Article(id=1207343640301642666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406898, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726243200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782755208, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782755208, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782755208, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782755208, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7447, endPage=7453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343642042277915, articleId=1207343640301642666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=EMU Train Operation Delay Influence Based on Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Traction System Faults, columnId=1207343635553690395, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Environmental and Safe Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

According to the fault data of a certain type EMU traction system in China in 2022, the location and frequency distribution of key faulty equipment were analyzed, and the impact duration caused by various failure problems was counted. These two are combined as the spatio-temporal characteristics of EMU traction system faults. The distribution model was selected to compare the duration distribution characteristics of various faults, and the K-S test method was used to analyze the fitting effects. The results show that the fault influence time of pantograph, traction converter and roof high-voltage cable is the most suitable for the logistic distribution model fitting, while the lognormal distribution is most suitable for the traction transformer, main circuit breaker and traction motor. It is of great significance to predict the failure time of EMU traction system, point out the optimization direction of system equipment maintenance, and improve the efficiency of train operation and scheduling.

, correspAuthors=Xian-chun DAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-chen ZHANG, Qiu-fen LI, Cheng-ye DAI, Xian-chun DAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343645225754782, articleId=1207343640301642666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于时空特性的动车组牵引系统故障对行车时长的影响, columnId=1156262730140078420, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·环境科学、安全科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

动车组牵引系统故障导致的停车延迟或事故问题始终存在,针对中国2022年某型号动车组牵引系统故障数据,分析主要故障设备与故障频次分布,统计各类故障问题造成的影响时长,作为该型动车组牵引系统故障的时空特征;选择分布模型对比各设备故障影响时长的分布特征,并通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验对各分布拟合进行检验。结果表明:受电弓、牵引变流器与车顶高压电缆的故障影响时长最适于用逻辑斯蒂分布模型拟合,而对数正态分布最适于拟合牵引变压器,主断路器与牵引电机的故障影响时长。动车组牵引系统故障发生时判断影响时长,指明系统设备维修优化的重点方向,对提高动车组运行安全性具有重大意义。

, correspAuthors=戴贤春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*戴贤春(1963—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,研究员。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=S+7Hp6oIRDaqI1Lm1dwicA==, magXml=8QUQKSxvnMFQ5GzshHoUSA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=b284HHJPjs3Tcb8+btPU5A==, pdfFileSize=10473557, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tXA/CSnI32o7gVFw1Fa1jg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jo8bEfWOfYdMKj4mfxjV5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张雨晨(1997—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:

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张雨晨(1997—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:

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张雨晨(1997—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:

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caption=Traction system components fault distribution of a certain type EMU in 2022, figureFileSmall=YCp2OUOG9AIG7Wk4jHLuqw==, figureFileBig=tXA/CSnI32o7gVFw1Fa1jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343652578370194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2022年某型动车组牵引系统组件故障分布态势, figureFileSmall=YCp2OUOG9AIG7Wk4jHLuqw==, figureFileBig=tXA/CSnI32o7gVFw1Fa1jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343652909720249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Statistics on the failure frequency of main equipment of the traction system of a certain type of EMU in 2022, figureFileSmall=JppwYnJ9veQeIdMRnW1Pag==, figureFileBig=J94QZGkHi1XrvZzyShZ6JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653132018381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2022年该型动车组牵引系统主要设备故障频次统计, figureFileSmall=JppwYnJ9veQeIdMRnW1Pag==, figureFileBig=J94QZGkHi1XrvZzyShZ6JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653270430428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The duration and frequency histogram of each device failure impact, figureFileSmall=lwygHl9B69jWTKTdP+ZSLQ==, figureFileBig=ieiTVbIiI87oe8Jegf9c+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653530477298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各设备故障影响时长频次直方分布图, figureFileSmall=lwygHl9B69jWTKTdP+ZSLQ==, figureFileBig=ieiTVbIiI87oe8Jegf9c+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653694055172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Fitting curves of the impact duration of each fault under different distribution models, figureFileSmall=0X+E2+UNEQP9/s0jTzmNDw==, figureFileBig=voM+y5jP9hkB7D3Wf7SWIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653824078612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同分布模型下各故障影响时长的拟合曲线, figureFileSmall=0X+E2+UNEQP9/s0jTzmNDw==, figureFileBig=voM+y5jP9hkB7D3Wf7SWIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207343653933130533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics on the fault impact duration of devices to which the fault belongs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障所属设备 均值/min 标准偏差/min
受电弓 14.714 30 8.440 89
牵引变流器 12.772 70 8.524 09
牵引变压器 10.454 50 5.164 56
主断路器 8.964 29 5.160 26
车顶高压电缆 9.920 00 5.707 60
牵引电机 17.714 30 12.790 80
), ArticleFig(id=1207343654084125493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同故障所属设备的故障影响时长统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障所属设备 均值/min 标准偏差/min
受电弓 14.714 30 8.440 89
牵引变流器 12.772 70 8.524 09
牵引变压器 10.454 50 5.164 56
主断路器 8.964 29 5.160 26
车顶高压电缆 9.920 00 5.707 60
牵引电机 17.714 30 12.790 80
), ArticleFig(id=1207343654209954628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

