Article(id=1207343639886402398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404993, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782755108, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782755108, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782755108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782755108, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7092, endPage=7100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343649113870627, articleId=1207343639886402398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Bank Slopes Classification of the Hydro-fluctuation Belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on GF-2 Remote Sensing Image, columnId=1207343632013693563, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Astronomy and Geosciences, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) generated a high amplitude of hydro-fluctuation belt(HFB). The preservation and restoration of the HFB had become a major scientific issue after water storage. The classification of bank slopes is the basis for carrying out the protection and restoration of HFB. Taking four typical drinking water sources of the TGR as the research objects, firstly, based on GF-2 remote sensing images covering the study area, and on the basis of radiometric calibration, orthoscopic correction, atmospheric correction, etc., combined with the samples of different bank slope types in the HFB obtained by UAV shooting and visual interpretation, and an object-oriented method for identifying bank slope types in the HFBa was constructed. Secondly, combined with random forest, support vector machine and neural network methods, the classification of bank slope types of typical water sources was carried out, and the classification effect of different machine learning methods was compared to realize the accurate identification of bank slope types in the HFB of typical water sources. Finally, the influence of pixel oriented and object oriented strategies on the classification accuracy of the bank slope in the fall zone was analyzed. The results show that the classification of bank slopes based on multiresolution segmentation-object-oriented classification is a convenient, cost-effective method, and has high accuracy. It can be used for classification of bank slope types in the large-scale HFB of the TGR. This method can solve the problems of internal spectral heterogeneity and increased homogeneity between objects in high-resolution remote sensing images, effectively improving the accuracy of slope classification.The study was of great significance in promoting ecological protection, restoration, and management of the HFB in the TGR, and maintaining important ecological security barriers in the Yangtze River Basin.

