Article(id=1207343636002480948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405151, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1720540800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782754183, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782754183, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782754183, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782754183, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7031, endPage=7039, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343644256870495, articleId=1207343636002480948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Current Situation and Prospect of Hydrothermal Management Technology for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells, columnId=1207343644038766680, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Surveies-Electrical Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrothermal management technology is conducive to solving the problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC), such as large heat dissipation demand, slow cold start, and short life. The dynamic response test of a high-power fuel cell was carried out, and the correlation between temperature and humidity and effective output voltage was verified by Pearson correlation coefficient. The influence of water management and thermal management on fuel cell was analyzed by literature review, and the current hydrothermal management and modeling methods were summarized. Water management methods mainly include reaction gas humidification, internal structure design, and drainage control, but it isn’t easy to achieve accurate online water content detection and closed-loop control. On the other hand, thermal management technology is relatively mature. The water cooling method of the traditional heat engine and the temperature control strategy is used to control the water pump and fan in the thermal management subsystem so that the temperature of the fuel cell and the temperature difference of inlet and outlet cooling water are kept in a reasonable range. However, there is a strong coupling between temperature and water distribution in the stack, so the single temperature variable and water variable study can not truly reflect the influence of temperature and water content on the performance of fuel cell. In the future, it is the key to improve the performance of fuel cell, effectively improve the parasitic power of appendage, and prolong its service life by using efficient hydrothermal coupling technology and considering the influence of temperature and water content comprehensively.

, correspAuthors=Gang YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-hua WU, Gang YANG, Hong-xu ZHOU, Zhou CHEN, Zhan-feng FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343649055154586, articleId=1207343636002480948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=质子交换膜燃料电池水热管理技术现状与展望, columnId=1156907872782213225, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=综述·电工技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水热管理技术的运用有利于解决质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)散热需求大、低温冷启动慢、寿命短等问题。对大功率燃料电池进行动态响应试验,利用皮尔森相关性系数验证了温湿度与有效输出电压的相关性,并通过文献分析水管理和热管理对燃料电池的影响,总结了现阶段的水热管理方法与建模方式。水管理方法主要有反应气体加湿、内部结构设计和排水控制,但无法实现较为准确的水含量在线检测,闭环控制较为困难。而热管理技术较为成熟,利用传统热机的水冷却方法并结合所制定的温度控制策略对热管理子系统中的水泵和风扇进行控制,使电堆温度和进出口冷却水温差稳定在合理的范围。温度与电堆内部水分布具有强耦合性,往往单一的温度变量、水变量研究并不能真实反映温度和水含量对燃料电池性能的影响。未来使用高效的水热耦合技术,综合考虑温度与水含量对PEMFC的影响才是提高其性能、有效改善附件寄生功率、延长使用寿命的关键。

, correspAuthors=杨钢, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨钢(1999—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统优化。E-mail:
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武小花(1984—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统优化控制。E-mail:

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武小花(1984—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统优化控制。E-mail:

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Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 203(25): 117865., articleTitle=Temperature and humidity management of PEM fuel cell power system using multi-input and multi-output fuzzy method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207343671746339527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636002480948, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=238, issue=null, pageStart=126470, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[64], rfOrder=72, authorNames=Zuo Q, Wang G, Shen Z, journalName=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zuo Q, Wang G, Shen Z, et al. Performance evaluation and field synergy analysis of PEMFC with novel snake coil flow field[J]. 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阳极气体扩散层(anode gas diffusion layer,AGDL);阳极微孔层(anode micro porous layer,AMPL);阳极催化层(anode catalytic layer,ACL);质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM);阴极催化层(cathode catalytic layer,CCL);阴极微孔层(cathode micro porous layer,CMPL);阴极气体扩散层(cathode gas diffusion layer,CGDL)