K-S test results of the duration distribution of equipment component failure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障部位 对数正态分布 逻辑斯蒂分布 伽马分布 指数分布 威布尔分布 泊松分布
受电弓 不服从 服从
D = 0.120 94,
P= 0.807 4
不服从 不服从 不服从 不服从
牵引变流器 服从
D = 0.205 39,
P = 0.311 4
服从
D = 0.140 45,
P= 0.778 3
不服从 服从
D = 0.240 1,
P= 0.158 2
不服从 不服从
牵引变压器 服从
D = 0.207 46,
P= 0.731
服从
D = 0.216 86,
P= 0.679
不服从 服从
D = 0.352 94,
P = 0.129
不服从 服从
D = 0.261 43,
P= 0.439 8
主断路器 服从
D = 0.118 11,
P= 0.829
服从
D = 0.153 61,
P= 0.523 4
不服从 服从
D = 0.252 81,
P= 0.055 8
不服从 服从
D = 0.235 5,
P= 0.089 57
车顶高压电缆 服从
D = 0.159 35,
P = 0.549 4
服从
D = 0.113 82,
P= 0.902 4
不服从 服从
D = 0.226 21,
P= 0.154 8
不服从 不服从
牵引电机 服从
D = 0.224 05,
P= 0.483 2
服从
D = 0.224 24,
P= 0.482 1
不服从 服从
D = 0.248 29,
P= 0.353 9
不服从 不服从
), ArticleFig(id=1207343654348366674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343640301642666, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