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三峡水库的运行产生高变幅的消落区,围绕消落区的保护和修复成为蓄水后的重大科学问题。消落区岸坡分类是开展消落区保护和修复的基础。以三峡水库4个典型饮用水水源地为研究对象,首先,基于覆盖研究区域的GF-2遥感影像,在辐射定标、正射校正、大气校正等预处理的基础上,结合无人机拍摄和目视解译获取消落区不同岸坡类型样本,构建基于面向对象的消落区岸坡类型识别方法;其次,结合随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络等方法,对典型水源地的岸坡类型进行了分类,并比较了不同机器学习方法的分类效果,以实现典型水源地消落区岸坡类型的精准识别;最后,分析了面向像元与面向对象策略对消落区岸坡分类精度的影响。结果表明,基于多分辨率分割-面向对象的消落区岸坡分类操作方便、成本较低且精度较高,能用于三峡库区大范围消落区岸坡分类。该方法能解决高分辨率遥感影像对象内部光谱异质性和对象之间同质性增加问题,有效提高三峡水库消落区岸坡分类精度。研究对促进三峡水库消落区生态保护、修复和治理,维护长江上游重要生态安全屏障具有重要意义。

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朱振亚(1987—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:生态系统过程与效应、生态系统保护修复、水土资源保护利用等。E-mail:

, authorsList=朱振亚, 李红清, 闫峰陵, 王剑, 李志军, 邓志民)}, authors=[Author(id=1207400167674847975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639886402398, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhenya_zhu@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207400167779705586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639886402398, authorId=1207400167674847975, language=EN, stringName=Zhen-ya ZHU, firstName=Zhen-ya, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 Changjiang Water Resources Protection Institute, Wuhan 430051, China
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朱振亚(1987—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:生态系统过程与效应、生态系统保护修复、水土资源保护利用等。E-mail:

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朱振亚(1987—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:生态系统过程与效应、生态系统保护修复、水土资源保护利用等。E-mail:

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P1、P2、P3、P4分别代表秭归县凤凰山长江段水源地、巴东县长江水源地、巫山县鼎诚水务县城水厂长江水源地、云阳县四方井水厂长江水源地

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Comparison of classification accuracy of different classification methods

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区域 分类方法 总体精度OA/% Kappa系数
秭归 随机森林法 91.82 0.855 2
支持向量机法 90.79 0.831 0
神经网络法 89.77 0.816 6
巴东 随机森林法 88.73 0.814 7
支持向量机法 88.73 0.847 4
神经网络法 76.06 0.667 0
巫山 随机森林法 53.75 0.392 5
支持向量机法 48.75 0.320 4
神经网络法 41.88 0.259 7
云阳 随机森林法 72.57 0.636 0
支持向量机法 67.93 0.573 4
神经网络法 67.09 0.568 7
), ArticleFig(id=1207400176554188811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639886402398, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同分类方法分类精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 分类方法 总体精度OA/% Kappa系数
秭归 随机森林法 91.82 0.855 2
支持向量机法 90.79 0.831 0
神经网络法 89.77 0.816 6
巴东 随机森林法 88.73 0.814 7
