Article(id=1207343635356553899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403716, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765782754028, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1750176000000, pubDateStr=2025-06-18, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765782754028, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765782754028, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765782754028, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207343627223802520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, year='2025', volume='25', issue='17', pageStart='7023', pageEnd='7453', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765782752085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765783816840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207348093192872695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, issueId=1207343627223802520, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7238, endPage=7243, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207343637092995834, articleId=1207343635356553899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=EN, title=Geometric Localization Method for a Mobile Robot in Special Underwater Environment, columnId=1207343631124505261, journalTitle=Science Technology and Engineering, columnName=Papers-Automation and Computational Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the unmanned autonomous positioning task of mobile robot during the maintenance of nuclear reactor internals, an underwater geometric positioning method combining inertial measurement unit(IMU) and monocular visual distance measurement was proposed. Combining with the actual environment demand, the principle of distance measurement with monocular camera was described briefly. Aiming at the limitation of the underwater nuclear radiation environment on the use of sensors, a method based on monocular vision correction of inertial measurement unit position estimation integral error and geometric positioning was proposed. Simulation experiments show that the positioning method can effectively correct the accumulated error generated in the positioning process of the inertial measurement unit, and improve the positioning accuracy of the robot in underwater motion.

, correspAuthors=Zhi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhe-wen LUO, Zhi LIU, Ji-zhuang FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1207343641199219622, articleId=1207343635356553899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, language=CN, title=特殊水下环境的移动机器人几何定位方法, columnId=1156262729783567290, journalTitle=科学技术与工程, columnName=论文·自动化技术、计算机技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对移动机器人在水下完成核反应堆堆内构件检修时的无人自主定位任务,提出了一种结合惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)与单目视觉测距的机器人水下几何定位方法。结合实际环境需求,简述了单目相机测距原理;针对水下核辐射环境对传感器使用的限制,提出了基于单目视觉校正惯性测量单元位姿估计积分误差和几何定位方法,模拟实验验证表明该定位方法能够有效地校正机器人利用惯性测量单元定位过程中产生的累积误差,提高了机器人的水下运动定位精度。

, correspAuthors=刘治, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘治(1986—),男,汉族,重庆人,高级工程师。研究方向:核电机器人及智能装备。E-mail:
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罗哲文(2000—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电水下机器人运动规划。E-mail:

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罗哲文(2000—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电水下机器人运动规划。E-mail:

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O为相机镜头的成像中心;G为相机主光轴与地面的交点;I为相机成像中心O点在地面的垂直投影;(a)中ABCDE与(b)中abcde相对应;四边形ABCD为相机视觉检测的视野范围,为一梯形区域;线段EI为对应(a)、(b)中的盲区长度b;m,n为视觉检测所得图像的宽度和高度,即图像的分辨率为m×n;x-y坐标系为相机坐标系;u-v坐标系为图像坐标系

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Camera external parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相机高度
h/mm
光轴焦
点距离
b+d/mm
相机俯
仰角δ/(°)
垂直视
场角2α/
(°)
垂直视
场角2γ/
(°)
85 125 34.2 75.0 64.4
), ArticleFig(id=1207343649856262507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123166801305609, articleId=1207343635356553899, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相机外参

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相机高度
h/mm
光轴焦
点距离
b+d/mm
相机俯
仰角δ/(°)
垂直视
场角2α/
(°)
垂直视
场角2γ/
(°)
85 125 34.2 75.0 64.4
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特殊水下环境的移动机器人几何定位方法
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罗哲文 1 , 刘治 2, * , 樊继壮 1
科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025,25(17): 7238-7243
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科学技术与工程 | 论文·自动化技术、计算机技术 2025, 25(17): 7238-7243
特殊水下环境的移动机器人几何定位方法
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罗哲文1 , 刘治2, * , 樊继壮1
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨工业大学机器人技术与系统全国重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150001
  • 2 中广核研究院有限公司, 深圳 518000
  • 罗哲文(2000—),男,汉族,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生。研究方向:核电水下机器人运动规划。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘治(1986—),男,汉族,重庆人,高级工程师。研究方向:核电机器人及智能装备。E-mail:
Geometric Localization Method for a Mobile Robot in Special Underwater Environment
Zhe-wen LUO1 , Zhi LIU2, * , Ji-zhuang FAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 National Key Laboratory of Robot Technology and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2 China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-18 doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403716
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针对移动机器人在水下完成核反应堆堆内构件检修时的无人自主定位任务,提出了一种结合惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)与单目视觉测距的机器人水下几何定位方法。结合实际环境需求,简述了单目相机测距原理;针对水下核辐射环境对传感器使用的限制,提出了基于单目视觉校正惯性测量单元位姿估计积分误差和几何定位方法,模拟实验验证表明该定位方法能够有效地校正机器人利用惯性测量单元定位过程中产生的累积误差,提高了机器人的水下运动定位精度。

