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Article(id=1207343641182446547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405150, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782755418, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782755418, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782755418, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782755418, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7165, endPage=7172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641866117132, articleId=1207343641182446547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Effect of Energetic Particles on Combustion and Explosion Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Mixed Fuel under Low Concentration Conditions, columnId=1207343641702539264, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Weapon Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence mechanism of energetic particles on the combustion and explosion reaction of solid-liquid mixed fuel, a 20 L spherical cloud combustion and explosion characteristics test system was used to study the combustion and explosion characteristics of solid-liquid fuel-air dispersion systems with different mass fractions of energetic substances. Under low concentration conditions, the explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, reaction time and explosion lower limit of different fuels were measured. Based on the combination of solid-liquid dispersed particles, the impact of energetic particles on the combustion and explosion characteristics of solid-liquid mixed fuel was analyzed. The results show that in the 1,3,5-trinitroperhy-dro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)/aluminum powder mixed fuel system, the explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate first increase and then decrease with the increase of RDX mass fraction, with the maximum values being 1 516.17 kPa and 116.17 kPa/ms respectively. For RDX/ aluminum powder/nitromethane mixed fuel system, the addition of RDX causes the explosion pressure to continuously decrease, reaching 427.99 kPa. When the RDX mass fraction is low, RDX inhibits the combustion explosion of the mixed fuel. At the same time, it was found that the change pattern of mixed fuel reaction time is completely opposite to the change pattern of maximum pressure rise rate.

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为了研究含能颗粒在固液混合燃料燃爆反应中的影响机制,使用20 L球形云雾燃爆特性试验系统,对不同质量分数含能物质的固液燃料-空气分散体系的燃爆特性进行研究。在低浓度条件下,试验测量得到爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率、反应时间及不同燃料爆炸下限,根据固液分散微粒结合方式,分析含能颗粒对固液混合燃料燃爆特性的影响。结果表明:在环三亚甲基三硝胺(1,3,5-trinitroperhy-dro-1,3,5-triazine,RDX)/铝粉混合燃料体系中,爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随RDX质量分数的增加先增大后减小,最大值分别为1 516.17 kPa和1 16.17 kPa/ms;针对RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷混合燃料体系,RDX的加入导致爆炸压力不断减小,降幅达到427.99 kPa,当RDX质量分数低时,RDX对混合燃料燃烧爆炸起抑制作用。同时发现混合燃料反应时间变化规律与最大压力上升速率变化规律完全相反。

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刘文杰(1900—),男,汉族,山东东营人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸力学,含能材料。E-mail:。

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刘文杰(1900—),男,汉族,山东东营人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸力学,含能材料。E-mail:。

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刘文杰(1900—),男,汉族,山东东营人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸力学,含能材料。E-mail:。

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(a)为铝粉/RDX团聚的SEM图; (b)为铝粉示意图; (c)为RDX示意图; (d)为硝基甲烷示意图; (e)为RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷团聚示意图; (f)为铝粉/硝基甲烷团聚示意图

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RDX dust mass fraction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合燃料 试验内容 RDX粉尘质量分数/%
RDX/铝粉 压力测试 0.0,10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,50.0,
60.0,70.0,80.0,90.0,100.0
爆炸极限测试 10.0,30.0,50.0,
70.0,90.0,100.0
RDX/铝粉/
硝基甲烷		 压力测试 0.0,11.1,20.0,33.3,42.6,
50.0,66.7,80.9,90.0,100.0
爆炸极限测试 0.0,20.0,33.3,50.0,