支持向量机法 88.73 0.847 4
神经网络法 76.06 0.667 0
巫山 随机森林法 53.75 0.392 5
支持向量机法 48.75 0.320 4
神经网络法 41.88 0.259 7
云阳 随机森林法 72.57 0.636 0
支持向量机法 67.93 0.573 4
神经网络法 67.09 0.568 7
), ArticleFig(id=1207400176696795153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639886402398, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification accuracy of multi resolution segmentation-random forest method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岸坡
类型
秭归 巴东 巫山 云阳
PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/%
土质 86.6 91.9 84.4 90.0 90.0 61.4
岩土混合
93.6
100.0 94.7
95.8
98.0 70.0
81.9
80.0 71.6
74.3
岩质 82.4 100.0 36.7 84.6 56.1 80.0
人工治理 96.7 94.3 91.7 93.6 70.0 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1207400176789069846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639886402398, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多分辨率分割-随机森林方法分类精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岸坡
类型
秭归 巴东 巫山 云阳
PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/% PA/% UA/% OA/%
土质 86.6 91.9 84.4 90.0 90.0 61.4
岩土混合
93.6
100.0 94.7
95.8
98.0 70.0
81.9
80.0 71.6
74.3
岩质 82.4 100.0 36.7 84.6 56.1 80.0
人工治理 96.7 94.3 91.7 93.6 70.0 100.0
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基于GF-2遥感影像的三峡水库消落区岸坡分类
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朱振亚 1, 2 , 李红清 1, 2 , 闫峰陵 1, 2 , 王剑 3 , 李志军 1, 2 , 邓志民 1, 2
科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025,25(17): 7092-7100
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·天文学、地球科学 2025, 25(17): 7092-7100
基于GF-2遥感影像的三峡水库消落区岸坡分类
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朱振亚1, 2 , 李红清1, 2, 闫峰陵1, 2, 王剑3, 李志军1, 2, 邓志民1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 长江水资源保护科学研究所, 武汉 430051
  • 2 长江水利委员会湖库水源地面源污染生态调控重点实验室, 武汉 430051
  • 3 华中农业大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430070
  • 朱振亚(1987—),男,汉族,安徽六安人,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:生态系统过程与效应、生态系统保护修复、水土资源保护利用等。E-mail:

Bank Slopes Classification of the Hydro-fluctuation Belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on GF-2 Remote Sensing Image
Zhen-ya ZHU1, 2 , Hong-qing LI1, 2, Feng-ling YAN1, 2, Jian WANG3, Zhi-jun LI1, 2, Zhi-min DENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Changjiang Water Resources Protection Institute, Wuhan 430051, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Ecological Regulation of Non-point Source Pollution in Lake and Reservoir Water Sources, Changjiang Water Resources Commission, Wuhan 430051, China
  • 3 College of Resources & Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404993