设备部件故障影响时长分布K-S检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障部位 对数正态分布 逻辑斯蒂分布 伽马分布 指数分布 威布尔分布 泊松分布
受电弓 不服从 服从
D = 0.120 94,
P= 0.807 4
不服从 不服从 不服从 不服从
牵引变流器 服从
D = 0.205 39,
P = 0.311 4
服从
D = 0.140 45,
P= 0.778 3
不服从 服从
D = 0.240 1,
P= 0.158 2
不服从 不服从
牵引变压器 服从
D = 0.207 46,
P= 0.731
服从
D = 0.216 86,
P= 0.679
不服从 服从
D = 0.352 94,
P = 0.129
不服从 服从
D = 0.261 43,
P= 0.439 8
主断路器 服从
D = 0.118 11,
P= 0.829
服从
D = 0.153 61,
P= 0.523 4
不服从 服从
D = 0.252 81,
P= 0.055 8
不服从 服从
D = 0.235 5,
P= 0.089 57
车顶高压电缆 服从
D = 0.159 35,
P = 0.549 4
服从
D = 0.113 82,
P= 0.902 4
不服从 服从
D = 0.226 21,
P= 0.154 8
不服从 不服从
牵引电机 服从
D = 0.224 05,
P= 0.483 2
服从
D = 0.224 24,
P= 0.482 1
不服从 服从
D = 0.248 29,
P= 0.353 9
不服从 不服从
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基于时空特性的动车组牵引系统故障对行车时长的影响
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张雨晨 1, 2 , 李秋芬 2, 3 , 代成烨 1, 2 , 戴贤春 2, 3, *
科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025,25(17): 7447-7453
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·环境科学、安全科学 2025, 25(17): 7447-7453
基于时空特性的动车组牵引系统故障对行车时长的影响
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张雨晨1, 2 , 李秋芬2, 3, 代成烨1, 2, 戴贤春2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国铁道科学研究院, 北京 100081
  • 2 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司研发中心, 北京 100081
  • 3 中国国家铁路集团有限公司铁路安全研究中心, 北京 100081
  • 张雨晨(1997—),女,汉族,黑龙江哈尔滨人,博士。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*戴贤春(1963—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,研究员。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:
EMU Train Operation Delay Influence Based on Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Traction System Faults
Yu-chen ZHANG1, 2 , Qiu-fen LI2, 3, Cheng-ye DAI1, 2, Xian-chun DAI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 China Academy of Railway Sciences Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
  • 2 R & D Center, China Academy of Railway Research Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
  • 3 Railway Safety Research Center, China National Railway Group Corporation, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406898
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动车组牵引系统故障导致的停车延迟或事故问题始终存在,针对中国2022年某型号动车组牵引系统故障数据,分析主要故障设备与故障频次分布,统计各类故障问题造成的影响时长,作为该型动车组牵引系统故障的时空特征;选择分布模型对比各设备故障影响时长的分布特征,并通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验对各分布拟合进行检验。结果表明:受电弓、牵引变流器与车顶高压电缆的故障影响时长最适于用逻辑斯蒂分布模型拟合,而对数正态分布最适于拟合牵引变压器,主断路器与牵引电机的故障影响时长。动车组牵引系统故障发生时判断影响时长,指明系统设备维修优化的重点方向,对提高动车组运行安全性具有重大意义。

动车组牵引系统  /  故障时空特征  /  时长分布模型  /  K-S检验

According to the fault data of a certain type EMU traction system in China in 2022, the location and frequency distribution of key faulty equipment were analyzed, and the impact duration caused by various failure problems was counted. These two are combined as the spatio-temporal characteristics of EMU traction system faults. The distribution model was selected to compare the duration distribution characteristics of various faults, and the K-S test method was used to analyze the fitting effects. The results show that the fault influence time of pantograph, traction converter and roof high-voltage cable is the most suitable for the logistic distribution model fitting, while the lognormal distribution is most suitable for the traction transformer, main circuit breaker and traction motor. It is of great significance to predict the failure time of EMU traction system, point out the optimization direction of system equipment maintenance, and improve the efficiency of train operation and scheduling.

