Article(id=1207343636036031175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405464, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721404800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782754191, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782754191, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782754191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782754191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7285, endPage=7292, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343646190440596, articleId=1207343636036031175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Application of Point Cloud Skeleton Matching in Improving the Completeness of Architectural Reality-based 3D Models, columnId=1207343630122066593, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Architectural Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A skeleton-based architectural point cloud fusion method was explored to address the challenges of model incompleteness in real-world 3D architectural models. The process begins with reverse modeling of the architectural scene using 3D point clouds. The acquired reverse point cloud data was combined with the original architectural design data to generate a forward point cloud model. A method based on the rotational symmetry axis (ROSA) was then applied to extract skeleton lines from both the reverse and forward point cloud models. The fusion of the forward and reverse point cloud models was achieved by skeleton matching, resulting in a reconstructed 3D model with improved completeness. Experimental validation shows that this method significantly reduces areas of model incompleteness, providing new insights and methods for 3D modeling and reverse engineering in architectural reality capture.

, correspAuthors=Bao-yan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-hao LI, Xiao-lin HUANG, Bao-yan SUN, Zi-yang WANG, Yong-jian ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343653798908593, articleId=1207343636036031175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=点云骨架匹配在改进建筑实景三维模型完整性中的应用, columnId=1156262730517565784, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·建筑科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探讨一种基于骨架匹配的建筑点云融合方法,旨在解决建筑实景三维模型中模型缺失的挑战。该方法首先通过建筑实景三维逆向建模,利用所得的逆向点云数据结合原有建筑设计数据生成正向点云模型。随后,运用基于旋转对称轴(rotational symmetry axis,ROSA)的方法分别从建筑逆向点云模型和正向点云模型中提取模型骨架线。最终,通过正逆向骨架线匹配,实现建筑正向和逆向点云模型的融合,进而重构出完整性较高的三维模型。实验验证显示,该方法显著减少了模型缺失区域,为建筑实景三维建模和逆向工程领域提供了新的思路和方法。

, correspAuthors=孙保燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙保燕(1962—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:非接触测绘、数字建造与BIM应用、文物数字化保护。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=iUUBg4Dh+AIHSbFX9wVbqw==, magXml=Ny8RiRKqTDq2RALwud9+BQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lm4xIsrRQ0foFG+eCCLrHg==, pdfFileSize=19657658, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=dcdLd7UrOLDrC0MXy/xgNg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HEgesw4333b2iX9P7lUqkA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李炳豪(1999—),男,汉族,广西横州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字建造与BIM技术应用。E-mail:

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李炳豪(1999—),男,汉族,广西横州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字建造与BIM技术应用。E-mail:

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李炳豪(1999—),男,汉族,广西横州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字建造与BIM技术应用。E-mail:

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Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping, 2022(1): 121-127, 132., articleTitle=Application of multi-data fusion technology of airborne and ground-based data in reconstruction of large-scale ancient architecture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207768415775855329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636036031175, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=37, authorNames=宋晓辉, 熊祖雄, 张炎, journalName=海洋测绘, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋晓辉, 熊祖雄, 张炎, 等. 基于改进Alpha Shape算法的点云数据岛屿边界提取[J]. 海洋测绘, 2024, 44(1): 58-62., articleTitle=基于改进Alpha Shape算法的点云数据岛屿边界提取, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207768415863935717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636036031175, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Song Xiaohui, Xiong Zuxiong, Zhang Yan, journalName=Marine Surveying and Mapping, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song Xiaohui, Xiong Zuxiong, Zhang Yan, et al. 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黑色线条表示提取的骨架线

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Point cloud model clustering results summary table

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点云模型 聚类数目 筛选后
聚类数目
迭代次数 聚类
精度/%
逆向 37 26 15 93.8
正向 37 26 11 95.5
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点云模型聚类结果统计表

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点云模型 聚类数目 筛选后
聚类数目
迭代次数 聚类
精度/%
逆向 37 26 15 93.8
正向 37 26 11 95.5
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Skeleton extraction results summary table

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点云
模型
ROSA
点数量
骨架线
数量
骨架线
总长度/m
骨架线
提取时间/s
逆向 312 48 82.6 35.2
正向 298 47 80.1 33.7
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骨架线提取结果统计表