66.7,80.0,100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179209183326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343641182446547, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RDX粉尘质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混合燃料 试验内容 RDX粉尘质量分数/%
RDX/铝粉 压力测试 0.0,10.0,20.0,30.0,40.0,50.0,
60.0,70.0,80.0,90.0,100.0
爆炸极限测试 10.0,30.0,50.0,
70.0,90.0,100.0
RDX/铝粉/
硝基甲烷		 压力测试 0.0,11.1,20.0,33.3,42.6,
50.0,66.7,80.9,90.0,100.0
爆炸极限测试 0.0,20.0,33.3,50.0,
66.7,80.0,100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179326623842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343641182446547, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of RDX and nitromethane gas products

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料 有氧反应 无氧反应
铝粉 无 无
RDX NO2、CO2 NO2、CO2、NO、CO
硝基甲烷 NO2、CO2 CO
), ArticleFig(id=1207400179418898534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343641182446547, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RDX与硝基甲烷气体产物对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料 有氧反应 无氧反应
铝粉 无 无
RDX NO2、CO2 NO2、CO2、NO、CO
硝基甲烷 NO2、CO2 CO
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低浓度条件下含能颗粒对固液混合燃料燃爆特性的影响
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刘文杰 , 李小东 , 亢澎霖 , 曹卫国 , 王晶禹
科学技术与工程 | 论文·武器技术 2025,25(17): 7165-7172
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·武器技术 2025, 25(17): 7165-7172
低浓度条件下含能颗粒对固液混合燃料燃爆特性的影响
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刘文杰 , 李小东, 亢澎霖, 曹卫国, 王晶禹
作者信息
  • 中北大学环境与安全工程学院, 太原 030051

    • 刘文杰(1900—),男,汉族,山东东营人,博士,讲师。研究方向:爆炸力学,含能材料。E-mail:。

Effect of Energetic Particles on Combustion and Explosion Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Mixed Fuel under Low Concentration Conditions
Wen-jie LIU , Xiao-dong LI, Peng-lin KANG, Wei-guo CAO, Jing-yu WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405150
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摘要
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为了研究含能颗粒在固液混合燃料燃爆反应中的影响机制,使用20 L球形云雾燃爆特性试验系统,对不同质量分数含能物质的固液燃料-空气分散体系的燃爆特性进行研究。在低浓度条件下,试验测量得到爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率、反应时间及不同燃料爆炸下限,根据固液分散微粒结合方式,分析含能颗粒对固液混合燃料燃爆特性的影响。结果表明:在环三亚甲基三硝胺(1,3,5-trinitroperhy-dro-1,3,5-triazine,RDX)/铝粉混合燃料体系中,爆炸压力和最大压力上升速率随RDX质量分数的增加先增大后减小,最大值分别为1 516.17 kPa和1 16.17 kPa/ms;针对RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷混合燃料体系,RDX的加入导致爆炸压力不断减小,降幅达到427.99 kPa,当RDX质量分数低时,RDX对混合燃料燃烧爆炸起抑制作用。同时发现混合燃料反应时间变化规律与最大压力上升速率变化规律完全相反。

含能颗粒  /  质量分数  /  爆炸压力  /  爆炸下限  /  燃烧持续时间

In order to study the influence mechanism of energetic particles on the combustion and explosion reaction of solid-liquid mixed fuel, a 20 L spherical cloud combustion and explosion characteristics test system was used to study the combustion and explosion characteristics of solid-liquid fuel-air dispersion systems with different mass fractions of energetic substances. Under low concentration conditions, the explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, reaction time and explosion lower limit of different fuels were measured. Based on the combination of solid-liquid dispersed particles, the impact of energetic particles on the combustion and explosion characteristics of solid-liquid mixed fuel was analyzed. The results show that in the 1,3,5-trinitroperhy-dro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX)/aluminum powder mixed fuel system, the explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate first increase and then decrease with the increase of RDX mass fraction, with the maximum values being 1 516.17 kPa and 116.17 kPa/ms respectively. For RDX/ aluminum powder/nitromethane mixed fuel system, the addition of RDX causes the explosion pressure to continuously decrease, reaching 427.99 kPa. When the RDX mass fraction is low, RDX inhibits the combustion explosion of the mixed fuel. At the same time, it was found that the change pattern of mixed fuel reaction time is completely opposite to the change pattern of maximum pressure rise rate.