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Effects of flooding and membrane drying on the properties and life of PEMFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水管理故障 对PEMFC性能和寿命的影响
水淹 ①阻碍反应气体的传输,造成浓差极化电压损失增加;②诱导局部电位,导致碳载体催化剂腐蚀,影响电堆耐久性
膜干 ①膜含水量下降,质子导电率降低,离子阻抗增加;②易形成膜局部热点,膜破损皲裂
), ArticleFig(id=1207343658764968094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343636002480948, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水淹和膜干对PEMFC性能和寿命的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水管理故障 对PEMFC性能和寿命的影响
水淹 ①阻碍反应气体的传输,造成浓差极化电压损失增加;②诱导局部电位,导致碳载体催化剂腐蚀,影响电堆耐久性
膜干 ①膜含水量下降,质子导电率降低,离子阻抗增加;②易形成膜局部热点,膜破损皲裂
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质子交换膜燃料电池水热管理技术现状与展望
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武小花 1 , 杨钢 1, * , 周鸿旭 1 , 陈洲 1 , 范占锋 2
科学技术与工程 | 综述·电工技术 2025,25(17): 7031-7039
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科学技术与工程 | 综述·电工技术 2025, 25(17): 7031-7039
质子交换膜燃料电池水热管理技术现状与展望
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武小花1 , 杨钢1, * , 周鸿旭1, 陈洲1, 范占锋2
作者信息
  • 1 西华大学汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室, 成都 610039
  • 2 成都大学建筑与土木工程学院, 成都 610106
  • 武小花(1984—),女,汉族,四川广汉人,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统优化控制。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*杨钢(1999—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统优化。E-mail:
Current Situation and Prospect of Hydrothermal Management Technology for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Xiao-hua WU1 , Gang YANG1, * , Hong-xu ZHOU1, Zhou CHEN1, Zhan-feng FAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Vehicle Measurement Control and Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
  • 2 School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405151
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水热管理技术的运用有利于解决质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)散热需求大、低温冷启动慢、寿命短等问题。对大功率燃料电池进行动态响应试验,利用皮尔森相关性系数验证了温湿度与有效输出电压的相关性,并通过文献分析水管理和热管理对燃料电池的影响,总结了现阶段的水热管理方法与建模方式。水管理方法主要有反应气体加湿、内部结构设计和排水控制,但无法实现较为准确的水含量在线检测,闭环控制较为困难。而热管理技术较为成熟,利用传统热机的水冷却方法并结合所制定的温度控制策略对热管理子系统中的水泵和风扇进行控制,使电堆温度和进出口冷却水温差稳定在合理的范围。温度与电堆内部水分布具有强耦合性,往往单一的温度变量、水变量研究并不能真实反映温度和水含量对燃料电池性能的影响。未来使用高效的水热耦合技术,综合考虑温度与水含量对PEMFC的影响才是提高其性能、有效改善附件寄生功率、延长使用寿命的关键。

质子交换膜燃料电池  /  水管理  /  热管理  /  耦合管理

Hydrothermal management technology is conducive to solving the problems of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC), such as large heat dissipation demand, slow cold start, and short life. The dynamic response test of a high-power fuel cell was carried out, and the correlation between temperature and humidity and effective output voltage was verified by Pearson correlation coefficient. The influence of water management and thermal management on fuel cell was analyzed by literature review, and the current hydrothermal management and modeling methods were summarized. Water management methods mainly include reaction gas humidification, internal structure design, and drainage control, but it isn’t easy to achieve accurate online water content detection and closed-loop control. On the other hand, thermal management technology is relatively mature. The water cooling method of the traditional heat engine and the temperature control strategy is used to control the water pump and fan in the thermal management subsystem so that the temperature of the fuel cell and the temperature difference of inlet and outlet cooling water are kept in a reasonable range. However, there is a strong coupling between temperature and water distribution in the stack, so the single temperature variable and water variable study can not truly reflect the influence of temperature and water content on the performance of fuel cell. In the future, it is the key to improve the performance of fuel cell, effectively improve the parasitic power of appendage, and prolong its service life by using efficient hydrothermal coupling technology and considering the influence of temperature and water content comprehensively.