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点云
模型
ROSA
点数量
骨架线
数量
骨架线
总长度/m
骨架线
提取时间/s
逆向 312 48 82.6 35.2
正向 298 47 80.1 33.7
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409492787758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636036031175, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Skeleton matching results summary table

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点云模型 骨架线数量 匹配骨架线数量 平均匹配度
逆向 48 45 0.92
正向 47 45 0.91
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409564090929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636036031175, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

骨架线匹配结果统计表

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点云模型 骨架线数量 匹配骨架线数量 平均匹配度
逆向 48 45 0.92
正向 47 45 0.91
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Fusion deviation statistics table for forward and reverse point cloud integration

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点号 R S ΔL
1 0.72 0.87 0.59
2 0.84 0.95 0.67
3 0.85 0.92 0.95
4 0.78 0.83 0.51
5 0.65 0.76 0.42
6 0.79 1.10 1.25
7 0.71 0.81 0.52
8 0.68 0.79 0.49
9 0.75 0.85 0.55
10 0.63 0.74 0.41
11 0.81 0.90 0.61
12 0.73 0.82 0.54
13 0.66 0.77 0.48
14 0.83 0.93 0.69
15 0.70 0.80 0.50
16 0.76 0.84 0.46
17 0.64 0.75 0.46
18 0.80 1.20 1.15
19 0.77 0.86 0.56
20 0.82 0.91 0.62
), ArticleFig(id=1207768409765417531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636036031175, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

正逆向点云融合偏差统计表

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点号 R S ΔL
1 0.72 0.87 0.59
2 0.84 0.95 0.67
3 0.85 0.92 0.95
4 0.78 0.83 0.51
5 0.65 0.76 0.42
6 0.79 1.10 1.25
7 0.71 0.81 0.52
8 0.68 0.79 0.49
9 0.75 0.85 0.55
10 0.63 0.74 0.41
11 0.81 0.90 0.61
12 0.73 0.82 0.54
13 0.66 0.77 0.48
14 0.83 0.93 0.69
15 0.70 0.80 0.50
16 0.76 0.84 0.46
17 0.64 0.75 0.46
18 0.80 1.20 1.15
19 0.77 0.86 0.56
20 0.82 0.91 0.62
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点云骨架匹配在改进建筑实景三维模型完整性中的应用
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李炳豪 , 黄小林 , 孙保燕 * , 王子扬 , 赵永健
科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025,25(17): 7285-7292
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·建筑科学 2025, 25(17): 7285-7292
点云骨架匹配在改进建筑实景三维模型完整性中的应用
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李炳豪 , 黄小林, 孙保燕* , 王子扬, 赵永健
作者信息
  • 桂林电子科技大学建筑与交通工程学院, 桂林 541004
  • 李炳豪(1999—),男,汉族,广西横州人,硕士研究生。研究方向:数字建造与BIM技术应用。E-mail:

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*孙保燕(1962—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:非接触测绘、数字建造与BIM应用、文物数字化保护。E-mail:
Application of Point Cloud Skeleton Matching in Improving the Completeness of Architectural Reality-based 3D Models
Bing-hao LI , Xiao-lin HUANG, Bao-yan SUN* , Zi-yang WANG, Yong-jian ZHAO
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Transportation Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405464
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探讨一种基于骨架匹配的建筑点云融合方法,旨在解决建筑实景三维模型中模型缺失的挑战。该方法首先通过建筑实景三维逆向建模,利用所得的逆向点云数据结合原有建筑设计数据生成正向点云模型。随后,运用基于旋转对称轴(rotational symmetry axis,ROSA)的方法分别从建筑逆向点云模型和正向点云模型中提取模型骨架线。最终,通过正逆向骨架线匹配,实现建筑正向和逆向点云模型的融合,进而重构出完整性较高的三维模型。实验验证显示,该方法显著减少了模型缺失区域,为建筑实景三维建模和逆向工程领域提供了新的思路和方法。