核电站堆内构件  /  移动机器人  /  单目视觉  /  IMU  /  水下定位

Aiming at the unmanned autonomous positioning task of mobile robot during the maintenance of nuclear reactor internals, an underwater geometric positioning method combining inertial measurement unit(IMU) and monocular visual distance measurement was proposed. Combining with the actual environment demand, the principle of distance measurement with monocular camera was described briefly. Aiming at the limitation of the underwater nuclear radiation environment on the use of sensors, a method based on monocular vision correction of inertial measurement unit position estimation integral error and geometric positioning was proposed. Simulation experiments show that the positioning method can effectively correct the accumulated error generated in the positioning process of the inertial measurement unit, and improve the positioning accuracy of the robot in underwater motion.

nuclear power plant reactor internals  /  mobile robot  /  monocular vision  /  IMU  /  underwater localization
罗哲文, 刘治, 樊继壮. 特殊水下环境的移动机器人几何定位方法. 科学技术与工程, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7238 -7243 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403716
Zhe-wen LUO, Zhi LIU, Ji-zhuang FAN. Geometric Localization Method for a Mobile Robot in Special Underwater Environment[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025 , 25 (17) : 7238 -7243 . DOI: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403716
核电机组的反应堆堆内构件需定期进行检修,堆内构件具有较强核辐射,因此部分检修工作需在蓄满硼酸水的构件水池中使用水下移动机器人代替人工作业完成。为了减少核辐射对人体的伤害,操作者需要尽可能远离堆内构件,无法直接获取机器人在水池中的位姿,因此解决移动机器人在这种特殊水下环境中的定位问题对检修工作有十分重要的意义。
移动机器人的定位方法多种多样,其中包括惯性导航、视觉定位、声波定位、激光定位等多种技术。视觉定位方法因其强大的环境感知能力和广泛的适用性受到众多研究者的关注。移动机器人的视觉定位问题根据环境不同可分为已知环境定位问题和未知环境定位问题。已知环境定位是指机器人在执行任务之前已经具有对环境的先验知识。这种先验知识可以包括地图、传感器布局、环境特征等信息。未知环境定位是指机器人在执行任务时并不具备对环境的先验知识,需要在实时运行中感知和理解环境。根据不同的使用场景和条件,国内外许多研究者提出了不同的视觉定位算法。文献[1]提出了一种融合最近点迭代(iterative closest point,ICP)算法与曼哈顿世界假说的位姿估计方法,用于改进SLAM系统的精度和密集地图构建,提高了定位精度和鲁棒性。文献[2]为核电设施管路的自动化焊缝检测设计了一套机器人自主作业系统及相关算法,提出了一种基于机器人感知的视觉和深度信息进行场景建模的算法,能够生成三维模型和作业区域的范围,从而实现对焊缝实现高精度定位。文献[3]针对水下无人车设计了一种冗余视觉定位系统,并分别提出了单目视觉与双目视觉的定位方法。文献[4]提出了一种光照加权的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,融合了RGB-D相机的视觉信息和二维激光雷达的点云信息,提高了定位精度和建图效果。文献[5]研究了无人潜航器(unmanned underwater vehicle,UUV)在回收过程中的定位问题,使用光源阵列作为UUV回收时的引导目标,提出了一种基于单目视觉的定位方法。在这些操作中,大多数使用合作目标或人工物体来提高定位效率。使用的水下人工物体通常具有规则的形状和特定的鲜艳颜色,如梯形[6]、主动激光模块[7]和3D标记物[8]等特殊的水下图案。常用的定位方法包括基于几何的方法[8]、基于曲率的方法[9]和基于PnP(perspective-n-point)的方法[10]等。近年来,结合深度学习的视觉定位方法逐渐成为主流,通过使用YOLO和无监督学习等深度学习框架显著提高了定位的精度[11-13]。尽管现有的定位技术在许多领域取得了显著成果,但在核电环境下,这些方法的适用性和效果却受到诸多影响因素的制约和限制。首先,核辐射会对电子设备造成损害,限制了传统传感器和导航设备的使用。例如,激光雷达在高辐射环境下可能失效,导致无法有效获取周围环境信息。同时,水下环境的特殊性也给定位带来了挑战,水的浑浊和光照条件的变化可能影响视觉和激光定位的精度。此外,核电设施的复杂结构使得事先获取完整的环境知识变得困难,从而加大了未知环境定位的难度。因此在核电环境下需要根据实际任务需求进一步探索更为适合的解决方案。