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三峡水库的运行产生高变幅的消落区,围绕消落区的保护和修复成为蓄水后的重大科学问题。消落区岸坡分类是开展消落区保护和修复的基础。以三峡水库4个典型饮用水水源地为研究对象,首先,基于覆盖研究区域的GF-2遥感影像,在辐射定标、正射校正、大气校正等预处理的基础上,结合无人机拍摄和目视解译获取消落区不同岸坡类型样本,构建基于面向对象的消落区岸坡类型识别方法;其次,结合随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络等方法,对典型水源地的岸坡类型进行了分类,并比较了不同机器学习方法的分类效果,以实现典型水源地消落区岸坡类型的精准识别;最后,分析了面向像元与面向对象策略对消落区岸坡分类精度的影响。结果表明,基于多分辨率分割-面向对象的消落区岸坡分类操作方便、成本较低且精度较高,能用于三峡库区大范围消落区岸坡分类。该方法能解决高分辨率遥感影像对象内部光谱异质性和对象之间同质性增加问题,有效提高三峡水库消落区岸坡分类精度。研究对促进三峡水库消落区生态保护、修复和治理,维护长江上游重要生态安全屏障具有重要意义。

三峡水库  /  消落区  /  岸坡类型  /  GF-2影像

The operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) generated a high amplitude of hydro-fluctuation belt(HFB). The preservation and restoration of the HFB had become a major scientific issue after water storage. The classification of bank slopes is the basis for carrying out the protection and restoration of HFB. Taking four typical drinking water sources of the TGR as the research objects, firstly, based on GF-2 remote sensing images covering the study area, and on the basis of radiometric calibration, orthoscopic correction, atmospheric correction, etc., combined with the samples of different bank slope types in the HFB obtained by UAV shooting and visual interpretation, and an object-oriented method for identifying bank slope types in the HFBa was constructed. Secondly, combined with random forest, support vector machine and neural network methods, the classification of bank slope types of typical water sources was carried out, and the classification effect of different machine learning methods was compared to realize the accurate identification of bank slope types in the HFB of typical water sources. Finally, the influence of pixel oriented and object oriented strategies on the classification accuracy of the bank slope in the fall zone was analyzed. The results show that the classification of bank slopes based on multiresolution segmentation-object-oriented classification is a convenient, cost-effective method, and has high accuracy. It can be used for classification of bank slope types in the large-scale HFB of the TGR. This method can solve the problems of internal spectral heterogeneity and increased homogeneity between objects in high-resolution remote sensing images, effectively improving the accuracy of slope classification.The study was of great significance in promoting ecological protection, restoration, and management of the HFB in the TGR, and maintaining important ecological security barriers in the Yangtze River Basin.

Three Gorges Reservoir  /  hydro-fluctuation belt  /  bank slopes  /  GF-2 imaging