骨架匹配  /  ROSA  /  实景三维模型  /  建筑点云融合  /  模型缺失

A skeleton-based architectural point cloud fusion method was explored to address the challenges of model incompleteness in real-world 3D architectural models. The process begins with reverse modeling of the architectural scene using 3D point clouds. The acquired reverse point cloud data was combined with the original architectural design data to generate a forward point cloud model. A method based on the rotational symmetry axis (ROSA) was then applied to extract skeleton lines from both the reverse and forward point cloud models. The fusion of the forward and reverse point cloud models was achieved by skeleton matching, resulting in a reconstructed 3D model with improved completeness. Experimental validation shows that this method significantly reduces areas of model incompleteness, providing new insights and methods for 3D modeling and reverse engineering in architectural reality capture.

skeleton matching  /  ROSA  /  real-world 3D models  /  architectural point cloud fusion  /  model incompleteness
李炳豪, 黄小林, 孙保燕, 王子扬, 赵永健. 点云骨架匹配在改进建筑实景三维模型完整性中的应用. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7285 -7292 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405464
Bing-hao LI, Xiao-lin HUANG, Bao-yan SUN, Zi-yang WANG, Yong-jian ZHAO. Application of Point Cloud Skeleton Matching in Improving the Completeness of Architectural Reality-based 3D Models[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7285 -7292 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405464
随着建筑信息模型技术与无人机摄影的不断发展,建筑实景三维模型在建筑设计、施工、维护等领域发挥着越来越重要的作用[1]。这些模型为城市规划、文化遗产保护、建筑改造等提供了不可或缺的支持。然而,由于建筑物本身的复杂性和多样性,激光扫描技术可能使模型纹理数据失真,摄像测量可能导致模型每处精度不一致[2],因此实景三维模型常常出现模型缺失和不完整的情况。这种逆向模型的缺失不仅影响模型的精度,还限制了其在实际工程中的应用。
近年来,国内外在模型缺失空洞修复领域取得了显著进展。国外研究更多聚焦于基于几何特征的算法改进,强调模型表面连续性与拓扑结构优化。国内学者则注重结合实际应用需求,将逆向工程技术与点云处理方法相结合,通过区域生长、三角网格插值等技术实现复杂场景的空洞修复。谢文军等[3]通过改进边界收缩算法,结合多视角影像数据进行倾斜摄影测量,自动修复实景三维模型中的孔洞,但由于场景的复杂性和弱纹理的影响,难以完全保证模型的连续性和完整性。He等[4]通过优化航摄参数,融合高低空影像数据构建精细化实景三维模型,但因受限于光线和遮挡的限制难以得到完整度较高的模型。贾军辉等[5]提出一种能够修复常规模型孔洞和无网格边界孔洞的网格重构算法,通过峰值线检测、插值特征点以及曲面重建技术快速修补常规孔洞,但在处理一些特定类型的孔洞或复杂形状的孔洞时,存在修复效果不佳的情况。