现面向核反应堆堆内构件检修硼酸水池环境下的检修任务,考虑核辐射水下环境下对诸多传感器的使用限制,提出一种结合惯性测量单元和单目测距原理的几何定位方法,由移动机器人携带防辐射水下单目相机,借助物理地标完成对水下机器人的定位。
作业环境示意图如图1所示。利用单目视觉测距原理获取环境中的深度信息。移动机器人搭载单目相机测距模型如图2所示。
根据图2(b),垂直视场下满足角度关系为
α+β+δ=90°
由几何关系,可得
$\gamma ={\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{w}{b+d}\right)$
式中:α为相机垂直视角的1/2;β为相机盲区角度范围;δ为相机光轴与水平线的夹角;b为相机盲区长度;d为相机光轴与地面交点沿y轴方向的长度;w为相机光轴与地面交点沿x轴方向长度的1/2。
根据小孔成像原理,可进一步将模型简化为相机投影模型,如图3所示。根据简化后的投影模型,图3(b)中图像平面内的沿v轴方向某一列上所有像素点所对应的水平视角为
$\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha =\frac{2\alpha }{n-1}$
同理可得
$\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma =\frac{2\gamma }{m-1}$
对于相机图像坐标系中的任意一点(u,v)所对应的视角(α',γ')可由式(5)、式(6)求得,即
$\alpha \text{'}=v\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha =v\frac{2\alpha }{n-1}$
$\gamma \text{'}=u\mathrm{\Delta }\gamma =u\frac{2\gamma }{m-1}$
由式(2)、式(5)、式(6)可求得相机图像坐标中的点(u,v)与对应机器人坐标系中的坐标(x,y)的变换关系为
$x=y\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left(\gamma \frac{2u-m+1}{m-1}\right)$
$y=h\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\left[\beta +\frac{2\alpha (n-1-v)}{n-1}\right]$
y值即为测距点与机器人的距离,x值则为测距点在图2所示x-y坐标系中与机器人沿x轴向的相对位置。
机器人在水下的定位是通过惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)和单目相机共同实现的。IMU能够测量机器人在运动过程中的加速度和角速度等动态信息。它具有高频率的采样能力,在短时间内能够提供连续的姿态和运动信息。因此,在水下环境中,IMU可以在水下机器人没有外界参考物体可见时提供连续的位姿估计。但是由于IMU是通过积分的方式来估计位置和速度,因此随着时间的推移传感器误差也会逐渐累积。单目相机能够通过拍摄水下环境的图像来获取静态位置和姿态信息,并且没有积分误差。因此,通过结合IMU和单目相机可以实现对水下机器人位置和位姿更为准确的估计。
使用相机完成在水下的定位依赖于具有特征的参考物,常见的地标物有可见光标记、无线信号源以及人工标记等。在核辐射水下环境中,无线通信设备和电路都有可能受到核辐射所产生的电磁辐射干扰,因此采用人工添加的物理标记作为参考物。在机器人工作水池底部设置一条颜色鲜明的地标线,地标线尺寸由机器人工作过程中相机视角确定,确保机器人在工作过程中地标线始终处于相机视野范围内。则地标线、堆芯板与移动机器人之间在水平面的相对位置如图4所示。
地标线的两个端点分别为A1A2,将A1A2的中点O作为水下坐标系的坐标原点,以A1A2方向作为x轴正方向建立坐标系xOy。机器人工作过程中移动至任意工作位置1时,以相机的主光轴投影方向为y轴正方向,建立相机坐标系x'Oy'。设A1A2在坐标系xOy中的位置矢量分别为P1=$[{x}_{1},{y}_{1}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$P2=$[{x}_{2},{y}_{2}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$,在坐标系x'Oy'中的位置矢量分别为P'1=$[{x\text{'}}_{1},{y\text{'}}_{1}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$P'2=$[{x\text{'}}_{2},{y\text{'}}_{2}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$
设由坐标系x'Oy'映射到坐标系xOy的齐次变换矩阵为T1,则有
T1P'1=P1
T1P'2=P2
同理,当机器人运动到任意位置2时,以相机的主光轴投影方向为y轴正方向,建立相机坐标系x″Oy″,A1A2在坐标系x″Oy″中的位置矢量分别为P″1=$[x″{}_{1},y″{}_{1}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$P″2=$[x″{}_{2},y″{}_{2}{,1]}^{\mathrm{T}}$。设由坐标系x″Oy″映射到坐标系xOy的齐次变换矩阵为T2,故有
T2P″1=P1
T2P″2=P2
根据式(9)~式(12)则有
${T}_{2}^{-1}{T}_{1}{P\text{'}}_{1}={P″}_{1}$
${T}_{2}^{-1}{T}_{1}{P\text{'}}_{2}={P″}_{2}$
${T}_{S}={T}_{2}^{-1}{T}_{1}$,故有
TSP'1=P″1
TSP'2=P″2
P'1P″1P'2P″2均可由单目测距原理测得,故求解式(15)、式(16)可求得由坐标系x'Oy'映射到坐标系x″Oy″的齐次变换矩阵,其几何意义表示了坐标系x″Oy″相对于坐标系x″Oy″的旋转角度θ和位移向量p。机器人在实际的工作中往往按照规划好的轨迹完成工作任务,移动过程中依靠IMU实现连续运动过程的位姿估计,由于IMU的测量误差是随时间的增长而累积,因此当机器人运动到新的工作位置时,借助视觉检测即可求得实际位姿(θ″,p″)相较于上一工作位置实际位姿(θ',p')的变化量(Δθp)。基于此,将运动过程中的位姿实际变化量与理论路径进行对比,即可得到两个工作位置之间机器人位姿估计所累积的误差(δθ,δp)。