energetic particles  /  quality score  /  explosion pressure  /  lower explosion limit  /  burning duration
刘文杰, 李小东, 亢澎霖, 曹卫国, 王晶禹. 低浓度条件下含能颗粒对固液混合燃料燃爆特性的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7165 -7172 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405150
Wen-jie LIU, Xiao-dong LI, Peng-lin KANG, Wei-guo CAO, Jing-yu WANG. Effect of Energetic Particles on Combustion and Explosion Characteristics of Solid-Liquid Mixed Fuel under Low Concentration Conditions[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7165 -7172 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405150
正文
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含能颗粒一般泛指火炸药粉尘。例如环三亚甲基三硝胺(1,3,5-trinitroperhy-dro-1,3,5-triazine,RDX)粉尘本身含氧,是一种活性粉尘,其爆炸输出能力远高于一般工业粉尘(铝粉)。铝粉作为高性能金属材料,常用于航天燃料、推进剂和炸药中以改善性能[1-4]。铝粉的最小点火能和最小点火温度相对较低,在空气中的最高绝热火焰温度可达3 790 ℃[5-7]。而片状铝粉比表面积大,具有更高的反应活性,其氧化既可以发生在铝热剂中,也可以发生在粉尘爆炸中[8]。硝基甲烷是一种典型液体炸药[9],在富氧条件下硝基甲烷与O2反应,燃烧释放热量,在无氧条件下发生热分解反应。与固体燃料相比,液体燃料更容易反应完全,通过优化燃料液、固体组分配比,提升混合燃料燃烧爆炸特性,以满足固液混合燃料在工业和军事领域的应用。在云爆领域,RDX粉尘、铝粉和硝基甲烷可作为燃料空气炸药(fuel-air explosive,FAE)的添加成分,因此研究含能颗粒对铝粉和铝粉/硝基甲烷燃料燃烧爆炸特性的影响是非常有必要的。
针对含能粉尘爆炸,学者们进行大量研究,表明粉尘云浓度、粒径、湍流强度、初始温度等是影响粉尘爆炸严重程度和敏感性的重要因素[10-17]。最低点火温度(minimum ignition temperature,MIT)和爆炸参数(如超压、温度等)常用来表征粉尘爆炸危险性[18-20]。Zhang等[21]考虑了气流速度、粉尘粒径和质量浓度对水平管道内铝粉爆炸行为的影响,得出气流速度对火焰传播特性和爆炸行为有显著影响。Cao等[22]和Li等[23]通过实验和数值模拟对粉尘爆炸的火焰传播和爆炸强度进行了研究,模拟结果与实验吻合较好,粉尘云浓度与最大爆炸压力呈倒“U”形关系。与单组分燃料相比,固液燃料不仅受环境因素影响,各组分之间相互作用对爆炸威力也有显著影响。Zhang等[24-25]研究了硝基甲烷/环氧丙烷/铝粉和硝基甲烷/正戊烷/铝粉在低温、低压、高相对湿度条件下的爆炸特性,揭示了甲烷对固液混合燃料的促进作用。杨仲坤等[26]以石油醚、环氧丙烷和乙醚作为液体燃料,硝酸异丙酯和硝基甲烷作为液体敏化剂,金属铝粉作为固体组分,进行了液体和液固FAE配方的云雾爆轰实验,对爆炸场、温度场等参数进行了毁伤效果分析,得出优化后高能燃料配方。硝基甲烷可与其他燃料组分产生协同作用,这一特性也受其他因素影响。Bai等[27]研究了硝基甲烷在不同环境因素下对乙醚-铝粉混合燃料爆炸特性的影响。通过分析最大压力增长速率和气体产物,推导了硝基甲烷在混合燃料爆炸中的作用机理,得出结论,硝基甲烷的自分解反应能够促进高质量浓度燃料充分反应。Yao等[28]研究了铝粉-乙醚和铝粉-乙醚-硝基甲烷混合物在不同温度和压力条件下的爆炸性能,结果表明环境参数的变化,对铝粉-乙醚-硝基甲烷的爆炸压力和可燃性下限的影响较小。