兰猗令等[6]提出了一种附加增值条件移动最小二乘法来修补点云孔洞,从而修补三维模型。通过提取孔洞边界、密度分析进行迭代切片、投影离散点群至拟合曲面,并利用附加增值条件移动最小二乘法进行迭代修补。然而,此方法对高密度点云的存储和计算资源要求较高。李由之等[7]通过将点云数据映射到球坐标系,利用经纬网格划分进行密度分析和样条插值修复孔洞。然而,该方法对非球形或不规则形状的适应性较差,且网格划分精度和邻近区域选择直接影响修补效果。龚元夫等[8]采用连通性与欧氏距离聚类的悬浮物去除方法、基于图割理论的水面整平技术、深度网络模型的水体纹理填充方法修复三维模型,虽有效提升了自然场景中模型的精细度,但该方法主要适用于地理实体,对建筑模型的复杂几何特征及孔洞修复缺乏针对性,适用范围有限。传统方法在面对高复杂度和高精度要求的建筑模型时,常因局部细节丢失或数据噪声而使精度受限。
为此,现旨在探索一种基于点云骨架匹配的建筑正逆向点云融合方法,利用正向模型来指导逆向实景三维模型的修复,突破传统方法中对逆向模型缺失区域直接进行填补修复的依赖。将建筑点云骨架线作为正逆向建筑点云配准融合的核心,骨架线作为点云模型的简化表达形式,能够显著降低数据处理复杂度,同时提高点云对齐的精度[9],从而避免传统方法中建筑点云的直接配准容易受到点云模型不完整、点云密度不均、尺度差异导致较大的配准误差的问题[10]。重构融合后的点云以解决建筑实景三维模型中存在的模型缺失。以广西桂林的燕亭为研究对象,详细探讨所提出方法的具体步骤,并进行实验验证,以期为建筑实景三维建模和逆向工程领域提供新的思路和方法。
点云骨架匹配技术包括建筑点云聚类、骨架线提取与骨架线匹配。首先,使用模糊K均值聚类(fuzzy K-means clustering)[11]对建筑点云数据进行分割和分组,以增强建筑结构的理解和分析;然后,针对每个聚类区域,使用基于ROSA的方法,通过点云的几何特征和旋转对称性生成稳定的骨架节点与骨架线;最后,计算正逆两副骨架线的特征向量,度量骨架线之间的相似性,找到最佳配对结果,实现点云骨架匹配达到点云配准。
为方便提取骨架线,先将整个建筑点云模型分成不同的部分。使用模糊K均值聚类加强建筑结构的理解与分析,将点云数据按隶属度分布到不同的聚类中,对建筑点云数据进行分割与分组。其核心原理基于最小化目标函数:假设点云模型有N个点和K个聚类中心,每个点都有一个长度为K的隶属度向量,表示它对于每个聚类的归属程度,目标函数的表达式为
$J=\stackrel{N}{\sum _{\mathrm{i}=1}}\stackrel{K}{\sum _{j=1}}{u}_{ij}^{m}\Vert {p}_{i}-{q}_{j}{\Vert }^{2}$
式(1)中: J为目标函数;N为点的总和;K为聚类的数量; uij为点pi对于聚类中心qj的隶属度;m为模糊度参数,用于控制隶属度的分布程度。
模糊K均值聚类的优化过程采用迭代的方法,交替更新点的隶属度和聚类中心,更新过程包括更新隶属度和更新聚类中心两个步骤。更新隶属度即根据当前的聚类中心,更新每个数据点对于每个聚类的隶属度。隶属度的计算公式为
${u}_{ij}=\frac{1}{\stackrel{K}{\sum _{k=1}}{\left(\frac{\Vert {p}_{i}-{q}_{j}\Vert }{\Vert {p}_{i}-{q}_{k}\Vert }\right)}^{\frac{2}{\mathrm{m}-1}}}$
式(2)中:qk为第k个聚类中心的位置。
更新聚类中心即根据当前的隶属度,更新每个聚类中心的位置,聚类中心的更新表达式为
${q}_{j}=\frac{\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}{u}_{ij}^{m}{p}_{i}}{\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=1}}{u}_{ij}^{m}}$
这个过程迭代进行,直到满足聚类中心不再发生变化或达到最大迭代次数。
针对每个聚类区域,使用基于旋转对称轴(rotational symmetry axis,ROSA)的骨架线提取方法。ROSA点即为点云骨架点,ROSA点的定义为到点集S中的每个点的法线方向所在的直线平方距离和最小的点。设ROSA点为pr=(xr,vr),xr为坐标,vr为法向量,点集中任意一点为pi=(xi,vi),如图1(a)所示,则对应的ROSA点的坐标值xr满足条件为
$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\stackrel{N}{\sum _{i=0}}\Vert ({x}_{\mathrm{r}}-{x}_{i}){v}_{i}{\Vert }^{2}$