朱振亚, 李红清, 闫峰陵, 王剑, 李志军, 邓志民. 基于GF-2遥感影像的三峡水库消落区岸坡分类. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7092 -7100 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404993
Zhen-ya ZHU, Hong-qing LI, Feng-ling YAN, Jian WANG, Zhi-jun LI, Zhi-min DENG. Bank Slopes Classification of the Hydro-fluctuation Belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir Based on GF-2 Remote Sensing Image[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7092 -7100 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404993
水库消落区是指在水库周围因水库水位消涨而周期性出露和淹没的区域,具有水域和陆地双重属性[1],是地质学、水文学和环境科学领域的重要概念。其在塑造地貌、影响生态系统和影响该区域人类活动方面发挥着关键作用,消落区内水位的波动会导致岸线特征的变化,改变周围栖息地的生态系统,并影响人类和野生动物可用的水资源[2]。此外,其可以通过影响地下水位,间接影响农业、基础设施稳定性和土地利用类型。三峡大坝蓄水后形成了一个巨大的水库,总水面面积1 084 km2,水库库容393亿m3[3]。三峡水库的运行产生高变幅的消落区,是三峡大坝175 m以下水位完全蓄水形成的边界,垂直高差30 m,面积为284.65 km2,岸线长5 425.93 km(截至2017年年底,不包括已实施项目占用范围)[4]。由于其生态环境的特殊性、人地矛盾的尖锐性和土地季节性整理的复杂性,消落区的生态环境问题较为突出。围绕消落区的治理和修复成为三峡大坝蓄水后重大科学问题。
三峡库区水源地岸坡建设的重难点是确定消落区的岸坡类型和生态类型[5]。因此,消落区岸坡分类是开展消落区保护修复的基础。三峡库区消落区岸坡按成因分为自然岸坡和人工岸坡,自然岸坡按照物质组成包括土质岸坡、岩质岸坡、岩土混合岸坡3个二级分类[6]。根据岩层倾角和岩层倾向与岸坡倾向间的夹角,岩质岸坡又可以分为若干子类[7]。传统的消落区识别需要涉及历史数据、地质调查和水文测量领域,以了解特定区域内的水位波动的范围与消落区类型[8]。其中水位波动范围可能受季节变化、气候变化、地质过程或人类干预(如水坝运营或水资源开采活动)等各种因素影响。通过遥感卫星数据获取的高时空分辨率地表信息,可实现多时相、大面积地表变化过程动态监测,并且其获取过程不需要接触地表,可以有效减少对环境和生态系统造成的干扰,适用于偏远与危险地区的地物监测[9]。通过遥感手段进行消落区范围提取,能够更直观与高效地实现水位波动识别,从而降低消落区类型识别的误差。近年来,随着人工智能技术的快速发展,机器学习算法不断被应用到遥感影像解译,影像分类的精度不断提高[10]。因此,尝试遥感影像结合机器学习方法可以快速地进行大面积的消落区岸坡类型识别。鉴于三峡水库消落区的周期性淹没和出露,因此遥感影像的选择需要注意影像的采集时间。
经典的遥感解译方法主要有基于像元的监督分类法和面向对象分类法[11]。目前消落区岸坡分类的研究相对较少,且大多基于像元尺度分类。由于消落区岸坡类型具有典型的空间相关性和聚集性的特点[12],而面向像元的分类方法只考虑像元本身的波段特征,因此会导致最终的分类结果产生严重的椒盐现象,降低了消落区岸坡类型的识别精度[13]。面向对象的分类方法充分运用影像的结构、形状、纹理等多种特征,在中高分辨率影像分类和信息提取方面效果较好[14]。然而,随着影像分辨率的不断提高,对象内部的光谱异质性增加,对象之间的同质性也在提高,面向对象的分类遇到了新挑战[15]。因此,有必要将面向对象的遥感分类方法与机器学习等方法结合起来,以提高消落区岸坡分类的精度。现以三峡水库4个典型饮用水水源地为研究对象,基于覆盖相关区域的GF-2遥感影像,在辐射定标、正射校正、大气校正等预处理的基础上,结合无人机拍摄和目视解译获取的消落区不同岸坡类型样本,构建基于面向对象的消落区岸坡类型识别方法,结合随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络等方法,对典型饮用水水源地的岸坡类型进行分类,并比较不同机器学习方法的分类效果,实现典型水源地消落区岸坡类型的精准识别,最后分析面向像元与面向对象对岸坡分类精度的影响。该方法能解决消落区高分辨率遥感影像对象内部光谱异质性和对象之间同质性增加问题,有效提高三峡水库消落区岸坡分类精度。研究对促进三峡水库消落区生态保护、修复和治理,维护长江流域重要生态安全屏障具有重要意义。
以秭归县凤凰山长江段水源地、巴东县长江水源地、巫山县鼎诚水务县城水厂长江水源地、云阳县四方井水厂长江水源地为研究对象,研究区域为水源地取水口上游3 000 m至下游200 m区域的消落区(海拔145~175 m)范围,对4个饮用水水源地消落区岸坡类型进行分类研究,将消落区岸坡分为土质岸坡、岩质岸坡、岩土混合岸坡和人工治理岸坡四类。水源地取水口位置及研究区域示意如图1所示。
高分系列卫星是中国自主研发的高分辨率遥感卫星,其产品具备出色的观测质量和精确度,广泛应用于中国地区的地物分类领域相关研究。GF-2影像空间分辨率较高、幅宽较广,在地质勘探、土地利用分类、资源调查和环境监测等领域得到广泛应用。其空间分辨率为1 m(谱段号1)和4 m(谱段号2~5),幅宽45 km。在陆地观测卫星数据服务中心(https://data.cresda.cn/#/mapSearch)进行高质量GF-2影像的查询与下载,采集时间主要为2021年和2022年的5—8月,与消落区的出露时间基本重合。影像预处理包括辐射定标、正射校正、图像融合、大气校正、图像裁剪等步骤。其中几何校正基于Python 3.7 arosics,其他的预处理过程基于IDL 8.5与Arcgis 10.2软件。