一般地,设
${T}_{\mathrm{S}}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}{r}_{11}& {r}_{12}& {p}_{1}\\ {r}_{21}& {r}_{22}& {p}_{2}\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
式(17)中:$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{r}_{11}& {r}_{12}\\ {r}_{21}& {r}_{22}\end{array}\right]$为旋转矩阵;$\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\end{array}\right]$为平移矩阵;[0 0]为透视矩阵(不涉及透视问题,故透视矩阵设为0);[1]为比例系数。
求解旋转矩阵的几何原理如图5所示。
设坐标系xOy绕原点逆时针旋转角度θ,旋转后的坐标系为x'Oy',则旋转矩阵可表示为
$\left[\begin{array}{ll}{r}_{11}& {r}_{12}\\ {r}_{21}& {r}_{22}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{ll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{0}& -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta \\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}{\theta }_{0}\end{array}\right]$
故可得到齐次变换矩阵TS
${T}_{\mathrm{S}}=\left[\begin{array}{lll}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta & -\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta & {p}_{1}\\ \mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta & \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta & {p}_{2}\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
联立式(15)、式(16)可得方程组为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta -{y\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta +{p}_{1}={x″}_{1}\\ {x\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta +{y\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta +{p}_{2}={y″}_{1}\\ {x\text{'}}_{2}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta -{y\text{'}}_{2}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta +{p}_{1}={x″}_{2}\\ {x\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta +{y\text{'}}_{2}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta +{p}_{2}={y″}_{2}\end{array}\right.$
一般地,对于含三角函数的非线性方程为
acosθ+bcosθ=c
存在解为
$\theta ={\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{c}{\sqrt{{a}^{2}+{b}^{2}}}\right)-{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$
联立式(20)、式(22),有
$\theta ={\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left[\frac{{y″}_{1}-{y″}_{2}}{\sqrt{({x\text{'}}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{2}{)}^{2}+({y\text{'}}_{1}-{y\text{'}}_{2}{)}^{2}}}\right]-{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{{y\text{'}}_{2}-{y\text{'}}_{1}}{{x\text{'}}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{2}}\right)$
y'2y'1时,有
$\theta ={\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left[\frac{{x″}_{1}-{x″}_{2}}{\sqrt{({x\text{'}}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{2}{)}^{2}+({y\text{'}}_{1}-{y\text{'}}_{2}{)}^{2}}}\right]-{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{{x\text{'}}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{2}}{{y\text{'}}_{2}-{y\text{'}}_{1}}\right)$