proton exchange membrane fuel cell  /  water management  /  thermal management  /  coupling management
武小花, 杨钢, 周鸿旭, 陈洲, 范占锋. 质子交换膜燃料电池水热管理技术现状与展望. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7031 -7039 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405151
Xiao-hua WU, Gang YANG, Hong-xu ZHOU, Zhou CHEN, Zhan-feng FAN. Current Situation and Prospect of Hydrothermal Management Technology for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7031 -7039 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405151
质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)具有高功率密度、运行无噪声和排放无污染的优势,近年来受到了广大科技工作者和新能源企业的重视[1]。然而,PEMFC使用寿命大多在10 000 h左右,并且受贵金属铂催化剂的影响,成本较高,低温冷启动较慢、寄生功耗高、膜受高温易破坏等问题尚未很好地解决[2-3]。因此,延长使用寿命,提高净输出功率对PEMFC在应急电源、便携式电源设备、混合动力装置等领域的广泛推广具有重要意义[4-5]。其中,水热管理是影响PEMFC效率和寿命的核心问题之一。水热管理不当将导致电堆内部工作时出现膜干、水淹等故障。膜干会降低膜的质子电导率,增大PEMFC欧姆损耗[6-8];水淹会堵塞气体扩散层孔隙,使气体反应物运输受阻,导致电堆性能下降、电极反转以及缩短使用寿命等问题[9-11]。实际上,水热管理技术在PEMFC结构改进、性能提升和延长使用寿命等方面还具有较大的优化空间。基于此,对PEMFC性能与控制条件的相关性进行分析,总结现有水管理、热管理技术和建模方法,探索能够有效提高PEMFC输出性能和增强使用寿命的水热管理技术。
PEMFC工作时,涉及阳极氢气、阴极氧气的供给以及电堆温度、气体相对湿度的控制。根据能斯特方程可以得到理论输出电压,但在PEMFC系统实际运行控制时,输出电压将明显低于理论电压。电压损失主要包括活化极化、浓差极化和欧姆极化造成的压降[12-13],其主要受负载电流、阴阳极反应气体压力、电堆温度、气体相对湿度等因素影响[14-15]。因此,针对多种性能影响因素进行相关性分析,从而研究提升PEMFC输出电压的方法以及水热管理技术运用的重要性。
对某款大功率燃料电池进行试验,实验原理如图1所示,其中包含反应气体供给系统、尾排系统、数据采集上位机等相关设备。
针对该款大功率燃料电池进行动态响应试验,其电压电流变化以及运行参数分别如图2所示。随着负载电流的增加,反应气体压力、温度和湿度随之增加,而有效的输出电压减小。
皮尔森相关性系数用于描述两个变量XY的相关性程度,系数值介于-1~1。其绝对值越接近于1,表示为两个变量相关性程度越强,计算公式为
$r=\frac{1}{n-1}\stackrel{n}{\sum _{i=1}}\frac{{X}_{i}-\overline{X}}{{S}_{X}}\frac{{Y}_{i}-\overline{Y}}{{S}_{Y}}$
式(1)中:r为相关性系数;n为样本数量;XiYi分别为第i个样本点的变量X和变量Y的值;$\overline{X}$SX分别为变量X样本平均值和标准差;$\overline{Y}$SY分别为变量Y样本平均值和标准差。
通过皮尔森相关性系数对影响因素与有效输出电压的相关性进行定量分析,结果如图3所示。
相关性分析结果显示,电流、阳极压力、阴极压力、电堆温度与电压的绝对相关性系数大于0.92,表明这些影响因素与输出电压具有极强的相关性。相对湿度与电压的绝对相关性系数大于0.7,与电压具有较强的相关性,而电流变化率与电压相关性系数绝对值接近0,属于弱相关。这与文献[16-18]中通过合理的控制温度和湿度能够有效地提升输出电压的研究结果相似,证明了水热管理对于燃料电池输出性能提升的重要性。
PEMFC正常运行时,内部同时具有液态水和气态水,气态水是由于电化学反应生成、气体加湿带入,而液态水是由部分气态水冷凝生成。膜上的磺酸基团具有亲水特性,而氢离子能够在水中游离,因此氢离子可以借助膜中的水与磺酸基团结合[19-20]。当膜具有一定湿度时,能够有效提高质子电导率,降低膜的欧姆电压损失。电堆内部水含量过高,气态水过多地冷凝成液态水将堵塞气体扩散层传输孔隙,诱导局部电位导致材料腐蚀,增加浓差极化电压损失,影响电堆输出性能和寿命[21]。膜干和水淹对PEMFC的影响如表1所示,水管理目的在于将燃料电池内部水含量控制在合理范围,进而有效地避免膜干和水淹现象。
近年来,水管理在PEMFC性能和耐久性方面的影响已成为研究重点[22],其主要围绕两个方面进行探讨,即:水吸附和水扩散[23-24]。目前,研究人员主要从反应气体加湿、电堆内部结构设计和排水方法进行水管理研究 。