无人机影像数据获取工作于2023年7月5—7日进行,无人机飞行期间风力小于4级,天气晴朗少云,数据采集设备为大疆精灵M300 RTK,搭载可见光相机,航高150 m,飞行速度5 m/s,设置航向重叠率为80%,旁向重叠率为70%,曝光方式为自动曝光,采集4个水源地取水口沿河下游200 m至上游3 km的带状区域,获取图像空间分辨率0.04 m,拍摄照片的存储格式为JPG。数据获取完成后,对试验区域消落区信息进行实地调查,记录消落区的种类及大致的分布区域。利用Agisoft Metashape Professional软件对无人机照片进行拼接,生成数字正射影像(digital orthophoto map,DOM)。
为了实现岸坡类型的精确识别,需要实地采样数据更好的训练分类模型。基于实地调查结合影像目视解译的方式进行样本点收集,包括4个子研究区取水口下游200 m、上游1 km、上游2 km和上游3 km的消落区类型实地采样。根据采集的样本与对应GF-2的影像特征进行人工解译,以实现消落区不同岸坡类型的样本扩增。最终解译扩增4种消落区类别样本点各200个,其他类别样本点200个,即每个子研究区解译1 000个样本点。
在GF-2卫星影像辐射定标、正射校正、大气校正等预处理的基础上,结合实地调研和目视解译获取的消落区不同岸坡类型样本,构建基于面向对象的消落区岸坡类型识别方法。具体而言,首先通过多分辨率分割获取影像面向对象分割结果,然后利用训练样本对不同机器学习模型(随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络)进行训练,最后通过验证样本综合评估不同模型的分类精度,实现消落区岸坡类型的精准识别。研究具体方法技术路线图如图2所示。
多分辨率分割(multi-resolution segmentation,MRS)是eCognition(易康)软件中最为常用的分割方法,其本质上是一种区域增长和合并的方法,影像景观层次能被有效地模拟和反映[16]。该方法采用异致性最小的区域合并算法,把单个像元合并为小影像对象,之后小的影像对象合并成较大的多边形对象。
MRS方法的结果由尺度参数(scale parameter)、光谱权重(image layer weights)、形状权重(shape)、紧致度权重(compactness)共同决定[17]。影像的总异质性、光谱异质性、形状异质性之间以及相关权重之间的关系表达式为
$\begin{array}{c}k={W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}{k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}+{W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}\end{array}$
式(1)中:${W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}$为光谱权重;${W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}$为形状权重;${k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}$为光谱异质性;${k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}$为形状异质性。由于${W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}+{W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}=1$,所以在确定权重时只需要确定一种权重即可。
光谱异质性${k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}$计算公式为
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}=\stackrel{N}{\sum _{c=1}}{W}_{c}{\sigma }_{c}\end{array}$
式(2)中:Wc为光谱权重;N为波段数;${\sigma }_{c}$为同一对象中c个波段灰度值的标准差。
形状异质性${k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}$计算公式为
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}={W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}{k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}+{W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}{k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}=\frac{l}{b}\end{array}$
$\begin{array}{c}{k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}=\frac{l}{\sqrt[ ]{n}}\end{array}$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$为平滑度异质性指标;${k}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}$为紧致度异质性指标;${W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}}$为平滑度权重指标;${W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}$为紧致度权重指标;同时要满足${W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}}+{W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}=1$;l为对象的边长;b为水平方向上外接矩形的最短边长;n为所包含的像元总个数。
