Article(id=1207343639194342206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405254, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782754943, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782754943, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782754943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782754943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7197, endPage=7207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641278911402, articleId=1207343639194342206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Accurate Fault Location of Multi Terminal DC Distribution Network Based on Improved Red Fox Optimization Algorithm, columnId=1207343634660299413, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of DC (direct current ) distribution networks and the large-scale integration of distributed energy storage and photovoltaics into the distribution network, the structure of the distribution network has undergone revolutionary changes. After a short circuit fault occurs in the DC distribution network, the short circuit voltage drops sharply, the short circuit current rises rapidly, and the stability of the power system operation is disrupted. To address this issue, a model for inter pole and single pole short circuit faults in DC systems was proposed. Firstly, by sampling voltage data at both ends of the DC line, the voltage equation was written, and the transition resistance was eliminated. Then, a fitness function was constructed, and the adaptive optimization red fox algorithm with faster convergence speed and higher positioning accuracy was used to calculate the distance from the fault point to the protection installation site for fault location in the DC distribution network. Based on the red fox algorithm, combined with the isolation forest algorithm to remove abnormal data, the algorithm performance and accuracy were improved by improving adjustable feedback factors and introducing genetic crossover operators. When the sampling frequency is low, the accuracy of fault localization is improved through adaptive interpolation. Simulation verification was conducted in Simulink, and the results show that the method has strong resistance to transition resistance, small positioning error, is not affected by system parameters, and can effectively reduce the impact of low sampling frequency on fault localization, and has good robustness.

, correspAuthors=Qi-zun TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan XU, Qi-zun TANG, Zi-qi YAO, Jia-yi SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343649206145324, articleId=1207343639194342206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=基于改进红狐算法的多端直流配电网故障精准定位, columnId=1156262734506353627, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着直流配电网的发展和分布式储能、光伏大规模接入配电网,配电网结构发生革命性变化,直流配网发生短路故障后短路电压急剧下降,短路电流迅速上升,电力系统运行稳定性遭到破坏。针对此问题,提出直流系统极间和单极短路故障模型,首先通过直流线路两端电压采样数据,列写电压方程并消除过渡电阻;然后构造适应度函数,采用收敛速度更快、定位精度更高的改进红狐优化算法计算故障点到保护安装处的距离,用于直流配电网故障定位。在红狐算法基础上结合孤立森林算法剔除异常数据,通过改进可调节反馈因子、引入遗传交叉算子提高算法性能和精度,在采样频率偏低时通过自适应插值提高故障定位准确率。在Simulink中进行仿真验证,结果表明该方法抗过渡电阻能力强,定位误差小,不受系统参数影响,能够有效降低采样频率偏低对故障定位的影响,且具有良好的鲁棒性。

, correspAuthors=唐琪尊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐琪尊(1998—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:
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徐岩(1976—),男,满族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:

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徐岩(1976—),男,满族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:

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徐岩(1976—),男,满族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:

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Modern Electric Power, 2017, 34(1): 82-88., articleTitle=Analysis of single pole grounding fault in DC transmission lines based on VSC, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1207400184712106809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, awardId=20314301D, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省重点研发计划(20314301D), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1207400184787604284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, awardId=kj2021-003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网有限公司科技项目(kj2021-003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1207400167351882080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400167360270688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, companyId=1207400167351882080, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Baoding 071003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1207400167368659296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, companyId=1207400167351882080, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学), 保定 071003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1207400175119733309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Topology of six terminal DC distribution network, figureFileSmall=/4EHwWiRNu1rtQRNtJKceg==, figureFileBig=l+qnUu83S2K+izcm9RLFQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175191036482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图1, caption=六端直流配电网拓扑结构, figureFileSmall=/4EHwWiRNu1rtQRNtJKceg==, figureFileBig=l+qnUu83S2K+izcm9RLFQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175308476997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Equivalent circuit for inter pole short circuit fault, figureFileSmall=bjHneUa7FH1vfzrQMncDSg==, figureFileBig=+7tr+iunhScRKpbgVz0ysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175425917517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图2, caption=极间短路故障等效电路

R1R2L1L2分别为故障点到输电线路两端VSC的电阻和电感;Rf为过渡电阻;d为故障点距线路首端长度;L为直流输电线路总长度;i1i2分别为直流输电线路首末两端电流