EMU traction system  /  spatiotemporal characteristics of faults  /  time distribution model  /  K-S test
张雨晨, 李秋芬, 代成烨, 戴贤春. 基于时空特性的动车组牵引系统故障对行车时长的影响. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7447 -7453 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406898
Yu-chen ZHANG, Qiu-fen LI, Cheng-ye DAI, Xian-chun DAI. EMU Train Operation Delay Influence Based on Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Traction System Faults[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7447 -7453 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406898
牵引系统是动车主要动力来源及核心技术之一[1],作为含大量电气设备的复杂系统,其故障问题影响着整个列车系统的安全性[2]。由于众多电气部件间存在物理连接,随时间累积故障的传播与演化也在动态进行中,处理延迟会成为电气故障火灾重大危险源[3],且故障维修过程的时长同样对行车秩序与效率产生消极作用[4-5]。动车组因牵引系统故障导致的停车延迟甚至事故问题始终存在,随着中国高速铁路网络加密成型,列车开行数量不断增加,对于故障时间与空间的掌控要求更高。因此,统计牵引系统故障频次与空间分布,分析故障影响时长分布特征,判断故障发生后会造成的影响,对于增强动车组牵引系统可靠性、重点指明系统设备维修优化方向及提高列车运行调度指挥工作效率均具有不可忽视的意义。
动车组牵引系统故障模式分类众多,分析过程繁杂,国内外相关学者对于此已展开大量研究,一部分集中于故障原因及诊断分析。朱彦等[5]对于某型动车组牵引电机轴承温升故障,考虑结构、注脂量及频次等多方面,分析引发故障的原因。李丰辉[6]运用故障预测与健康管理(prognostics health management,PHM)理论以CRH380B(L)型动车组为实例,提出一种牵引冷却系统的温度实时估算方法,以判断其是否出现故障。王靖坤[7]提出一种基于动态内独立成分分析的牵引系统故障检测方法,提高故障检测能力。娄杲等[8]运用知识与数据模型,设计了适用于铁路牵引变压器的服役健康管理系统,以设备历史试验数据为驱动构建了状态评估模型。此外还有大量学者将重点放于故障本身性质的分析,其中系统故障的时空特性在军事、电力、工程等各领域已成为研究热点。杨乐等[9]提出了一种基于Apriori算法对军事装备故障时空特性进行快速挖掘的分析方法。Qian 等[10]提出了一种基于时空特征和近邻运行状态的WT故障检测方法,更准确地探明风电机组部件的运行特性。巴明明[11]对列控车载设备故障进行时空特性分析,用于故障预测软件的设计。陈斌等[12]引入数据空间模型概念,研究故障数据的时空特性以进行列控车载子系统的可靠性分析。王卫等[13]考虑了故障切除时间对于电力系统暂态稳定性的影响,并运用正态分布模拟了其不确定性。
对于系统故障时空特性的现有研究,在空间层面即指故障位置,时间层面则大多指故障发生的间隔周期等,而影响动车组运行安全的不仅是故障发生的频率,故障维修导致的停车时长或是降速的延迟时长,均会对列车正常运行及牵引系统其他部件的运转产生消极作用。此外,动车组牵引系统的故障分析主要集中于原因、故障率、故障诊断等理论方法或算法模型,而将故障特性与部件维修优化结合思考的研究相对缺乏。因此,现针对上述薄弱点采用逆向思维,以故障关键部件位置为空间角度,以故障影响时长分布特性为时间角度,结合二者作为动车组牵引系统的时空特性,探明不同关键设备故障时长分布的差异性,预先判断牵引系统故障发生的影响时长。
牵引系统由高压电气设备、牵引单元以及辅助供电三部分构成[14],部件间存在相互作用,某一部件故障未及时处理会不断严重化致使部件失效,甚至传播至其他部件位置。以2022年中国某型号动车组为例,整理其故障数据,得到牵引系统组件故障分布态势如图1所示。
结合动车组牵引系统的物理构成可知,碳滑板与升降弓装置均为受电弓的部件,牵引控制单元CPU板卡是牵引变流器的部件,车端跨线绝缘子属于车顶高压线缆组件。为了便于后续故障维修耗时分析,将图1中的13种组件按所属设备分类,最终将动车组牵引系统的主要故障设备定位为6个,统计各设备故障总频次如图2所示。
观察图2可知,该型动车组牵引系统中受电弓与主断路器发生故障总频次在6项设备中最高,牵引电机及牵引变压器的故障频次较低。进行故障检查时,对于故障频次较多的部件需提高维修频率,受电弓与主断路器则为该型动车组牵引系统中的重点关注设备。
故障影响时长是指行车过程中从发现故障停车到采取措施恢复行车所用时长,或发生故障后降速运行所产生的延迟时长。时间越长对铁路运行的影响越大,时间成本损失也越多。统计分析牵引系统6项主要设备在动车组运行中出现故障的影响时长,可在故障发生时预先依据故障位置判断影响时间,提前采取应急措施,对2022年某型动车组牵引系统的故障影响时间的计算统计结果如表1所示。
