员关于气体分子透过膜材料能量势垒的计算结果进行了总结,如表2所示。
对于多数膜材料,氦气分子要比天然气分子更容易通过。氦气分子和甲烷分子透过膜材料的能量势垒之差越大,膜对二者的分离就会越彻底,膜的分离性能也就越高,因此也可以将这一参数作为评价膜分离效率的标准之一。
选择性[63]是指膜在分离两种或多种组分时的效率,通常通过比较不同组分的渗透率来衡量。高选择性意味着膜能够更有效地分离特定的组分,选择性可以通过实验从一种气体与另一种气体的渗透率之比获得;渗透率[64]是指在单位时间内,单位压差下,通过具有一定面积和厚度的膜的气体量(质量或物质的量)。渗透率是衡量膜对特定组分传输能力的参数,若不考虑膜材料的厚度,通常以GPU(gas permeation unit)为单位,若考虑膜材料的厚度l,则选用Barrer,二者之间的关系为:GPU=Barrer/l。通过理解影响这两个参数的因素,可以设计和优化膜材料以提高其气体分离效率。当前的研究进展表明[65],通过调节膜材料的结构和化学性质,可以显著提高膜的分离性能,尤其是在气体分离和离子选择性分离方面。
Rezaei等[66]对SIFSIX-3-Cu膜进行了He/CH4混合气体的分离的分子动力学模拟,结果表明SIFSIX-3-Cu膜表面会优先吸附CH4,而He则迅速扩散穿过膜,使He/CH4的分离性能很高;氦气穿过SIFSIX-3-Cu膜的渗透率为1.64×106 GPU。同时,在模拟的过程中,Rezaei等[66]对He和CH4的路径进行了追踪,结果显示随着压力的增大,He在进气侧停留的时间越短,穿过膜的时间也越短,而CH4始终无法通过SIFSIX-3-Cu膜;不仅如此,他们还调整了进料侧的He和CH4的比例,但CH4始终无法穿过膜材料,并且由于He的动力学直径较小,SIFSIX-3-Cu膜对氦气具有较高的选择性,证明SIFSIX-3-Cu膜是一种潜在的用于天然气膜分离氦气的膜材料。总结了不同膜材料用于氦气分离的选择性和渗透率模拟计算结果,如表3所示。
理论上膜材料对气体的选择性越高,其渗透率就越低,反之亦然,这也与实际相符。因此在考虑选用膜材料时,要权衡选择性和渗透率二者的平衡。从分子动力学模拟的结果来看,目前已经发展的诸多膜材料都具有良好的性能,是潜在的天然气膜分离氦气的膜材料,研究人员可以根据模拟的结果进行实际实验,既弥补了分子动力学模拟的不足,也能找到性能优异的膜材料。今后对膜材料进行改性研究时,可以考虑将具有不同优异性能的膜材料进行结合,制备出更高性能的膜材料。同时还可以预测膜材料的渗透率、选择性等,从而推动分子动力学模拟膜分离技术在氦气分离领域的进一步发展。未来,随着新材料的开发和膜技术的集成应用,分子动力学模拟膜分离技术在氦气分离领域的应用前景将更加广阔。
分子动力学模拟膜分离天然气提氦技术目前已经比较成熟,国内外研究人员已经进行过大量的模拟计算。目前已经发展了许多种类的膜材料中,二维类石墨烯薄膜和混合膜材料是比较热门的膜材料。在进行分子动力学模拟时,根据所选用的膜材料,将其设计成由两个或3个气室构成的立方体盒子,中间的气室主要用于填充混合气体,两侧的气室则用于观察膜分离气体的效果。对于模拟力场的选择,COMPASS力场和UFF力场适用于目前已经发展的大多数膜材料。能量势垒(Eb)主要用于对单个气体分子透过膜材料难易程度的评价,目前已知He分子透过膜材料的最低能量势垒为0.01 eV;在评价膜材料对混合气体的分离效果时,选择性和渗透率是常用的两个参数,目前已经模拟计算过的膜材料中,g-C2O膜、纳米多孔CN膜、MMMs膜等膜材料的选择性和渗透率都比较理想,今后在进行实际进行天然气膜分离提氦实验时,可以参考分子动力学模拟的结果去设计天然气膜分离流程,进而提高膜分离天然气提氦的效率。
分子动力学模拟膜分离天然气提氦技术的发展可以高效地初步选择膜材料。目前已经通过分子动力学模拟发展的多种膜材料的特性不仅能为膜分离技术的实际投产应用做理论指导,同时也有利于研究人员今后对膜材料进行进一步的改性研究,如将不同优异性能的膜材料进行结合,进而获得性能更好的膜材料。抑或在已有结果的基础上,通过分子动力学模拟来预测和优化膜材料的性能,以实现对氦气和其他气体分子的有效分离。与此同时,现如今的分子动力学模拟天然气膜分离技术也存在一定的局限性。如不同方法对于同一种膜材料的模拟结果可能存在差异,这就需要研究人员找到更合适更精确的方法,或者找出更合适的评价膜分离气体性能的方法。再者由于He的动力学直径与其他气体(如N2和CH4)相比要小得多,这导致在模拟中需要精确计算气体分子与膜材料之间的相互作用,如今的大多模拟并不能实现。除此之外,当下的模拟大多都是简化了天然气的成分,然而实际天然气通常包含多种气体组分,多数模拟很少考虑这些复杂组分在膜中的传输和分离时的相互作用和竞争效应,这可能导致与实际结果不符合。未来,研究人员若能在目前的基础上做出相应的创新,解决当今模拟技术存在的缺陷,定能使分子动力学模拟天然气膜分离提氦技术更上一层楼。
  • 黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2023E014)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2407223
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
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黑龙江省自然科学基金(LH2023E014)
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    东北石油大学石油工程学院, 大庆 163000

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*赵健(1986—),男,汉族,黑龙江五常人,博士,副教授。研究方向:油气储运系统优化与节能降耗技术。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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