加湿系统的作用在于通过一系列措施平衡电堆内部水含量,根据系统结构组成可分为自增湿与外增湿系统[25]。典型的自增湿系统是通过改变电堆结构和材料,如向质子交换膜碳基体中添加亲水性颗粒设计一种吸水性膜,燃料电池内部的水能够被亲水性材料所吸附,维持膜的湿润状态[26]。丰田汽车公司在PEMFC阴极采用三维细网格流场,研制了能够优化燃料电池系统结构的自增湿电堆[27]。自增湿系统优点在于不需要额外增加附件设备,简化了燃料电池系统,但材料和结构的改进开发周期长,有效性难以得到验证。
外增湿系统需要额外装备气体加湿器,经过加湿器加湿后的反应气体进入电堆实现膜的增湿。这是目前商用燃料电池广泛使用的一种进气加湿方式,增湿方法简单,且容易控制。
PEMFC内部结构的设计主要包括气体流道和材料应用。常使用的气体流道形式有平行流道、蛇形流道以及网格流场[28-29]。应用结构简单的平行流道,能够使反应气体进出口压降小,但流道分支多气体流速小,电堆内部多余的水不易通过气体吹扫作用排出[30]。蛇形流道中气体流速快,但当流道过长时,气体进出口压降大,反应气体易分布不均匀。网格流场能够保持膜的湿润状态,但流道的设计复杂,气体流动阻力较大[31]。一些学者通过对传统流道的研究,提出了新型的气体流道。例如,叶志杰等[32]提出了变径蛇形流道结构并运用到燃料电池双极板中,对所设计的流道进行数值仿真,结果表明该流道有利于气体扩散,并能加速排出阴极流道中多余的水。李楠等[33]提出了一种圆形交错迷宫式流道,相较于传统蛇形流道电流密度具有较大提升,同时可以明显改善流道内反应物和产物的分布和输运。也有学者对电堆材料进行研究,Chung等[34]提出一种石墨化的碳纳米疏水性材料,将该材料引入阴极电极中能够增强物质的运输,有效防止水聚集,避免碳基体被腐蚀。
在燃料电池工作中,除了阳极气体入口有氢气通入外,未反应的氢气还可再循环从阳极出口输送到电堆中。为了研究这种模式对燃料电池工作特性的影响,Zhao等[35]的仿真和实验结果表明该供氢模式能够减少局部水堵塞问题,有效减缓电压衰减速度,提高了燃料电池单体的稳定性和一致性。Lü等[36]利用相场晶格玻尔兹曼方法对PEMFC进行三维数值模拟,讨论了阴极气体化学计量对水管理的影响。模型仿真结果表明阴极气体适当加压有利于通道内的排水。通过改进供气方式以及增加反应气体压力提高反应气体浓度,有效地减少浓差极化损失,但气体增压以及管道的复杂度增加将导致压缩机寄生功耗的上升。压缩机寄生功耗可以通过式(2)进行计算。
${P}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{m}\mathrm{p}}=\frac{{{P}^{\mathrm{a}}}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{{v}^{\mathrm{a}}}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{{A}^{\mathrm{a}}}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}+{{P}^{\mathrm{c}}}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}{v}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{c}}{A}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{c}}}{\eta {A}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}}}$
式(2)中:Ppump为反应气体压缩机功率,W/m2; ${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{a}}$${P}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{c}}$分别为阳极反应气体压力和阴极反应气体压力,Pa;${v}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{a}}、{v}_{\mathrm{g},\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{c}}$分别为阳极气体入口流速和阴极气体流速,s/m;${A}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{a}}$${A}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{\mathrm{c}}$分别为阳极入口截面积和阴极入口截面积,m2;$\eta $为压缩机的效率;Aact为电堆活化面积,m2
使用直接露点测量、电化学阻抗谱、中子成像等方法可以检测燃料电池内部水含量,但实时无损监控燃料电池内部水状态目前还不能实现[37-38]。对PEMFC水管理特性建模在于研究电堆内部水的动态特性,便于进行有效的实时水管理控制。如图4所示为燃料电池内部水状态及相变机理,正常工作时,电堆内部同时具有液态水和气态水,气态水是由电化学反应生成、气体加湿带入,液态水是由部分气态水冷凝生成。PEMFC内部水主要有3种传输机制:电渗拖拽、反向扩散、水力渗透[39-40]
电渗拖拽是由于H+跨膜运输需要水作为载体,H+结合质子交换膜中水分子从阳极催化层跨膜运输到阴极催化层进行反应,摩尔水通量表达式[41-42]