目前对于多相爆炸中含能颗粒质量分数与爆炸特性关系的分析较少。为此,现采用20 L球形爆炸容器,对不同RDX粉末质量分数的铝/硝基甲烷和铝燃料-空气混合物的爆炸特性进行测试。通过分析铝/硝基甲烷和铝燃料空气混合物的爆炸压力、最大升压率和爆炸极限,得到RDX粉末对铝/硝基甲烷和铝燃料-空气混合物爆炸特性的影响。以期能够为提升固液混合燃料的爆炸特性提供可行的方法,同时对云爆弹的配方设计提供基础数据。
1 实验部分
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1.1 试剂与仪器
实验样品为粉末状RDX,纯度98%,平均直径29.804 μm;铝粉,纯度99%,平均直径22.745 μm;硝基甲烷,纯度99.5%。实验所用原材料均由江南工业集团有限公司提供。
主要实验仪器为20 L球形爆炸装置,自制;压力传感器,瑞士奇石乐仪器股份公司,采集频率1.0 MHz,采集量程1.38 MPa;多通道电荷放大器,瑞士奇石乐仪器股份公司,16通道;AVXI-1011多通道数据采集器,瑞士奇石乐仪器股份公司,12通道,采样频率为100 kHz/s~1 MHz/s;可编程逻辑控制器(programmable logic controller,PLC)编程控制器,LT-200编程控制器,福州福光电子有限公司;便携式有害气体检测仪,北京卓安恒瑞科技有限公司。
1.2 实验过程
采用20 L球形爆炸测试系统研究混合燃料爆炸特性,实验测试系统如图1所示。实验系统包括20 L球形爆炸容器、高压气罐、样品罐、点火具及压力传感器。20 L球形爆炸容器壁厚为15.5 mm,铜质半球型喷嘴位于爆炸容器两侧,喷嘴内嵌空心球,更容易分散燃料;混合燃料放置于样品罐内,样品罐容积为20.0 mL;进气口通入0.4 MPa高压空气并在高压气罐内储存,为燃料分散提供动力,高压气罐容积为4.0 L;电磁阀控制高压气罐内高压气体流动,气流通过样品罐携带燃料进入半球形喷嘴,燃料分散进入球形爆炸容器;点火具包括药包、点火头及黑火药,将黑火药倒入药包内,点火头置入药包内与其充分接触后连接电极与起爆器;为保证爆炸压力的准确测量,在球形爆炸容器壁面3个方向安装传感器,其中传感器2与传感器3对角安装。通过PLC编程控制器控制电磁阀开启时间和点火延迟时间,完成燃料的分散及点火。电磁阀开启50 ms,确保燃料完全进入球形容器。关闭电磁阀,点火再次延迟50 ms,燃料在爆炸容器中均匀分散后被点燃。
为探究RDX粉尘对铝粉/硝基甲烷爆炸特性的影响,实验首先在300 g/m3浓度下进行,实验对象为RDX粉尘/铝粉混合物和RDX粉尘/铝粉/硝基甲烷混合物,保持铝粉和硝基甲烷的质量比为3∶1,研究不同质量分数RDX粉尘对混合物爆炸压力的影响;同样在两种混合物中,改变RDX粉尘比例,测量不同质量分数RDX粉尘条件下混合燃料爆炸下限,RDX粉尘质量分数如表1所示。
如图2所示,在点火50 ms后爆炸容器内压力迅速上升,经过时间差Δt后压力值达到最大,Δt为爆炸反应持续时间。初始压力与压力峰值之差ΔP为爆炸压力,上升过程中压力的最大斜率(dP/dt)为最大压力上升速率。当测得升压率ΔP≥30 kPa时,认为燃料发生燃烧爆炸反应。爆炸下限采用二分法测量,测量精度控制在5 g/cm3。实验在20 ℃,101.1 kPa条件下进行。实验结束后收集爆炸容器内气体,测量球型容器内CO、NO2、NO和CO2浓度。由于容器内气体浓度过高,超出气体检测仪器量程范围,因此对气体稀释后进行测量,计算得出容器内气体体积浓度。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 爆炸压力