, figureFileSmall=bjHneUa7FH1vfzrQMncDSg==, figureFileBig=+7tr+iunhScRKpbgVz0ysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175560135252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Voltage waveform of inter pole short circuit fault, figureFileSmall=aEWWqM3zAZ5nzqxzDIG+Fw==, figureFileBig=+YmDT84FWQKg/5uR6nQdrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175715324505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图3, caption=极间短路故障电压波形, figureFileSmall=aEWWqM3zAZ5nzqxzDIG+Fw==, figureFileBig=+YmDT84FWQKg/5uR6nQdrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400175920845405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Current waveform of inter pole short circuit fault, figureFileSmall=acWBJ9K86k2ghZLzuDJsyQ==, figureFileBig=2DJdAddCydGPS1tYoBDfcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176021508706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图4, caption=极间短路故障电流波形, figureFileSmall=acWBJ9K86k2ghZLzuDJsyQ==, figureFileBig=2DJdAddCydGPS1tYoBDfcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176147337829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Equivalent circuit for single pole short circuit fault, figureFileSmall=sWXWM7g2dvmGeP83sn36Kg==, figureFileBig=aPF90kukq/iOCloKXu/aPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176310915689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单极短路故障等效电路, figureFileSmall=sWXWM7g2dvmGeP83sn36Kg==, figureFileBig=aPF90kukq/iOCloKXu/aPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176382218862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Single pole ground fault voltage waveform, figureFileSmall=FUV/Xxfcj6VXMKEjW1zuIw==, figureFileBig=nMl7QhEVwAlnQjAEfOPstA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176474493556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图6, caption=单极接地故障电压波形, figureFileSmall=FUV/Xxfcj6VXMKEjW1zuIw==, figureFileBig=nMl7QhEVwAlnQjAEfOPstA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176554185337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Single pole ground fault current waveform, figureFileSmall=q6Wa5TVHoCMDxlWLDgzBFQ==, figureFileBig=GEHTcodCEb6eAOdTEof8+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176705180286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图7, caption=单极接地故障电流波形, figureFileSmall=q6Wa5TVHoCMDxlWLDgzBFQ==, figureFileBig=GEHTcodCEb6eAOdTEof8+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176805843586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=IRFO fault localization flowchart, figureFileSmall=mtbvRcKcEztYUOh53k7GsQ==, figureFileBig=7T9EKSBJku5Ane2emVqccQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400176902312583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图8, caption=IRFO故障定位流程图, figureFileSmall=mtbvRcKcEztYUOh53k7GsQ==, figureFileBig=7T9EKSBJku5Ane2emVqccQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177065890447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Fault voltage before and after interpolation, figureFileSmall=bxjdd9vR7DMQNzV0lwU4ag==, figureFileBig=JpkHRs+H8bdx3ukWdJWiKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177242051225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图9, caption=插值前后故障电压, figureFileSmall=bxjdd9vR7DMQNzV0lwU4ag==, figureFileBig=JpkHRs+H8bdx3ukWdJWiKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177330131614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of fault localization error rates after interpolation, figureFileSmall=RpAXHEbFbxrwUuhczr4W2w==, figureFileBig=aDlc5K2VeS1cGvHCUTdiSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177439183522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图10, caption=插值后故障定位误差率对比, figureFileSmall=RpAXHEbFbxrwUuhczr4W2w==, figureFileBig=aDlc5K2VeS1cGvHCUTdiSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177531458216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Error rate of fault localization at different frequencies, figureFileSmall=X/bm69JCpTlM46NfY3x4EA==, figureFileBig=svTmNbt269d1XPGyxlXv1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177644704431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同频率下故障定位误差率, figureFileSmall=X/bm69JCpTlM46NfY3x4EA==, figureFileBig=svTmNbt269d1XPGyxlXv1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400177728590516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The impact of asynchronous sampling data on fault localization, figureFileSmall=+SZsHTTTYXQzIwk9wjwhfw==, figureFileBig=1NeHl/9t+Ua0z9ZYwKELVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400178919772855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图12, caption=采样数据不同步对故障定位影响, figureFileSmall=+SZsHTTTYXQzIwk9wjwhfw==, figureFileBig=1NeHl/9t+Ua0z9ZYwKELVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179041407678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The impact of sampling anomalies on fault localization errors, figureFileSmall=Ww9K/VMzfUNzdHk509fmKg==, figureFileBig=///jK+1fXUuHqaM2swumbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179142070978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图13, caption=采样异常对故障定位误差影响, figureFileSmall=Ww9K/VMzfUNzdHk509fmKg==, figureFileBig=///jK+1fXUuHqaM2swumbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179234345674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The influence of system parameters on fault localization errors, figureFileSmall=/4giy41oo1vnn29m1WsdMA==, figureFileBig=7niw7tz6QtJ56PpCQhL5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179330814672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图14, caption=系统参数对故障定位误差影响, figureFileSmall=/4giy41oo1vnn29m1WsdMA==, figureFileBig=7niw7tz6QtJ56PpCQhL5zQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179431477975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Comparison of convergence between RFO and IRFO algorithms, figureFileSmall=sKb58v+s05Fvn1RNM6fHYw==, figureFileBig=RuGqh3XkQx7Tto4sT2PqTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179536335578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图15, caption=RFO与IRFO算法收敛情况对比, figureFileSmall=sKb58v+s05Fvn1RNM6fHYw==, figureFileBig=RuGqh3XkQx7Tto4sT2PqTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179662164705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Comparison of positioning error rates of different algorithms, figureFileSmall=B+8ZpIwOfnVW9FNGZ1uxxA==, figureFileBig=AjnSxQTFUscLDehqyoZBGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400179905434344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同算法定位误差率对比, figureFileSmall=B+8ZpIwOfnVW9FNGZ1uxxA==, figureFileBig=AjnSxQTFUscLDehqyoZBGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400180039652080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Comparison of convergence situations of different algorithms, figureFileSmall=eJc327I8riStXyyl5KopNw==, figureFileBig=f8PY1H7zM8Q/zsNPbtExLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400180178064117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同算法收敛情况对比, figureFileSmall=eJc327I8riStXyyl5KopNw==, figureFileBig=f8PY1H7zM8Q/zsNPbtExLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207400180295504636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Six terminal DC distribution system parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流母线电压U/V 500
单位长度电阻r/(Ω·km-1) 1.39×10-2
单位长度电感I/(H·km-1) 1.59×10-4
线路长度L/km 10
直流侧并联电容值C/F 20×10-3
采样间距t/μs 10
), ArticleFig(id=1207400180459082495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