ROSA 点的法矢可以被设定为各个点集对应的法矢之间夹角上,并且其所在方向最小,如图1(b)所示,对应的ROSA点的法矢vr满足条件为
$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}<{v}_{\mathrm{r}},{v}_{i}>$
式(5)中:<, >表示向量夹角;vi为点集S中任意一点的法矢。
计算出点云的ROSA点后,连接起来就可以对建筑结构形状进行描述生成骨架线[12]。该方法结合点云数据的几何特征和旋转对称性,利用ROSA点作为骨架节点可以在一定程度上弥补点云面积缺失的不足,当出现点云不完整的情况时,依旧可以根据存在的点的法线方向信息,有效地填补缺失部分,从而保持骨架点的位置和方向的稳定。
对于每条骨架线si,计算其特征向量 Fi。特征向量包括骨架线的长度Li和方向向量 Di。特征向量表示为
${F}_{i}=\left[{L}_{i},{D}_{i}\right]$
骨架线sisj之间的相似性度量采用欧氏距离[13]表示。两骨架线之间的欧氏距离Di(si, sj)表示为
${D}_{i}({s}_{i},{s}_{j})=\sqrt{({L}_{i}-{L}_{j}{)}^{2}+({D}_{i}-{D}_{j}{)}^{2}}$
在两个骨架线集合中寻找最佳配对的过程的表达式为
$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{x}}_{(i,j)}{w}_{ij}$
式(8)中:wij为匹配度,其定义为
${w}_{ij}={\mathrm{e}}^{-D({s}_{i},{s}_{j})}$
结合以上步骤,根据特征向量的相似性度量,可以实现逆向和正向建筑点云模型的骨架线匹配,接着达到点云配准与融合。
以广西桂林的燕亭为实验对象,亭子高7 m,柱高2.8 m,柱间距1.5 m,占地面积20 m2。此亭子相对独立,不依附于其他任何建筑而存在,小巧且完整。实验采用大疆公司DJI Mavic 3无人机进行目标模型数据采集,其相机搭载4/3 CMOS,有效像素 2 000万,采集的数据足够达到研究精度。所有内业处理硬件实验环境包括:CPU 为Intel(R)Core(TM)i7-10700F,GPU为NVIDIA GeForce RTX 2060 SUPER。改进建筑三维模型完整性的技术流程如图2所示。
建筑的逆向建模数据采集阶段采用了井字形航线布设方式的倾斜摄影技术[14],如图3所示在井字型航线布设方式下,交叉的飞行路径覆盖了整个区域,每个交叉点都记录了建筑物的多个视角。旨在获取建筑物的多角度、多视角的影像信息,实现更全面的三维数据捕获,最大限度弥补精细化纹理信息采集不足的问题。
对于倾斜摄影影像数据,进行筛选和匀光匀色的处理[15],接着将经过处理的831张影像导入PhotoScan,并运用尺度不变特征转换(scale-invariant feature transform,SIFT)算法[16]提取影像特征,经过空中三角测量计算后得到实景三维模型,经过下采样[17]后,得到建筑的逆向点云模型,如图4所示。
进行建筑物的正向模型生成时,从逆向点云数据中提取建筑物的三维尺寸信息,结合燕亭的设计图纸利用计算机辅助设计(CAD)软件,正向建立燕亭的三维模型,随后通过均匀采样,在正向三维模型表面生成大量离散点,调整点云密度至与逆向点云模型相接近得到正向点云模型,如图5所示。
为了更好地理解和分析建筑结构,使用模糊K均值聚类的方法对正逆向点云数据进行分割与分组。将模糊度参数m设置为2,最大迭代次数为20,随着迭代次数的递进,正逆向点云聚类数目结果如图6所示。获得的点云聚类如图7(a)图7(b)所示,点云数据被划分为不同的部分。在骨架线提取前,结合建筑物聚类区域点云的形状特征筛选聚类结果,以排除不需要提取骨架线的聚类区域。这种基于形状特征的筛选方法能够有效减少不必要的计算资源,提高骨架线提取的效率和准确性。图7(c)图7(d)展示了筛选后点云的聚类结果,清除了不必要聚类区域的颜色。表1所示为燕亭点云的聚类结果。
在筛选后的每个聚类区域内,根据聚类中每个最优切割平面[18]中点的法线方向所在的直线平方距离和最小的点计算得到ROSA骨架点,骨架点相连接后形成骨架线,通过表2的统计数据可以看出,逆向和正向点云模型的骨架线数量和长度较为接近,这表明此骨架线提取方法在处理点云数据时具有较好的一致性和稳定性。图8展示了燕亭点云骨架线提取结果,黑色线条即表示提取的骨架线。基于ROSA的骨架线提取方法能够在较大程度上保持建筑结构的几何特征,即使在点云数据不完整的情况下,保持骨架线的稳定性。