观察表1可知,牵引电机故障影响时长均值最高,超过17 min,同时其标准方差12.790 80 min,大于其他5项,说明当牵引电机发生故障时,维修过程耗时最大且持续时间分布最为分散。车顶高压电缆故障影响时长均值最小,间接反映出在普遍情况下,其故障维修过程相对容易、耗时短;其标准偏差为5.707 60 min,仅大于牵引变压器与主断路器,说明其故障影响时长分布较为集中;牵引变压器故障停车时长的标准偏差最小,为5.164 56 min,说明它在6项设备中故障影响时长分布集中度最高。
分析不同设备故障影响时长的具体分布特征,进而依据故障位置判断可能的停车或延迟时长,为动车组牵引系统的应急维修优化提供方向。研究中逐一绘制出6种设备的故障影响时长-频次直方分布图,再通过检验法则确定出各自最适宜的分布模型。
图3所示,6种设备故障频率-时长直方分布图差异较大,动车组牵引系统故障影响时长分布是复杂的非线性函数,所以选择了高斯拟合进行非线性回归处理[15],图中曲线即为高斯函数拟合所得。观察各设备故障影响时长的分布均具有“右偏、厚尾”的特征[16],符合这些特征常用的分布模型包括:威布尔分布,指数分布,伽马分布,泊松分布,逻辑斯蒂分布以及对数正态分布,所以选择了这6种分布模型进行对比分析并检验。
威布尔分布(Weibull)又称韦氏分布,在可靠性分析与寿命检验中有广泛的应用,具有“厚尾”特征的连续概率分布[17]。随机变量X服从形状参数k以及比例参数λ时,概率密度分布函数为
$\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{x};\mathrm{\lambda },\mathrm{k})=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\frac{k}{\lambda }{\left(\frac{x}{\lambda }\right)}^{k-1}{e}^{-{\left(\frac{x}{\lambda }\right)}^{k}},& \mathrm{x}\ge 1\\ 0,& \mathrm{x}<0\end{array}\right.$
式(1)中:x<0时,$f(x;\lambda,k)$=0。
指数分布(Exponential)表示泊松过程中随机事件之间的时间概率分布[18],具有“偏态,厚尾”特征,随机变量X服从参数λ的指数分布时,其概率密度满足条件为
$f(x;\lambda )=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda x},& x\ge 0\\ 0,& x<0\end{array}\right.$
式(2)中:x<0时,f(x;λ)=0,λ为此分布的数学期望值。
伽马分布(Gamma)是统计学中的一种连续概率函数,也称为皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,可用于描述多次连续发生事件的时间和的概率分布,包含α形状参数与β尺度参数,概率分布函数表达式为
$f(x;\beta,\alpha )=\frac{{\beta }^{\alpha }}{\Gamma \left(\alpha \right)}{x}^{\alpha -1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\beta x},x>0$
式(3)中:α为事件发生的次数;β为事件发生一次的概率。
泊松分布(Poisson)是现代统计学中一种离散型概率分布,适合描述单位时间内随机事件发生的次数与频率,其概率密度函数表达式为
$P\left[X\right(t)=k]=\frac{{\left(\lambda t\right)}^{k}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\lambda t}}{k!}$
式(4)中:k为事件在固定时间t内发生的次数;λ为这段时间内发生此事件的平均次数。
逻辑斯蒂分布(Logistic)是一种函数呈“S”形的特殊概率分布,通常用于分类问题中的概率估计,概率密度函数表达式为
$f\left(x\right)=\frac{1+{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-(x-\mu )}{\gamma }}}{\gamma [1+{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-(x-\mu )}{\gamma }}{]}^{2}}$
式(5)中:μ为位置参数;γ为形状参数。
对数正态分布指随机变量的对数服从正态分布[19],具有“厚尾”特征,其数学描述如式(6)所示,如果X服从对数正态分布,设f(x)为它的分布函数,则
$f\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{x\sigma \sqrt{2\mathrm{\pi }}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{(\mathrm{l}\mathrm{n}x-\mu )}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}},x>0$