测量不同RDX质量分数混合燃料-空气混合物爆炸压力,如图3所示。能够看出RDX粉尘/铝粉混合燃料的爆炸压力随着RDX质量分数的增加先增大后减小,这一结果与文献[29]中得到的结果相同。当RDX粉尘质量分数为0%时,爆炸压力为1 007.14 kPa,随着RDX质量分数的增加爆炸压力略有上升,当RDX质量分数达到40.0%时,爆炸压力达到最大为1 156.17 kPa。RDX质量分数增加40%,爆炸压力增加149.03 kPa,RDX质量分数每上升10%,爆炸压力升高37.26 kPa,爆炸压力上升缓慢。随着RDX质量分数的继续增大,爆炸压力不断减小,当RDX质量分数达到100.0%时,爆炸压力仅有318.20 kPa。RDX质量分数增加60%,爆炸压力下降837.97 kPa,RDX质量分数每增大10%,爆炸压力降低139.66 kPa,爆炸压力下降速度较快。造成这一现象的原因是,在RDX质量分数较低时RDX能够加快反应的进行。RDX作为含能材料其反应速度快,能够在短时间内释放大量能量,因此当RDX质量分数较低时,RDX可以加速反应。与RDX相比铝粉更易点燃,因此,当RDX的质量分数较低时,大量铝粉发生燃烧爆炸反应释放的热量引爆RDX,造成了爆炸压力的升高。但是当RDX质量分数较高时,铝粉浓度下降,最初被点燃的铝粉不断减少,导致无法为大量引爆RDX提供足够的能量。这就导致参与反应的RDX减少。对比RDX和铝粉燃烧热11.84 kJ/g[30]和31.0 kJ/g[31],RDX质量分数的增加导致混合物完全反应释放的总能量减小,这是导致爆炸压力减小的另一原因。
如图3所示,当混合燃料中加入硝基甲烷时,随着RDX质量分数的增加爆炸压力不断减小。当RDX质量分数为0%时,爆炸压力为746.19 kPa,少量RDX的加入使爆炸压力迅速下降,RDX质量分数为11.1%时,爆炸压力为535.88 kPa;质量分数增加11.1%,爆炸压力减小210.31 kPa。当RDX质量分数大于11.1%时,随着RDX质量分数的增大爆炸压力缓慢下降,质量分数增加88.9%,爆炸压力降低217.68 kPa。硝基甲烷与铝粉的质量比始终保持在1∶3,硝基甲烷燃烧热为11.62 kJ/g[32],因此实验中硝基甲烷与铝粉混合物的燃烧热为26.16 kJ/g,RDX的加入导致混合物燃烧热的减小,因此随着RDX质量分数的增加爆炸压力不断减小。
如图4(a)所示,燃料堆积状态下RDX粉尘颗粒被铝粉颗粒包裹。在分散过程中,高压气体携带混合燃料通过喷头,燃料分散在20 L球形爆炸罐内,形成可燃云雾,RDX颗粒、铝粉颗粒和硝基甲烷液体分离。但分散过程无法保证所有的颗粒与颗粒、颗粒与液体完全分离,容易产生团聚现象。因此在分散体系中存在图4所示的几种情况,图4(b)为单独的片状铝粉颗粒,其特点是粒径小,比表面积巨大,易被点燃,燃烧热高,能够释放大量能量;图4(c)为单独的RDX颗粒,其特点是粒径略大,比表面积小,与铝粉相比较难点燃,反应速度快,能够在极短的时间内释放能量;图4(d)为单独的硝基甲烷液滴,硝基甲烷难被点燃,在低浓度条件下可视为惰性物质;图4(e)为分散过程中没有分离的集团,由于RDX颗粒略大,因此部分铝粉颗粒及硝基甲烷液体包围在RDX颗粒表面;图4(f)仅在铝粉/硝基甲烷分散体系中大量出现,宏观观察质量比为3∶1的铝粉/硝基甲烷混合物,其物理形态为粉末状。因此没有完全分离的硝基甲烷液体附着在铝粉颗粒表面。
当混合体系中没有硝基甲烷时,RDX颗粒仅有铝粉包围,且RDX与铝粉均为固体,在分散过程中RDX与铝粉容易分离,分散体系中仅存在少量RDX颗粒与铝粉颗粒团聚的基团,图4(e)所展示的未分离基团数量较少。但加入硝基甲烷后,油状的硝基甲烷液体在颗粒之间起到了黏合作用,图4(e)和图4(f)所描述的颗粒基团增多,燃料比表面积减小,同时受硝基甲烷的影响颗粒基团更难被点燃,更多的燃料没有参与反应,这就导致了RDX浓度质量分数相同时,含硝基甲烷的混合燃料爆炸压力更小。这与图3所示规律相同。另一方面,由于硝基甲烷的燃烧热在3种物质中最小,这是造成硝基甲烷抑制混合物爆炸的另一原因。
对比图3中两条曲线,能够看出当RDX质量分数较小时(≤ 40.0%),随着RDX的增加,不含硝基甲烷的混合燃料爆炸压力略有上升,含硝基甲烷的混合燃料爆炸压力不断下降。当混合燃料中不含硝基甲烷时,颗粒的团聚现象较少,爆炸压力的变化规律几乎不受团聚现象的影响。从图4(e)中能够看出,颗粒团聚以RDX颗粒为核心,因此当混合燃料中含硝基甲烷时,RDX质量分数的增加会导致团聚现象的增多,更多的燃料没有参与反应,这就造成了随着RDX质量分数的增加爆炸压力不断减小的现象。
2.2 爆炸压力上升速率及持续时间