六端直流配电系统参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流母线电压U/V 500
单位长度电阻r/(Ω·km-1) 1.39×10-2
单位长度电感I/(H·km-1) 1.59×10-4
线路长度L/km 10
直流侧并联电容值C/F 20×10-3
采样间距t/μs 10
), ArticleFig(id=1207400180568134403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343639194342206, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Algorithm parameter values

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算法参数 取值
搜索维度 1
种群大小 100
迭代次数 50
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算法参数取值

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算法参数 取值
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种群大小 100
迭代次数 50
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Simulation results of inter pole short circuit faults

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 1.005 8 0.058
5 5.039 7 0.397
9 9.052 1 0.521
2 1 1.025 0 0.250
5 4.982 0 0.180
9 9.210 4 1.104
5 1 0.911 2 0.888
5 4.973 7 0.263
9 9.174 4 0.744
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极间短路故障仿真结果

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 1.005 8 0.058
5 5.039 7 0.397
9 9.052 1 0.521
2 1 1.025 0 0.250
5 4.982 0 0.180
9 9.210 4 1.104
5 1 0.911 2 0.888
5 4.973 7 0.263
9 9.174 4 0.744
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Simulation results of single pole short circuit fault

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
单极短
路故障
0 1 0.958 1 0.419
5 5.072 4 0.724
9 9.001 0 0.010
10 1 0.987 7 0.123
5 4.932 0 0.680
9 9.082 9 0.829
50 1 0.969 2 0.308
5 4.990 7 0.092
9 9.146 8 1.468
100 1 0.963 5 0.365
5 4.918 8 0.812
9 9.092 3 0.923
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单极短路故障仿真结果

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
单极短
路故障
0 1 0.958 1 0.419
5 5.072 4 0.724
9 9.001 0 0.010
10 1 0.987 7 0.123
5 4.932 0 0.680
9 9.082 9 0.829
50 1 0.969 2 0.308
5 4.990 7 0.092
9 9.146 8 1.468
100 1 0.963 5 0.365
5 4.918 8 0.812
9 9.092 3 0.923
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Location results of inter pole short circuit faults at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 0.992 1 0.079
5 5.105 9 1.059
9 9.174 1 1.741
2 1 1.114 3 1.143
5 4.979 0 0.210
9 8.784 8 2.152
5 1 1.189 4 1.894
5 4.977 0 0.230
9 9.172 2 1.722
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10 kHz采样频率下极间短路故障定位结果

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/Ω
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 0.992 1 0.079
5 5.105 9 1.059
9 9.174 1 1.741
2 1 1.114 3 1.143
5 4.979 0 0.210
9 8.784 8 2.152
5 1 1.189 4 1.894
5 4.977 0 0.230
9 9.172 2 1.722
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Location results of inter pole short circuit faults at a sampling frequency of 10 kHz

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/$\mathrm{\Omega }$
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 1.001 9 0.019
5 4.942 1 0.579
9 8.917 7 0.823
2 1 1.034 0 0.340
5 4.979 3 0.207
9 8.791 1 1.089
5 1 0.908 8 0.912
5 4.977 3 0.227
9 9.168 8 0.988
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10 kHz采样频率下极间短路故障定位结果