先对整幅影像进行多分辨率分割,选取的${W}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}=0.7$,${W}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}}=0.1$,总异质数为500,各光谱权重系数均为1,使用eCognition软件对4个区域进行分割。导出结果后使用研究区矢量进行掩膜,提取对象样本内像元光谱特征值,并作为后期分类的基础。
随机森林指的是利用多棵树对样本进行训练并预测的一种分类器。通过建立一个可变的重要性度量,在遍历中不断地优化模型参数,最终得到一个最优决策[18]。随机森林因其计算效率高、鲁棒性较强、精度较高且能够有效应对过拟合现象,得到了广泛的应用[19]。对GF-2影像进行随机森林训练,训练样本与验证样本比例为7∶3,训练特征为4个GF-2融合波段和3个植被指数,随机森林分类器的ntree参数设为500,mtry参数为输入的特征总数的平方根。将训练后的模型用于所有像元的时间序列特征,最后得到研究区消落区岸坡类型的空间分布图。
支持向量机是在统计学习理论基础上发展起来的一种机器学习方法[20]。支持向量机采用结构风险最小化原则,能够提高模型的泛化能力。支持向量机因其精度高、运算速度快、泛化能力强的优点在分类领域广泛的应用[21]。支持向量机通过选择核函数和求解核参数优化模型。对GF-2影像进行支持向量机训练,训练样本与验证样本比例为7∶3,训练特征为4个GF-2融合波段和3个植被指数,选择径向基核函数进行分类。随后,将训练后的支持向量机模型应用于所有像元的时间序列特征,最终得到研究区不同类型消落区的空间分布图。
反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络是误差反向传播神经网络的简称,它由一个输入层,一个或多个隐含层和一个输出层构成,每一层由一定数量的神经元构成,这些神经元如同人的神经细胞一样是互相关联的。BP神经网络主要特点是信号前向传播、而误差反向传播[22]。正向传播时,输入的样本从输入层经过隐含单元一层一层进行处理,通过所有的隐含层之后传向输出层。到输出层时,如果现行输出不等于期望输出,则进入反向传播过程[23]。对GF-2影像进行神经网络训练,训练样本与验证样本比例为7∶3,训练特征为4个GF-2融合波段和3个植被指数。随后,将训练后的神经网络模型应用于所有像元的时间序列特征,最终得到研究区不同类型消落区的空间分布图。
每一种消落区类别选取100个人工解译样本点进行光谱分析。在6—8月GF-2影像中,不同岸坡光谱特征如图3所示。结果显示人工治理岸坡和土质岸坡的光谱反射率高于岩质岸坡与岩土混合岸坡的光谱反射率,使其两两之间能够进行较好的区分。然而,由于人工治理岸坡和土质岸坡的坡岸具有相似的地表特征导致二者的光谱反射率相似,仅仅依靠光谱反射率难以进行区分。此外,岩土混合岸坡的坡岸植被丰度大于岩质岸坡的坡岸植被丰度,因此二者在红波段和近红外波段的光谱反射率具有一定差异。总体而言,仅仅基于光谱反射率难以区分4种消落区类型,需要增加更多的复合信息(如植被指数)去表征不同消落区类型之间的地表形态差异。
在6—8月GF-2影像中,图4展示了不同岸坡类型的植被指数特征。由于岩质岸坡上很少具有植被覆盖,其归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强植被指数(enhance vegetation index,EVI)与绿色植被指数(vegetation index green,VIgreen)值均低于0.2,因此通过植被指数能够较好地区分岩质岸坡与其他岸坡类型。此外,土质岸坡能够较好地与岩土混合岸坡和人工治理岸坡进行区分,这主要是因为土质岸坡的EVI值大于岩土混合岸坡和人工治理岸坡。尽管岩土混合岸坡和人工治理岸坡具有相似的植被指数变化特征,但是二者在光谱反射率变化中具有明显的差异。因此,结合光谱反射率和植被指数信息可以较好地识别消落区类型。
基于选定的3种分类方法(随机森林法、支持向量机法、神经网络法),利用训练数据集和验证数据集训练模型对4个区域(秭归、巴东、巫山、云阳)影像进行分类,3种不同分类方法在各区域的分类精度如表1所示。
秭归县凤凰山长江段水源地不同分类方法得到的消落区岸坡分类结果如表1所示。主要的消落区类型为土质岸坡和人工治理岸坡。结果展示了不同分类方法在秭归均得到较好的分类精度,3种分类方法的总体精度差异小于2%,Kappa系数差异小于0.05。其中随机森林法的分类效果最好,分类结果精度较高,其总体精度为91.82%,Kappa系数约为0.86。
巴东县长江水源地消落区岸坡分类结果如表1所示。结果展示了支持向量机能够获取最高的分类精度,其总体精度为88.73%,Kappa系数约为0.85,巴东区域主要的消落区类型为岩土混合岸坡。尽管随机森林法与支持向量机法的总体分类精度相近,然而支持向量机法的Kappa系数比随机森林法的高0.04左右,二者的消落区类型空间分布也存在较大的差异,主要体现在西部区域岩土混合岸坡与岩质岸坡的差异。此外,随机森林分类法和神经网络法得到的消落区空间分布结果相似,东部以岩土混合岸坡为主,西部以岩质岸坡为主。然而,神经网络法的分类精度最低,其总体精度为76.06%,Kappa系数为0.67。