${J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{E}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{D}}=\frac{{n}_{\mathrm{d}}I}{F}$
式(3)中:nd为电渗拖拽常数;I为PEMFC运行时的电流密度,A/cm2;F为法拉第常数,96 485 C/mol。
反向扩散是由于燃料电池运行过程中,阴极侧产生水,导致阳极侧气态水浓度小于阴极侧,因此水分子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域扩散,摩尔水通量表达式为
${J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{k}}={D}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{y}}}{\mathrm{E}\mathrm{W}}\frac{{\lambda }_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}}-{\lambda }_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}}}{{\delta }_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}}}$
式(4)中:Dm为水扩散系数,m2/s;ρdry为干膜密度,kg/m3;λcclλacl分别为阴极和阳极膜界面含水量;EW为质子交换膜当量重量;${\delta }_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}}$为膜厚度,m。
水力渗透是由于在膜两侧液压作用下,液态水从高浓度向低浓度运输,摩尔水通量表达式为
${J}_{{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O},\mathrm{h}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{d}}=\frac{{\rho }_{\mathrm{l}}{K}_{\mathrm{l},\mathrm{m}}}{{M}_{\mathrm{l}}{\mu }_{\mathrm{l},\mathrm{m}}}\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}-\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}}-{P}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}-\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}}}{{\delta }_{\mathrm{P}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{M}}}$
式(5)中:Ml为水的摩尔质量,kg/mol;ρl为水的密度,kg/m3;${\mu }_{\mathrm{l},\mathrm{m}}$为液态水动力黏度,Pa·s;Kl,m为液态水渗透率,m2;${P}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}-\mathrm{p}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}}$为阴极侧水压强,Pa;Pacl-pem为阳极侧水压强,Pa。
局部温度过高是质子交换膜湿热变形、铂溶解、双极板腐蚀等降解现象的主要原因[43]。根据对PEMFC造成的损坏程度不同,热管理故障可分为两类:一类故障是可以在几分钟内永久地损坏电堆;二类故障是直接影响电堆性能,但不会短时间损坏电堆[44]。与传统内燃机不同之处在于PEMFC运行温度低、堆栈与环境温差小、大部分热需要由冷却系统带走。为了使电堆温度分布均匀并使燃料电池具有良好的工作特性,需要将电堆温度以及冷却剂进口与出口的温差同时控制在合理范围,因此热管理系统对于PEMFC的稳定运行极为重要[45]
燃料电池的热量来源主要有电化学反应热和欧姆热[46]。根据能斯特方程与能量守恒定律可以得出氢氧燃料电池在常温下电化学反应所产生的高热值(产物为液态水)反应热如式(6)所示,低热值(产物为气态水)的电化学反应热如式(7)所示[47-48]
${Q}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}}=(1.482-{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}})I{n}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}}=(1.254-{V}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}})I{n}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{n}}$为化学反应热功率,W;Vcell为燃料电池开路电压,V;I为燃料电池电流,A;ncell为燃料电池单体数。