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故障
类型
过渡
电阻/$\mathrm{\Omega }$
实际故障
距离/km
故障定位
距离/km
定位
误差率/%
双极短
路故障
0 1 1.001 9 0.019
5 4.942 1 0.579
9 8.917 7 0.823
2 1 1.034 0 0.340
5 4.979 3 0.207
9 8.791 1 1.089
5 1 0.908 8 0.912
5 4.977 3 0.227
9 9.168 8 0.988
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基于改进红狐算法的多端直流配电网故障精准定位
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徐岩 , 唐琪尊 * , 姚梓琦 , 孙佳毅
科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025,25(17): 7197-7207
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·电工技术 2025, 25(17): 7197-7207
基于改进红狐算法的多端直流配电网故障精准定位
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徐岩 , 唐琪尊* , 姚梓琦, 孙佳毅
作者信息
  • 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学), 保定 071003
  • 徐岩(1976—),男,满族,河北保定人,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*唐琪尊(1998—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:
Accurate Fault Location of Multi Terminal DC Distribution Network Based on Improved Red Fox Optimization Algorithm
Yan XU , Qi-zun TANG* , Zi-qi YAO, Jia-yi SUN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405254
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随着直流配电网的发展和分布式储能、光伏大规模接入配电网,配电网结构发生革命性变化,直流配网发生短路故障后短路电压急剧下降,短路电流迅速上升,电力系统运行稳定性遭到破坏。针对此问题,提出直流系统极间和单极短路故障模型,首先通过直流线路两端电压采样数据,列写电压方程并消除过渡电阻;然后构造适应度函数,采用收敛速度更快、定位精度更高的改进红狐优化算法计算故障点到保护安装处的距离,用于直流配电网故障定位。在红狐算法基础上结合孤立森林算法剔除异常数据,通过改进可调节反馈因子、引入遗传交叉算子提高算法性能和精度,在采样频率偏低时通过自适应插值提高故障定位准确率。在Simulink中进行仿真验证,结果表明该方法抗过渡电阻能力强,定位误差小,不受系统参数影响,能够有效降低采样频率偏低对故障定位的影响,且具有良好的鲁棒性。

直流配电网  /  故障定位  /  参数识别  /  直流系统  /  精准定位  /  孤立森林算法  /  改进红狐算法

With the development of DC (direct current ) distribution networks and the large-scale integration of distributed energy storage and photovoltaics into the distribution network, the structure of the distribution network has undergone revolutionary changes. After a short circuit fault occurs in the DC distribution network, the short circuit voltage drops sharply, the short circuit current rises rapidly, and the stability of the power system operation is disrupted. To address this issue, a model for inter pole and single pole short circuit faults in DC systems was proposed. Firstly, by sampling voltage data at both ends of the DC line, the voltage equation was written, and the transition resistance was eliminated. Then, a fitness function was constructed, and the adaptive optimization red fox algorithm with faster convergence speed and higher positioning accuracy was used to calculate the distance from the fault point to the protection installation site for fault location in the DC distribution network. Based on the red fox algorithm, combined with the isolation forest algorithm to remove abnormal data, the algorithm performance and accuracy were improved by improving adjustable feedback factors and introducing genetic crossover operators. When the sampling frequency is low, the accuracy of fault localization is improved through adaptive interpolation. Simulation verification was conducted in Simulink, and the results show that the method has strong resistance to transition resistance, small positioning error, is not affected by system parameters, and can effectively reduce the impact of low sampling frequency on fault localization, and has good robustness.