基于随机森林法和支持向量机法两种分类方法的消落区分类结果较为相似,取水口上游以岩土混合岸坡为主,取水口下游主要为人工治理岸坡。基于神经网络法的消落区分类结果在空间分布上较其他两种分类方法的分类结果存在差异,主要体现为人工治理岸坡与岩质岸坡的分布差异。从分类精度来看,随机森林、支持向量机、神经网络3种分类方法的总体分类精度差距较大,依次为53.75%、48.75%、41.88%。此外,4种分类方法的Kappa系数依次为0.39、0.32、0.26。综上所述,随机森林分类法的总体精度及Kappa系数均为3种分类方法中的最高值,分类效果最好。
云阳县四方井水厂长江水源地基于不同分类方法的分类结果较为相似,其中消落区岸坡类型主要为土质岸坡,其次是岩质岸坡和岩土混合岸坡。3种分类方法中,随机森林分类方法优于其他两种分类方法,其总体分类精度为72.57%,Kappa系数均优于0.64。其次,支持向量机法和神经网络法得到的分类精度相似,总体分类精度分别为67.93%和67.09%,Kappa系数均在0.57左右。总体而言,随机森林方法能够较好地识别云阳地区的消落区类型,分类精度较高,反映了该区域消落区岸坡类型的空间分布情况。
总体而言,与支持向量机和神经网络分类方法相比,随机森林法在秭归、巴东、巫山、云阳这4个区域的能够得到较好的分类结果精度,最高分类精度能达到92%左右。此外,支持向量机分类方法在巴东和秭归的分类总体精度与随机森林结果相似,仅有1%左右的差异。由于巴东和秭归区域仅有两种消落区类型,最高分类精度能分别达到91.82%和88.73%。然而,由于云阳和巫山的消落区类型比较丰富,不同消落区类型间具有一定的相似性,导致云阳和巫山区域的分类精度较低,总体精度最高分别为72.57%和53.75%。为了进一步准确识别不同消落区类型,进行了基于面向对象的随机森林分类方法进行消落区类型识别。
基于验证样点数据集,对4个水源地分别使用多分辨率分割后进行随机森林分类的面向对象分类结果与随机森林分类的面向像元分类结果精度对比。与面向像元的随机森林方法分类结果相比,多分辨率分割-随机森林方法在4个研究区域的分类精度均有显著的提升。具体而言,多分辨率分割-随机森林方法在巫山消落区类型分类中精度提高最为显著,总体精度可达到81.88%,相比于面向像元的分类精度提升了28.13%,这主要是由于面向对象的分类降低了土质岸坡和岩土混合岸坡的误分和错分。其次,巴东区域面向对象的消落区类型分类减少了岩土混合岸坡和岩质岸坡的误分和错分,使其分类总体精度提升了7%左右。尽管在云阳区域多分辨率分割-随机森林方法提高了人工治理岸坡和岩土混合岸坡的错分和误分,却增加了岩质岸坡和土质岸坡的误分,导致面向对象的总体分类精度增加小于2%。此外,秭归区域随机森林分类方法分类的面向像元分类结果精度已经达到91.82%,故面向对象的总体精度增幅较小(小于2%)。
总体而言,与随机森林法面向像元的消落区岸坡类型分类结果相比,基于随机森林法面向对象的消落区岸坡类型分类结果更准确(图5),表明面向对象分类效果更好,具有较高可信性,能用于三峡库区大范围消落区岸坡类型分类的可行方法。
研究区的多分辨率分割-随机森林分类结果图如图6所示。其中云阳水源地和巫山水源地均包括土质岸坡、岩土混合岸坡、岩质岸坡与人工治理岸坡4种岸坡,巴东水源地以岩土混合岸坡、岩质岸坡为主,秭归水源地以土质岸坡、人工治理岸坡为主。4个子研究区的最终分类精度如表2所示,其中巴东总体分类精度最高,为95.77%;其次是秭归和巫山,分别为93.61%和81.88%;云阳总体分类精度最低,为74.26%。
选择巫山县鼎诚水务县城水厂长江水源地、云阳县四方井水厂长江水源地、巴东县长江水源地、秭归县凤凰山长江段水源地作为研究对象,构建基于面向对象的消落区岸坡类型识别方法,结合随机森林、支持向量机和神经网络等方法,对典型水源地的岸坡类型进行分类,最后分析了面向像元与面向对象策略对消落区岸坡分类精度的影响,主要得出以下结论。
(1)不同类型的消落区岸坡的光谱特征具有较大的差异性。在6—8月GF-2影像中,土质岸坡与人工治理岸坡区分度最低,岩质岸坡与岩土混合岸坡次之,土质岸坡与岩质岸坡可分度最高。
(2)较面向像元分类结果而言,面向对象分类效果较好,具有较高可信性。其中巫山分类精度提高最为显著,总体精度提高了28.13%,云阳分类精度提高相对最少,总体精度提高了1.69%。
(3)研究区总体分类精度为86.26%,其中巴东总体分类精度最高,为95.77%;云阳总体分类精度最低,为74.26%。云阳分类精度较低的原因可能是岸坡类型复杂且缺少无人机样本点的补充解译,无人机样本点对岸坡分类具有辅助作用。
基于多分辨率分割-面向对象消落区岸坡分类操作简单、成本较低且精度较高,分类结果具有较高可信度,能用于三峡库区大范围消落区岸坡类型分类。该方法能解决高分辨率遥感影像对象内部光谱异质性和对象之间同质性增加问题,有效提高三峡水库消落区岸坡分类精度。研究对促进三峡水库消落区生态保护、修复和治理,维护长江上游重要生态安全屏障具有重要意义。
  • 国家重大水利工程建设基金(三峡后续工作)(12620202700221J001)
  • 国家重大水利工程建设基金(三峡后续工作)(102126222020270029030)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2404993
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
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国家重大水利工程建设基金(三峡后续工作)(12620202700221J001)
国家重大水利工程建设基金(三峡后续工作)(102126222020270029030)
作者信息
    1 长江水资源保护科学研究所, 武汉 430051
    2 长江水利委员会湖库水源地面源污染生态调控重点实验室, 武汉 430051
    3 华中农业大学资源与环境学院, 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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