图5为不同质量分数RDX与铝粉混合物爆炸最大压力及持续时间。由图5(a)可知,RDX/铝粉最大压力斜率随RDX质量分数的增加先增大后减小。当RDX质量分数为0.0%时,最大压力斜率较小。随着RDX质量分数的增加,最大压力斜率不断增大,当RDX质量分数为40.0%时,压力斜率达到最大值116.17 kPa/ms。
随着RDX质量分数继续增大,最大压力斜率减小。RDX质量分数达到90.0%后趋于平缓,当RDX质量分数为100.0%时,最大压力斜率达到最小值11.27 kPa/ms。由图5(b)能够看出,最大压力斜率随RDX质量分数的变化趋势与爆炸持续时间的变化趋势完全相反。当RDX质量分数小于等于40.0%时,随着RDX含量的增加,爆炸持续时间略有减小。在RDX质量分数为40.0%时达到最小值,爆炸持续时间最小为19.7 ms。当RDX质量分数大于60.0%时,爆炸持续时间迅速增加,在RDX质量分数为90.0%时,燃烧时间最长达到212.3 ms。
造成这一现象的原因是RDX和铝粉的理化性质不同,铝粉易燃但反应持续时间较长,RDX分解反应时间极短,但不易燃烧,因此会发生分解反应。当RDX质量分数较小时,铝粉含量高,点火后大量铝粉发生反应,在短时间内释放大量能量同时消耗大量氧气。混合燃料中少量的RDX受到较强刺激。在缺氧条件下,分解反应瞬间发生,释放大量能量。RDX质量分数的增加导致短时间内释放的能量增多,最大压力斜率不断增大。RDX在分解过程中释放的热量促进了铝粉反应,导致爆炸持续时间略有减小。而当RDX质量分数较大时,随着RDX质量分数的增加,铝粉浓度不断减小,点火后最初发生反应的铝粉量减少,导致燃烧爆炸初期释放的能量减少,无法完全将RDX引爆。部分RDX粉尘未能参与反应,因此在短时间内释放能量减少。同时,铝粉的减少导致燃烧爆炸初期消耗氧气量减少,部分氧气与RDX反应,该反应的反应速度比RDX的自分解反应慢。受以上两个因素的共同作用,当RDX质量分数较大时,随着RDX质量分数的增加,最大压力上升速率不断减小,爆炸持续时间总体呈上升趋势。
当混合燃料中含硝基甲烷时,最大爆炸压力斜率与爆炸持续时间随RDX质量分数的变化曲线如图6所示。由图6(a)可知,随着RDX质量分数的增加,最大压力上升速率先增大后减小,然后缓慢上升。从图6(b)中能够看出爆炸持续时间的变化规律与最大压力上升速率完全相反。当RDX质量分数为20.0%时,最大压力上升速率为45.81 kPa/ms,该条件下燃烧时间最短为41.0 ms。当RDX质量分数小于这一值时,最大压力上升速率随RDX质量分数的增大不断变大,爆炸持续时间略有减小。但当RDX质量分数大于20.0%时,随着RDX质量分数的增大,最大压力上升速率不断减小,爆炸持续时间不断增大。在RDX质量分数为50.0%和66.7%时最大压力上升速率达到最小值,均为10.29 kPa/ms。当RDX质量分数为50.0%时,爆炸持续时间最长为305.3 ms。随着RDX质量分数的继续增加,最大压力上升速率略有上升,爆炸反应持续时间呈下降趋势。RDX质量分数在20%~80%区间内,最大压力上升速率与RDX/铝粉混合燃料相比更小。这是由于硝基甲烷的加入增加了分散体系中微粒的团聚现象,铝粉在燃烧爆炸最初阶段释放的能量无法更多的作用到RDX上,使得参与反应的RDX减少,导致了最大压力上升速率减小,爆炸持续时间增大。这也是造成图3中RDX质量分数在20%~80%范围内时,爆炸压力较低的原因。
2.3 爆炸产物
实验在常压下进行,计算得到20 L球形罐内氧气的量为3.0 g。高压气体进入罐体,罐内压力升高20 kPa,携带燃料一同进入罐内的空气中包含氧气0.59 g。表2为3种燃料在不同条件下反应的气体产物(仅列出所检测的气体)。铝的燃烧爆炸并不能产生气体,且需O2。但RDX和硝基甲烷在有氧和无氧条件下均能够发生爆炸,同时释放大量气体,由表2能够看出NO和CO仅能在无氧条件下产生[30-32]。
图7和图8展示的均为不同条件下的气体产物浓度。对比相同条件下CO2浓度和NO2浓度,CO2浓度较高,这是因为实验使用点火具内含3.2 g黑火药,黑火药爆炸产生CO2气体,因此CO2浓度升高。对单点火具进行爆炸测试开展空白对照组实验,得到气体产物浓度:CO2为4.5%,CO为0.013%。对比CO2、NO2、CO和NO,CO2和NO2的浓度远大于CO和NO,这是由于RDX和硝基甲烷发生有氧或无氧反应时均产生CO2和NO2,但CO和NO仅在无氧反应中产生。