电堆内部电压损耗包括双极板电压损耗、气体扩散层电压损耗、质子交换膜离子阻抗电压损耗、双极板与气体扩散层以及催化层相互间具有的接触阻抗电压损耗。根据电流的热效应可以得到欧姆热计算公式如下。
${Q}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}={I}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{L}}={I}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{G}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{L}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{m}}={I}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{m}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}={I}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}}$
式中:${Q}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{e}}$QGDLQmQtouch分别为阴阳极双极板电阻、气体扩散层电阻、质子交换膜和接触层电阻的产热功率,W;RpoleRGDLRmRtouch分别为双极板电子电阻、气体扩散层电子电阻、质子交换膜离子电阻和接触层电子电阻,Ω。
PEMFC的散热途径主要包括电堆向外界环境的辐射散热与热管理冷却系统散热。燃料电池表面与环境间的辐射换热量与其辐射面积、表面温度和环境温度等有关,辐射散热量计算公式为
${Q}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{d}}=\mathrm{\delta }{\sigma }_{\mathrm{b}}\mathrm{A}({\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{l}}^{4}-{\mathrm{T}}_{0}^{4})$
式(12)中:Qrad为热辐射功率,W;δ为PEMFC黑度(表征PEMFC向外界热辐射的能力);σb为斯蒂芬-玻尔兹曼常数;A为有效热辐射面积,m2;Tcell为电堆温度,K;T0为环境温度,K。
不同功率的PEMFC冷却方法如图5所示。由于空气的比热容较低,所能散失的热量有效,仅适用于小功率(<5 kW)燃料电池。当大功率燃料电池运行时,风冷不足以满足散热需求,而相变材料的冷却方法还处于研究状态中[49]。大多利用冷却液大比热容将大功率燃料电池产生的热量散失,根据热传导定律可以得到水冷却散热功率计算公式[50]
${Q}_{\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{l}}=cm({T}_{\mathrm{o}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{t}}-{T}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}})$
式(13)中:Qcool为冷却散热功率,W;c为比热容,4.2×103 J/(kg·℃);TinTout分别为燃料电池冷却通道进口和出口水温,℃;m为冷却剂质量流量,kg/s。
PEMFC热管理模型如图6所示,主要包括散热器、冷却风扇、冷却循环水泵、水箱等部件。水泵用于控制管道流量,实现电堆进出口温差的控制,散热器与冷却风扇相结合对冷却水进行散热,间接控制电堆进口水温。Jiao等[51]通过定义散热系数补偿不同环境和驾驶条件下散热器的能力,建立了车用PEMFC温度跟随控制策略,仿真表明该策略能精准跟踪目标温度,同时电堆在车辆变速和负载条件下温度表现稳定。Sun等[52]考虑PEMFC、水泵、散热器等部件搭建热管理模型,通过实验数据验证该模型仿真与实验结果吻合较好。Yuan等[53]基于电化学和热力学原理建立了PEMFC热管理模型,用于控制散热风扇和水泵,在3种工况下该模型的控制精度均较优。
国内外对于PEMFC热管理系统主要使用比例-积分-微分(proportion-integration-differentiation,PID)控制、预测控制、自适应控制和模糊控制等方法。Xia等[54]研究了PID 控制、模糊 PID 控制的温控阀以及耦合电加热器的方法来解决燃料电池出口水温混合时的温度波动问题,发现在不同环境温度下,模糊PID耦合电加热器的控制策略可以更加有效地减少冷却系统的水温波动。赵振瑞等[55]以电堆进出口温度的变化为依据设计了二维模糊控制系统,并使用群智能算法对隶属度函数进行优化,将燃料电池进出口温差控制在设定值。Kim等[56]提出了自适应温度控制策略,将燃料电池模型与非线性动力学冷却回路进行结合,证明了在所有闭环信号都有界的情况下控制误差的收敛性。热管理控制策略除了对燃料电池进行冷却控温外,还可以建立能量管理策略以提升电堆性能[57]和余热回收[58]。燃料电池电动客车在夏季的余热必须通过散热系统将热量散失到外界环境中,但冬季可以用于给乘客车厢供暖。Broatch 等[59]通过模拟冬季公共交通的驾驶工况研究了燃料电池电动客车热管理系统的不同配置对于电堆的性能影响,其中利用燃料电池的余热来加热驾驶室和动力电池,可以节省10%的燃料消耗。