DC distribution network  /  fault location  /  parameter identification  /  DC system  /  accurate positioning  /  isolation forest  /  improved red fox optimization
徐岩, 唐琪尊, 姚梓琦, 孙佳毅. 基于改进红狐算法的多端直流配电网故障精准定位. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7197 -7207 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405254
Yan XU, Qi-zun TANG, Zi-qi YAO, Jia-yi SUN. Accurate Fault Location of Multi Terminal DC Distribution Network Based on Improved Red Fox Optimization Algorithm[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7197 -7207 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405254
随着全球能源结构转型和风电、光伏等新能源的大规模接入,配电网结构发生革命性变化,柔性直流配电网系统为新能源的并网、输送和消纳提供解决方案[1]。直流配电网更有利于接纳风、光、储、电动汽车及其他直流负荷,对推动节能减排和实现能源的可持续发展意义深远[2]。由于直流配网阻尼小及新能源出力具有波动性,短路故障对直流配电网危害严重。因此,直流配电网故障检测与定位技术成为直流配电网研究的关键问题[3]
目前,电力系统故障定位方法主要分为行波法、外加注入信号法和故障分析法[4]。行波法故障定位主要利用故障点与行波测量点之间行波传播时间和波形特征,计算出故障点位置[5],精准度和效率较高,但易受到外界因素干扰,对设备采样频率和运行人员技术要求高,面对高阻接地系统时故障定位率大幅降低;外加信号注入法通过注入特定信号,利用检测信号分析判断故障位置[6],故障选线准确率较高,但易受到外界环境影响且抗过渡电阻能力差;故障分析法采用故障工况下测量元件电压和电流,结合配电网结构和运行特点列写故障距离微分方程,进而确定故障发生位置[7],该方法简单易行,实用性强。文献[8]针对直流输电线路高阻接地故障定位精度偏低,故障定位泛化性弱,提出一种利用小波包熵特征融合提取故障特征信息,实现输电线路故障定位的方法,但该方法仅考虑单相接地一种常规故障,故障定位检测速度较慢,且在受到噪声误差干扰的情况下,故障定位准确率偏低;文献[9]提出了一种基于电流微分初始值的直流配电网故障定位方法,根据电压源换流器(voltage source converter, VSC)出口处限流电抗器压降得出电流变化率进行故障定位,适用于安装限流电抗器线路,但该方法对数据同步的要求较高,需在线路两端安装同步器,架设成本较高。文献[10]通过识别初始行波的方法进行多端直流系统故障定位,利用行波衰减特征解决了故障定位存在盲区问题, 实现精准定位,但该方法系统采样频率较高,当采样频率偏低时故障定位误差成倍增加,且未提出其解决方案。文献[11]通过计算保护安装处到故障点的电压,利用限流电抗器的电压特性求解该方程得到故障点位置,定位快速准确,但微分项以及高阶项计算精度不够,且采样频率偏低时故障定位误差大幅度增加。文献[12]提出双端直流配电系统的故障定位方法,利用测量两端故障电压,列出电压矩阵方程,解出故障线路电阻参数进行故障定位,该方法定位准确率高,但多端环网相对于双端配电网计算过程更复杂,需考虑相邻换流站之外其他换流站向故障点注入的电流,传统的故障定位方案在多端配电网故障定位误差率较大。
针对上述问题,现通过采集线路两端电压数据,考虑相邻换流站之外其他换流站向故障点注入的电流,建立直流系统极间和单极短路故障模型;列写双端电压方程消除过渡电阻,构造适应度函数。通过仿真讨论采样频率偏低、个别采样点异常、过渡电阻等因素对直流配电网故障定位准确率的影响。
在直流配电网中,常见的电力系统配电网的拓扑结构包括链式、环状、两端供电等结构。链式结构接线方式简单,建设成本相对较低,但可靠性低,电压稳定性较差,拓展性有限;两端供电网的可靠性较高,线路结构相对简单,适用于远距离供电,但难以满足新增负荷的需求,拓展性有限;环形供电网的可靠性高,供电质量高,且调度方式灵活。采用多端环网结构,拓扑结构如图1所示。
该直流配电网由交流系统、风机、交流负荷、直流负荷、光伏发电和储能共6个单元构成。以交流侧换流器和风机侧换流器间的直流线路为例,Cdc1Cdc2分别为两侧对地电容;udc1udc2分别为电容器两端电压。
短路故障在直流配电网故障类型中发生最为频繁,故障电流在几毫秒内达到峰值,线路电压急剧下降,对电力系统造成严重危害,因此快速准确的故障定位尤为重要。直流线路短路故障过程分为3个阶段[13]:电容放电阶段、二极管续流阶段、稳态阶段。工程中,在直流电容放电阶段切除故障有助于整个电力系统快速恢复供电,因此主要研究电容放电阶段。
发生极间短路故障后,线路中电流急剧增大,绝缘栅双极晶体管(insulate-gate bipolar transistor, IGBT)由于自保护功能,封锁所有桥臂的IGBT驱动信号。短路故障初始,换流器两侧电容放电产生电容电流,交流侧向直流侧注入短路电流,两者叠加构成故障电流,其中电容放电电流占据主导[14]
直流线路发生极间短路电容放电阶段故障示意图如图2所示。
发生极间短路故障后,线路两端的电压、电流波形如图3图4所示。
根据基尔霍夫电压定律,列写回路方程,线路出口到故障点的电压电流方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}=2{i}_{1}{R}_{1}+2{L}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+({i}_{1}+{i}_{2}){R}_{\mathrm{f}}\\ {i}_{1}=-{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}\frac{d{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
同理有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}=2{i}_{2}{R}_{2}+2{L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}t}+({i}_{1}+{i}_{2}){R}_{\mathrm{f}}\\ {i}_{2}=-{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
式(1)、式(2)均含有过渡电阻Rf,联立消除过渡Rf
$\begin{array}{l}-2{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+2{L}_{2}{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}-2{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}{R}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+\\   2{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}{R}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}-{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}+{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}=0\end{array}$