有了正向和逆向点云模型的骨架线后,计算每条骨架线的特征向量,包括长度和方向向量。随后使用欧氏距离度量骨架线之间的相似性,在逆向骨架线集合和正向骨架线集合中寻找最佳配对。通过上述匹配过程,计算出每对骨架线的匹配度,表3展示了燕亭点云骨架线匹配的详细结果,包括匹配数量和匹配度,可以看出,逆向和正向点云模型的骨架线平均匹配度达到了0.92和0.91,两者的匹配效果较好。图9(a)展示了两副燕亭骨架线匹配结果,黑色线条表示逆向点云模型骨架线,绿色线条表示正向点云骨架线。图9(b)展示了骨架线匹配后的点云融合效果,利用正向点云模型弥补逆向点云模型得到密度更高、更加精细完整点云模型。
对融合后的燕亭点云数据进行三角网构建与纹理映射[19],以生成更加完整和精细的实景三维模型。图10为经本文方法改进模型完整性后的燕亭整体三维模型。
为了评估点云模型融合的精度,进行误差分析,从匹配后的燕亭正逆向点云中随机选择20个点对进行偏差分析,以逆向点云选取的随机点为圆心,扩大搜索半径R直到在正向点云中找到距离为S的最近参考点,以最近的垂直分量作为数据的偏差[20],垂直分量ΔL按照式(10)进行计算,偏差统计结果如表4所示。
$\mathrm{\Delta }L=\sqrt{{S}^{2}-{R}^{2}}$
式(10)中:R为以逆向点云点为圆心向最近正向点云点的搜索半径;S为点对之间的距离;ΔL为点对之间的垂直分量。
表4中统计结果直观显示了正逆向点云数据的偏差程度。根据统计结果,点云匹配平均偏差为0.68 mm,90%的偏差小于1 mm,具有较高的精度,验证了本文方法的可行性。
通过计算模型缺失减少率来验证模型改进效果。通过Alpha Shape算法[21]识别模型的缺失区域并计算缺失区域的面积,缺失区域识别如图11中红色区域。应用式(11)计算缺失区域的减少率。
$R=\frac{{A}_{0}-{A}_{i}}{{A}_{0}}\times 100\mathrm{\%}$
式(11)中:R为缺失区域减少率; A0Ai分别为原始逆向实景三维模型和融合改进后模型的缺失区域面积。
通过计算,最终模型缺失减少率为91.1%,改进后的模型在完整性方面有显著提升。图12为改进前和改进后的局部三维模型展示。由局部图片可以看出,由于倾斜摄影数据采集角度与遮挡的限制,改进前模型某些部位缺失严重,存在空洞与扭曲等缺陷。改进后的模型有效利用正向模型完整的几何结构填补了逆向实景三维模型缺失部分,使模型更加完整。
提出了一种基于骨架线匹配的点云配准和融合方法,旨在解决建筑实景三维模型完整性恢复的问题。以燕亭为实验对象,通过实验验证,该方法在点云配准误差和模型完整性方面表现出了显著的优势。具体结论如下。
(1)配准精度显著提高。通过骨架线匹配和迭代优化,模型配准误差相较于传统配准的4~6 cm减少到1 cm以内,表明该方法在复杂建筑结构的点云配准中具有较高的精度和稳定性。
(2)模型完整性显著增强。点云融合并重构三维模型后,模型缺失区域的减少率显著提升,达到91.1%,证明了该方法在提高点云模型完整性方面的有效性。
(3)结果的有效性和可靠性。实验结果充分验证了所提出方法在点云配准和融合中的有效性,能够为建筑结构的精确建模提供有力支持。
然而,也存在一些局限性,如骨架线提取和匹配过程中可能出现的误差,以及数据采集精度和完整性对配准效果的影响。这些问题有待在未来研究中进一步优化和改进。
综上所述,基于骨架线匹配的点云配准和融合方法在建筑模型完整性改进中具有广阔的应用前景,为建筑结构的数字化和精确建模提供了新的解决方案。未来的研究可以进一步优化,提高配准精度和处理效率,扩展该方法在其他领域的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12162010)
  • 广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目(桂科AA19182023)
  • 广西科学研究与技术开发计划(桂科攻1598019-8)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405464
  • 接收时间:2024-07-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(12162010)
广西创新驱动发展专项资金项目(桂科AA19182023)
广西科学研究与技术开发计划(桂科攻1598019-8)
作者信息
    桂林电子科技大学建筑与交通工程学院, 桂林 541004

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*孙保燕(1962—),男,汉族,河南驻马店人,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:非接触测绘、数字建造与BIM应用、文物数字化保护。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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