PEMFC内部的传热传质如图7所示,电堆内部具有反应物运输、生成物排放、热传递,是一个复杂得多的物理场模型。
Springer等[60]进行试验仿真证明了膜含水量、温度与膜离子阻抗的关系可以用式(14)表示。膜电阻变化如图8所示,从膜电阻与温度和膜含水量的变化关系可以看出,温度和膜含水量与膜离子电阻负相关。为了尽可能降低电堆内部电压损失提高效率,应对膜含水量进行定量分析,合理地控制温度与湿度保持膜含水量在适宜的范围[61]
${R}_{\mathrm{m}}=\frac{1000{l}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{m}}(0.00514\lambda -0.00326)\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left[1268\left(\frac{1}{303}-\frac{1}{T}\right)\right]}$
式(14)中:lm为质子交换膜厚度,cm;Am为膜活性表面积,cm2;T为PEMFC温度,K;λ为膜含水量,即质子交换膜中每个磺酸基团中存在的水分子个数。
同时,水蒸气饱和压力随温度的变化而改变。温度上升时,水蒸气饱和压力增大,冷凝形成的液态水表面张力和黏度降低,从而增加蒸发速率,能够有效消除水淹带来的威胁;如果发生膜脱水,提高加湿温度有助于将更多的水带入流场,降低操作温度可以防止过多的水流失[62]。Chen等[63]提出了PEMFC水热管理模糊控制方法,通过控制冷却剂流量和反应气体湿度,将电堆温度和阴极湿度控制在合理的范围。不同的工况仿真结果分析表明,该方法能够实现温湿度协同控制,电堆输出电压高于传统控制方法输出电压的4.21%,提高电堆输出性能并实现了水热协同管理。三维多相计算流体动力学模型也能够模拟气液两相流,应用于PEMFC水热管理优化设计,但由于多物理场耦合困难和计算量大,精确反映温度和水含量对性能影响的研究还不成熟[64]。水传递与热量传递过程复杂且紧密相关,水含量影响着反应热及欧姆热,不完善的水管理或者是热管理都将严重制约电堆性能,影响PEMFC的耐久性。因此,对于PEMFC的水管理和热管理需要综合考虑,选择合理的水热耦合管理控制策略。
基于一款大功率PEMFC试验数据,采用皮尔森相关性系数对输出电压相关性参数进行分析。结果表明,温度和气体湿度与输出电压具有较强的相关性,证明温湿度控制可有效提高输出电压。而目前的水管理控制技术主要在于对气体湿度进行控制以及改进流场结构防止堵塞气体通道,包括反应气体增湿系统、电堆内部流场结构改进、控制排水等方法。热管理技术得益于传统温度控制技术发展,易于实现;水管理技术较为复杂,PEMFC在线无损水含量实时检测方法也还没有得到发展,闭环控制较为困难。针对水管理和热管理对燃料电池性能和寿命的影响因素,总结如下。
(1)水管理。适宜的内部水含量有利于增强膜的传质能力,降低燃料电池内部电压损失;目前大多采用气体加湿和反应气体吹扫的方式进行水管理,其增加了寄生功率,降低净输出功率。
水过少,导致膜干,影响质子的跨膜传递,增加欧姆电压损失;水过多,出现水淹现象,阻碍反应气体的运输,使电流密度分布不均,浓差极化电压损失增大,降低有效的输出电压,导致材料和催化剂腐蚀。
(2) 热管理。适宜的温度有利于提高催化剂活性,降低反应活化能,避免水过多的蒸发和冷凝;目前大功率燃料电池采用水冷方式冷却,使用水泵和风扇作为温控系统部件将增加燃料电池寄生功率。温度过高使水分过多的蒸发,增加膜内阻导致膜干,形成局部“热点”和不均匀的温度分布会使膜和催化剂层严重降解;温度过低使水蒸气冷凝,将导致水淹现象,影响气体运输,增加浓差极化电压损失,降低电堆效率。
根据目前PEMFC水热管理技术的研究现状,对未来发展进行展望。
(1)在线的水含量检测技术和高效的气体加湿、吹扫策略是水管理研究的重点,同时新型气体流道和纳米疏水材料的应用是水管理的发展趋势。
(2)多热源的热管理集成技术是发展方向,对水泵、散热器等部件的智能控制以提升电堆性能和余热回收是未来热管理优化控制的方向。
(3)深入研究水热之间的多物理场动态耦合关系,建立全局的水热耦合协同控制策略是未来研究的重点。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52407254)
  • 四川省科技计划(2024YFHZ0314)
  • 成都市科技局项目(2022-YF05-01047-SN)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2405151
  • 接收时间:2024-07-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52407254)
四川省科技计划(2024YFHZ0314)
成都市科技局项目(2022-YF05-01047-SN)
作者信息
    1 西华大学汽车测控与安全四川省重点实验室, 成都 610039
    2 成都大学建筑与土木工程学院, 成都 610106

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*杨钢(1999—),男,汉族,四川巴中人,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统优化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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