式(3)中:R1R2L1L2分别用单位长度的电阻和电感参数表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{R}_{1}=rd\\ {L}_{1}=ld\\ {R}_{2}=r(L-d)\\ {L}_{2}=l(L-d)\end{array}\right.$
式(4)中:r为单位长度电阻;l为单位长度电感。
将式(4)代入式(3)可得极间短路故障定位距离d
$d=\frac{2{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}L\left(r\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}+l\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}\right)-{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}+{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{2{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\left[r\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}\right)+l\left(\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}\right)\right]}$
相对于极间短路,单极接地故障危害较小,但其发生概率占直流线路故障的70%以上,因此单极短路故障定位也具有极高的研究价值[15]
直流输电线路发生单极接地故障电容放电阶段等效电路图如图5所示。
发生单相接地故障,线路两端的电压、电流波形如图6图7所示。
根据基尔霍夫电压定律,列写回路方程,线路出口到故障点的电压电流方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}={i}_{1}{R}_{1}+{L}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+({i}_{1}+{i}_{2}){R}_{\mathrm{f}}\\ {i}_{1}=-{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
同理有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}={i}_{2}{R}_{2}+{L}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{2}}{\mathrm{d}t}+({i}_{1}+{i}_{2}){R}_{\mathrm{f}}\\ {i}_{2}=-{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}\end{array}\right.$
式(6)、式(7)均含有过渡电阻Rf,联立消除过渡Rf
$\begin{array}{l}-{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+{L}_{2}{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}-{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}{R}_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+\\   {C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}{R}_{2}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}-{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}+{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}=0\end{array}$
式(4)代入式(8)得单极短路故障定位距离d
$d=\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}L\left(r\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}+l\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}\right)-{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}+{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{{C}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\left[r\left(\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}t}+\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}t}\right)+l\left(\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}1}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}+\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}2}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}\right)\right]}$
采用差分法计算电压变化率,式(5)、式(9)中电压微分量可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\left(k\right)-{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}(k-2)}{2\mathrm{\Delta }t}\\ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}{t}^{2}}=\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\left(k\right)-2{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}(k-1)+{u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}(k-2)}{\mathrm{\Delta }{t}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
式(10)中:k为采样点;${u}_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{c}}\left(k\right)$udc(k-1)udc(k-2)为3个连续采样点的电压值;$\mathrm{\Delta }t$为两个连续采样点的时间间隔。
求解式(5)、式(9)仅需直流线路两端电压数据,若仅用一组电压数据进行故障定位,由于采样数据存在测量误差,定位结果极不稳定,因此利用红狐优化算法[16](red fox optimization,RFO)利用短路发生后的500组电压数据进行精确故障定位。
RFO通过模拟红狐狩猎行为寻找问题的最优解,具有收敛速度快和精度高等优势。
RFO由以下3个阶段组成[17]
(1)初始化:设定种群规模并随机生成初始位置和状态参数。
(2)狩猎行为模拟:通过算法更新红狐所处位置,正方向捕猎概率为82%,反方向捕猎的概率为18%,迫使红狐与猎物(局部最优解)分离,寻找更适合的猎物(全局最优解)。
(3)更新解集:根据狩猎模拟结果更新候选解集合,保留适应度大的解,淘汰其余解。随着迭代次数增加,候选解集合向最优解收敛。