从图7和图8中能够很明显地看出,各气体产物浓度受RDX质量分数影响的变化趋势相同,随着RDX质量分数的增加各气体产物浓度先增大后减小。由于铝的燃烧无气体产物生成,因此气体产物浓度的大小能够直接反映参与反应的RDX和硝基甲烷的多少;同时由于NO和CO仅在RDX和硝基甲烷发生无氧分解反应时产生,因此NO和CO的浓度能够反映RDX和硝基甲烷发生无氧分解反应量的多少。当RDX质量分数小于30.0%时,混合燃料中参与反应和发生无氧分解反应的RDX和硝基甲烷不断增多。当RDX质量分数在30.0%~40.0%时,参与反应和发生无氧分解反应的RDX和硝基甲烷的量处于较高水平。随着RDX质量分数继续增加,参与反应和发生无氧分解反应的RDX和硝基甲烷不断减少。这一现象能够为2.2节中最大压力上升速率变化规律的解释提供依据。
2.4 爆炸下限
测量点火具单独作用时的压力变化,得到燃烧时间及爆炸压力分别为35 ms和172.33 kPa。因此爆炸压力超过202.33 kPa时认为燃料发生了燃烧爆炸反应。实验测量铝粉、RDX粉尘、硝基甲烷液雾爆炸下限分别为74.93、226.88和959.44 g/m3。
图9(a)为RDX/铝粉燃料爆炸下限随RDX质量分数变化曲线,能够看出,随着RDX质量分数的增加,爆炸下限呈上升趋势。由于铝粉爆炸下限比RDX小,因此RDX质量分数的增加导致了混合燃料爆炸下限上升。当RDX质量分数为10.0%和30.0%时,计算得到爆炸下限浓度条件下,混合燃料中铝粉的浓度分别为78.98 g/m3和78.93 g/m3,均大于铝粉的爆炸极限。因此在RDX质量分数低时,RDX对铝粉的爆炸起抑制作用。当RDX质量分数大于30.0%时爆炸下限缓慢上升,当RDX质量分数为70.0%时,爆炸下限为131.59 g/m3,仅比RDX质量分数为40.0%时增加了18.84 g/m3。但当RDX质量分数超过70.0%时,随着RDX质量分数的增加爆炸下限上升速率加快。
对比图9(a)和图9(b),当RDX质量分数相同时,含硝基甲烷混合燃料比不含硝基甲烷混合燃料爆炸下限高,这说明硝基甲烷起到了抑制作用。一方面硝基甲烷的爆炸下限比RDX和铝粉的爆炸下限高,另一方面硝基甲烷的加入使得燃料分散体系中的团聚现象增加。根据RDX质量分数为0.0%和100.0%时实验结果,使用勒夏特列定律(Le Chatelier's law)预测爆炸下限。对比预测得到的爆炸下限与实验值,能够看出实验值比预测值大,且在RDX质量分数为70.0%附近差距较大。这是由于低浓度条件下RDX对铝粉或铝粉/硝基甲烷混合具有抑制作用,同时混合燃料分散过程中团聚现象也会导致这一结果。
3 结论
收起
实验研究RDX对铝粉和铝粉/硝基甲烷混合燃料爆炸压力、最大压力上升速率及爆炸下限的影响,得到结论如下。
(1) 随着RDX质量分数的增加,RDX/铝粉混合燃料爆炸压力先增大后减小,RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷混合燃料爆炸压力不断减小。
(2) RDX/铝粉混合燃料最大压力上升速率随RDX质量分数的增加,先增加后减小;RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷混合燃料最大压力上升速率随RDX质量分数的增加,先增加后减小之后略有增加。燃烧时间的变化规律与最大压力上升速率完全相反。
(3) RDX/铝粉/硝基甲烷和RDX/铝粉混合燃料爆炸下限,随RDX质量分数的增加不断变大,比Le Chatelier’ s law爆炸下限预测值高。
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405150
  • 接收时间：2024-07-10
  • 首发时间：2025-12-15
  • 出版时间：2025-06-18
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    中北大学环境与安全工程学院, 太原 030051
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