式(23)、式(24)经化简后可得旋转角度θ
$\theta ={\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\left(\frac{{y″}_{1}-{y″}_{2}}{\left|{x\text{'}}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{2}\right|}\right)$
将式(25)代入方程组(20)可求得位移矩阵$\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\end{array}\right]$
$\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{1}\\ {p}_{2}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{l}{x″}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta +{y\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta \\ {y″}_{1}-{x\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\theta -{y\text{'}}_{1}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\theta \end{array}\right]$
综上所述,通过人为设置的地标线,基于单目视觉测距原理,能够获得机器人在任意一段工作时间内始末位姿的变化情况,用以校正IMU在运动过程中累积的积分误差。
在平坦地面设置黑色地标线用于验证位姿误差校正模型,所用相机外参如表1所示。
图6所示,选取相机任意两种不同姿态作为机器人按照某一轨迹运动的出发点与终点,并通过图像处理提取始末位置相机图像中的地标线。
依据1.1节单目测距原理可获取始末位置下地标线上各点在相机坐标系中的坐标,如图7所示。
图7 (a)所示提取初始位置地标线两端点坐标值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}({x\text{'}}_{1},{y\text{'}}_{1})=[-\mathrm{90.32,197.53}]\\ ({x\text{'}}_{2},{y\text{'}}_{2})=\left[\mathrm{119.59,196.62}\right]\end{array}\right.$
图7 (b)所示提取终点位置地标线两端点坐标值为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}({x″}_{1},{y″}_{1})=[-\mathrm{135.14,187.25}]\\ ({x″}_{2},{y″}_{2})=\left[\mathrm{72.05,201.17}\right]\end{array}\right.$
由1.2节误差校正方法,可求得终点位置较初始位置相机的位姿变量为
θ'p')=[-3.8°,(58.11,15.84)]
借助激光笔测量始末位置实际位姿变量为
θp)=[-3.8°,(59.00,15.00)]
实验结果表明,相机始末位姿在旋转角度上误差极小,位移变量误差小于1 mm,所提出的几何定位方法能够有效地校正机器人利用惯性测量单元定位过程中产生地累积误差,实现机器人在核反应堆构件检水下环境的精确定位。
在核反应堆堆内构件的部分检修工作中由于需要使用水下移动机器人代替人工完成检修工作,因此需要获取机器人工作期间在水池中的精确位姿。提出了一种结合惯性测量单元与单目视觉测距的几何定位方法,通过在水池底部设置物理地标线,基于单目测距原理测量机器人在任意一段运动轨迹中的始末位姿,用以校正惯性测量单元在连续性定位过程中积分累积的误差。所提出的方法相较于现有的定位方法有如下优势与创新。
(1)受核辐射水下环境制约程度小。提出的定位方法仅需使用相机与惯性测量单元作为定位传感器。相机可以使用现有的防核水下相机;惯性测量单元可以与车体统一做防核处理;物理地标物不含电子元件,不受核辐射影响。
(2)几何定位方法具有较强的鲁棒性。提出的定位方法不需要水下工作环境的先验信息,仅借助对物理地标的识别即可完成定位。
(3) 实验结果显示,使用该方法的位移变量误差小于1 mm,移动定位精度高,满足进一步操作要求。
综上所述,这一创新方法不仅提升了水下机器人的定位精度,也为核反应堆堆内构件的部分检修工作提供了有效的技术支持,为未来在复杂环境下的机器人定位研究提供了思路。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4701100)
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2025年第25卷第17期
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doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2403716
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-06-18
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFB4701100)
作者信息
    1 哈尔滨工业大学机器人技术与系统全国重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150001
    2 中广核研究院有限公司, 深圳 518000

通讯作者:

*刘治(1986—),男,汉族,重庆人,高级工程师。研究方向:核电机器人及智能装备。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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