传统RFO存在参数敏感性高、易陷入局部最优等问题,针对此问题,提出一种改进红狐算法(improved red fox optimization,IRFO)用于直流配电网故障定位。该方法通过引入孤立森林算法剔除异常采样数据,利用三次样条插值法降低采样频率偏低对故障定位的影响,结合自适应反馈因子和遗传交叉算子策略提高搜索速度并跳出局部最优解。经仿真验证表明IRFO在配电网故障定位中具有更好的性能。
孤立森林算法是一种快速异常检测方法[18],具有线性时间复杂度和高精准度等优势,相较于传统机器学习聚类算法,具有更好的鲁棒性。
在异常样本数量较少且与其他正常样本距离较远时,异常样本经过较少次切割就可被孤立,而正常样本需经过多次切割。
重复t次分割即可得到t棵树并形成孤立森林,将每个样本点x代入孤立森林并计算样本得分为
$s(x,\beta )={2}^{\frac{-E\left[h\right(x\left)\right]}{c\left(\beta \right)}}$
式(11)中:h(x)为样本x高度;$c\left(\beta \right)$为标准化后路径长度平均值。若得分逼近1则为异常数据点,远小于0.5则为正常数据点,约为0.5则表明不存在任何异常数据点。
电力系统直流配网发生短路故障后,短路电压急剧下降,短路电流急剧上升。当系统采样频率偏低时,无法精确描绘短路后电压电流的阶跃式变化,影响故障定位精度。
三次样条插值法利用众多已知数据点,通过分段低次多项式逼近的方式,构造出一条平滑且连续的函数曲线来进行拟合[19]。牛顿插值法与三次样条插值法都是广泛应用的插值技术,然而,牛顿插值法在计算过程中涉及的运算量相对较大,并且在处理高次多项式插值问题时,其误差有增大的趋势[20]。三次样条插值法具有计算量小、稳定性高和插值后曲线光滑等优点,更适用于短时间配电网故障定位。
反馈因子a反映红狐数量和猎物密度的关系, a过小或过大,算法性能均会下降。因此,采用自适应调节反馈因子。迭代前期猎物密度较低,为避免算法陷入局部最优解,a加速下降,增强了算法的全局搜索能力。迭代后期猎物密度较高, a保持稳定,有助于寻找猎物密度最高的最优解。
改进可调节反馈因子的数学模型为
$a={\left(\frac{{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{{t}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-t}{{t}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}}}-1}{\mathrm{e}-1}\right)}^{0.4}$
式(12)中:${t}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为最大迭代次数;t为当前迭代次数;k为调节因子。
为了提升收敛效率,引入了自适应的遗传交叉机制,该机制允许当前样本依据一定概率与最优样本进行遗传交叉操作[21]。其数学模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{X}_{\mathrm{A}1\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{w}}(t+1)=L{X}_{\mathrm{A}}\left(t\right)+(1-L){X}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}\left(t\right)\\ {X}_{\mathrm{A}2\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{w}}(t+1)=L{X}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}\left(t\right)+(1-L){X}_{\mathrm{A}}\left(t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式(13)中:XA(t)为当前红狐样本位置;${X}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}}\left(t\right)$为当前红狐种群最优样本位置;${X}_{\mathrm{A}1\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{w}}(t+1)$${X}_{\mathrm{A}2\_\mathrm{n}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{w}}(t+1)$为遗传交叉后生成两个新样本位置。
参数L决定当前样本与最优样本的交叉获取信息比例。迭代前期增大L以获取更大的搜索范围,迭代后期减小L使得优良基因得以保留。样本交叉算子概率L
$L=\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-({L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-{L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})\left[\frac{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}{2\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}}+\frac{{f}_{\mathrm{i}}-\stackrel{-}{f}}{2({f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}-\stackrel{-}{f})}\right],\\    {f}_{\mathrm{i}}\ge \stackrel{-}{f}\\ {L}_{c\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}, {f}_{\mathrm{i}}<\stackrel{-}{f}\end{array}\right.$
${L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\left\{\begin{array}{l}0.9, \mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\le \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}/4\\ 0.8, \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}/4<\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\le 3\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}/4\\ 0.7, 3\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}/4<\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}\le \mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}\end{array}\right.$
式(15)中:$\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{t}}$为最大迭代次数;it为当前迭代数;${L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}=0.6$,${L}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$取值与迭代次数有关;fi为当前样本适应度;$\stackrel{-}{f}$为种群平均适应度;${f}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$为样本最大适应度。
基于IRFO算法故障定位适应度函数S