式(6)中:μ$\sigma $分别为lnx的均差和标准差。
分析各故障设备影响时长-频次直方图分布规律,运用上述6种分布拟合得到如图4中各曲线,横坐标为故障影响时长,纵坐标为各分布的密度函数值,其中加入了正态分布拟合,用于直观对比其他分布曲线。不同故障部位所对应的最适宜分布模型存在差异,通过绘制分布图后得到模型参数值,用于后续检验。
研究选择常见的K-S检验原则进行检验,它是一种非参数检验统计测试[20],通常用于比较单个样本的经验分布与所参考分布模型间的差异,式(7)可表示其定义,衡量两个累积分布函数(cumulative distribution function,CDF)之间的最大差异。
$D=\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}\left|{F}_{1}\left(x\right)-{F}_{2}\left(x\right)\right|$
式(7)中:F1(x)为假定的分布模型;F2(x)为样本真实的累积分布函数。
D越小说明两个函数越相近,越能满足假设的分布模型。此外P也是重要的衡量指标,显著性水平设为0.05,当P>0.05则接受假设,若P<0.05则拒绝假设,经过检验后得到结果如表2所示。
对不同分布进行比较,结果如表2所示,由检验结果可知:牵引系统的6个主要设备的故障影响时长分布均未通过伽马分布和威布尔分布的K-S检验。受电弓故障影响时长只通过了逻辑斯蒂分布检验,不能用其他分布进行描述;牵引变压器与主断路器的故障影响时长服从4种分布模型,而在比较过程中可看出,二者最小D分别为0.207 46与0.118 11,都出现在对数正态分布检验中,所以选择对数正态分布作为这2种设备的最优分布模型;牵引变流器、车顶高压电缆及牵引电机均服从对数正态分布,逻辑斯蒂分布及指数分布,对比DP得出牵引变压器与牵引电机的最优模型为对数正态分布,而车顶高压线缆最适用于逻辑斯蒂分布。
通过对上述检验参数的数值对比分析,得出牵引系统中6项主要故障设备的故障影响时长分布最优模型,可用于预判故障所属不同设备产生的影响时长,从而及时采取措施。
(1)动车组牵引系统故障的位置多样化且频次不一,存在明显的时空差异性。对故障时空特征中的时间特性提出新角度,将以往的“故障间隔时间”调整为“故障发生影响行车时长”作为主要研究对象。考虑到故障发生后维修是必须行动,所以故障导致的停车或降速延迟是影响正常行车及维修决策的重要因素。
(2)经故障部件归属设备统计的量化分析,得出动车组牵引系统中受电弓与主断路器的故障频次最高,所含部件在2022年故障次数总和高于其他4项,应将受电弓与主断路器视为故障检查的重点对象。
(3)将牵引系统故障部件归为6项设备,分类统计故障发生时的影响时长,对比不同设备部件故障的处理时间具有明显差异性。动车组牵引系统中牵引电机故障平均影响时间最长,为17.714 30 min,对正常运行造成较大延迟。主断路器故障影响时长的标准偏差最小,为5.160 26 min,说明其故障影响时长分布集中度高,预估其影响时长将更容易;而牵引电机的标准偏差最大,为12.790 80 min,分布较散,需要更灵活的应急维修决策。
(4)各设备故障影响时长最适宜的分布模型不同,对数正态分布模型可以用于分析牵引变压器、主断路器及牵引电机的故障影响时长;逻辑斯蒂分布模型则适于分析受电弓、牵引变流器及车顶高压电缆的故障影响时长。为动车牵引系统维修决策优化指明方向,为行车调度实时调整提供参考性建议。
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究计划重大课题(J2023B003)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2406898
  • 接收时间:2024-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-14
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中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究计划重大课题(J2023B003)
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    1 中国铁道科学研究院, 北京 100081
    2 中国铁道科学研究院集团有限公司研发中心, 北京 100081
    3 中国国家铁路集团有限公司铁路安全研究中心, 北京 100081

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*戴贤春(1963—),男,汉族,山东济宁人,研究员。研究方向:铁路运输安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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