$S=f\left(d\right)=\stackrel{N-1}{\sum _{k=1}}({\stackrel{-}{d}}_{k}{-d)}^{2}$
式(16)中:N为总采样点数量;d根据不同短路类型选择式(5)或式(9)左侧计算值;${\stackrel{-}{d}}_{k}$为辨识值。
f(d)理论值为0,适应度函数越小,个体越优,适应度越强。
步骤1 获取故障线路两端电压数据。
步骤2 判断是否异常数据,若存在则利用孤立森林算法剔除异常数据。
步骤3 判断是否满足,若不满足,则进行自适应插值。
步骤4 初始化种群,设置相关参数。
步骤5 构造IRFO适应度函数S,评估样本适应度。
步骤6 判断是否满足遗传交叉概率,若满足则进行遗传交叉操作。
步骤7 执行跳跃捕食活动和随机游走策略,更新最优样本及其适应度。
步骤8 判断是否满足终止条件或达到最大迭代次数。若满足条件,则结束迭代;否则,返回步骤6循环。
IRFO故障定位流程如图8所示。
建立六端环网直流配电网如图1所示。系统参数如表1所示。
交流系统侧VSC采用双闭环控制,风机侧VSC采用最大功率控制方式运行,通过储能系统维持整个系统功率供需平衡,必要时可孤岛运行,光伏系统采用最大功率跟踪控制方式通过DC-DC变换器接入直流系统[22]
IRFO相关参数设置如表2所示,输入量为短路发生后线路两端的500组电压采样数据,目标函数为式(16)所示IRFO适应度函数。
考虑到极间短路的过渡电阻主要为电弧电阻,因此两条线路之间过渡电阻较小[23],取最大过渡电阻为5 Ω。单极接地故障的过渡电阻较为复杂,主要由设备绝缘老化或损坏、环境因素以及机械振动等因素导致[24],取过渡电阻变化范围为0~100 Ω。
故障定位误差率的计算公式为
$\mathrm{E}\mathrm{R}=\frac{\left|{l}_{x}-{l}_{\mathrm{r}}\right|}{L}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式(17)中:ER为故障定位误差率;lx为故障定位距离;lr为故障实际距离。
直流配电网经不同过渡电阻和不同故障距离下的故障定位误差率如表3表4所示。
表3表4得出,过渡电阻对直流配电网故障定位影响较小。无过渡电阻时,极间故障和单极接地故障的故障定位误差率均控制在0.8%以下;过渡电阻增大时,定位误差率仍控制在1.5%左右,基于IRFO的故障定位方法具有良好的抗过渡电阻能力,且鲁棒性和适应性强。
故障分析法对采样频率要求较高,若采样频率偏低,可能会导致故障信号采样失真[25],造成故障定位误差率增大,实际应用中工人巡线工作量增加。而提高硬件采样频率会增加额外的设备投资成本且对硬件要求较高。
当采样频率f为10 kHz时,双极短路故障直流配电网故障定位结果如表5所示。可以看出,当采样频率偏低时,故障定位误差率相较之前明显增大,故障定位准确性难以保证。
采用IRFO优化算法,对采样频率10 kHz的直流配电网极间接地故障电压进行自适应插值到100 kHz,插值前后故障电压如图9所示。
将插值后的直流线路两端电压数据进行故障定位,故障定位结果如表6所示。
插值后故障定位误差率对比如图10所示。可以看出,采样频率自适应插值到100 kHz后故障定位误差率显著下降,9 km处0过渡电阻双极短路故障定位精准度提高一倍,对于10 km输电线路,故障定位点与实际故障点仅相差0.082 3 km,有效减少采样频率偏低时直流配电网故障定位误差,有利于工人迅速找到故障点,及时抢修线路排除故障恢复供电。
为验证IRFO在不同采样频率下故障定位准确率,在不同频率(10、25、50、80 kHz)下进行仿真实验,实验结果如图11所示。实验结果表明,在采样频率偏低时IRFO可有效提高故障定位准确率,自适应插值后故障定位误差率均低于1%。
采用输电线路两端故障电压数据进行精准定位,实际应用中,存在通信延迟或电磁干扰导致采样数据不同步问题。针对此问题,将采集到的两端电压数据错位20采样点(2 ms)来模拟实际采样数据不同步状况。
图12可见,存在采样数据不同步情况下,对于不同故障位置及故障类型,直流输电线路故障定位误差率均不超过1%,仍处于误差允许范围内。
实际应用中,由于互感器异常、环境等因素导致个别采样数据异常情况,针对此问题将两端电压的5%设置为异常数据,以此模拟现实中采样数据异常。在仿真实验中,设置直流配电网发生5 km极间短路故障,故障电压如图13(a)所示。基于IRFO故障定位算法可有效剔除异常和缺失数据,如图13(b)所示。剔除异常数据后,故障定位误差率如图13(c)所示。
图13可见,在采样数据异常情况下,IRFO进行故障定位不受异常数据影响,仍可在短时间内实现精准定位。
利用直流配电网发生故障后时域暂态电压求解微分方程实现故障定位。理论上,电容器及线路参数会影响故障后暂态电气量的大小进而影响故障定位误差率。因此,需讨论直流侧电容器及线路参数对配电网故障定位准确性的影响。针对此问题,选用不同电容器及线路参数进行仿真实验,实验结果如图14所示。
图14可见,不同参数对故障定位精度影响较小,故障定位误差率均控制在0.7%以下,在实际应用中可选择合理的电容和线路参数。
相较RFO,IRFO用于配电网故障定位时收敛速度显著提高,参数配置相同情况下,直流输电线路发生5 km极间短路故障时,两算法收敛对比情况如图15所示。
图15可见, IRFO相较RFO在收敛速度上显著提高,且故障定位精准度高,定位误差小。
选取自适应优化红狐算法(IRFO)、粒子群优化算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)和灰狼优化算法(grey wolf optimization, GWO)进行直流配电网故障定位对比分析。参数取值与IRFO保持一致。
以直流线路5 km发生极间短路故障为例,不同故障定位误差率和算法收敛情况对比如图16图17所示。
图16图17可见,相较GWO、PSO,IRFO收敛速度显著提高,25次迭代内即可实现收敛。相同种群数目和迭代次数情况下,IRFO迭代50次所用时间仅为3.7 ms,定位速度快,在电容放电阶段即可实现精确定位,定位误差率明显低于其他人工智能算法。
提出多端直流配电网的精准故障定位方案,首先建立极间短路故障和单极短路故障模型,然后通过线路两端电压采样数据,列写电压方程,得到故障点到保护安装处距离,通过仿真实验得出以下结论。
(1)故障定位精准度高,抗过渡电阻能力强。在无过渡电阻情况下,故障定位精度控制在1%以下;单极接地故障在过渡电阻达到100$\mathrm{\Omega }$时,定位误差在1.5%以下;极间故障在过渡电阻达到5$\mathrm{\Omega }$时仍可控制定位误差在2%以下。
(2)显著减少了采样频率偏低以及数据不同步对故障定位的影响。在采样频率偏低时对故障电压进行自适应插值,以减小故障定位误差,有利于工人及时抢修线路排除故障恢复供电,降低采样设备硬件投资成本。在采样数据异常和数据不同步时,利用IRFO进行故障定位不受其影响,仍可在短时间内实现故障精准定位。
(3)适用性强。该故障定位方法原理简单,仅需故障线路两端电压。以5 km处故障为例,对比GWO、PSO、RFO,IRFO收敛速度更快,故障定位更精准,具有良好的实用性和鲁棒性。
  • 河北省重点研发计划(20314301D)
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(kj2021-003)
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405254
  • 接收时间:2024-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-12
基金
河北省重点研发计划(20314301D)
国家电网有限公司科技项目(kj2021-003)
作者信息
    新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学), 保定 071003

通讯作者:

*唐琪尊(1998—),男,汉族,江苏南京人,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源电力系统保护与控制。E-mail:
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